Mrpupau Topfhl B - Juk 11
Uploaded by
suhailawmMrpupau Topfhl B - Juk 11
Uploaded by
suhailawmMrpupau; topfhl;b - juk; 11 fzpjk;
fzpjk;
Mrpupau; topfhl;b
juk; 11
fzpjj;J iw
tpQ;Q hd njhopEl;g gP lk;
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
kfufk
,yq;i f
www.nie.lk
i
Mrpupau; topfhl;b - juk; 11 fzpjk;
fzpjk;
juk; 11 - Mrpupau; topfhl;b
ã Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
Kjw;gjpg;G - 2015
fzpjj; J iw
tpQ;Q hd njhopEl;g gP lk;
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
gjpg; G
fy;tp ntspaPl ;Lj; jpizf;f sj;jpdhy;>
juq;[ p mr;r fj;j py;
mr; r plg; g l; L > ntspaplg; g l; l J.
ii
Mrpupau; topfhl;b - juk; 11 fzpjk;
gzpg;ghsu; ehafj;jpd; nra;jp
Mrpupau;fs; jj;jkJ ghlrhiyfspy; ghlj;jpl;lq;fis mKy;gLj;Jtjw;F j;
Njitahd mbg; g ilfis ,f; i fNaL toq; F fpwJ. ,g; g hlj; j pl; l j; i j
mKy;gLj;Jifapy; Mrpupau;fs; kdjpypUj;j Ntz;ba Kf;fpa tplak; vd;dntdpy;
jkJ gq;fspg;ghdJ khztu;fspd; mwpf;ifrhu;> milT kw;Wk; elj;ijrhu;
mgptpUj;jp vd;gtw;wpy; ghuJ}ukhdJk; njhiy Nehf;fhdJkhd tpisTfis
Vw;gLj;Jk; vd;gjhFk;.
mwpifrhu; milT vd; D k; gupzhkj; i jg; nghWj; j tiu Mrpupau; f s;
Vidatw;Wf;F (kw;iwa gad;ghLfSf;F) kj;jpapy; fw;wy; juk; cau;thf
,Uf;ff;$ba gpd;tUk; tplaq;fspy; ftdQ; nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;.
· fw;gtu; jdJ fy;tpr; nraw;ghLfs; jj;jkJ tho;f;iff; Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;
kw;Wk; gzpapid Mfpa ,U ,yf;FfisAk; mile;J nfhs;Sjy; kw;Wk;
Mw;wy;fSf;F g; nghUe;jf;$ba tifapy; mike;Js;sJ vd;gijg;
Gupe;jpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
· fw;wy; / fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiwapy; fw;gtu; jd;id nraY}f;fj;Jld;
<LgLj;jpf; nfhs;Sk; NghJ (khztu; nrad;Kiw) fd;A+rpa]; (Confusius)
vd;Dk; mwpQuJ fUj;J ,q;F epidtpw;nfhs;sj;jf;fJ.
mtu;fs; Nfl;gtw;iw kwe;J tpLfpd;wdu;.
ghu;g;gtw;iw epidtpw; nfhs;fpd;wdu; Mdhy;
nray; uPjpahfj; jk;ik <LgLj;jpf; nfhs;Sk; NghJ> fw;Wf;nfhs;fpdw
; du;.
· tsk; epiwe;jJk;> rthy;kpf;fJkhd rhjfkhd fw;wy; #oikT ,Uf;Fk;
NghJ fw;wy; Mtzq;fs;> cgfuzq;fs;> Ma;T $lq;fs;> tplaq;fs;
kw;Wk; mDgtq;fis gy;NtW %yfq;fspypUe;J ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fhd
tha;g;Gf;fis cWjpg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
· fw;gtUf;F Mf;fG+u;tkhdJk;> mD$ykhdJkhd cldbg; gpd;D}l;ly;
toq;fg;gLk; NghJ ,t;thW nra;tjd; %yk; fw;gtu; jkf;F Vw;nfdNt
,Uf; f f; $ ba mwpT> jpwd; f s; kw; W k; ,yf; F fs; vd; g tw; i w
xUq;fpizg;gJld; cau;kl;l fpufpjj
; Yld; cs;suP j
; j
; Yld; $ba fw;wiyg;
gbg;gbahfg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s KbAk;.
fy;tpiag; nghWj;jtiu> ghlrhiyfspy; fy;tp gapYk; rfy khztu;fSk;
jkJ ghlQ; rhu;e ;j mbg;gilfspy; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;g Lk; Nju;r;r p kl;lq;fis
milaf; $ bajhf ,Uf; f Ntz; L k; vd; g Jk; mjd; %yk; guP l ; i rfis
vjpu;nfhz;ljd; gpd;du; jhk; Fwpj;j militg; ngw;Wf;nfhz;Nlhk; vd;w kfpo;it
mDgtpf;ff; $bajhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gJNk murhq;fj;jpd; vjpu;ghu;g;ghFk;.
khztupd; elj;ijrhu; mgptpUj;jp vDk; gupkhzj;ij vLj;Jf;nfhs;Nthkhapd;
fy; t papd; ,yf; f hdJ mwpifrhu; miltpid njhopy; r hu; cyFld;
iii
Mrpupau; topfhl;b - juk; 11 fzpjk;
njhlu;GgLj;jyhFk;. vdNt Mrpupau;fsJ fuq;fSf;Ff; fpilf;fg; ngw;Ws;s
,g;ghlj;jpl;lkhdJ ghlrhiyf;F ntspNaahd cyFld; fw;gtu; njhlu;G
nfhs;tjw;Fj; Njitahd Nju;rr
; pfs;/jFjpgg
; hLfis Nkk;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. gpdt
; Uk;
gug;Gf;fspy; rpy Kf;fpakhdJk; nghJthdJkhd Nju;r;rpfs;/jFjpg;ghLfs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
· Mw;wy; kpF (RWRWg;ghf) njhopy; ju;kk;; Neu;fzpa csg;ghq;F; GjpJ
GidjYf;fhd tpUg;G kw;Wk; tplhKaw;rp;
· egu; f Sf;f pilapyhd cwTfs; ; FOr; nraw; g hL xOf; fk; kw;W k;
tpidj;jpwdhd njhlu;ghly;;
· jhu;kPf tpOkpaq;fs;; gd;Kfj; jd;ikia kjpj;jy; Nghd;w Fbapay;
tpOkpaq;fis cUthf;fpf; nfhz;l egu;.
KbTiuahf ghlrhiyfspYs;s mjpgu;fs;> Mrpupau;fs; kw;Wk; ,ju mYtyfu;fs;
midtUk; Kfhikj;Jtj;jpYs;s 4 A f;fspy; (csg;ghq;F (Attitute)> gFg;gha;T
(Anolysis)> nray; nraw;ghL (Action) kw;Wk; nghWg;Gf; $wy; (Accountability)>
ftdQ; nrYj;Jfpd;w tifapy; fw;wy;> fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiwiag; ghu;f;f
Ntz;Lnkdf; Nfl;Lf; nfhs;fpd;Nwd;. jhq;fs; vd;d nra;fpwPu;fs; vd;gJ gw;wpa
KbTfs; kw;Wk; topKiwfs; njhlu;ghd nghUj;jkhdJk;>
rhjfkhdJkhd csg;ghq;FfSld; Muk;gpAq;fs;. (jq;fsJ ghlq;fs; Kjypad)
xOq;fikg;gjw;Nfw;w tifapy;> jfty;fisj; Njbg;ngw;W gFg;gha;T nra;f.
(ghlj;jpl;lq;fs; Kjypad) njupTfisf; ftdj;jpw; nfhz;L> tpidj;jpwdhd
cldbr; nraiy Nkw;nfhs;f (toq;Fjy;) nghWg;Gf; $wiy (cupikj;Jtk;)
vLj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;Nfw;w tifapy;> Nkw;ghu;it nra;jy;> kjpg;gpLjy; kw;Wk;
ngWNgWfis mstpLjiy Nkw;nfhs;f.
fw;wy; kw;Wk; fw;gpjj ; y; nraw;ghl;by; Mu;tKld; <Lgl;Ls;s rfy Mrpupau;fSf;Fk;
,r;re;ju;g;gj;jpy; vdJ tho;j;Jf;fisj; njuptpj;Jf; nfhs;fpd;Nwd;. ,f;ifNaL
gw;wpa cq;fsJ mDgtq;fisAk; mtjhdpg;Gf;fisAk; Njrpa fy;tp epWtfj;jpd;
(N.I.E) Jizj; jiytUf;F tpUg;gkhapd; vdf;Fk; mDg;gp itf;F khW
Nfl;Lf;nfhs;fpdN ; wd;.
Nguhrpupau; Fzghy ehzaf; f hu
gzpg;ghsu; ehafk;
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.
iv
Mrpupau; topfhl;b - juk; 11 fzpjk;
gpujpg; gzpg;ghsu; ehafj;jpd; nra;jp
fle;j fhye;njhl;L fy;tpahdJ njhlu;e;J khw;wq;fSf;Fl;gl;L tUfpd;wJ.
mz;kpa Afj;jpy; ,k;khw;wq;fshdit kpf Ntfkhf Vw;gl;ld. fw;wy; Kiwfisg;
Nghd;W njhopyE; l;gf; fUtpfspd; ghtid kw;Wk; mwpTj; Njhw;wq;fs; njhlu;ghfTk;
fle;j ,U jrhg;jq;fspy; $basT kWkyu;rr ; p Vw;gl;L tUtjidf; fhzf;$bajhf
,Uf;fpd;wJ. ,jw;fika> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfKk; 2015 Mk; Mz;Lf;Fupa fy;tp
kWrPuikg;gpw;fhf vz;zpylq;fhj nghUj;jkhd eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhz;L
tUfpd;wJ. g+Nfhska uPjpahf Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fs; njhlu;ghfr; rpwe;j Kiwapy;
mwpe;J cs;ehl;Lj; Njitf;fika ,irTgLj;jp khztu; ikaf; fw;wy; -
fw;gpj;jy; Kiwia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L Gjpa ghljpl;lk; jpl;lkplg;gl;L
ghlrhiy Kiwikapd; Kftu;fshfr; Nritahw;Wk; Mrpupau;fshfpa cq;fsplk;
,t;thrpupau; topfhl;bia xg;gilg;gjpy; ngUkfpo;r;rpailfpd;Nwd;.
