The dand f-block Elements
d-Block Elements
he elemenis in which the last electron enters into the cd-orbitals of the
Elements.
penulfimate shell (last but one) shell are called d-Block
d-Block Elements are also knawn as TRANSITION ELEMENTS.
TRANSITION ELEMENTS: Those Elements which have partially filled
c-orbital either in their ground state or in their common
oxidation Stote.
Greneral Electronic Confiquration: (n-1dns2
POSITIONOf d-Block Elementsin the Periocic Table.
d- block Elements lie in between 's' and 'p' block Elements.
ie. these elements c1re located in the middle of the periodic table.
d-BlocK
3d Series 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Sc Ti Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn
39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48
d SeriesY Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd
Ag| Cd
57 72 73 74 75 76
5dSeries La Hf Ta W Re Os
77
Ir
78
Pt
79 80
Au Hg
6d Series 89, 104 105 106107 108 109 110 111 112
Ac Rf Db S8 Bh Hs
| Mt Ds Rg Cn
Q-Why are Gu, Ag and Au reqarded gs Transition elements even they have
fully filled d-orbital in their qround state?
A Lost entvs iw o-8rbitals
-Why are Zn, Cd and Hg not Transition Elements?
d-osbitals
thay dot have patially flld
thay
im th hound s t t r hm mest Ceimnn
ienne stala
FIRST TRANSITION SERIES.
ElementsS Symbol [Link]. Elect. Conf.
Scandium SC 21 CAr] 4s 3d'
Titanium Ti 22 CAr] 4s3d
Vonadium V 23 Ar 4s'3d3
Chromium Cr TAr1 4s 3d
24
(exception)
Manqanese Mn 15 TAF 4S 3d
Iron Fe 26 Arl 4s 3d
Cobalt Co 27 Ar] 4s3d
Nickel Ni 28 CAr 4s 3d8
Copper Cu 29 AFI 4s 3d (exception)
Zinc. Zn 30 Ar] 4s33do
Chromiurm and copper have exceptional [Link].
Because half- filled and fully fillecd orbitals are more stable than
partiolly fillecd d-or bitals. Therefore, one ë from 4s orbital is
excited to 3d orbital
Cu 39 4s'
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF TRANSITIDN EIEMENTS.
1 They are Metallic in Nature.
2 hey have typical Metallic structures except Hg. Which is liquid at
Roomtemperature.
3 They hove high melting and Boiling point.
4 They have high densities.
5 in nature
They are electropositive
6. Most of them form coloured Compounds.
7. They have qood tendency to form complexes.
8. They exhibit several oxjdation states.
9. Their compounds are generolly paromagnetic in Nature.
10. They form alloys With other Metals.
1. They form interstitial compounds.
12. They have catalytic properties.
IMPORTANT PROPERTIES OF TRANSITION ELEMENTS.
ATOMIC RADÍ
The Atomic Raci of elements of particular series decreases With
increase in Atomic number but this decrease in Atomic radii beomes
Small after midway.
190
180
170
160Sc Zr
Hr Hg
150 Au
Ti Cd
140
ND Wpe os Ag
Wo TC
130
120
decreqses Cr Mn
Ru Rh
Pd
Cu
Zn
Fe Co NI Increases Tnct dueto &erepulsion.
Glmost same Atomic Radii Inc:
110
Increasing atomicinumber
nuclear eharge Inc As [Link] ddes Inct
&es enters in d-orbitals Screening EFfect Inc
It neutralises the effect of Inc. in Nuclear charge
have poor shielding effect Atomic radii remains almost un changed
Atomic Rochi clec.
METALUC CHARACTER & Enthalpy of Atomization.
All the Transition elements have
typical Metallic structure except H.
Tt is due to their low Ionization
enthalpies and presene Of unpaired e
AS a result, metallic bonds are formed.
Hence they are metcillic in nature.
High Enthalpy of Atomization
Ihe high Enthalpies of Atomization are due to large no. of
in their atoms. There
fore they have
unpaired es
and hence stronqer. interatomic interaction
stronger bondinq between atoms. Thus they have high
Enthalpies of Atomization.
HARDESS Of METAL Transition Metals hard in Nature. It is due
are
to more no. of unpaired e, more no. of bonds are tormed.
Hence the strength of bond increases. Hence
Hoard ness also increases.
Ques Zn, Cl and Hg are soft in Nature.
Nhy2
Ans Zn 3d"41ane Copteti fdled n-) d rLit.
cd 4a"ss So
-
ikerateue itenocthens thhe is mo
H-5dcs
H9 5 d s Jamd Rame leo metolli
-
MELTING AND BOILING POINT: kendig.. luase
Transition metals hcave high Melting and
sot
It is due to their Metallic
Boiling points
strong
The metallic
Bonds
bondinq depencls upon the no. of unpairecd es.
Gireater the no. of unpaired es, stronqer is the metallic Bondinq.
Hence. they have high Melting and Boiling point.
Melting point first increases (Sc-Cr), redches
and then decreases. (fe-Zn)
a maximum value (Cr)
Ques. The mpt. and B-pt. of Zn, Cd,Hg are low. Why?
As: Zn Cd, Ha haue
,
fd (n-1)d biltl. Thene ae
e t unpaised es As a sult weake ns
h t a e i bmd. Sother m pt. .pt a aRso
Revs
Tonization Enthalpy.
TE. Of 4he d Block elem ents is larger than s-block and smaller than
the p-block elements. The LE increases as we move across Each series,
though not quite reqularly.
The d-Block elements exhibit an increase in onization potentials
trom left to right due to the screening ePfect of neW és added
into the (n-Dd subshel.
