Bihar Engineering University POWER SYSTEMS -PYQ-2021 B.
Tech 5th Semester Electrical Engineering
1 (a) What is the difference between radial and mesh systems?
• This system is used only when substation • When a ring main feeder is energized by two or more
or generating station is located at the center of substations or generating stations, it is called as an
the consumers. In this system, different interconnected distribution system or mesh system. This
feeders radiate from a substation or a system ensures reliability in an event of transmission failure.
generating station and feed the distributors at • Also, any area fed from one generating stations during peak
one end. load hours can be fed from the other generating station or
• Thus, the main characteristic of a radial substation for meeting power requirements from increased
distribution system is that the power flow is load.
in only one direction.
• it is not highly reliable
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(b) Draw the one-line diagram of the typical power system.
Ans:
Simple representation in one line os power system from generation, transmission to distribution is called one line
diagram
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(c) Consider that in a power system network the voltage has been reduced significantly.
What should be done in the generator to improve the voltage in the power system
network?
Ans:
• If voltage in any power system network reduces significantly, it requires reactive power to compensate the voltage.
• Reactive power can be supplied locally or can be supplied from generation side to the feeder.
• Reactive power generation in alternator depends upon its excitation, so if excitation will increase, it will increase
reactive power further
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(d) Which type of fault would be severe among the line to ground fault or symmetrical
fault, when the fault occurs near to the generator when X1 = X2 >> Xo and X1 = X2 <<
Xo? Consider the neutral of the generator is solidly grounded.
Ans:
LG fault is most severe fault at the alternator terminals than three phase fault, because zero sequence
reactance is less at the generator and fault current incase of LG fault is three times the positive
sequence current.
As the fault location moves away from alternator zero sequence reactance increases and three phase
fault becomes more severe.
Case1: LG
Case2: 3 phase fault
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(e) What is the difference between a lightning arrester and surge absorber?
Ans: lightning arrester surge absorber
• It is a type of overvoltage protection. • It is also a type of overvoltage protection.
• It protects in case of lightning by diverting • It observes the energy of surges by reducing the wave front.
excess energy to the ground.
• It is generally placed in line with the transmission system.
• It is placed at the top of the houses,
equipment's or transmission systems. • It does not have any earthing or grounding connection.
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(f) What is meant by protective angle? Give its value for reliable protection.
Ans:
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(g) What are symmetrical components and why are they required?
Ans:
• The method of symmetrical components is used to simplify fault analysis by converting a three-phase
unbalanced system into two sets of balanced phasors and a set of single-phase phasors, or symmetrical
components.
• These sets of phasors are called the positive-, negative-, and zero-sequence components.
• Symmetrical components are required to convert any unbalanced fault to balanced fault by converting
them in to positive-, negative-, and zero-sequence components.
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(h) What is a neutral grounding and why is it required?
Ans:
• When neutral wire of electrical system(DC OR AC) is grounded then it is called neutral grounding.
• In order to protect equipment and people against faults,(short circuit ,over current , lightning, surges)
this protection system is used.
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Bihar Engineering University POWER SYSTEMS -PYQ-2021 B.Tech 5th Semester Electrical Engineering
(i) Which type of circuit breaker is used for more than 400 kV?
Ans: SF6 & Air –Blast
Air –Blast circuit breaker is used for the highest voltages (>400kV)
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(j) Mention the advantages of DC trans-mission system over AC transmission system.
Ans:
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2 A generator transformer unit is connected to a line through a circuit breaker. The unit
ratings are:
Generator: 15 MVA, 11 kV, Xd = 0.3 p.u.,
Xd 0.3 p.u., Xd = 0.6 p.u.
Transformer: 15 MVA, 12.7/66 kV,
reactance = 0.06 p.u.
The system is operating at no load at a line voltage of 66 kV, when a three-phase fault
occurs on the line just beyond the circuit breaker. Find-
(a) the initial symmetrical r.m.s. current in the breaker;
(b) the maximum possible d.c. offset current in the breaker;
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(c) the momentary current rating of the breaker;
(d) the current to be interrupted by the breaker and the interrupting kVA;
(e) the sustained short-circuit current in the breaker.
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(3) A single-phase 50 Hz generator supplies an inductive load of 8 MW at a power factor
of 0.707 lagging by means of an overhead transmission line 15 km long. The line
resistance and inductances are of 0.023 ohm and 0.56 mH per km. The voltage at the
receiving end is required to be kept constant at 11 kV.