,t;thwhd Gjpa topfhl;ly; MNyhridia cq;fSf;Fg; ngw;Wf; nfhLg;gjd;
Nehf;fk;> mjd; %yk; rpwe;j gq;fspg;ig ngw;Wj; juKbAk; vd;w ek;gpf;ifahFk;.
,t;thwhd Mrpupau; topfhl;bahdJ tFg;giwf; fw;wy; - fw;gpjj; y; nranyhOq;fpd;
NghJ cq;fSf;Ff; ifnfhLf;Fk; vd;gjpy; vdf;F vt;tpj re;NjfKk; ,y;iy.
mNjNghd;W ,t;topfhl;bapd; Jiznfhz;L eilKiw uPjpahd tsq;fisAk;
gad;gLj;jp kpfTk; tpUj;jp nfhz;l tplag; gug;gpD}lhf tFg;giwapy; nraw;gLj;J
tjw;F cq;fSf;F KOikahd Rje;jpuKz;L.
cq;fSf;F toq;fg;gLk; ,t;thrpupau; topfhl;biar; rpwe;j Kiwapy; tpsq;fp>
kpfr; rpwe;j Mf;fg+u;tkhd khztu; r%fnkhd;iw cUthf;fp> ,yq;ifia
nghUshjhu kw;W k; r%f uPjpapy; Kd;Ndw;wpr; nry;tjw;F g; nghWg;Gld;
nraw;gLtPu;fs; vd ehd; ek;gpf;if nfhs;fpd;Nwd;.
,t;thrpupau; topfhl;bahdJ ,g;ghlj;JiwAld; njhlu;Gila Mrpupau;fs;>
tsthsu;fs; vd;Nghu;fspd; rpwe;j Kaw;rpapdhYk; mu;g;gzpg;gpdhYk; cUthf;fg;
gl;Ls;sJ.
fy;t pj; Jiwapd; mgptpUj;jpf; fhf ,f; fUj;i j kpf cau;e ;jjhff; fUjp
mu;g;gzpg;Gld; nraw;gl;l cq;fs; midtUf;Fk; vdJ kdkhu;e;j ed;wpfisj;
njuptpj;Jf; nfhs;fpd;Nwd;.
vk;. vg;. v];. gp. [atu;jd
gpujpg; gzpg;ghsu; ehafk;
tpQ;Qhd njhopy;El;g gPlk;
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.
v
Mrpupau; topfhl;b - juk; 11 fzpjk;
Kd;D iu
r%jha Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;fhfg; ngUk; Nritahw;WNthupy; Mrpau;fNs Kd;dpiy
tfpf;f pd; w du;. Rakhd tho; i t mikj; J f; nfhs; t jpy; khztu;f Sf; F
topfhl;LNthu; Mrpau;fNs.
2016 Mk; Mz;L Kjy; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLk; Gjpa ghlj;jpl;lj;jpw;fpzq;f
fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghl;il ntw;wpfukhf Nkw;nfhs;tjpy; Mrpupau;fSf;F trjpfis
toq;Fk; Nehf;fpy; ,t;thrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;bia mr;rplL
; tpepNahfpgg; jw;F
fy;tp ntspal P L
; j; jpizf;fsk; eltbf;if Nkw;nfhs;fpdw
; J. Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
%yk; Mf;fg;gl;Ls;s ,t;thrpupa mwpTiug;G topfhl;bahdJ> khztu;fSf;Fr;
rpwe;jnjhU fw;wy; #oiy mikj;Jf; nfhLg;gjw;F Njitahd topfhl;ly;fis
Mrpupau;fshfpa cq;fSf;Fg; ngw;Wj; jUk; vd;gJ vdJ ek;gpf;ifahFk;.
,k;Kaw;rp xU rpwe;j ngWNgw;iwj; jUtJ ,t;thrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;biag;
gad; g Lj; j pg; ngWk; mDgtq; f is fw; w y; fw; g pj; j y; nraw; g hLfspy;
gad;g Lj;Jtjw;F vLf;Fk; Kaw;rpapd; %yNkahFk;. ,e; ew;n raYf;f hf
mu;g;gzpf;ff; $ba cq;fSf;F vdJ ed;wpfs; cupj;jhfl;Lk;.
jp];] N`thtpjhd
fy;tp ntspaPl;L Mizahsu; ehafk;>
fy;tp ntspaPl;Lj; jpizf;fsk;>
,RUgha>
gj;juKy;y.
2015-08-06
vi
Mrpupau; topfhl;b - juk; 11 fzpjk;
MNyhridAk; topfhl;lYk; : fy;tprhu; mYty;fs; rig
Nkw;ghu;it : jpU. Nf. gj;krpup>
gzpg;ghsu;> fzpjj;Jiw
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
,izg;ghf;fk; : jpU. [p. gp. vr;. [fj;Fkhu
rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu;> fzpjj;Jiw
6 - 11 fzpj ghl jiytu;
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhop %y ,izg;ghf;fk; : jpU. v];. ,uhN[e;jpuk;
tpupTiuahsu;> fzpjj;Jiw
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
ghlj;jpl;lf; FO
- ntspthup -
fyhepjp. A. khk;gpl;ba : rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu;>
fzpjj; Jiw> fsdpg; gy;fiyf;fofk;
fyhepjp. b. Mu;. [atu;jd : rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu;>
fzpjj; Jiw>nfhOk;Gg; gy;fiyf;fofk;
vk;. v];. nghd;dk;gyk; : Xa;Tngw;w rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu;>
rpad fy;tpapay; fy;Y}up
gj;jsnfju.
jpUkjp. v/g;. vk;. gp. [hdfp tp[aNrfu : Xa;T ngw;w gzpg;ghsu;>
fzpjj;Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jpU. v/g;. ul;zhaf : Xa;T ngw;w nraw;wpl;l mjpfhup>
fzpjj;Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jpU. v/g;. vk;. tp[ajh] : Xa;T ngw;w gzpg;ghsu;>
fzpjg;gpupT> fy;tp mikr;R> ,RUgha.
jpU. gP.B.rP. gpad;tpy : gzpg;ghsh;>
fzpjj;J iw>
fy;tp mikr;R> ,RWgha.
- cs;thup -
jpU. Nf. uQ;rpj; gj;krpup : gzpg;ghsu;> fzpjj;Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jpU. [p. gp. vr;. [fj;Fkhu : rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu;>
fzpjj;Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jpU. [p. vy;. fUzhuj;d : rpNu\;l fy;tpapayhsu;>
fzpjj;Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jpUkjp. vk;. epy;kpdp gPup]; : tpupTiuahsu;>
fzpjj;Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jpUkjp. lgps;A+. ,Nu\h uj;dhaf : tpupTiuahsu;>
fzpjj;Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
vii
Mrpupau; topfhl;b - juk; 11 fzpjk;
jpU. v];. ,uhN[e;jpuk; : tpupTiuahsu;>
fzpjj;Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jpUkjp. vr;. Nf. b. A+. Fztu;j;jd : tpupTiuahsu;>
fzpjj;Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.
jpUkjp. A+. [p. gp. mNguj;d : tpupTiuahsu;>
fzpjj;Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.
ntspthup tsthsu;f s;
jpUkjp. vk;. vk;. Nf. khurpq;f : Mrpupa MNyhrfu;> tj;Njfk.
jpU. vk;. vk;. N[. [aNrd : Xa;Tngw;w Mrpupa MNyhrfu;.
jpUkjp. b. vk;. gpNrhnkdpf;Nf : Mrpupa MNyhrfu;> thupanghy.
jpUkjp. vk;. vk;. mgaehaf : gpujpf; fy;tpg; gzpg;ghsu;> fe;jis.
jpU. b. b. mDu tPurpq;f : Mrpupa MNyhrfu;> khj;jiw.
jpUkjp. [P. vk;. v];. uQ;[dp j rpy;th: Mrpupa MNyhrfu;> gd;dpg;gpl;ba.
jpUkjp. V. v];. uNgy; : Xa;Tngw;w Mrpupa MNyhrfu;.
jpU. vk;. v];. vk;. wgPJ : Xa;Tngw;w Mrpupa MNyhrfu;> fynfju.
jpU. Mu;. v];. <. G];guh[d; : Mrpupa MNyhrfu;> Gj;jsk;
jpU. e. ,uFehjd; : Xa;Tngw;w Mrpupa MNyhrfu;> tTdpah
jpU. m.nr. rj;jparPyd; : Mrpupau;>
te;jhW%iy tp\;Z kfh tpj;jp.
jpU. v];. jahsd; : Mrpupa MNyhrfu;> vk;gpypgpl;ba.
nkhopr; nrk; i kahf;f k;
jpU. Nf. ,utPe;jpud; : Xa;Tngw;w gpujp mjpgu;;.
fzpdp tbtikg;G
jpUkjp gthdp fpU\;z%u;j;jp : Mrphpia> [Pyhd; kj;jpa fy;Y}hp
ghze;Jiw.
ml; i l tbtikg;G
jpU. <. vy;. V. Nf. ypadNf
glk; : Nky;> tlNky; khfhz
ghlrhiyfspy; vLf;fg;gl;lJ.
viii
Mrpupau; topfhl;b - juk; 11 fzpjk;
Mrpupau; topfhl;bia gad;gLj;Jtjw;f hd MNyhridfs;
vl;L tUlq;fSf;F xU Kiw eilKiwg;gLj;Jk; fy;tpr; rPu;jpUj;jf;
nfhs;iff;F Vw;g> 2007 Mk; Mz;bd; gpd; 2015 Mk; Mz;bd; Gjpa fy;tpr;
rPu;jpUj;jj;jpw;F Njrpa fy;tp epWtfj;jpd; fzpjj; Jiw Maj;jkhfpd;wJ. mjw;F
Vw;gj; jahupf;fg;gl;l juk; - 11 fzpj Mrpupau; topfhl;bahdJ gy rpwg;gpay;ghd
mk;rq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
K j y h t J m j ; j p a ha j ; j py ; 1 1 M e ; ju j ; j pw ; F u pa g h l j; j p l ;l k ;
cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. Nju;r;rp> Nju;r;rp kl;lk;> cs;slf;fk;> fw;ww;NgWfs;>
ghlNtisfspd; vz; zpf;i f vd;w jiyg; G f; f spd; fPo ; ghlj; jpl;l khdJ
xOq;f ikf;fg;gl;lNjhL> ,uz;lhtJ mj;jpahaj;jpy; cj;Njr ghl xOq;F
cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. %d;whtJ mj;jpahaj;jpy; Kd;nkhopag;gl;l fw;wy;> fw;gpjj ; y;>
kjpg;gl
P L
; Kiwfs; mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd. ,q;F fhzg;gLk; rpwg;gpay;ghtJ>
xt;nthU tpla vz;zf; fUitAk; khztu;fsplk; tpUj;jp nra;tjw;fhf
ghlq;fisj; jpl;lkpLk;NghJ kpfg; nghUj;jkhd Kiwia ,dq;fz;L cupa
ghlg; gFjpf;F k; nghUj;jkhdthW ntspf;n fhzu;T Kiw> tpupTiu -
fye;Jiuahly; Kiw Nghd;w gy;NtW Kiwfis mwpKfk; nra;Js;sikahFk;.
