SEC Sample Paper HL

12. (a) (i) Write a balanced equation to summarise the process of photosynthesis.
(ii) Name the organelle (component) of the cell in which photosynthesis takes place.

(9)

(b) Two stages are recognised in photosynthesis, the light stage and the dark stage.
(i) Give a brief explanation of the division of photosynthesis into these two stages.
(ii) What do the letters ATP stand for? In which of the stages of photosynthesis does ATP
form?
(iii) Energised electrons play a central role in ATP formation during photosynthesis.
What is an energised electron?
(iv) Explain the part played by NADP- in photosynthesis.
(v) In which stage of photosynthesis does carbon dioxide provide carbon for

carbohydrate formation? (27)

(c) The apparatus in the diagram may be used to investigate the effect of varying an
environmental factor on the rate of photosynthesis.

(i) An aquatic plant, such as the pond weed Elodea, is usually used for such an
experiment. Explain why an aquatic plant is used in preference to a land plant such
as a geranium.
(ii) Explain how you varied the environmental factor that you were investigating in the
course of your practical work.
(iii) In what units did you express the rate of photosynthesis?
(iv) Using labelled axes sketch a graph to illustrate the results that you obtained.
(24)
Possible Answer
2004 HL
11. (a) ATP is an abbreviation. What does it stand for? Explain briefly the role of ATP in the
energy exchanges of a cell.
(9)
(b) (i) The first stage of photosynthesis is commonly known as the light-dependent
stage. It involves the energising of electrons and their subsequent passage along two possible
pathways. Give an account of what happens on each of these pathways.
(ii) What is the fate of each of the products of the light-dependent stage?

(27)

(c) The effect of changing light intensity or carbon dioxide concentration on the rate of
photosynthesis may be investigated by using the pondweed Elodea. Answer the
following in relation to this investigation.

(i) Why is a water plant rather than a land plant used in this experiment?
(ii) How is the temperature kept constant in this experiment?
(iii) If pond water is used in the experiment, it is likely to contain dissolved carbon dioxide.

Suggest two possible sources of carbon dioxide in pond water.

(iv) Explain how light intensity or carbon dioxide concentration may be varied.
(v) Each time light intensity or carbon dioxide concentration is varied a precaution is
necessary. What is this precaution and why is it necessary?
(24)
Answer

2006 HL
11. (a) (i) What is the primary role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis?
(ii) Write an equation to summarize photosynthesis.

(9)

(b) The second stage of photosynthesis is called the dark stage or light-independent stage.
(i) Why is the dark stage given the alternative name of the light-independent stage?
(ii) Name a gas that is essential for the dark stage.
(iii)Two products of the light stage are vital for the dark stage. Name each of them.
(iv)State the precise role in the dark stage of each of the substances that you named in
(iii).
(v) To what group of biomolecules do the main products of the dark stage belong?

(24)

(c) (i) Water is essential for photosynthesis. Briefly outline how water from the soil
reaches the leaf.
(ii) What happens to water molecules when they reach the sites of photosynthesis?
(27)
Answer
2008 HL
14. (a) (i) Name the openings in the leaf which allow the entry of carbon dioxide for
photosynthesis.
State a factor which influences the diameter of these openings.
(ii) During photosynthesis oxygen is produced.
1. From what substance is oxygen produced?
2. In which stage of photosynthesis is oxygen produced?
3. Give two possible fates of oxygen following its production
(iii) Give an account of the role of each of the following in photosynthesis:
1. ATP, 2. NADP.
Answer

2009 HL
12. (c) One laboratory activity that you carried out demonstrated the influence of light
intensity or
of carbon dioxide concentration on the rate of photosynthesis. Answer the following in
relation to this activity:
(i) Explain how you measured the rate of photosynthesis.
(ii) Explain how you varied light intensity or carbon dioxide concentration.
(iii)State how you kept another named factor constant.
(iv)Draw a graph with labelled axes to show the results that you obtained.
(v) Briefly explain the trend in your graph.
(24)
Answer

2010 HL
14. Answer any two of (a), (b), (c).
(30, 30)

(a) (i) Where in a plant cell does photosynthesis take place?

