Basics of Mathematics
0606107
College of Business Administration
Quantitative Methods Department
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Quantitative Methods Dept. College of Business
Chapter 1: Functions
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Quantitative Methods Dept. College of Business
Objectives
• To understand what functions and domains are.
• To introduce different types of functions.
• To introduce addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and
multiplication by a constant.
• To introduce inverse functions and properties.
• To introduce exponential functions and their applications.
• To study the basic properties of logarithmic functions.
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Quantitative Methods Dept. College of Business
Chapter Outline
1. Definitions
2. Special Functions
3. Combinations of Functions
4. Composition of Functions
5. Inverse of function
6. Graphs in rectangular coordinates
7. Exponential Functions
8. Logarithmic Functions
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Quantitative Methods Dept. College of Business
1. Definitions
1. A function f is a rule that assigns to each element x of X, at
most one element of Y denoted by f(x) .
2. The subset of X consisting of all the x for which f(x) is well
defined is called the domain of the function f.
3. The set of all elements in Y of the form f(x), for some x in X,
is called the range of the function f.
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Notation: f:X→ 𝑌,x→f(x)
Example 1:
A function Not a function
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Quantitative Methods Dept. College of Business
Example 2: Finding functions values
Let f(x)= 3𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 3. Find the following values
1. f(y)
2. f(x+h)
3. f(3)
4. f(-3)
5. f(√2)
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Example 3: Finding domain
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Example 3: Finding domain
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Example 3: Finding domain
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Quantitative Methods Dept. College of Business
Example 4: Demand Function
Suppose that the equation p = 100/q describes the relationship
between the price per unit p of a certain product and the
number of units q of the product that consumers will buy (that
is, demand) per week at the stated price.
Question: Write the demand function and its domain.
100
Solution: 𝑝=𝑓 𝑞 =
𝑞
domain: q > 0 and q is integer.
So the domain of q is the set of natural numbers.
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2. Special functions
a. Constant function
A function of the form h(x) = c, where c = constant, is a constant
function.
Example:
Let h(x) = 2. The domain of h is all real numbers.
h(10) 2 h( 387) 2 h( x 3) 2
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2. Special functions
b. Polynomial functions
A polynomial of degree n is a function of the form:
f(x) = anxn + an-1xn-1 + ……………..+ a1x + a
Example
f(x) = 3x – 4 (a polynomial of degree 1: Linear)
f(x) = x2 - x + 1 (a polynomial of degree 2: Quadratic)
f(x) = 2 – 3 x + x3 (a polynomial of degree 3: Cubic)
f(x) = x3 + x7 + 5x – 7 (a polynomial of degree 7)
Note: A constant function is a polynomial of degree zero.
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2. Special functions
c. Rational function
𝑃(𝑥)
A rational function F is a defined by 𝐹 𝑥 = , where P and Q
𝑄(𝑥)
are polinomials and 𝑄(𝑥) ≠0.
a. f ( x) x 2
6 x is a rational function, since the numerator
x5
and denominator are both polynomials.
2x 3
b. g ( x) 2 x 3 is a rational function, since 2 x 3
1
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3. Combinations of Functions
We define operations for functions as
1. 𝑓+𝑔 𝑥 =𝑓 𝑥 +𝑔 𝑥
2. 𝑓−𝑔 𝑥 =𝑓 𝑥 −𝑔 𝑥
3. 𝑓𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥 × 𝑔 𝑥
𝑓 𝑓 𝑥
4. 𝑥 = 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑔 𝑥 ≠ 0
𝑔 𝑔 𝑥
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3. Combinations of Functions
Example 1
If f(x) = 3x − 1 and g(x) = x 2 + 3x, find
f
a. (f g )( x ) d. (x )
g
b. (f g )( x )
1
c. (fg )( x ) e. ( f )( x )
2
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Solution
a. (f g )( x ) f ( x ) g ( x ) (3x 1) ( x +3x ) x 6x 1
2 2
b. (f g )( x ) f ( x ) g ( x ) (3x 1) ( x 2 +3x ) 1 x 2
c. (fg )( x ) f ( x ) g ( x ) (3x 1)( x 2 3x ) 3x 3 8x 2 3x
f f ( x ) 3x 1
d. ( x ) 2
g g ( x ) x 3x
1 1 1 3x 1
e. ( f )( x ) (f ( x )) (3x 1)
2 2 2 2
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4. Composition of Functions
Composite of f with g is defined by (f g )( x) f ( g ( x))
Example – Composition
Solution:
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5. Inverse of a function
If a function f(x) is a one-to-one function, then it has an inverse
f −1(x). A function is a one-to-one function iff:
i.e. each distinct value of x has only one corresponding value f(x).