,q; F Kd;n khopag;gl; l ghl xOq;F f;F Vw;g xt;n thU ghlj;jpYk;
cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;s Nju;r;rpfs;> Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs;> ghlNtisfspd; vz;zpf;if
vd;gd mg;ghlj;jpd; Muk;gj;jpNyNa Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,j;Nju;r;rpfspypUe;J
njupT nra;ag;gl;l xU Nju;r;rpf;F Vw;g> mjw;Fupa Nju;r;rp kl;lnkhd;wpDs;
mlq;Fk; fw;ww;NgWfs; xd;iwNah> rpytw;iwNah epiwT nra;J nfhs;tij
Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;L khjpupg; ghlq;fs; jpl;lkplg;gl;Ls;sd. ,k;khjpupg; ghlq;fs;
xU ghl Ntisf; F my; y J $ba gl; r k; ,uz; L ghlNtisfSf; F g;
nghUj;jkhdthW jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
NkYk; fw;w tplaq;fis eilKiw tho;f;ifapy; gad;gLj;j KbAkhd
re;ju;g;gq;fisg; gw;wp khztu;fis mwpTWj;Jtij Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;L
eilKiwg; gpuNahfk; vd;w jiyg;gpd; fPo; ,t;thwhd gpuNahf re;ju;g;gq;fs;
Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
,t; Mrpupau; topfhl;b jahupg;gl;L Kd;nkhopag;gl;l ghlj;jpl;lq;fisj;
jtpu;jJ; Vida Nju;r;rpfs;> Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fSf;fhd fw;ww; NgWfSf;Fupa ghlj;
jpl;lq;fisAk; mjw;Fupa fzpg;gPl;L epajpfisAk; jahupj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;Fk;
kjpg;gPL nra;tjw;Fk; ghlE}ypd; cupa ghlj;jpd; gapw;rpfspy; khztu;fspd;
ftdj;ijr; nrYj;Jtjw;Fkhd re;ju;g;gq;fs; cq;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;Ls;sNjhL
ftdj;jpw;F...... vd;w jiyg;gpd; fPo; mjw;fhd topfhl;ly;fSk; jug;gl;Ls;sd.
ix
Mrpupau; topfhl;b - juk; 11 fzpjk;
,t; Mrpupau; topfhl;bapy; fhzg;gLk; kw;WnkhU rpwg;gpay;G MtJ> xt;nthU
ghlj;jpYk; MrpupaUf;F my;yJ khztDf;F tFg;giwapy; my;yJ mjw;F
ntspapy; tsKjy;fshfg; gad;gLj;jf;$ba tPbNah> tpisahl;L Nghd;wtw;iw
cs;slf;fpa ,izaj; js Kftupfs; Nkyjpf tsq;fSk; nraw;ghLfSk;
vd;w jiyg;gpd; fPo; vd;w Fwpal
P L
; ld; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sikahFk;. ,tw;iwg;
gad;g Lj;JtJ fl; lhak; my;y htpbDk;> jdJ ghlrhiyapy; fhzg;gLk;
trjpfSf;Nfw;g ,t;tsKjy;fisg; gad;gLj;Jtjhy; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; - kjpgg
; L
P
Mfpa nraw; njhliu NkYk; ntw;wpfukhf;fpf; nfhs;tjd; %yk; khztu;fspd;
ghl mwpT NkYk; cWjp nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ.
mt;thNw njupTnra;ag;gl;l rpy ghlq;fspy; MrpupaUf;F kl;Lk; vd;w
jiyg;gpd; fPo; vd;w FwpaPl;bd; fPo; MrpupaUf;F kl;Lkhd rpy tpNrl
ghlf; Fwpg;Gf;fs; cs;slf;fg;gl;lNjhL> ,J MrpupauJ tpla mwpit tpUj;jp
nra;t jw;fhf kl;LNk jtpu ghl tplaq;fis mt;thNw khztu;fSld;
fye;JiuahLtjw;F vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gltpy;iy.
,t;thW rpwg;gpay;ghd mk;rq;fs; gytw;iwf; nfhz;Ls;sjd; fhuzkhf
Gjpa Mrpupau; topfhl;bapy; Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;s ghlj;jpl;lq;fs;> khztu;fspd;
jd;ik> tFg;giwapd; jd;ik vd;gtw;wpw;F Vw;g jpUj;jpaikf;ff;$ba jpwid
Mrpupau;fs; ngwf;$bajhf ,Uf;Fk;.
ePq;fs; jpUj;jpaikf;Fk; my;yJ jahupf;Fk; ghlq;fis gzpg;ghsu;> fzpj
jpizf;fsk;> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;> kfufk vd;w Kftupf;F mDg;Gtjw;F
jq;fis Cf;fg;gLj;jtJld; cq;fshy; mDg;gg;gLk; Gjpadtw;iw cs;thq;fp
mtw;iw KOg;ghlrhiy njhFjpfF
; k; mwpTWj;Jtjw;Fk; eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk;
fzpjj;Jiw jahuhf cs;sJ.
nraw;wpl;l f; FO
x
Mrpupau; topfhl;b - juk; 11 fzpjk;
cs;slf;fk;
jiyg;G gf;fk;
1 ghlj;jpl;lk; 1 - 52
1.0 mwpKfk; 2 - 3
1.1 Njrpa ,yf;Ffs; 4
1.2 Njrpa mbg;gilj; Njh;r;rpfs; 5 - 6
1.3 fzpjk; fw;gpj;jypd; Nehf;fq;fs; 7
1.4 ghl cs;slf;fk; 8 - 55
2 fw;gpj;jy; njhlnuhOq;F 57 - 58
3 fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; - kjpg;gPL
njhlu;ghd topfhl;ly;fs; 59 - 183
xi
Mrpupau; topfhl;b - juk; 11 fzpjk;
1.0 ghlj;jpl;lk;
1
xiii
1.0 mwpKfk;
2007> 2008> 2009 kw;Wk; 2010 Mk; Mz;Lfspy; KiwNa juq;fs;; 6> 10> juq;fs; 7> 11> juk; 8> juk; 9 ,w;fhd ghlrhiyfspy;
eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;l Nju;r;rpfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l fiyj;jpl;lk; ghlrhiyfSf;F Gj;Japu; Cl;baJ vd;gJ vy;NyhUk;
mwpe;j tplakhFk;. ,g;ghlj;jpl;lk; ghlrhiyfspy; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;lNghJ mtw;wpy; fhzg;gl;l typT> eypTfs;
,dq;fhzg;gl;lJld; Njitahd gpd;D}l;liyg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; Nehf;fj;Jld; fzpjj; Jiwapdhy; gy;NtW Ma;Tfs;
elhj;jg;gl;ld. ,e;j Ma;TfSf;fhf fzpjk; fw;gpf;Fk; Mrpupau;fs;> kztu;fSld; Neubahff; fye;Jiuahly;> tFg;giwf;
fw;wy;. fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfis mtjhdpj;jy;> fzpj Mrpupa MNyhrfUld; fye;Jiuahly; Nghd;w Kiwfs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld.
,t;thW Ma;Tfs; %yk; ngwg;gl;l juTfs;> njhopDl;gf; fy;Y}upfspd; tplag;gug;Gfs; njhlu;ghf me;epWtdq;fSld;
elhj;jg;gl;l fye;Jiuahly;fs;> fzpjj; Jiw cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs; ngw;Wf;nfhz;l mDgtq;fs; vd;gtw;iwf; nfhz;Lk;> gy
ehLfspy; eilKiwapy; cs;s fzpj ghlj;jpl;lj;ij ,yq;ifapy; eilKiwapy; cs;s ghlj;jpl;lj;Jld; xg;gpl;Lk;> vkJ
ehl;Lf;Fg; nghUe;Jk; tifapy; rpy ghlq;fis jpUj;jpaikj;J mjD}lhf ,dq;fhzg;gl;l eypTfis my;yJ Fiwfis
eptu;j;jp nra;Ak; tifapy; 2017 Mk; Mz;L njhlf;fk; eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf Nju;r;rpfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l ,g;Gjpa
ghlj;jpl;lk; juk; 8 ,w;F mwpKfg;gLj;jj; jPu;khdpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,t;thW gy khw;wq;fs; nra;jNghJk; Kd;du; ,Ue;j Nju;r;rpfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l> ghlj;jpl;lj;jpy; fhzg;gl;l
mwpT> jpwd;
njhlu;ghly;
njhlu;G fhzy;
fhuzk; $wy;
gpurpdk; jPu;j;jy;
Nghd;w jpwd;fis ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; tpjj;jpy; ,g;Gjpa fiyj;jpl;lk; tbtikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. fzpjk; mwpTf;fhf kl;Lk;
kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;lhky; gpuj;jpNaf tho;fi
; ff;F cjTk; jpwd;fisg; ngwTk;> ew;gz;Gfis tsu;ff
; cjTk; tifapYk; ,f;fiyj;jpll
; k;
jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. Nju;r;rpfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l ,g;Gjpa fiyj;jpl;lj;ij eilKiwg;gLj;Jk; NghJ
gpd;tUk; mk;rq;fs; tpUj;jpahf;fg;glyhk; vd vjph;ghh;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
khztu;fis mu;j;jKs;s fz;lwpjy; (Meaningful Discovery) fw;wy; nraw;ghLfspy; Jyq;Ftjd; %yk; khztu;
ikaf; fw;wiy NkYk; tYg; ngwr; nra;jy;.
khztu;fsJ kdepiyf;Fj; jFe;j tifapy; gy Nju;r;rpfisg; ngwTk;> mtw;iw tho;ehs; KOtJk; tpUj;jp
nra;af;$baJkhd topfhl;liyg; nra;jy;.