Chromium and copper have exceptionally high 1.E.?
Ans
y dHtclt te 2eeue a Stabte
eRectie natas
OxIDATION STTE
They show variable Oxidation State. It is due to the participation of
(n-1Dd and ns electrons in bond formation.
Scandlium (2:31) doesnt exhibit variable O0.s.
Mn' showS OS. from +2 to +7.
-Why is the highest oxidation state of a metal exhibited in its
Oxide and fluoride only? Onge
elemeks Flwenu
mest electieagative
As Being .0
dm
es ato ateus
cäiusè"' m a x " ëvitalon oxidation s t .
Can es i tuin
0- Why ae Mn compounds more sBable than fet toNards +3 0.S.2
Ars Mna35
5 wnpained es
M ys 3d
3dS
Fe 6 wnp-asd es
Fe= 4s° 3d
<inw mn Ros 5 wmpaied es i. ao 4
b Fe a electiovic
d-Cnbskall. As Cpaned
me staLla, wtaneos
m
s ena e a a
saLl coiz-
FORMANON Of COLOUR COMPOUNDS:
Most of the
compounds of Transition metals are colourecl.
1s due to the presence of Incomplete (n-1d Subshell obE
TransiHion metal.
Jn case of
ive
compourds of transition metals the energies
of
d-Orbitals in same subshell have same enerqies. 5uf
When a neqative ion approaching towards transition metal ion
he d-orbitals of metal split into two energy levels. This
is known as
(rystal field splitting. phenbmenor
The three d-orbitals have
tuo d-orbitals have lower energy called tag Set and
high energies called eg set.
dxy dyz dzx dxy dz2 Energy
dxy dyz dzx diy dz degenrate d-orbitals
Of Metal Ions in
degenrate d-orbitals of Crystal field. cbxy cyz dzx
ree Metal ion.
SPLITTING OF d-orbital in Octahedral Crystal Field.
In case of transition metal Tons the electrons
can be
from lower energy level to easily promoted
d-d transition. higher energy level. This is called
The amount of energy required to excite the
level corresponds to the electrons to higher energy
of
energy certain colours of the visible light.
Q- Zn, Cc, Hg compounds are usually white. Why?
Ans the derit have mpined es i d- onbrals
mo d-d haeitzo'.no colou
(See deor ams s)
Ques- Nhy Zn Salts are colourless while N salts are tolburecd ?
Zn=4s ad> mo npavrad Es So, colousless
N2 4° ad> 2 umpavred Es>So, Celewreo
Ques- Which of the folloing ions are expected to be coloured
Cu, N3, Sc3*, T3* (See vndeo fer amwe)
e)la0pan)
Cu4s°3d- celouwles :(no umpainad
Cu
celewned ( 2 umpained es)
NN22 ys° 3d -
csleuwdrss ( vacamb d-obitl)
S3+ S 3d-
us° sa celewad pand es)
T -
MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
paramagnetic in nature. It is due
Transition Metals are generally
to partially filled d- subshell.
More the no. of unpaired es,t more is the paramaqnetic Nature t.
The maqnetic momenis due to the spin of the ës can be calculated
trom the relation
:ncn+a) B.M.
Where, n: no. of unpaired es
: magnetie moment
ums: B.M.: Bohr Magneton.
Ques Calculate magnetic moment of Ti"ion?
es =
||
o. wmpauned
73 B.M.
Ques- Which one of fe and f is more paramagnetic and has targe
magnetic moment?
FFet s sd(uumpaiedis) u uut) = 4.90 Bm
F3t4s 3d5 (5 upaued es) l5(5t)35 5q2 8m
TENDENCY TO FORM COMPLEXES.
Transition metals form complexes because of-
1. Small size of Atom or Ion.
2 High Nuclear Charge
3. Availability of Vacant d-orbital to occept the lone pair eß donatecl by ligane-
CATALYTIC PROPERTIES.
They acts as catalyst because-
1. Transition Elements have
tendency to form Intermediate product
Nith reactants which adopts the path of low activation
Hence they increases the rate of rxn. Hence acts as Enerqy.
catalyst.
2. In some cases Transition Metals provide a larqe surface area on
Which the reactants may be adsorbed
Tt Increases the concentration of reactants at the
surfcate and als o
Neakens the bondl in the reactant molecules
Therefore, activation energy decreqses and Rate of rxn Increases.
NOTE:
Fe is used as catalyst in the manufacture of ammonia. (Haber's Process)
V2O5 is used as catalyst in he manufacBure df H2SO4. (Contact Process )
PH Is used as a catalyst in the manufacture bf HNO3. (Ostwald Process).
TNTERSTITIAL COMPOUNDS
(Called Irnterstitial Sites)
When Transition Elemenls form their crystal laftice the hollow space is
OCCupied by small size atoms (like H,B,C,N etc.). Hence, Interstitial
Compounds ate formed.
GTeneral Characteristics of this compounds -Trangtiion
They have high Melting point than pure Metal Atom
Metals Trapped Atom
2 They retain metallic Conductivity in IntersHial
3. They are very hard. 88 Sites.
4. Ihey are chemical Inert.
Formation of INTERSTITIAL COMPOUND,
Examples- TiC, Mn4N, Fe^H, TiHa etc.
ALLOY FORMATION
Transition Elements have tendency to fetm alloys because
Tronsition Metals are quite similar in size. Therefore, the atoms
of one metal can substitute +he atoms of other Metal in
Crystal lattice.
Atom of different
Metal
Atoms of Melal M
FORMATION Of Alloys.
