Unit 1.

Introducton

Unit 1. INTRODUCTION
Introduction (4 hrs)
Definition of Database, DBMS, RDBMS, ORDBMS, Definition of Database system, Types and
Characteristics of Database, Advantages and Disadvantages of Database.

Concept and Definition

A database is a collection of data that is organized or stored such that it is available to
different users for different purpose. The content of a database is obtained by combining data
from all the different sources in an organization so that data are available to all users and
redundant (duplicate) data can be eliminated or at least minimized. For example, PUMORI is a
well known database service/application used in banking organization so as to handle different
banking operation and there-by develop different useful reports. The key for developing
successful database system is the way in which the information in the database is managed and
address users requirement.
The management of data in a database system is done by means of a general purpose
software package called a database management system. Some commercially available DBMS
are Oracle, INGRES, Sybase, Ms-SQL etc. MySQL is also an example of open-source DBMS.
A database management system is a combination of hardware and software that can be
used to setup and monitor a database and can manage the updating and retrieval of database
that has been stored in it. A DBMS should manage data with some level of quality measured
In terms of accuracy, availability, usability and resilience.(instant recovery)
The DBMS interprets and processes user’s request to retrieve information from a
database.

Evolution of Database Systems:-

File Management System: - The file management system is that type of system in which
all data is stored on a single large file. The main disadvantage in this system is searching a
record (data) takes a long time. This leads to the introduction of concept of indexing in this
system. Also File management system had lot of drawbacks to name a few like updating or
modifications to data cannot be handled easily, sorting the records took long time and so on.

Hierarchical Database System: - The previous system FMS with drawback of accessing
records and sorting records which took a long time was removed in this by the introduction of
parent-child relationship between records in database. The origin of the data is called the root
from which several branches have data at different levels and last level is called the leaf. The
main drawback in this was if there is any modification or addition made to the structure then
the whole structure need alteration which made the task a tedious one. In order to avoid this
next system took its origin which is called as the network database system.
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Network Database System: - In this the main concept of many-many relationship got
introduced. But this also followed the same technology of pointers to define relationships with
a difference in this made the introduction of grouping of data items as sets.

Relational Database System:- In order to overcome all the drawbacks of the previous
systems the relational database system got introduced in which data get organized as tables
and each record forms a row with many fields or attributes in it. Relationships between tables
are also performed in this system.

DBMS
DBMS stands for Data Base Management System. It is a set of computer programs that are
used for the creation and modification of a database. It is a software integrity package. The
Data Base Management System also acts as an intermediate between the end user and the
Database. It also establishes an environment for multiuser to create, access, and manipulate the
data in the Database.
Software set that handles the structuring, storage, maintenance, update, and querying of data
stored in a database. A DBMS serves as an interface between an end-user and a database,
allowing users to create, read, update, and delete data in the database.
DBMS manage the data, the database engine, and the database schema, allowing for data to be
manipulated or extracted by users and other programs
A database management system is a computer program or other piece of software that allows
one to access, interact with, and manipulate a database.

RDBMS
RDBMS stands for Relational Database Management System. All modern database
management systems like SQL, MS SQL Server, IBM DB2, ORACLE, My-SQL, and
Microsoft Access are based on RDBMS. It is called Relational Database Management
System (RDBMS) because it is based on the relational model introduced by E.F. Codd.

Principles Of The RDBMS Model:

Entity integrity: The entity integrity says that in a database, all the data should be
organized having a single key. The uniqueness of all the data is maintained by this
principle.
Referential integrity: Referential integrity means that in the database all table values
stay true for all foreign keys.
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ORDBMS
An object relational database management system (ORDBMS) is a database management
system with that is similar to a relational database, except that it has an object-oriented
database model. This system supports objects, classes and inheritance in database schemas and
query language.