2
fw;wy;> fw;gpj;jy;> kw;Wk; Njly; vDk; Nehf;fk; NkYk; njsptiljy;.
Mrpupaupd; ,yf;F NkYk; tYg; ngwr; nra;jy;
khztu;fs; xt;nthU Nju;r;rpapYk; mile;Js;s milT kl;lj;ij Mrpupau; mwpe;J nfhs;sTk;> mjD}lhf
gpd;D}l;liyAk;> Kd;D}l;liyAk; toq;Ftjw;F MrpupaUf;F ,yFthf ,Uf;fr; nra;jy;.
khztu;fSf;F mj;jpahtrpa fzpj vz;zf;fUf;fisAk;> mjDld; njhlu;Ggl;l Nfhl;ghLfisAk; tpUj;jp nra;J
nfhs;s tha;gG ; fis toq;Fjy;.
,q;F tpje;Jiuf;fg;gl;Ls;s fzpj ghlj;jpl;lj;ij tFg;giwapDs; eilKiwg;gLj;Jk; NghJ jw;fhyj; Njitfisf; fUj;jpw;
nfhz;L NkYk; gy;NtW fw;wy; epfo;r;rpfisj; njhlu;GgLj;jpf; nfhz;L fw;gpj;jy; El;gq;fisj; jahupj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghl;bd; NghJ xt;nthU Nju;r;rp kl;lj;jpw;Fk; xg;gilfs;> nraw;ghLfs; Nghd;wtw;iwg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;F
,lkspf;fg;gl;bUg;gjhy;> ghlrhiy kl;lf; fzpg;gPL nra;tjw;Fk; MrpupaUf;F ,yFthf ,Uf;Fk;.
ghlrhiyfspy; fzpjk; fw;gpg;gNjhL njhlu;ghd gy;NtW fUkq;fisr; nra;J nfhs;tjw;F ,g;ghlj;jpl;lj;jpy; gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs;
cs;sf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
Njrpa ,yf;Ffs;
Njrpa mbg;gilj; Nju;r;rpfs;
fzpjk; fw;gpj;jypd; Nehf;fq;fs;
Nju;r;rp ika ghlj;jpl;lk;
cj;Njr fw;gpj;jy; xOq;F
ghlrhiyf; nfhs;iffSk; Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fSk;
3
1.1 Njrpa ,yf;Ffs;
Njrpa fy;tp KiwikahdJ jdpegu;fF
; k; r%fj;jpwF
; k; nghUj;jkhd ngUk;ghyhd Njrpa ,yf;Ffis miltjw;Fj; jdpegu;fSf;Fk;
FOtpdUf;Fk; cjtp nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
fle;j fhyq;fspy; ,tq;ifapd; ngUk;ghyhd fy;tp mwpf;iffSk; Mtzq;fSk; jdpegu; NjitfisAk; Njrpa NjitfisAk;
epiwT nra;tjw;fhf ,yf;Ffis epu;zapjJ; s;sd. rkfhy fy;tp mikg;GfspYk; nrad;KiwfspYk; ntspg;gilahff; fhzg;gLk;
gytPdq;fs; fhuzkhf epiyNgWila kdpj tpUj;jpapd; vz;zf;fU jpl;l tuk;gpDs; fy;tpapDhlhf milaf; $ba gpd;tUk;
,yf;Fj; njhFjpapid Njrpa fy;tp Mizf;FO ,dq;fz;Ls;sJ.
1. kdpj nfsutj;ijf; fz;zpag;gLj;jy; vDk; vz;zf;fUTf;Fs; Njrpag;gpizg;G> Njrpa KOik> Njrpa xw;Wik> ,zf;fk;
rkhjhdk; vd;gtw;iw Nkk;gLj;jy; %yKk;> ,yq;ifg; gd;ik r%fj;jpd; fyhrhu NtWghl;bid mq;fPfupj;jy; %yKk;>
Njrj;ijf; fl;b vOg;GjYk; ,yq;ifah; vDk; milahsj;ij Vw;gLj;jYk;.
2. khw;wKWk; cyfj;jpd; rthy;fSf;Fj; jf;fthW Kfq;nfhLj;jNyhL Njrpa ghuk;gupaj;jpd; mjp rpwe;j mk;rq;fis
mq;fPfhpj;jYk;> NgZjYk;.
3. kdpj chpikfSf;F kjpg;gspj;jy;> flikfs; fl;Lg
; ;ghLfs; gw;wpa tpopg;Gzu;T> xUth; kPJ xUth; nfhz;Ls;s Mo;e;j
,ilawhj mf;fiwAzu;T vd;gtw;iw Nkg;gLj;Jk; r%f> ePjpAk; [dehaf tho;f;if Kiw epakq;fSk; cs;slq;fpa
Rw;whliy cUthf;FjYk; Mjupj;jYk;.
4. xUtuJ cs> cly; eyidAk; kdpj tpOkpq;fSf;F kjpg;gspg;gij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l epiyNgWila tho;f;iff;
Nfhyj;ijAk; Nkk;gLj;jy;.
5. ed;F xd;wpizf;fg;gl;l rkepiy MSikf;Fhpa Mf;f rpe;jid> jw;WzpG> Ma;e;J rpe;jpj;jy;> nghWg;G> tif$wy; kw;Wk;
cld;ghlhd mk;rq;fis tpUj;jp nra;jy;.
6. jdpeguJk; Njrj;jpdJk; tho;fi
; fj;juj;ijg; Ngh\pff
; f; $baJk;> ,yq;ifapd; nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jpfF
; g; gq;fspff
; f;$baJ
khd Mf;fg; gzpfSf;fhd fy;tpA+l;Ltjd; %yk; kdpjts mgptpUj;jpia Vw;gLj;jy;.
7. jdpegu;fspd; khw;wj;jpw;F Vw;g ,zq;fp thoTk; khw;wj;ij Kfhik nra;aTk;> jahh;gLj;jTk;> tpiuthf khwptUk;
cyfpy; rpf;fyhdJk; vjph;ghuhjJkhd epiyikfis rkhspf;Fk; jifikia tpUj;jp nra;jy;.
8. ePjp> rkj;Jtk;> gu];gu khpahij vd;gtw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L rh;tNjr rKjhaj;jpy; nfsutkhdNjhh; ,lj;ijg;
ngWtjw;Fg; gq;fspf;ff;$ba kdg;ghq;FfisAk;> jpwd;fisAk; tsh;j;jy;.
4
1.2 Njrpa mbg;gilj; Njh;rr
; f
p s;
fy;tpapDhlhf tpUj;jp nra;ag;gLk; gpd;tUk; mbg;gilj; Njh;r;rpfs; Nkw;Fwpj;j Njrpa ,yf;Ffis miltjw;F toptFf;Fk;.
1. njhlh; g hly; Njh; r ; r pfs;
njhlh;ghly; gw;wpa Njh;r;rpfs; ehd;F Jizj; njhFjpfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lit: vOj;jwpT> vz;zwpT> rpj;jpu
mwpT> jfty; njhopDl;gj; jifik.
vOj;jwpT : ftdkhfr; nrtpnkLj;jy;> njspthfg; NgRjy;> fUj;jwpa thrpjj
; y;> rupahfTk; nrk;ikahfTk;
vOJjy;> gad; jUtifahd fUj;Jg;gupkhw;wy;.
vz;zwpT : nghUs;> ,lk;> fhyk; vd;gtw;Wf;F vz;fisg; gad;gLj;jy;> vz;Zjy;> fzpj;jy;> xOq;F
Kiwahf msj;jy;.
rpj;jpu mwpT : NfhL> cUtk; vd;gtw;wpd; fUj;ij mwpjy;> tpguq;fs;> mwpTWj;jy;fs;> vz;zq;fs; Mfpa
tw;iw NfhL cUtk; tu;zk; vd;gtw;why; ntspg;gLj;jYk; gjpT nra;jYk;.
jfty; njhopDl;gj; jifik : fzdp mwpT> fw;wypy;> njhopypy;. Rw;whlypy>; nrhe;j tho;tpy; jfty; njhlh;ghly; njhopDl;
gq;fisg; (ICT) gad;gLj;jy;.
2. MSik tpUj;jp njhlh;ghd Njh;r;rpfs;
- Mf;fk;> tpupe;j rpe;jid> jw;WzpG> jPu;khdk; vLj;jy;> gpur;rpid tpLtpj;jy;> EZf;fkhd kw;Wk; gFg;gha;T rpe;jid>
mzpapduhf gzp nra;jy;> jdpahs; ,iltpidj; njhlh;Gfs; fz;L gpbj;jYk;> fz;lwpjYk; Kjyhd jpwikfs;.
- Neu;ik> rfpg;Gj;jd;ik> kdpj nfsutj;ijf; fz;zpag;gLj;jy; Mfpa tpOkpaq;fs;
- kdntOr;rpfs;> Ez;zwpT
3. #oy; njhlh;ghd Njh;r;rpfs;
,j;Njh;r;rpfs; #oNyhL njhlh;GWfpd;wd. r%fk; capupay; ngsjPfk;
r%fr; #oy; : Njrpa ghuk;gupa gw;wpa tpopgG ; zh;T> gd;ikr; r%fj;jpd; mq;fj;jth;fs; vd;w tifapy; njhlu;GWk; Ez;Zzu;Tj;
jpwd;fSk; gfpu;e;jspf;fg;gLk; ePjp r%fj; njhlu;Gfs;> jdpegu; elj;ijfs;> nghJthdJk; rl;lG+h;tkhdJkhd
rk;gpujhaq;fs;> cupikfs;> nghWg;Gf;fs; flikfs; flg;ghLfs; vd;gtw;wpy; mf;fiwAk;.
