Name:

Subject: Biology

Lab #:

Date:

Title: Reproduction

Aim: To determine the method of pollination using TEN (10) flowers.

Apparatus/Materials:
- Hand lens
- Tile
- Scalpel / knife
- Flowers:
1. New Dawn Rose
2. Star of Bethlehem
3. Moss Rose
4. Oleander
5. Crown-of-thorns
6. False Heather
7. Louisiana Canna
8. Hawaiian Hibiscus
9. Bougainvillea
10. Ixora

Diagram:
Method:
1. Ten (10) flowers were obtained, and the features were observed.
2. The petals were removed, and the ovary was dissected longitudinally.
3. All observations were recorded.

Results:
TABLE SHOWING COMMON AND SCIENTIFIC NAMES OF FLOWERS, THEIR
CHARACTERISTICS AND METHOD OF POLLINATION
Name of the Flower Characteristics of the Method of
Common Name Scientific Name Flower Pollination
New Dawn Rose Rosa 'New Dawn' - Blush pink Inset pollination
- Aromatic
- Thorns
- Visible pollen grains
Star of Ornithogalum - White Insect pollination
Bethlehem umbellatum - Thin, light-weight
petals
- Sweet-smelling
Moss Rose Portulaca - Magenta Insect pollination
grandiflora - Saucer-shaped, rose-
like flowers
Oleander Nerium oleander - Hot pink Insect pollination
- Fragrant
- Five petals
- Funnel-shaped
flower
- Coiled, thread-like
stigma
- Long, compound
inner stamen
- Hermaphroditic
Crown-of-thorns Euphorbia milli - Light green Insect pollination
- Thorns
- Two heavy petals
False Heather Cuphea - Lavendar Insect pollination
hyssopifolia - Minute, light petals
Louisiana Canna Canna indica - Pale-yellow Insect pollination
- Hermaphroditic
- Elongated petals
- Nectar present
Hawaiian Hibiscus rosa- - Bright red Insect pollination
 Hibiscus sinensis - Inundated with
nectar
- Hermaphroditic
- Five egg-shaped,
toothed or smooth-
edged petals
Bougainvillea Bougainvillea - Purple Insect pollination
glabra - Light-weight, paper-
like petals
- Black anther
- Minimal nectar
present
- Male reproductive
organs present
Ixora Ixora coccinea - Bright red Insect pollination
- Four light-weight,
long petals
- Hermaphroditic

Discussion:
Flowering plants produce flowers for sexual reproduction. A flower consists of an expanded
stem tip, the receptacle, which usually bears four whorls (rings) of modified leaves, sepals,
petals, stamens, and one or more carpels in the center.
Female and male reproductive organs may be found in most flowers. The female parts are the
carpels; these produce one or more ovules which contain the female gametes. The stamens are
the male parts of the flower; they produce pollen grains, which contain the male gametes.
Pollen grains are transferred from the anthers to the stigmas of flowers of the same species
during pollination. Self-pollination is the process whereby the pollen grains from the anther of
one flower are transferred to the stigma of the same flower. Cross pollination is the process
whereby the pollen grains from the anther of one flower are transferred to the stigma of another
flower of the same species.
Agents of pollination carry the pollen grains between flowers. The wind, insects, and some birds,
such as hummingbirds, are examples of such agents. Flowers are adapted to be pollinated by
insects or the wind.
Flowers that are pollinated by the wind are generally small and inconspicuous. The petals are
seldom present, but when they are, they are small, green, or dull in color, and lack aroma, nectar,
or honey guides. There isn't much to attract pollinators. Pollen grains are tiny, smooth, and light,
making them easy to transport by the wind. Because many pollen grains are lost to the wind
without being utilized for pollination, enormous numbers of pollen grains are produced. The
pollen is readily blown off the anthers by the wind because they are loosely attached to long, thin
filaments that hang outside the flower. Anthers are large to produce a large number of pollen
grains. The stigmas are long, branched, and feathery and hang outside the flower to provide a
large area to catch the pollen grains.
Flowers pollinated by insects, on the other hand, are large and conspicuous. They feature
nectaries and honey guides to attract insects and are brilliantly colored and scented. Unlike wind
pollinated flowers, pollen grains are rather large. They are also sticky or spiky in order to adhere
to the bodies of insects. Because fewer are lost, they are produced in lesser amounts. Anthers are
firmly attached to short, stiff filaments, and are usually inside the flower so the insect brushes
against them as it goes to get nectar and picks up pollen grains without damaging the anthers.
The stigmas are sticky and flat or lobed and are frequently found inside the flower.
All ten (10) flowers are insect pollinated. The bougainvillea is classified as a male flower since it
has stamens but not an ovary. Insects with pollen grains will be drawn to the flower because of
its brightly colored petals. Once the insects have landed on the flowers, pollen grains will be
deposited. Because they have stamens, stigmas, styles, and ovaries, Louisiana Canna, Hawaiian
Hibiscus, Oleander, and Ixora are hermaphrodites. These flowers will most likely be involved in
self-pollination via insect pollination.

Limitation:
1. The flowers could have been premature and would not have produced all of its reproductive
organs.

Source of Error:
1. The flower could have been wrongly identified.

Precaution:
1. Ensure that the flower’s ovary is dissected with care and caution.

Reflection:
The understanding of pollination aids in the preservation of genetic variation in populations and
the development of adequate fruits for seed dispersion. Upon completing this experiment, this
has become evident.

Conclusion:
Ten (10) flowers were collected, all of which were insect pollinated.
References:

Tindale, A. (2016). Growth. In Concise Revision Course CSEC Biology (pp. 113–117)., Collins.

Vendantu. (2021, March 29). Why is pollination important? Why is pollination important class
10 biology CBSE. Retrieved October 29, 2021, from https://www.vedantu.com/question-
answer/why-is-pollination-important-class-10-biology-cbse-6062976933d21d52b075b0dd.