Characteristics of database

Some well-known characteristics are present in the DBMS (Database Management System).
These are explained below.
1. Real World Entity
The reality of DBMS (Database Management System) is one of the most important and easily
understandable characteristics. The DBMS (Database Management System) is developed in
such a way that it can manage huge business organizations and store their business data with
security.
The Database can store information such as the cost of vegetables, milk, bread, etc. In DBMS
(Database Management System), the entities look like real-world entities.
For example, if we want to create a student database, we need some entity. Any student stores
their data.
In the Database, then, it should be the real-world entity. The most commonly used properties
in the student database are name, age, gender, roll number, etc.
2. Self-explaining nature
In DBMS (Database Management System), the Database contains another database, and
another database also contains metadata.
Here the term metadata means data about data.
For example, in a school database, the total number of rows and the table's name are examples
of metadata.
So the self-explaining nature means the Database explains all the information automatically
itself. This is because, in the Database, all the data are stored in a structured format.
3. Atomicity of Operations (Transactions)
Here, atomicity means either the operation should be performed or not performed. i.e., it
should complete the operation on 0% or 100%.
Here DBMS (Database Management System) provides atomicity as a characteristic. This is the
most important and useful characteristic of the DBMS (Database Management System). You
can completely understand the atomicity with the help of the below example.
For example, every bank has its own Database, and the Database contains all the information
about its customers. Let transaction is the most common atomic operation of the bank. If Sona
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wants to transfer 1000 rupees to the Archita account, it is possible with the help of the
atomicity feature of the Database. If there is a problem in the Archita account, if there is a
problem in the atomicity of the Database, then the money will be deducted from the Sona
account but not credited to the Archita account.
The Database has the feature of atomicity then; such transactions have not occurred at all, and
if the transaction fails, then the money will automatically return to the sender account.
Basically, for a successful transaction, the total operation depends on the Database. If the
Database works perfectly, the transaction will be successful, and if the Database fails, the
whole banking server will be down.
4. Concurrent Access without Anomalies
Here the term anomalies mean multiuser can access the Database and fetch the information
without any problem.
For a better understanding, let's take the example of a bank again. Let Sonu give his ATM card
to his sister Archita and tell her to withdraw 5000 from the ATM. At the same time, Sonu
transferred 2000 rupees to his brother Monu. At the same time, both operations perform
successfully. Initially, Sonu had 10000 rupees in his bank account. After both transactions,
i.e., transfer and withdraw, when Sonu checks his bank balance, it shows 3000 rupees. This
error-free updation of bank balance is possible with the help of the concurrent feature of the
Database.
Thus here we see that concurrent is a great feature of the Database.
5. Stores Any Kind of Structured Data
The Database has the ability to store the data in a structured format.
In most of the websites, we see that only student database examples are given for a better
understanding, but the important fact is that the Database has the ability to store an unlimited
amount of data.
DBMS has the ability to store any type of data that exists in the real world, and these data are
structured way. It is another type of very important characteristic of DBMS.
6. Integrity
Here the term integrity means the data should be correct and consistent in nature. Let's
understand this by taking an example.
Let's say there is a bank named ABC bank, and ABC bank has its own Database for the
storage of its customer data. If we try to enter the account details of ABC bank and the account
details are not available in the bank, then the Database gives the incorrect output. However, if
a customer changes their address but the new address is not updated in the Database, it is
called data inconsistency.
So the data available in the Database should be correct as well as consistent.
If someone's account has zero balance and later the customer deposits 6000 rupees in his
account, if the new account balance is not updated in the Database, it creates a problem for the
customer.
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7. Ease of Access (The DBMS Queries)