5
capupay; #oy; : thOk; cyF> kf;fs;> capupay; #oy; njhFjp - kuq;fs;> fhLfs;> fly;> ePu;> tsp> capupd jhtuk;>
tpyq;F> kdpj tho;T.
ngsjPfr; #oy; : ,lk; , rf;jp , vupnghUs; , rlg;nghUs; , nghUs;fs; gw;wpAk; mit kdpj tho;f;if , czT , cil , ciwAs; ,
Rfhjhuk;> nrsfupak; , Rthrk; , epj;jpiu , ,isg;ghWjy; , Xa;T , fopTfs; capupd fopTg;nghUs;fs; Mfpatw;Wld;
nfhz;Ls;s njhlh;G gw;wpa tpopg;Gzu;Tk; , Ez;Zzu;Tj;jpwd;fSk; fw;wYf;Fk; , Ntiy nra;tjw;Fk; ,
tho;tjw;Fk; fUtpfisAk; , njhopDl;gq;fisAk; gad;gLj;Jk; jpwd;fSk; ,q;F cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
4. Ntiy cyfj;jpw;F jahh; nra;jy; njhlh;ghd Njh;r;rpfs;
- mtu;fsJ rf;jpia cr;r epiyf;Ff; nfhz;L tUtjw;Fk; mth;fsJ Mw;wiyg; Ngh\pg;gjw;Fk; Ntz;ba njhopy;rhh;
jpwd;fs;
- nghUshjhu tpUj;jpf;Fg; gq;fspj;jy;.
- mtu;fsJ njhopy; tpUg;gq;fisAk; csr;rhh;GfisAk; fz;lwpjy;.
- mth;fsJ Mw;wy;fSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd Ntiyiaj; njupT nra;jy;.
- gaddpf;ff; $baJk; epiwNgWilaJkhd [PtNdhghaj;jpy; <Lgly;.
5. rkaKk; xOfyhWk; njhlh;ghd Nju;r ;r pfs;
md;whl tho;f;ifapy; kpfg; nghUj;jkhdtw;iwj; njupT nra;aTk;> ehshe;j tho;f;ifapy; xOf;fnewp> mwnewp> rkanewp
njhlh;ghd elj;ijfisg; nghUj;jKw Nkw;nfhs;sTk; tpOkpaq;fisj; jd;kakhf;fpf; nfhs;sYk; cs;thq;fYk;
6. Xa;T Neuj;i jg; gad;gLj;jy;> tpisahl;Lg; gw;w pa Nju;r;rpfs;
mofpaw; fiyfs;> ,yf;fpak;> tpisahl;L> nka;ty;Yeu; Nghl;bfs;> Xa;T Neug; NghOJg;Nghf;Ffs; kw;Wk; tho;tpd;
Mf;fg;G+u;tkhd nraw;ghLfs; %yk; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk; ,d;g Efu;r;rp> kfpo;r;rp> kdntOr;rpfs; ,itNghd;w kdpj mDgq;fs;
7. fw;w Yf;F f; fw;wy; njhlh;ghd Nju;r ;rpfs;
tpiuthf khWfpd;w rpf;fyhd xUtupy; xUtu; jq;fp epwf; pdw
; cynkhd;wpy; xUtu; RahjPdkhff; fw;gjw;fhd typikaspjj
; Yk;
khw;wpaikf;Fk; nrad;Kiw Clhf khw;wj;jpwN ; fw;g ,aq;fTk;> mjid Kfhik nra;aTk; Ntz;ba czu;itAk; ntw;wpiaAk;
ngwr; nra;jy;.
6
1.3 fzpjk; fw;gpjj
; ypd; Nehf;fq;fs;
fdpl;;l ,ilepiyf; fy;tpg; gUtj;ij mile;Js;s khztuplj;Nj cUthf;fpAs;s fzpj vz;zf;fUf;fs;> Mf;;fj;jpwd;fs;>
eag;Gj;jpwd;fs; Nghd;wtw;iw NkYk; tpUj;jp nra;J mtu;fsplj;Nj fzpjuPjpahd rpe;jid tpsf;fk;> jpwd;fs; Nghd;wit
Kiwikahf cUthf;fg;gLtjw;Fg; gpd;tUk; Nehf;fq;fs; epiwNtw;wg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk; vd vjpu;g;ghu;f;fg;gLfpwJ.
(1) fzpj vz;zf;fUf;fs;> Nfhl;ghLfs; vd;gd gw;wpa mwpitAk;. fzpjr;nra;iffs; gw;wpa mwpitAk; nfhz;L fzpf;Fk;
Mw;wiy tpUj;jp nra;jYk;. fzpjg; gpurpdq;fis tpsf;fj;Jld; jPu;gg
; jw;Fj; Njitahd Muk;g Mw;wy;fis ngw;Wf;
nfhLj;jYk;.
(2) tha;nkhop> vOj;J> cU> tiuG> gFg;nghUs; kw;Wk; ml;ru fzpj Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;Jjy; njhlu;ghd Nju;r;rpfis
tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;tjDhlhf rupahfj; njhlu;ghLk; jpwd;fis tpUj;jp nra;jy;.
(3) Kf;fpa fzpj fUj;Jf;fSf;Fk;> vz;zf;fUf;fSf;Fk; ,ilNa njhlu;Gfisf; fl;bnaOg;gp mtw;iw Vida ghlq;fisf;
fw;gjw;Fk;> tpUj;jp nra;tjw;Fk;> cgNahfpf;fTk;> md;whl tho;f;ifiaj; njspthfTk;> jpUg;jpahfTk; elhj;jpr; nry;yTk;
cupa xU Nghjdh topahff; fzpjj;ij cgNahfpf;f topg;gLj;jy;.
(4) fzpj hPjpahd Cfq;fisAk;> ju;f;fpg;GfisAk; cUthf;Ftjw;Fk; kjpg;gpLtjw;Fkhd ca;j;jwpT njhFj;jwpT vd;gtw;iwg;
gpuNahfpg;gjw;fhd jpwd;fis tpUj;jp nra;jy;.
(5) vz;fSldhd my;yJ FwpaPLfSld; Md my;yJ elj;ijfSldhd nra;iffSf;F kl;Lk; tiuaiwg;glhj md;whl
tho;f;ifapy; vOk; gupr;rakhd> gupr;rakw;w gpurpdq;fisf; fzpj uPjpahd #j;jpuq;fspy; vLj;Jiug;gjw;Fk; jPu;Tfisg;
ngWtjw;Fk; fzpj mwpitAk; jpwd;fisAk; gpuNahfpg;gjw;fhd Mw;wy;fis tpUj;jp nra;jy;.
7
1.4 ghlj;jpl;l cs;slf;fk;
Nju;rr
; p Nju;rr
; p kl;lk; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;wy; NgWfs; ghl
Ntisfspd;
vz;zpf;if
Nju;rr
; p - 1
mbg;gil tho;f; 1.1 tpfpjKW tpfpjKW vz;fis gpdd ; q;fisr; RUf;Ftjd; %yk; mit 03
ifj; Njitfis vz; njhilia ,dq;fhz;gu;. kPSk; jrkk;> KbTW jrkk; nfhz;l
ntw;wpfukhf gFg;gha;T KbTW jrkk; gpd;dq;fshf NtWgLj;Jthu;.
epiwTnra;J nra;thu;. kPSk; jrkk; gFjp vz;fisg; guPlr ; pj;J mit kPSk;
nfhs;Sk; tif jrkk; nfhz;litah> KbTW jrkk;
apy; nka;naz; nfhz;litah vdj; njupT nra;thu;.
njhilapy; fzpjr; p , q vd;gd epiw vz;fshfTk; q 0
nra;iffis Nkw;
P
nfhs;thu;. MfTk; ,Ug;gpd; q
tbtpyike;j
gpd;dk; kPSk; jrkk; my;yJ KbTW
jrkj; i jf; nfhz; l jhf mikAk;
vd;gij Vw;Wf; nfhs;thu;.
p , q vd;gd epiw vz;fshfTk;> q 0
P
MfTk; ,Ug;gpd; q
tbtpyike;j
; k; tpfpjKW vz;zhFk; (Q) vd;g
gpdd
ijf; $Wthu;.
epiw vz;fs; tpfpjKW vz;zhFk;
vd;gjw;F fhuzq; fhl;Lthu;.
8
Nju;rr
; p Nju;rr
; p kl;lk; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;wy; NgWfs; ghl
Ntisfspd;
vz;zpf;if
tpfpjKwh vz;fis epiwtu;ff; k; my;yhj vz;fspd; tu;ff
; 03
1.2 nka;naz; mwpe;J nfhs;sy;. %yk; kPSk; jrkk; my;yJ KbTW
njhilia ,aw;if vz;fs;> epiw jrkj;Nj nfhz;buhjit vd;gij ntspg;
gFg;gha;T vz;fs;> tpfpjKW vz;fs;> gLj;Jthu;.
nra;thu;. tpfpjKwh vz;fs; kw;Wk; kPSk; jrkk; my;yhj Kbtpyp jrk
nka;naz; njhilia vz;fs; tpfpjKwh vz;fs; vd;gij
njhilf; FwpaPl;by; mwpe;J nfhs;thu;.
fhl;Ljy;. jug;gl;Ls;s vz;fspy; tpfpjKW>
tpfpjKwh vz;fis NtWgLj;Jthu;.
vz;Nfhl;bd; kPJ Fwpff ; f;$ba vz;fs;
mlq;fpa njhil ~nka; vz;| njhil
vdg;gLk;.