(ii) Give the alternative name of the first stage of photosynthesis.
(iii) During the first stage of photosynthesis energised electrons enter two
pathways.
[Link] do the energised electrons come from?
[Link] describe the main events of each of these pathways.
(iv) 1. In the second stage of photosynthesis compounds of the general
formula Cx(H2O)y are formed. What name is given to this group of compounds?
2. From which simple compound does the plant obtain the H used to make
compounds of general formula Cx(H2O)y?
(v) Name the simple compound that supplies the necessary energy for the second
stage reactions.
Answer

2011 HL
14. (a) The graph shows the results of a classroom investigation into the factors affecting the
rate of photosynthesis. The variable investigated was either light intensity or CO2 concentration.
 In your answer book, indicate clearly which factor you choose to address and answer the
following questions:

(i) Suggest a suitable plant for such an investigation.

(ii) How was the rate of photosynthesis measured?
(iii) Name a factor that must be kept constant during this investigation.
(iv) Explain how you would keep constant the factor referred to in (iii).
(v) Why is it necessary to keep that factor constant?
(vi) 1. What happens to the rate of photosynthesis at X when the
investigation is
A. carried out at 25oC?
B. carried out at 35oC?
2. Give a reason for each answer.
Answer

2012 HL
12. (a) (i) From the following list, write into your answer book any term that
describes the nutrition of a typical plant:
parasitic; heterotrophic; saprophytic; autotrophic.

(ii) Identify, in your answer book, the cell organelles A and B.

(9)

(b) Chlorophyll is composed of various pigments.

Two of these pigments are chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b.
The graph below shows the amount of light of different colours absorbed by chlorophyll a and
chlorophyll b.

(i) 1. What colours of light are absorbed most by chlorophyll a?

2. What colour of light is absorbed most by chlorophyll b?
(ii) What happens to yellow light when it strikes a leaf?
(iii) Suggest one possible benefit to plants of having more than one chlorophyll pigment.
(iv) From the information provided by the graph suggest how a commercial grower might try to
increase crop yield in his glasshouses or tunnels.
(v) 1. What is the main source of carbon dioxide used by plants in the dark stage of
photosynthesis?

2. State one role of NADP and one role of ATP in the dark stage of photosynthesis.
(27)

(c) Write a brief note on each of the following items in relation to respiration.
/(i) Glycolysis.
(ii) Acetyl Co-enzyme A.
(iii) Adenosine triphosphate.
(iv) Electron transport chain.
(24)
Answer

2013 HL
14. Answer any two of (a), (b), (c).

(30, 30)

(a) The scheme below summarises the process of photosynthesis.

(i) Give the name of the first stage.

(ii) In the first stage, pathways I and II relate to the passage of energised

electrons.
 1. Explain what happens to these electrons in pathway I.
2. Describe the events of pathway II.

(iii) Give the name of the second stage.

(iv) Explain why the second stage is given the name referred to in part (iii).

(v) Give one reason why the second stage cannot happen without the first stage.

(vi) Outline the major events of the second stage.

Answer
Ordinary Level Section C Questions Photosynthesis

2004 OL
13. (a) What is metabolism? Describe briefly the part played by enzymes in metabolism.
(9)

(b) The following equation summarises the process of photosynthesis.

(i) Name Gas A.

(ii) Name Gas B.
(iii)Name the energy source.
(iv)Plants obtain Gas A from the air. Name two processes that release this gas into the
air.
(v) Suggest two possible fates for Gas B, following its production in the plant.
(vi)Where in a leaf would you expect to find cells with most chlorophyll?
(vii)What term is used to describe the nutrition of plants?
(27)

(c) The apparatus shown below may be used to investigate the effect of an environmental
factor on the rate of photosynthesis.

(i) Name X and Y.

(ii) How would you measure the rate of photosynthesis?
(iii)Name an environmental factor that you would vary in this experiment.
(iv)Explain how you would vary the factor that you have named in (iii).
(v) Other environmental factors should be kept constant during the experiment. Name
one of these factors.
(24)
Answer

2005 OL
11. (a) (i) Complete the following equation, which is a summary of photosynthesis.
6CO2 + 6H2O + light + chlorophyll 
 (ii) Where in the cells of a leaf is chlorophyll found? (9)

(b) (i) Light energy trapped by chlorophyll is used to split water. List three products that
result when water is split.
(ii) Describe what happens to each of the three products that you have listed in (i).
(iii)Carbon dioxide is essential for photosynthesis. Where does it enter the leaf?
(iv) From your knowledge of photosynthesis suggest a way to increase the yield of
plants such as lettuces in a greenhouse.
(24)

(c) (i) Some of the carbohydrates produced in photosynthesis are used in

respiration. What is respiration?
(ii) Suggest one reason why living organisms need to respire.
(iii)What is aerobic respiration?
(iv) Respiration can also be anaerobic. Which of the two types of respiration releases
more energy?
(v) Anaerobic respiration by micro-organisms is called fermentation. Give one
example of industrial fermentation, including the type of micro-organism and the
substance produced. (27)
Answer

2008 OL
12. (a) (i) In what main part of a plant does most photosynthesis take place?
(ii) In what cell structure does photosynthesis take place?
(9)

(b) (i) What is the main source of energy for photosynthesis?