Steps to find f −1(x) :
Step 1: Solve the equation y = f(x) for x in terms of y obtaining x =
g(y).
Step 2: f −1(x) = g(x).
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5. Inverse of a function
Example Finding the Inverse of a Function
Find f −1(x) if f(x)=(x − 1)2, for x ≥ 1.
Solution:
Let y = (x − 1)2, for x ≥ 1. Then:
x − 1 = √y and hence x = √y + 1.
It follows that f−1(x) = √x + 1.
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5. Inverse of a function
Exercise: Find the inverse of the following functions
1. 𝑓 𝑥 = 3𝑥 + 7
2. 𝑔 𝑥 = 5𝑥 − 3
1
3. ℎ 𝑥 = 𝑥 −4
2
4. 𝑘 𝑥 = 2𝑥 − 6 2 , 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 ≥ 3,
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6. Graphs in Rectangular Coordinates
The rectangular coordinate system provides a geometric way to
graph equations in two variables.
An x-intercept is a point where the graph intersects the x-axis. Y-
intercept is vice versa.
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Some frequently used functions
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7. Exponential functions
The function f defined by f x b x
where b > 0, b 1, and the exponent x is any real number, is
called an exponential function with base b1.
Rules of exponents:
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Example 1
Simplify (re-express) the following expressions
𝑥 𝑥
(2 ) 25
1. 3
4
𝑒 𝑒 𝑒 2𝑥 3
2. 3
𝑒 𝑥 (𝑒 𝑥 )−3 (𝑒)2
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Example 2
The projected population P of a city is given by
𝑃 = 100,000𝑒 0.05𝑡
where t is the number of years after 1990.
Question: Predict the population for the year 2010.
Solution:
For t = 20 (t = 2010 – 1990),
𝑃 = 100,000𝑒 0.05×20 = 100,000𝑒1 ≈ 271,828
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8. Logarithmic Functions
Definition:
The logarithmic function is the inverse of the exponential function.
More precisely, if 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑏 𝑥 , the exponential function base b, then
the inverse function 𝑓 −1 (x) is called the logarithm function base b
and its denoted 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑥 , b>0 and b 1.
Properties:
1. 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑥 𝑖𝑓𝑓 𝑏 𝑦 =x
2. 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑏 𝑥 = 𝑥
3. 𝑏𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏𝑥 = 𝑥
Notation: 𝑙𝑛 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 and 𝑙𝑜𝑔 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔10
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8. Logarithmic Functions
Example 1 Converting from Exponential to Logarithmic Form
Exponential Form Logarithmic Form
a. Since 52 25 it follows that log5 25 2
b. Since 34 81 it follows that log3 81 4
c. Since 100 1 it follows that log10 1 0
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8. Logarithmic Functions
Example 2 Finding Logarithms
a. Find log 100.
b. Find ln 1.
c. Find log 0.1.
d. Find ln e-1.
d. Find log366.
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8. Logarithmic Functions
Properties of logarithms:
1. 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 (𝑦)
𝑥
2. 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑥 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 (𝑦)
𝑦
3. 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑥 𝑟 = 𝑟𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑥 ,
𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑎)
4. 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑎 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑏)
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8. Logarithmic Functions
Example: Simplify the following expressions
9 27 1
a) 𝑙𝑜𝑔7 78 b) 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 c) 𝑙𝑛 𝑒 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔( )
81 10
3𝑥 1
d)𝑙𝑜𝑔 1 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔(1000) e) 𝑙𝑛 𝑒 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔( )
10
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