,aw;if vz;fs;> epiwvz;fs;> tpfpj
KW vz;fs;> tpfpjKwh vz;fs;> nka;
vz;fs; vd;gd Fwpf;fg; gad;gLk;
FwpaPLfis mwpe;J nfhs;thu;.
,aw;if vz;fs;> epiwvz;fs;> tpfpj
KW vz;fs;> tpfpjKwh vz;fs;> nka;
vz;fs; vDk; vz;njhilfis njhilf;
FwpaPl;by; fhl;Lthu;.
,aw;if vz;fs;(N)> epiwvz;fs;(Z)>
tpfpjKW vz;fs;(Q)> tpfpjKwh vz;fs;
( Q ' ) vd;gd nka;vz;fs;(R) njhilapd;
cgnjhilfs; MFk; vd Vw;Wf; nfhs;thu;.
,aw;if vz;fs;> epiw vz;fs;> tpfpjKW
vz;fs;> tpfpjKwh vz;fs;> nka; vz;fs;
Mfpadtw;iw ntd; tupgg; lj;jpy; fhl;Lthu;.
9
Nju;rr
; p Nju;rr
; p kl;lk; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;wy; NgWfs; ghl
Ntisfspd;
vz;zpf;if
1.3 NrLfSldhd NrLfs; tpfpjKwh vz;fs; NrLfs; tpfpjKwh vz;fs; MFk; vd 04
mbg;gil fzpj vd mwpe;J nfhs;sy;. mwpe;J nfhs;thu;.
nra;iffis KOikr; NrLfis> NrL KOikr; NrLfis mwpe;J nfhs;thu;.
Nkw;nfhs;thu;. tbtpy; vOJjy;. tpfpjKW vz;zpdJk; tpfpjKwh
NrLfs; vz;zpdJk; fhuzpapd; ngUf;fkhf
$l;ly; KOikr; NrLfis vOJthu;.
fopj;jy; tpfpjKW vz;zpdJk; tpfpjKwh
ngUf;Fjy; vz;zpdJk; ngUf;fkhf cs;s NrL
tFj;jy; fis KOikr; NrLfshf vOJthu;.
gFjpnaz; tpfpjKW mbg;gilf; fzpj nra;iffspd; fPo;
vz; MFk; tpjj;jpy; %d;W cWg;Gf;fisf; nfhz;l NrL
RUf;Fjy;. fis RUf;Fthu;.
a a
( tbtj;ij tbtpy; mike;j $w;wpd; gFjp
b b
khj;jpuk;) naz;iz tpfpjKW vz;zhf
khw;Wthu;.
gFjpnaz; tpfpjKwh vz;zhf
mike;j gpd;dk; xd;wpd; ngWkhdj;ij
fhZk; ,yFthd topfis Muha;thu;.
10
Nju;rr
; p Nju;rr
; p kl;lk; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;wy; NgWfs; ghl
Ntisfspd;
vz;zpf;if
Nju;rr; p - 2 2.1 vz; njhlupfspd; ngUf;fy; tpUj;jp Xu; cWg;Gf;Fk; mjw;F Ke;jpa cWg;Gf; 06
vz;fSf;fpilNa %yk; tpUj;jpfspd; mwpKfk; fpilapYs;s tpfpjk; rkdhf mike;j
fhzg;gLk; gy;NtW elj;ijf; n tJ cWg;G vz; njhlup xd;iw ngUf;fy; tpUj;jp
gy;NtW njhlu;G Nfhyq;fis n cWg;Gf;fspd; vd mwpe;J nfhs;thu;.
fis Muha;jy; Muha;thu;. $l;Lj;njhif jug;gl;;l vz; njhlupfSf;fpilapy;
%yk; vjpu;fhyj; ngUf;fy; tpUj;jpfisj; njupT nra;thu;.
NjitfSf;fhd ngUf;fy; tpUj;jpnahd;wpd; nghJtpfpjj;
jPu;khdq;fis ijf; (r) fhz;ghu;.
Nkw;nfhs;thu;. Kjy; cWg;G (a)> nghJtpfpjk; (r) Mf
mike;j ngUf;fy; tpUj;jpnahd;wpd;
n tJ cWg;G Tn = ar n1 vDk; #j;jpuj;
ijf; fl;bnaOg;Gthu;.
ngUf;fy; tpUj;jpnahd;wpd; a, r, n, Tn
Mfpatw;Ws; %d;wpd; ngWkhdk; jug;gl;
Ls;sNghJ #j;jpuj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp
vQ;rpajd; ngWkhdj;ijf; fhz;ghu;.
ngUf;fy; tpUj;jpnahd;wpd; ,U cWg;Gf;
fspd; ngWkhdk; nfhLf;fg;gl;bUe;jhy;
xUq;fik rkd;ghl;bd; %yk; a, r vd;g
tw;iwf; fhz;ghu;.
ngUf;fy; tpUj;jpnahd;wpd; gpurpdq;
fisj; jPu;f;ifapy; r f;fhf ,U ngW
khdq;fisg; ngWk; re;ju;gg ; q;fspy;
tpUj;jpfs; ,uz;L ,Ug;gjhff;
$Wthu;.
11
Nju;rr
; p Nju;rr
; p kl;lk; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;wy; NgWfs; ghl
Ntisfspd;
vz;zpf;if
ngUf;fy; tpUj;jp xd;wpy; KjYWg;G a
MfTk;> nghJtpfpjk; r MfTk; ,Ug;gpd>;
n cWg;Gf;fspd; $l;Lj;njhif fhz;g
jw;F>
a(r n 1)
Sn , | r | 1 my;yJ
(r 1)
a(1 r n )
Sn , | r | < 1 #j;jpuj;ijf;
(1 r )
fl;b vOg;Gthu;.
|r| ,d; ngWkhdj;ij mtjhdpj;J>
cupa #j;jpuj;ij njupTnra;J
ngUf;fy; tpUj;jpapd; jug;gLk; n cWg;
Gf;fspd; $l;Lj;njhifiaf; fhz;ghu;.
(Sn < 20000 re;ju;g;gk; kl;Lk;)
ngUf;fy; tpUj;jp xd;wpy; a, r, n kw;Wk;
Sn vd;gtw;wpy; %d;wpd; ngWkhdq;fs;
jug;gLkplj;J #j;jpuj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp
vQ;rpa ngWkhdj;ijf; fhz;ghu;.
(Sn < 20000 re;ju;g;gk; kl;Lk;)
ngUf;fy; tpUj;jp njhlu;ghd gpurpdq;
fisj; jPu;g;ghu;. (Sn < 20000 re;ju;g;gk;
kl;Lk;)
12
Nju;rr
; p Nju;rr
; p kl;lk; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;wy; NgWfs; ghl
Ntisfspd;
vz;zpf;if
Nju;rr
; p - 5 rjtPjk; jtiz Kiwapy; gzk; nrYj;Jk; 03
rjtPjj;ij Fiwe;J nry;Yk; re;ju;g;gq;fSf;F cjhuzq;fisf;
cgNahfpj;J 5.1 jtizf; fl;lz kPjpf;F tl;biaf; $Wthu;.
etPd fzpj nfhLf;fy; fzpj;jy;.
cyfpy; ntw;wpfu thq;fypd;NghJ fld; jtizf; fl;lzk; fld; gzj;jpy; khjj;jpw;fhd nfhLg;
khff; nfhLf;fy; rjtPjj;ij gditf; fhz;ghu;.
thq;fy;fis cgNahfpg;ghu;. fld; gzj;jpy; kPjpahFk; gzj;jpw;fhd
Nkw;nfhs;thu;. tl;biaf; Fwpj;j tl;b tPjj;jpw;Nfw;g
tl;biaf; fzpg;ghu;.
fld; gzj; j pw; f hd jtizfspd;
vz;zpf;if n vdpd;> tl;b nrYj;j
Ntz;ba khj myFfspd; vz;zpf;if
n
(n 1) %yk; fzpg;ghu;.
2
fldpypUe;J tpLgLtjw;fhd KOj;
njhifiaAk; fhz;ghu;.
fldpypUe;J tpLgLtjw;fhd KOj;
njhifiaAk; nfhz;L rk khjj;
jtizf; fl;lzj;ijf; fzpg;ghu;.
rk khjj; jtizf; fl;lzk; jug;gL
kplj;J fld; gzj;jpw;fhf nrYj;j
Ntz;ba tl;b tPjj;ijf; fhz;ghu;.
fld; gzk; jtpu;e;j eilKiwapy; kPjp
Fiwe;J nry;Yk; re;ju;g;gq;fis
tpgupg;ghu;.
13
Nju;rr
; p Nju;rr
; p kl;lk; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;wy; NgWfs; ghl
Ntisfspd;
vz;zpf;if
5.2 tl;b Kiwfis $l;Ltl;b $l;L tl;b Kiwia mwpe;J nfhs;thu;. 03
xg;gpl;L nfhLf;fy; $l;Ltl;b $l;L tl;b njhlu;ghd fzpjr;
thq;fy;fisr; (3 tUlq;fs; tiu) nra;ifia 3 tUlq;fs; tiuf;
nra;thu;. fhz;ghu;.
$l;L tl;b KiwiaAk; vspa tl;b
KiwiaAk; xg;gpLthu;.
5.3 KjyPl;Lf;fhf tiuaWf;fg;gl;l fk;gdp gq;F KjyPl;bd;NghJ $Ljyhd
gq;Fr;re;ijia gq;Ffs; gq;Fjhuu;fis tpahghuj;jpy; njhlu;G
fUj;jpw; nfhs;thu;. gLj;jpf; nfhs;syhk; vd;gij Vw;Wf;
nfhs;thu;.
gq;Ffis tpepNahfpg;gjd; %yk; fk;gdp
jdf;F Njitahd %yjdj;ijg; ngw;Wf;
nfhs;Sk; vd;gjid Vw;Wf; nfhs;thu;.
gq;Fr;re;ijapy; gq;Ffisf; nfhLf;fy;
thq;fy; nra;Ak; NghJ fk;gdpnahd;wpd;
gq; F fS f; F f ; fh zg ;gLk; tpi y
gq;nfhd;wpd; re;ij tpiy vdg;gLk;.
gq;nfhd;wpd; re;ij tpiyia
gq;Ffspd; vz;zpf;ifahy; ngUf;F
tjhy; Kjypl;l gzj;jpd; njhifia
ngw;Wf; nfhs;syhk; vdf; $Wthu;.