(a) Find the sending end voltage and voltage regulation of the line.
(b) Find the value of the capacitors to be placed in parallel with the load such that the
regulation is reduced to 60% of that obtained in part (a).
(c) Compare the transmission efficiency in parts (a) and (b).
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4 Discuss in detail about the over-current and directional protection scheme. Also,
discuss in detail about the advantages and disadvantages of both the protection
schemes and mention their applications.
Ans: Over-current Relay
These relays works if the current flowing through the line exceeds the pre set
value.
Depending upon the time of operation the relays are categorized as:
(i) Instantaneous over current relay,
(ii) Inverse time-current relay,
(iii) Inverse definite minimum time (IDMT) over current relay,
(iv) Very inverse relay, and
(v) Extremely inverse relay
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Advantages:
• Detect abnormal conditions.
• Isolate faulty part of the system.
• Speed Fast operation to minimize damage and danger.
• Discrimination Isolate only the faulty section.
Disadvantages:
• Over current relays can sometimes cause false trips, which can lead to unnecessary downtime.
• An overcurrent relay may not, also, provide adequate protection against all types of electrical faults.
Application:
• LT lines
• Fuses, MCB
• Transformers, e.t.c
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Directional Overcurrent Relay:
• This is also a type of over current relay but associated with the direction of current.
• If direction of current will change and it will exceed the pre set value it will operate.
The torque developed by a directional unit is given by
T = VI cos (θ – τ) – K
where ,
V = r.m.s. magnitude of the voltage fed to the voltage coil circuit,
I = the r.m.s. magnitude of the current in current coil,
θ = the angle between I and V,
τ = the maximum torque angle (a design quantity),
and K = restraining torque including spring and friction.
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Advantages:
• Directional overcurrent relays are able to detect the direction of the current flow and will only operate when the
current is flowing in a certain direction.
• This helps prevent unnecessary trips or circuit breaker operations in systems with several current paths or power
sources.
Disadvantages:
• The directional feature is absent in electromagnetic relays.
• Requires periodic maintenance and testing unlike static relays.
• Relay operation can be affected due to ageing of the components and dust, pollution resulting in spurious trips.
Application:
• LT & HT both lines.
• Mostly in transmission lines at generator Bus.
• Generators e.t.c
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Bihar Engineering University POWER SYSTEMS -PYQ-2021 B.Tech 5th Semester Electrical Engineering
5 Discuss in detail about the permanent magnet synchronous generator and induction
generator for power generation through wind energy. Also discuss why there is a
requirement of using two types of generators. What is the advantage of using one
over the other generator?
Ans:
Permanent magnet synchronous generator
• It is a type of synchronous generator where excitation is provided by permanent magnet. The permanent magnet
will act as a field winding and will provide required magnetic field. It is connected in the rotor.
• Permanent magnets are typically used in low power, low cost synchronous generators.
• For low speed direct drive wind turbine generators the permanent magnet generator is more competitive because
it can have higher pole number of 60 or more poles compared to a conventional wound rotor synchronous
generator.
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Advantages of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator :
1.Construction is simple.
2.It is robust.
3.Cheaper In cost.
4.No excitation system is required (as permanent magnets).
5.High frequency.
6.Low loss.
7.No gear box is needed.
8.Power converters regulate voltage and active and reactive power flow.
9.Power factor is controlled.
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Disadvantages of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator :
1.Difficulty of non-availability of large size permanent magnets, so useful for small/
medium size wind power plants only.
2.Possibility of de-magnetisation permanent magnet.
3.Complicated structural dynamics.
4.Need cooling system to maintain temperatures within limits.
Induction Generator:
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Advantages:
•It is less expensive and more readily available than a synchronous generator.
•It does not require a DC field excitation voltage.
•It automatically synchronizes with the power system, so its controls are simpler and less
expensive.
•It is not suitable for separate, isolated operation.
Disadvantages:
• It cannot generate reactive power.
• Practically, it needs reactive power from the supply mains for its excitation.
• Therefore, the operation of an induction generator requires a synchronous machine to
supply the reactive power to it.
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6 (a) Draw the sequence diagrams of all types of connections of a transformer.