The file and folder system was used to store the data before the DBMS came to the market.
Searching for the student's name was a very difficult task at that time. This is because every
search operation is done manually in the file and folder system. But when DBMS comes into
the market, it is very easy to access the Database.
In DBMS, we can search any kind of stored data by applying a simple search operation query.
It is so much faster than manual searching.
In DBMS, there is a CRUD operation ( here CRUD means Create, Read, Update & Delete) by
which we can implement all the types of query in the Database.
8. SQL and No-SQL Databases
There are two types of databases (not DBMS): SQL and No-SQL.
The SQL databases store the data in the form of Tables, i.e., rows and columns. The No-SQL
databases can store data in any form other than a table. For instance: the very popular
MongoDB stores the data in the form of JSON (JavaScript Object Notation).
The availability of SQL and No-SQL databases allows us to choose the method of storing the
data as well.
There should not be any debate between SQL and No-SQL databases. The one that we require
for a particular project is better for that project, while the other might be better for some other
use.
This is a characteristic of DBMS because DBMS allows us to perform operations on both
kinds of databases. So, we can run queries and operations on SQL as well as No-SQL
databases.
9. ACID Properties
The DBMS follows certain properties to maintain consistency in the Database. These
properties are usually termed ACID Properties.
However, we have already talked about some of these properties, but it is very important to
mention the ACID properties as a whole.
ACID stands for Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, and Durability.
We have already talked about atomicity and consistency. Atomicity means the transaction
should either be 0% or 100% completed, and consistencymeans that the change in data should
be reflected everywhere in a database.
Isolation means that multiple transactions can occur independently without the interference of
some other transactions.
Durability means that the chances of a successful atomic transaction, i.e., a transaction that has
been 100% completed, should reflect in the Database.
10. Security
The Database should be accessible to the users in a limited way.
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The access to make changes to a database by the user should be limited, and the users must not
be given complete access to the entire Database.
Unauthorized users should not be allowed to access the Database.
Authentication: The DBMS has authentication for various users that directly refers to the limit
to which the user can access the Database. Authentication means the process of laughing in of
the user only with the rights that he/she has been authorized to. For instance, in any
organization, the admin has access to make changes to the Database of the organization as
some new employee might have joined the organization or someone might have left it.
However, the employees have access only to their personal profiles and can make changes to
them only. They cannot access the Database of any other employee or the organization as a
whole.

Types of Databases
There are various types of databases used for storing different varieties of data:

1) Centralized Database
It is the type of database that stores data at a centralized database system. It comforts the users
to access the stored data from different locations through several applications. These
applications contain the authentication process to let users access data securely. An example of
a Centralized database can be Central Library that carries a central database of each library in
a college/university.

Advantages of Centralized Database

It has decreased the risk of data management, i.e., manipulation of data will not affect the core
data.
Data consistency is maintained as it manages data in a central repository.
It provides better data quality, which enables organizations to establish data standards.
It is less costly because fewer vendors are required to handle the data sets.
Disadvantages of Centralized Database
The size of the centralized database is large, which increases the response time for fetching the
data.
It is not easy to update such an extensive database system.
If any server failure occurs, entire data will be lost, which could be a huge loss.

2) Distributed Database
Unlike a centralized database system, in distributed systems, data is distributed among
different database systems of an organization. These database systems are connected via
communication links. Such links help the end-users to access the data easily. Examples of the
Distributed database are Apache Cassandra, HBase, Ignite, etc.
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We can further divide a distributed database system into:

Homogeneous DDB: Those database systems which execute on the same operating system
and use the same application process and carry the same hardware devices.

Heterogeneous DDB: Those database systems which execute on different operating systems
under different application procedures, and carries different hardware devices.

Advantages of Distributed Database

Modular development is possible in a distributed database, i.e., the system can be expanded by
including new computers and connecting them to the distributed system.
One server failure will not affect the entire data set.

3) Relational Database
This database is based on the relational data model, which stores data in the form of
rows(tuple) and columns(attributes), and together forms a table(relation). A relational database
uses SQL for storing, manipulating, as well as maintaining the data. E.F. Codd invented the
database in 1970. Each table in the database carries a key that makes the data unique from
others. Examples of Relational databases are MySQL, Microsoft SQL Server, Oracle, etc.

Properties of Relational Database

There are following four commonly known properties of a relational model known as ACID
properties, where:

A means Atomicity: This ensures the data operation will complete either with success or with
failure. It follows the 'all or nothing' strategy. For example, a transaction will either be
committed or will abort.

C means Consistency: If we perform any operation over the data, its value before and after the
operation should be preserved. For example, the account balance before and after the
transaction should be correct, i.e., it should remain conserved.
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I means Isolation: There can be concurrent users for accessing data at the same time from the
database. Thus, isolation between the data should remain isolated. For example, when multiple
transactions occur at the same time, one transaction effects should not be visible to the other
transactions in the database.

D means Durability: It ensures that once it completes the operation and commits the data,
data changes should remain permanent.