Kjypll ; njhifia gq;nfhd;wpd; re;ij
tpiyahy; tFg;gjd; %yk; gq;Ffspd;
vz;zpf;ifiag; ngw;Wf; nfhs;syhk;.
gq;nfhd;Wf;F xU Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;Jf;F
14
Nju;rr
; p Nju;rr
; p kl;lk; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;wy; NgWfs; ghl
Ntisfspd;
vz;zpf;if
toq;fg;gLk; gq;fpyhgj;ij gq;Ffspd;
vz;zpf;ifahy; ngUf;Ftjhy;
Kjypl;lhsUf;Ff; fpilf;Fk; gq;fpyhg
tUkhdj;ijf; fzpg;ghu;.
Kjypl;l njhif (gq;nfhd;wpd;
ngWkhdk;)> gq;nfhd;wpd; re;ij tpiy>
%yjd ,yhgk;> gq;nfhd;wpd; gq;fpyhgk;
nfhz;l gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;g;ghu;.
Nju;rr; p - 6 6.1 tpfpjKW Rl;b Rl;bfs; n a tbtpy; mike;j Xu; vz;iz vd 04
klf;if> fzpfUtp fSld; rkd;ghL Rl;bfs; tpfpjKW
a n vd Rl;b tbtpy; vOJthu;.
1
vd;gtw;iwg; gad; fisj; jPu;g;ghu;. vz;fshf mike;j
gLj;jp md;whl $w;Wf;fisr; Rl;bfs; tpfpjKW vz;fshf mike;j
tho;f;ifapy; vjpu; RUf;Fjy;. $w;Wfis RUf;Fthu;.
nfhs;Sk; fzpj Rl;bfs; tpfpjKW vz; tYtbtpy; mike;j vz;fs; ,uz;bd;
uPjpahd gpurpdq; fshf mike;j rkd; mbfs; rkdhFk;NghJ Rl;bfs; rkdhFk;
fisj; jPu;g;ghu;. ghLfisj; jPu;j;jy;. vdf; $Wthu;.
tYtbtpy; mike;j vz;fs; ,uz;bd;
Rl;bfs; rkdhFk;NghJ mjd; mbfs;
rkdhFk; vdf; $Wthu;.
Rl;bfs; tpfpjKW vz;zhf mike;j
rkd;ghLfisj; jPu;g;ghu;.
15
Nju;rr
; p Nju;rr
; p kl;lk; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;wy; NgWfs; ghl
Ntisfspd;
vz;zpf;if
6.2 klf;iffisf; klf;if tpjpfs; log a m r = r.log a m vDk; klf;if 04
nfhz;l rkd;ghL (tYf;fs;> %yq;fSf;F
tpjpia mwpthu;.
fisj; jPu;g;ghu;. Vw;g)
r tpfpjKW vz;zhf ,Uf;ifapy;
klf;if tpjpfisg;
r, m w;fhf vz;ngWkhdq;fisg; gad;
gad;gLj;jp tYf;fs;
%yq;fs; mlq;fpa gLj;jp log a m r = r.log a m vd ntspf;
$w;Wfis RUf;Fjy;. nfhzu;thu;.
klf;if tpjpfisg; gad; klf;if tpjpfisg; gad;gLj;jp tYf;fs;
gLj;jp tYf;fs; %yq;fs; %yq;fs; nfhz;l $w;Wf;fisr;
mlq;fpa rkd;ghLfisj; RUf;Fthu;.
jPu;jj
; y;. klf;if tpjpfisg; gad;gLj;jp tYf;fs;>
%yq;fs; nfhz;l rkd;ghLfisj;
jPu;g;ghu;.
6.3 klf;if klf;if ml;ltizapd; 0f;Fk; 1f;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l vz;fSf;Fupa 04
ml;ltizia gad;ghL. klf; i fapd; rpwg; g pay; G kiw vz;
cgNahfpj;Jf; 0f;Fk; 1f;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l ngWkhdkhf ,Uf;Fk; vd tpQ;Qhd
Nfhitfis vz;fspd; klf;if. Kiwf; FwpaPl;bd; %yk; ntspf;
RUf;Fjiy tYf;fs; %yq;fs; cl;gl nfhzu;thu;.
,yFthf;fpf; 0f;Fk; 1f;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l rpwg; g pay; G a Mapd; mjd; kiwg;
nfhs;thu;. vz;fs; cl;gl;l $w;Wfs;. ngWkhdk; a vd vOjg;gLk; vdf;
ngUf;Fjy; $Wthu;.
tFj;jy; 2 vd;gJ gpupNfhL ,uz;L vd thrpf;fg;
tYf;fs; %yq;fs; mlq;
gLk;.
rpwg;gpay;G kiwg; ngWkhdj;ijf;
fpa jrk vz; Nfhit
fisr; RUf;Fjy;.
nfhz;l klf;iffisf; $l;Lthu;.
16
Nju;rr
; p Nju;rr
; p kl;lk; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;wy; NgWfs; ghl
Ntisfspd;
vz;zpf;if
rpwg; g pay; G kiwg; ngWkhdj; i jf;
nfhz;l klf;iffis nfhz;L tUjy;
,d;wpf; fopg;ghu;.
rpwg;gpay;G kiwg; ngWkhdj;ijf;
nfhz;l klf;iffis nfhz;L
tUjYld; fopg;ghu;.
rpwg;gpay;G kiwg; ngWkhdj;ijf;
nfhz;l klf;iffis KOvz;
xd;wpdhy; ngUf;Fthu;.
rpwg;gpay;G kiwg; ngWkhdj;ijf;
nfhz;l klf;ifia KO vz; xd;wp
dhy; tFf;Fk;NghJ kiw vz; nfhz;l
rpwg;gpay;G kPjpahfhjthW mikj;Jf;
nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vdf; $Wthu;.
rpwg;gpay;G kiwg; ngWkhdj;ijf;
nfhz;l klf;if xd;iw KO vz;
xd;wpdhy; tFg;ghu;.
a Neu; jrk vz;zhfTk;, m KO
v z ; z h f T k ; , U f ; F k ; N g h J am
tbtpyhd Nfhitia klf;if ml;l
tiziag; gad;gLj;jpr; RUf;Fthu;.
a Neu; jrk vz;zhfTk;> m KO
vz;zhfTk; ,Ug;gpd; m a tbtpyhd
Nfhitia klf;if ml;ltiziag;
gad;gLj;jpr; RUf;Fthu;.
17
Nju;rr
; p Nju;rr
; p kl;lk; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;wy; NgWfs; ghl
Ntisfspd;
vz;zpf;if
a, b, c vd;gd Neu; jrk vz;fshfTk;>
am n b
M, N KO vz;zhfTk; ,Ug;gpd;
c
a m b
my;yJ tbtpyhd Nfhitia
n
c
klf;if ml;ltiziag; gad;gLj;jpr;
RUf;Fthu;.
ntt;NtW fzpj gpurpdq;fspd; NghJ
,yFthd RUf;fYf;F klf;if ml;l
tiziag; gad;gLj;jpr; RUf;Fthu;.
6.4 jpupNfhz fzpj tpQ;Qhd Kiwf; x, n KO vz;fshFk;NghJ x n ,d; ngW 02
tpfpjk; njhlu;ghd fzpg;ghd; khdj;ij ngWtjw;fhf x > ^ > n > =
gpurpdq;fs; cl;gl tpQQ; hd Kiwf; fzpg; Nghd;w rhtpfis Kiwahff;
fzpj gpurpdq; ghdpd; rhtpfspd; ifahs;thu;.
fisj; jPug
; g
; jw;fhd gad;ghL. a, n KO vz;zhFk;NghJ n a ,d;
tpQ;Qhd Kiwf; ^ > rhtpfs;
fzpg;ghidg; tYf;fs; %yq;fs; ngWkhdj;ijg; ngWtjw;fhf n , shift ,
gad;gLj;Jthu;. mlq;fpa jrk vz; x , a kw;Wk; = Nghd;w rhtpfis
fisf; nfhz;l Kiwahfr; RUf;Fthu;.
Nfhitfisr; fzpg;ghidg; gad;gLj;jp ngUf;fy;
RUf;Fjy;. kw;Wk; tFj;jy; cld; xn kw;Wk; n a
tbtpyhd Nfhitfisr; RUf;Fthu;.
18
Nju;rr
; p Nju;rr
; p kl;lk; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;wy; NgWfs; ghl
Ntisfspd;
vz;zpf;if
sin , cos , tan rhtpfs; Nfhzj;jpd; ird; ngWkhdj;ijg;
ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fhf sin , , =
sin-1 , cos-1 , tan-1 rhtpfs; rhtpfspid Kiwahff; ifahs;thu;.
Nfhzj;jpd; Nfhird; ngWkhdj;ijg;
ngw;Wf; nfhs;s cos , , = rhtpfis
Kiwahff; ifahs;thu;.
Nfhzj;jpd; jhd;rd; ngWkhdj;ijg;
ngw;Wf; nfhs;s tan , , = rhtpfis
Kiwahff; ifahs;thu;.
Nfhzj;jpd; ird; ngWkhdk; ( X )
jug;gLkplj;J> Nfhzj;ijf; fhz;g
jw;fhf> shift , sin , x , = Nghd;w
rhtpfis Kiwahff; ifahs;thu;.
Nfhzj;jpd; Nfhird; ngWkhdk; (X )
jug;gLkplj;J> Nfhzj;ijf; fhz;g
jw;fhf> shift , cos , x , = Nghd;w
rhtpfis Kiwahff; ifahs;thu;.
Nfhzj;jpd; jhd;rd; ngWkhdk; (X )
jug;gLkplj;J> Nfhzj;ijf; fhz;g
jw;fhf> shift , tan , x , = Nghd;w
rhtpfis Kiwahff; ifahs;thu;.