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(b) A synchronous machine 1 generating 1 p.u. voltage is connected through a Y/Y
transformer of reactance of 0.1 p.u. to two transmission lines in parallel. The other
ends of the lines are connected through a Y/Y transformer of reactance of 0.15 p.u. to a
machine 2 generating 1 p.u. voltage. For both transformers X₁ = X2 =Xo
Calculate the current fed into a double line to ground fault on the line side terminals
of the transformer fed from machine 2. The star points of machine 1 and of the two
transformers are solidly grounded. The reactance (p.u.) of the machines and lines
referred to a common base are as follows:
Machine 1: X₁ = 0.45, X2 = 0.35, X0 = 0.05
Machine 2: X₁ = 0.40, X2 = 0.30, X = 0·04
Line each : X₁ =0·30, X₂ = 0.30, Xo = 0.64
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j0.45 j0.30 j0.40
j0.15
j0.30
j0.30 j0.30
j0.35
j0.15
j0.30
One line diagram
j0.05 j0.64 j0.04
j0.15
j0.64
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7 Explain in detail about the sinusoidal steady-state representation of short, medium
and transmission lines.
Ans:
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Short transmission line:
Vs = Vr + Ir R cos φr + Ir X sin φ
Here, Is=Ir
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Medium Length Line:
• The shunt capacitance is either assumed to be concentrated at the middle of the line or half of the total
capacitance is concentrated at each end of the line.
• The two configurations are known as nominal-T and nominal-π respectively. The nominal circuits are
shown in Figs.
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Long Transmission Line:
In case the lines are more than 200 km long, for accurate solutions the parameters must be taken as distributed
uniformly along the length as a result of which the voltages and currents will vary from point to point on the line.
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8 (a) Describe the construction, principle of operation and application of
(i) rod gap and
(ii) expulsion gap.
Ans: Rod gap
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(b) Explain clearly how the rating of lightning arrester is selected. What is the best
location of lightning arrester and why?
Ans:A lightning arrester is connected to protect a piece of equipment from lightning and switching surges.
• Overvoltages may cause the burning of insulation of substation equipment if not well protected.
Lightning is one of the most serious causes of overvoltages.
An ideal Lightning Arrester should possess the following characteristics.
• It must not take any current at normal system voltage
• Any transient wave with a voltage peak exceeding the spark over voltage must cause it to break down.
• After the breakdown, it must be capable of carrying the resulting discharge current without any damage
to itself and without voltage across it exceeding the breakdown voltage.
• The power frequency current following the breakdown must be interrupted as soon as the transient
voltage has fallen below the breakdown value.
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Lightning Arrester Ratings
The rating of a lightning arrester is given below:
• Normal or rated voltage: It is designated by the maximum permissible value of power frequency voltage
which it can support across its line and earth terminal while still carrying effectively and without the
automatic extinction of the follow-up current. The voltage rating of the arresters should be greater than the
maximum sound phase to ground voltage.
• Normal Discharge current: It is the surge current that flows through the LA after the spark over,
expressed in crest value (peak value) for a specified wave shape. Example 10, 5, 2.5, 1.5, 1 kA rating.
• Power frequency spark over voltage: It is the RMS value of the power frequency voltage applied
between the line and earth terminals of the arrester and earth which causes spark over of the series gap.
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Location of Lightning Arrester:
• Lightning arrester should be located close to the equipment that it is expected to protect.
• Many factors like system voltages, basic impulse insulation level, arrestor rating, station layout, number and
arrangement of lines, the position of isolators, the distance between equipment, etc. have to be taken into
account in fixing the location of the arrestors.
• The length of the arrester lead should be as low as possible and should not exceed 10m.
• The Arresters are installed both on the High Voltage and Low Voltage side of the transformers.
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9 Explain about the typical waveform of synchronous generator under balanced
terminal short-circuit conditions for steady-state, transient and sub-transient
equivalent circuit. Derive the essential expressions also.
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Here in above figure:
• Xl- is leakage reactance,
• Xm- magnetizing reactance
• Xd- damper winding reactance
• Xf- field winding reactance
•
• The reactance in the initial stage is called the subtransient reactance;
• After that it is called as the transient reactance
• and then steady state reactance, which is also called as the synchronous reactance .
• It can be seen from the equivalent circuit that the inductance increases as from the initial stage to the final
steady state i.e., synchronous reactance > transient reactance > subtransient reactance.
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• Whenever a 3-phase short circuit occurs at the terminals of an alternator, the current in the armature
circuit increases suddenly to a large value and since the resistance of the circuit then is small as compared
to its reactance, the current is highly lagging and the p.f. is approximately zero.
• Due to this sudden switching, there are two components of currents:
• a.c. component,
• d.c. component (decaying)
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