4) NoSQL Database
Non-SQL/Not Only SQL is a type of database that is used for storing a wide range of data sets.
It is not a relational database as it stores data not only in tabular form but in several different
ways. It came into existence when the demand for building modern applications increased.
Thus, NoSQL presented a wide variety of database technologies in response to the demands.
We can further divide a NoSQL database into the following four types:

Key-value storage: It is the simplest type of database storage where it stores every single item
as a key (or attribute name) holding its value, together.
Document-oriented Database: A type of database used to store data as JSON-like document.
It helps developers in storing data by using the same document-model format as used in the
application code.
Graph Databases: It is used for storing vast amounts of data in a graph-like structure. Most
commonly, social networking websites use the graph database.
Wide-column stores: It is similar to the data represented in relational databases. Here, data is
stored in large columns together, instead of storing in rows.
Advantages of NoSQL Database
It enables good productivity in the application development as it is not required to store data in
a structured format.
It is a better option for managing and handling large data sets.
It provides high scalability.
Users can quickly access data from the database through key-value.
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5) Cloud Database
A type of database where data is stored in a virtual environment and executes over the cloud
computing platform. It provides users with various cloud computing services (SaaS, PaaS,
IaaS, etc.) for accessing the database. There are numerous cloud platforms, but the best
options are:

Amazon Web Services(AWS)

Microsoft Azure
Kamatera
PhonixNAP
ScienceSoft
Google Cloud SQL, etc.

6) Object-oriented Databases
The type of database that uses the object-based data model approach for storing data in the
database system. The data is represented and stored as objects which are similar to the objects
used in the object-oriented programming language.

7) Hierarchical Databases
It is the type of database that stores data in the form of parent-children relationship nodes.
Here, it organizes data in a tree-like structure.

Data get stored in the form of records that are connected via links. Each child record in the tree
will contain only one parent. On the other hand, each parent record can have multiple child
records.

8) Network Databases
It is the database that typically follows the network data model. Here, the representation of
data is in the form of nodes connected via links between them. Unlike the hierarchical
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database, it allows each record to have multiple children and parent nodes to form a
generalized graph structure.

9) Personal Database
Collecting and storing data on the user's system defines a Personal Database. This database is
basically designed for a single user.

Advantage of Personal Database

It is simple and easy to handle.
It occupies less storage space as it is small in size.

10) Operational Database

The type of database which creates and updates the database in real-time. It is basically
designed for executing and handling the daily data operations in several businesses. For
example, An organization uses operational databases for managing per day transactions.

11) Enterprise Database

Large organizations or enterprises use this database for managing a massive amount of data. It
helps organizations to increase and improve their efficiency. Such a database allows
simultaneous access to users.

Advantages of Enterprise Database:

Multi processes are supportable over the Enterprise database.
It allows executing parallel queries on the system.

Applications of DBMS in different sectors

a) Banking:- DBMS is used for customer information, accounts loans and banking
transactions.
b) Airlines:- For reservations and schedule information of flights. Airlines were among
the first to use database in a geographically distributed manner. Terminals situated
around the world accessed central database system through phone lines and other data
networks.
c) Universities:- For student information course registrations and grade sheet.
d) Credit Card Transactions:- For purchase on credit cards and generation of monthly
statements.
e) Telecommunications:- For keeping records of calls made, generating monthly bills,
maintaining balances on prepaid calling cards and storing information about the
communication networks.
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f) Manufacturing:- For management of supply chain and for tracking production of

items in factories, inventories of items in warehouse stores and orders for items.
g) Human Resources:- For information about employees, salaries, payroll taxes and
benefits and for generation of paychecks.
h) Web Based Services:- For taking web users feedback, responses, resources sharing etc.

Advantages and Disadvantages of DBMS

Advantages:
a) Reduction of redundancy (duplication).
b) Sharing data
c) Data integrity
d) Data security
e) Conflict Resolution
f) Data Independence

Disadvantages:-
a) Cost
b) Complex backup and recovery operation
c) Centralization increases the potential severity of security breaches and the disruption of
the organization because of downtimes and failures. The replacement of a monolithic
centralized database by a federation of independent and cooperating distributed
database resolves some of the problems resulting from failures and downtimes.

References
https://www.appdynamics.com/topics/database-management-systems#~1-what-is-
dbms
https://www.javatpoint.com/types-of-databases