(ii) Suggest two reasons why life on earth might not continue without photosynthesis.
(iii) In photosynthesis water (H2O) is split into three products.
1. Name these three products.
2. State what happens to each of these products.
(27)

(c) Describe an activity that you carried out to investigate the influence of light intensity or
carbon dioxide concentration on the rate of photosynthesis. Include a diagram of the
apparatus that you used in your answer.
(24)
Answer

2009 OL
15. Answer any two of (a), (b) and (c)
(30, 30)

(a) (i) Write the balanced equation for photosynthesis.

(ii) What is the main source of light for photosynthesis?
(iii)During photosynthesis water molecules are split into three products.
Name each of these products.
(iv)Describe what happens to each of the products referred to in (iii).
(v) Name the structures in which photosynthesis occurs in plant cells.
Answer
2010 OL
12. (a) (i) What is meant by metabolism?
(ii) Give two reasons why living things need energy.
(9)

(b) (i) Which biological process is represented by the following word equation:
glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy?
(ii) The above process occurs in two stages, Stage 1 and Stage 2, that take place
in different parts of the cell.
Say where in the cell Stage 1 occurs and where in the cell Stage 2 occurs.
(iii) Does the whole process release a large amount or a small amount of energy?
(iv) Write a word equation to show what happens when yeast breaks down
glucose in the absence of oxygen.
(v) Give one industrial application of this process.
(vi) When muscles break down glucose in the absence of oxygen, one main
product is produced. Name this product.
(27)

(c) (i) Draw a labelled diagram of the apparatus you used to investigate the effect of
light intensity or carbon dioxide concentration on the rate of photosynthesis.
(ii) How did you vary the light intensity or the carbon dioxide concentration?
(iii) How did you measure the rate of photosynthesis?
(iv) What is the relationship between the rate of photosynthesis and either the
light intensity or the carbon dioxide concentration.
(v) Most Irish tomatoes are grown in greenhouses. State two ways a commercial
producer could increase her/his crop yield of tomatoes.
(24)
Answer

2011 OL
12. (a) (i) What is meant by the term photosynthesis?
(ii) A gas from the air is needed for photosynthesis.
Name this gas.
(iii) Name the part of a plant cell in which photosynthesis takes place.
(9)

(b) (i) Write a balanced equation for photosynthesis.

(ii) Plants contain the green pigment chlorophyll.
What is the role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis?
(iii) The apparatus shown below may be used to investigate the effect of an
environmental factor on the rate of photosynthesis.
1. Name any two environmental factors affecting photosynthesis that could be
investigated using the apparatus shown.
2. How would you measure the rate of photosynthesis using the apparatus
below?
(24)
Answer

2012 OL
14. Answer any two of the parts (a), (b), (c).
(30, 30)

(a) (i) What is meant by aerobic respiration?

(ii) Aerobic respiration takes place in two stages.
1. Where in a cell does stage 1 occur?
2. Where in a cell does stage 2 occur?
(iii) Which type of respiration, aerobic or anaerobic, produces more energy?
(iv) In yeast cells, alcohol is produced by fermentation.
Draw a labelled diagram showing how alcohol may be produced in the laboratory.
Answer the following questions in relation to the activity:
1. Name another substance that is produced during the fermentation process.
2. How would you detect this other substance?
3. How would you know when fermentation had finished?

(b) (i) In leaf cells, which chemical traps light energy for photosynthesis?
(ii) Water for photosynthesis enters the roots of plants by osmosis.
What is meant by osmosis?
(iii) During photosynthesis water is split into three products.
1. Name each of these three products.
2. Name the stage of photosynthesis during which water molecules are split.
(iv) Carbon dioxide (CO2) is also needed for photosynthesis.
Where does CO2 enter the leaf?
(v) A market gardener wants to increase the vegetable yield in his greenhouses.
Suggest two ways he may achieve this.

(c) Tissue culture can be used to grow new tissues in the laboratory.
(i) What is a tissue?
(ii) Name a gas that would be needed for the growth of tissue in the laboratory.
(iii) Why are sterile conditions needed to grow the tissue?
(iv) What type of cell division, mitosis or meiosis, is involved in tissue culture?
 (v) What medical term is used to describe the disease caused by uncontrolled
mitosis in human cells?
(vi) Give two causes of this uncontrolled cell division.
(vii) Draw a labelled diagram to show the normal cell cycle.
(viii) What is the function of meiosis?
Answer

2014 OL
13. (a) (i) Catabolism and anabolism are two types of metabolism.
State whether each of the following is an example of catabolism or
anabolism:
1. Photosynthesis.
2. Respiration.
(ii) What is the main source of energy for photosynthesis?
(9)

(b) The diagram shows a section through a leaf.

(i) Name the green pigment present in leaves that is essential for photosynthesis.
(ii) Name the cell structures, present in large numbers in part B, that are
needed for photosynthesis.
(iii) Name the opening labelled A that is used for gas exchange.
(iv) Name the gas in the air needed for photosynthesis.
(v) In photosynthesis, water is split into three products.
Name these three products.
(vi) From your knowledge of photosynthesis, suggest two ways of
improving the rate of photosynthesis of plants in a greenhouse.
(27)
Answer
 2004 HL Sample Q12
12. (a) (i) 6CO2+6H2O------chlorophyll + light --------C6H12O6+6O2 6,3,0

(ii) chloroplast 3

The light stage is light dependent, the dark stage is independent of light/
(b) (i) 3(3)
The light stage occurs in the grana, the dark stage in the stroma
Adenosine Triphosphate 3
(ii)
In the light stage 3
(iii) An electron that has absorbed as much energy as possible 3

(iv) NADP- accepts electrons/ hydrogen carrier/ for the dark stage 2(3)

(v) The dark stage 3

(c) (i) It is easier to see the production of oxygen in an aquatic plant 6

Light intensity: bring lamp of fixed wattage stepwise nearer to the
(ii) pondweed. Carbon dioxide: use different concentrations of carbon dioxide 6
in the water
(iii) Bubbles of oxygen /per minute 2(3)
Axes x – light intensity/ carbon dioxide 3
(iv) Y – rate of photosynthesis.
Plot correct shape 3

2004 HL Q11
Adenosine triphosphate
3
Role: P – P bond / holds or stores (energy) / passes on or
11. (a) releases (energy) or ATP  ADP + P / + energy (or the
reverse reaction)
2(3)
any two
Pathway 1.
Light energising electrons or light into chlorophyll / (e-) from
chlorophyll / ATP formed / (e-) returned to chlorophyll
Pathway 2.
(b) (i) 6(3)
(e-) to NADP / photolysis (or H2O split) / H+ (protons) to
NADP / NADPH formed / ATP formed / O2 formed /
different electrons / (e-) back to chlorophyll/
[maximum 4 points from either pathway]
Fate
Product for dark phase or explained or any metabolic
ATP reaction
(ii) 3(3)
NADPH for dark phase or explained
O2 respired or released (into atmosphere) any
three
(c) (i) Why Elodea?: ease of measurement of rate or explained 3
 (ii) How temp constant: water bath or described 3
Sources of CO2: animal respiration / plant respiration / from
(iii) air / bacterial respiration or decomposition / 2(3)
[Note: respiration alone = 1 point]
How varied: lamp / different distances (or different wattage)
(iv) OR 3+3
sodium hydrogen carbonate / different amounts
Precaution at each change: Allow time (before counting
3
(v) bubbles)
3
Reason: Plant adjusting or equilibration or explained

2006 HL Q11
11.
(a) (i) traps or uses light or explained 3
(ii) balanced equation (one error = 3) 6, 3, 0

(b) (i) light not required 3

(ii) CO2 3
NADPH(2) 3
(iii)
ATP 3
NADPH(2): supplies hydrogen or mention of reduction or e- 3
(iv)
ATP: supplies energy 3
(v) monosaccharides or polysaccharides or carbohydrates 6

concentration gradient /root hair / osmosis / cell to cell / root

pressure/ / xylem / cohesion or explained / adhesion or
(c) (i) capillarity or explained / Dixon and Joly / transpiration or 6(3)
evaporation [accept water loss] / tension
any six
photolysis or split 3
(ii)
Protons or H+ / electrons / oxygen 2(3)

2008 HL Q14(a)
14 (30,
Any two of (a), (b), (c)
. 30)
(a) (i) Stomata 3
light or CO2 or potassium ions (K) or wind or turgidity of guard 3
cells or water availability or high temperature
(ii) 1. water 3
2. light (dependent) stage 3
3. respiration 3
3. (diffuses) to atmosphere 3
(iii 1. provides or stores energy / reduction of CO2 or glucose 2(3)
)
 formation or for dark stage
2. accepts electrons / hydrogen carrier / for the dark stage or 2(3)
glucose formation or for dark stage

2009 HL Q12
12. (a) (i) ADP 3

(ii) Energy 3
Capturing or transferring electrons or protons or hydrogen
(iii) 3
(ions)

(b) (i) Glycolysis 3

1. Lactate (lactic acid) 3
(ii)
2. Ethanol (and CO2) 3
(iii) Mitochondrion 3

(iv) Acetyl (Co-enzyme A) 3

Krebs cycle 3
(v)
CO2 or ATP or Hydrogen ions or protons 3
1. Forming ATP (or described) 3
(vi)
2. To oxygen or involved in H2O formation 3

Counted bubbles (or measure volume) per unit time or use a

(c) (i) 3
(datalogging) sensor
Light source at different distances (from plant) or different
(ii) 3
wattages or different concentrations of NaHCO3 solution
Temperature / how
(iii) OR light (if not given in (c) (ii)) / how 2(3)
OR CO2 concentration (if not given in (c) (ii) ) / how
Axes labelled correctly 3
(iv)
Curve matching axes given 3
Increasing ( or decreasing) / (more or less) light (energy)
for light phase or (more or less) CO2 for dark phase
(v) 2(3)
OR
Levels off / saturation (or explained)

2010 HL Q14(a)
14. (a) (i) Chloroplast 3
 (ii) *Light (stage) 3
(iii) 1. Chlorophyl 3
l (Energised electrons) release energy / ATP
2. Pathway : formed / (electrons) return to chlorophyll
Any two 2(3)
Electrons taken up by NADP / photolysis (or
Pathway : water splits) / NADPH (formed) /electrons
from water to chlorophyll /ATP formed
Any two 2(3)
(iv) 1. *Carbohydrates 3
2. *Water (or H2O) 3
(v) *Adenosine Triphosphate (or ATP) 3

2011 HL Q14(a)
14. Any two of (a), (b), (c) (30, 30)
14. (a) (i) Aquatic plant or named (e.g. Elodea) 3
(ii) Counted bubbles (or measured volume) / per unit time
OR
datalogging / named sensor (or mention of time) 2(3)
(iii) Light (if CO2 addressed) or CO2 (if light addressed) or temperature 3
(iv) Fixed lamp distance (or wattage) or NaHCO3 or water bath (or
described) 3
(v) To ensure that any change is not due to that factor 3
1. A It does not increase any further or levels off 3
B It increases or does not level off 3
2. A Temperature is limiting or photosynthesis can not go any
faster (at that temperature) 3
B Temperature is not limiting or increased temperature allows
greater rate 3

2012 HL Q12
12. (a) (i) *Autotrophic 3
(A =) *mitochondrion 3
(ii) 3
(B =) *chloroplast

*Violet 3
(b) (i) 1.
*Red 3
2. *Blue 3

(ii) Not absorbed or little absorption or it is reflected 3

(iii) Able to absorb more light (or energy) or able to absorb more (or
 different) colours (or wavelengths) or increased photosynthesis (or
increased food production) 3
(iv) Use violet (or blue or orange or red) light 3
*Air (or atmosphere) or *respiration 3
(v) 1. NADP: to transport electrons / to transport energy / H-carrier 3
ATP: Energy source or energy store 3

(c) (i) First stage of respiration / in cytoplasm (or in cytosol) / anaerobic /

starts with glucose (or indicated) / produces pyruvate / low energy
release 2(3)
(ii) Aerobic / formed from pyruvate / 2-carbon (group) / joins Krebs
cycle / in mitochondrion 2(3)
(iii) High energy bonds (or high energy molecule) / energy store / releases
energy / forming ADP (or formed from ADP) / large ATP production
in stage 2 2(3)
(iv) Aerobic / in mitochondrion / carries high-energy electrons / from
NADH or from Krebs cycle / to protons / formation of water / ATP
produced or high energy release 2(3)

2013 HL Q14(a)
14. (a) (i) *Light (dependent stage) 3
(electrons) picked up by acceptor / passed through carriers / back
(ii) 1. 2(3)
to chlorophyll / (electrons) lose energy
H2O split / protons to pool / NADP- formed / NADPH formed /
2. (electrons) picked up by acceptor / passed through carriers / O2 2(3)
released / ATP produced
(iii) *Dark (stage) (or *light-independent stage) 3

(iv) Light not needed 3

(v) Product (or named product) (of 1st stage) required. 3

(vi) Sugar formed from CO2 3

ATP provides energy or NADPH provides hydrogen (or H) 3

2013 HL Q14(b)
If any ‘note’ consists only of a word diagram, flow-chart or chemical
14. (b)
equation, then a maximum of two scoring points may be awarded.
Metabolism: (The sum of) all reactions in cell (or organism) /
(i) controlled by enzymes / catabolism explained or catabolism + 4+2(3)
example / anabolism explained or anabolism + example
Krebs Cycle: occurs in second stage of respiration / in mitochondria /
when O2 present (or aerobic) / starts with Acetyl Co-enzyme A / ATP
(ii) 4+2(3)
produced / hydrogen (pairs) produced or energised electrons / CO2
produced
 ADP: Adenosine Di-phosphate / a low energy (molecule) / + phosphate
(iii) 4+2(3)
(P) / + energy / ATP formed

2004 OL Q13
metabolism – (chemical) reactions taking place in a cell or in
an organism 3
13. (a) enzymes are catalysts/ reactions in cells controlled by
enzymes or 2(3)
enzymes affect (initiate, speed up) chemical reactions

(b) (i) carbon dioxide or CO2 3

(ii) oxygen or O2 3

(iii) stated source or light 3

(iv) respiration or breathing/ combustion 2(3)

(v) used in respiration or inhaled/ released (into environment) 2(3)

(vi) near upper surface or other correct answer 3

(vii
autotrophic (photosynthesis) 3
)

X = water Y = pondweed or aquatic plant – do not allow

(c) (i) ‘plant’ 2(3)
on its own.
(ii) number of bubbles or volume /in a fixed time 2(3)

(iii) carbon dioxide or light or other factor any one 3

addition of sodium hydrogen carbonate or changing distance
(iv) of light 6
source (must correspond to (iii)) any one
light or carbon dioxide or temperature
(v) 3
(not mentioned in (iii))

2005 OL Q11
11. (a) (i) C6H12O6 + (6)O2 (or words) 2(3)
(ii) chloroplast 3

(b) (i) hydrogen (proton) /oxygen/ electron or energy or ATP 3(3)

(ii) Hydrogen /protons (released into pool & combine with CO2) 3(3)
 to form glucose) / oxygen used in respiration OR released /
electrons are passed to chlorophyll/
(iii
stoma / guard cells 3
)
increase day length / artificial light/ increase carbon dioxide
(iv) 3
level / increase in temperature level

(c) (i) release of energy/ oxidation of food 6

(ii) to provide energy or named metabolic activity 6
(iii
respiration in presence of oxygen 6
)
(iv) aerobic 3
allow any example of “industrial fermentation”
Organism Product (3)
(3)
Bacteria beer/ wine/ yoghurt/ enzymes/ drugs/
(v) 2(3)
hormones/ antibiotics/methane (biogas)/
etc.
Fungus / Yeast carbon dioxide/ wine/ beer/ single cell
protein/ antibiotics

2008 OL Q12
12. (a) 6, 3
(i) Leaf
(ii) Chloroplast / granum / Stroma

(b) 9, 3
(i) Light / sun
Lack of oxygen/ lack of food (energy)/ plants die / excess
(ii)
CO2 / animals die
1. protons (Hydrogen (ions)) / electrons/ oxygen /OH-
(Water splits into H+ & OH- merits 3(3))
2. electrons pass to chlorophyll / ATP /
(iii)
protons stored / NADPH / used in dark phase
oxygen released into air/ respiration
OH- to water & O2

(c) 6 + 6(3)
Diagram of Apparatus 6, 3, 0
(Plant, variable, container)
type of plant or named plant/ control/ factor kept constant/ Six pts –
how variable altered/ how rate was measured / time / written
thermometer / water bath / adjust / bubbles / lamp / ruler/ or labelled
result /conclusion / record / repeat / average
 2009 OL Q15(a)
Any two parts
15 6 +11 +
(a)
. 6(2) +1
Perfect – 6
6, 3, 0
1 mistake –
(This ‘6,3,0’ is
(i) 6CO2 + 6H2O  C6H12O6 + 6O2 3
affixed to Part
2 mistakes-
(i) exclusively)
0
(ii) The sun
(iii) Electrons, Protons or H (ions) /, Oxygen, accept OH-
 Electrons – to chlorophyll / reference to energy /
ATP
 Protons / H (ions) - Pathway 2 / Dark Stage /
(iv) general proton pool
 Oxygen – Respiration / Excreted
 OH- - forms water, releases electrons, releases
oxygen
(v) Chloroplasts

2010 OL Q12
12. (a) (i) (The sum of all) the chemical reactions (in an organism)
7+2(1)
or catabolism + anabolism
(ii) e.g. For movement/for heat/for making products/for internal
transport
(Two points)
(b) (i) Aerobic/respiration
3(5)+6(2)
(Two points)
(ii) Stage 1. Cytoplasm
Stage 2. Mitochondria
(iii) Large
(iv) (Glucose →) Ethanol [allow ‘alcohol’]/ + CO2 /+ energy
(Two points)
(v) e.g. Brewing or bread making
(vi) Lactic acid
(c) (i) Diagram [test tube + water + plant] 3,0
Labels [three labels] 3(1)
(ii) Vary light: lamp at different distances from plant
OR 3(5)+3(1)
Vary CO2 conc.: different concs of NaHCO3 solution
(iii) (Counted number of ) bubbles/per unit time
(Two points)
 (iv) As either light intensity or CO2 conc. increases, the rate of
photosynthesis increases
(v) Extra CO2 / increase temperature / growth promoters / increase
light / add fertilizer
(Two points)

2011 OL Q12
12. (a) (i) The method by which plants make their own food 7 + 2(1)
(ii) CO2 / Water Vapour
(iii) Chloroplasts
(b) (i) 6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2 2(6) + 6(2)
(Balancing correct = 1 point… any mistake = 0
Chemicals correct=2pts..1 mistake=1pt..2 mistakes=0 (3 Pts)
(ii) To absorb light / to convert light to chemical energy (1 pt)
(iii) 1. CO2 (concentration) / light (intensity) / temperature (2 pts)
2. (Count) number of bubbles (of O2 ) / per unit time (2 Pts)
3(5)+6(2)
(c) (i) A biological (or organic or protein) / catalyst
(2 Pts)
(ii) Enzyme: any enzyme
Substrate: must match enzyme (3 Pts)
Product: must match substrate or enzyme
(iii) Temperature / pH (2 Pts)
(iv) Attached to a (inert)substance/ trapped / in beads (1 Pt)
(v) Can be reused / pure product / cheaper (1 Pt)

2012 OL Q14(b)
14. 2(5)+2(3)+7(2)

(b) (i) Chlorophyll (1 pt)

(Movement of) H2O / through semi-permeable memb / from
(ii) (3 pts)
low to high conc (or high to low water conc)
1. O2 / H+ / e- (3 pts)
(iii)
2. Light Stage (1 pt)
(iv) Stoma (1 pt)

(v) EG. extra CO2 / more light (2 Pts)

2014 OL Q13
13. (a) (i) 1. Photosynthesis - Anabolism 7 + 2(1)
2. Respiration - Catabolism
 (ii) Light or Sunlight

(b) (i) Chlorophyll 3

(ii) Chloroplast 3
(iii) Stoma(ta) 3
(iv) Carbon dioxide [accept Water vapour] 3
(v) Proton (hydrogen ion) / electron / oxygen 3(3)
(vi) More light (intensity or hours)/ more carbon dioxide/ more heat 2(3)

(c) (i) (Release of) energy / from food 2(3)

(ii) Aerobic / Anaerobic 2(3)
(iii) Anaerobic [accept Aerobic] 3
(iv) Little (Lot) (parts iv, v & vi must match(iii)) 3
(v) Lactic if anaerobic (pyruvic if aerobic) 3
Broken down or Diffuses away or Turns to fat (Respired
(vi) 3
aerobically)