19
Nju;rr
; p Nju;rr
; p kl;lk; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;wy; NgWfs; ghl
Ntisfspd;
vz;zpf;if
Nju;rr
; p - 8 8.1 #oypy; fhzg;gLk; gug;gsT rJu mbiaf; nfhz;l nrq;$k;gfj;jpwF ; 05
gug;gsT njhlu; gy;NtW jpz;kq; rJu mbiaf; nfhz;l rJu mbAs;s Kfj;ij jtpu NkYk;
ghf Muha;tJld; fspd; Nkw;gug;gsT nrq;$k;gj;jpd; Nkw;wsg; 4 Kf;Nfhz Kfq;fs; cs;sd vd;gij
kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l gw;wp Muha;thu;. gug;gsT. ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.
,lg; gug;gpd; cr;r nrq;$k;gpd; KO gf;fnkhd;wpd; ePsk; a Mf cs;s rJu
gaidg; ngWthu;. Nkw;wsg;gug;gsT mbapd; gug;gsT a2 vdf; fhl;Lthu;.
Nfhsj;jpd; Nkw;wsg; mb a ePsKilaJk; nrq;Fj;Jauk; h
gug;gsT Ak; nfhz; l Kf; N fhz Kfj; j pd;
1
gug;gsT ah vdf; fhl;Lthu;.
2
mbapd; ePsk; a Ak; Kf;Nfhz Kfj;jpd;
nrq;Fj;Jauk; h ck; nfhz;l nrq;
$k;gfk; xd;wpd; KO Nkw;wsg; gug;gsT
A vdpd; A = a 2 2ah vdf; fhl;Lthu;.
jug;gl;l juTfisf; nfhz;L> rJu
mbiaf; nfhz;l nrq;$k;gfk; xd;wpd;
Nkw;wsg; gug;gsitf; fhz;ghu;.
rJu mbapd; xU tpspk;gpd; ePsj;ijAk;.
nrq;$k;gpd; cauj;ijAk; nfhLf;fg;gl;l
NghJ Kf;Nfhz Kfj;jpd; nrq;Fj;Jauj;
ijf; fhz;ghu;.
rJu mbiaf; nfhz;l nrq;$k;gfj;jpd;
gug;gsT fhz;gJ njhlu;ghd gpurpdq;
fisj; jPu;g;ghu;.
20
Nju;rr
; p Nju;rr
; p kl;lk; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;wy; NgWfs; ghl
Ntisfspd;
vz;zpf;if
xU tisgug;gsitAk; jl;ilahd tl;l
tbtk; nfhz;l mbiaAk; nfhz;l xU
jpz;kk; $k;G vdf; $Wthu;.
nrq;$k;nghd;wpd; cr;rpiaAk;> mbapd;
ikaj;ijAk; ,izf;Fk; NfhL mbf;F
nrq;Fj;jhf ,Uf;Fk; vdf; $Wthu;.
Miur; rpiwapd; Miu nrq;$k;gpd;
rha;Tauj;jpw;F rkd; vd Vw;Wf;
nfhs;thu;.
Miur; rpiwapd; tpy;ypd; ePsk; nrq;
$k;gpd; mbapd; gupjpf;F rkd; vd Vw;Wf;
nfhs;thu;.
mbapd; Miu r ck;> rha;Tauk; k;
nfhz;l nrq;$k;nghd;wpd; tisgug;gsT
r vdf; $Wthu;.
mbapd; Miu r k;> rha;Tauk; k;
nfhz;l nrq;$k;nghd;wpd; KO Nkw;wsg;
gug;gsT A vdpd;> A = r 2 r vdf;
fhl;Lthu;.
jug;gl;l jfty;fisf; nfhz;L nrq;
$k;nghd;wpd; Nkw;wsg; gug;gsitf;
fhz;ghu;.
nrq;$k;nghd;wpd; nrq;Fj;Jauk; Miu
vd;gd nfhLf;fg;gl;lNghJ Nkw;wsg;
gug;gsitf; fhz;ghu;.
nrq;$k;gpd; Nkw;wsg; gug;gsT njhlu;ghd
gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;gg
; hu;.
21
Nju;rr
; p Nju;rr
; p kl;lk; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;wy; NgWfs; ghl
Ntisfspd;
vz;zpf;if
Miu r cila Nfhsnkhd;wpd; Nkw;
wsg; gug;gsT A Mapd; A = 4r 2 vd
mwpthu;.
Nfhsj;jpd; Miu r jug;gl;lhy;
Nfhsj;jpd; Nkw;wsg; gug;gsitf;
fhz;ghu;.
Nfhsj;jpd; Nkw;wsg; gug;gsT
njhlu;ghd gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;gg
; hu;.
Nju;rr
; p - 10 10.1 gy;NtW jpz;kq; fdtsT mbapd; Miu r k;> nrq;Fj;Jauk; h k; 05
fdtsT njhlu; fspd; fdtsT nrq;$k;G nfhz;l nrq;$k;nghd;wpd; fdtsT
ghd mwpitf; gw;wp Ma;T Nfhsk;
1 2
nfhz;L ntspapd; nra;thu;. rJu mbr; nrq;$k;gfk; V Mapd; V = r h vdf; $Wthu;.
cr;r gaidg; 3
ngWthu;. jug;gl;l juTfisg; gad;gLj;jp $k;gpd;
fdtsitf; fhz;ghu;.
Miu r k;> cauk; h vdf; nfhs;sg;gl;l
nrq;$k;nghd;wpd; r, h vd;gd khWk;
NghJ fdtstpy; Vw;gLk; khw;wk; gw;wp
tpsf;Fthu;.
$k;gpd; fdtsT njhlu;ghd gpurpdq;
fisj; jPu;g;ghu;.
Miu r > cauk; 2r MfTs;s cUis
apd; fdtsthdJ Miu r MfTs;s
Nfhsj;jpd; fdtsitAk;> mbapd; Miu
r MfTk;> nrq;Fj;Jauk; 2r MfTk; cs;s
nrq;$k;gpd; fdtsitAk; $l;Ltjdhy;
ngwg;gLk; vd;gij ntspf; nfhzu;thu;.
22
Nju;rr
; p Nju;rr
; p kl;lk; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;wy; NgWfs; ghl
Ntisfspd;
vz;zpf;if
Miu r MfTs;s Nfhsj;jpd; fdts
4 3
thd J V vd pd; > V= r vDk;
3
#j;jpuj;ij fl;b vOg;Gthu;.
jug;gLk; juTfisf; nfhz;L Nfhsj;jpd;
fdtsitf; fhz;ghu;.
Nfhsj;jpd; fdtsT njhlu;ghd gpurpdq;
fisj; jPu;g;ghu;.
gf;f ePsk; a rJumbiaf; nfhz;lJk;
nrq;Fj;Jauk; h MfTk; cs;s nrq;$k;g
fj;jpd; fdtsthdJ gf;fePsk; a MfTk;
cs;s rJumbAk;> cauk; h MfTk;
1
cila fdTUtpd; fdtstpd; MFk;
3
vd;gij ntspf;nfhzu;thu;.
gf;fePsk; a MfTila rJumbiaf;
nfhz;lJk;> nrq;Fj;Jauk; h MfTk;
cila nrq;$k;gfj;jpd; fdtsT V
1 2
vdpd;> V = a h vDk; #j;jpuj;ijf;
3
fl;b vOg;Gthu;.
jug;gLk; juTfisf; nfhz;L nrq;$k;g
fj;jpd; fdtsitf; fhz;ghu;.
rJu mbiaf; nfhz;l nrq;$k;gfj;jpd;
fdtsT njhlu;ghd gpurpdq;fisj;
jPu;g;ghu;.
23
Nju;rr
; p Nju;rr
; p kl;lk; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;wy; NgWfs; ghl
Ntisfspd;
vz;zpf;if
Nju;rr
; p - 13 13.1 nrq;Nfhz jpupNfhz fzpj nrq;Nfhz Kf;Nfhzp xd;wpd; ird; 02
eilKiwr; re;ju;g; Kf;Nfhzp xd;wpd; tpfpjq;fs; ngWkhdkhdJ> vjpu;g;gf;f ePsj;jpw;Fk;
gq;fspd;NghJ jpupNfhz fzpj ird; nrk;gf;f ePsj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapyhd tpfpjk;
mstpilg; glq; tpfpjq;fis Nfhird; %yk; ngwyhk; vd;gij ntspgg ; Lj;Jthu;.
fisg; gad; mwpe;J nfhs;thu;. jhd;rd;
gLj;Jk; gy;NtW nrq;Nfhz Kf;Nfhzp xd;wpd; Nfhird;
Kiwfis ngWkhdkhdJ> maw;gf;f ePsj;jpw;Fk;
Muha;thu;. nrk;gf;f ePsj;jpwF
; k; ,ilapyhd tpfpjk;
%yk; ngwyhk; vd;gij ntspgg ; Lj;Jthu;.
nrq;Nfhz Kf;Nfhzp xd;wpd; jhd;rd;
ngWkhdkhdJ> vjpu;g;gf;f ePsj;jpw;Fk;
maw;gf;f ePsj;jpwF
; k; ,ilapyhd tpfpjk;
%yk; ngwyhk; vd;gij ntspgg ; Lj;Jthu;.
13.2 md;whl Njit jpupNfhz fzpj jpupNfhz fzpj tpfpjk; njhlu;ghd 10
fspd;NghJ tpfpjq;fs; njhlu;ghd fzpjr; nra;iffis Nkw;nfhs;thu;.
jpupNfhz fzpj gpurpdq;fs; (300> 450> 600 jpupNfhz fzpj tpfpjq;fs; njhlu;ghd
njhlu;Gfisf; Vw;wf;Nfhzk;> ,wf;ff; gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;gg
; hu;.
ifahs;thu;. Nfhzq;fSld;) jpupNfhz fzpj ml;ltiziag; gad;
jpupNfhz fzpj ml;l gLj;jp nrq;Nfhz Kf;Nfhzpfspd; gf;f
tiziag; ghtpj;jy;. ePsk;> Nfhzq;fisf; fzpg;ghu;.
(J}uk;> cauk;> Nfhzj;jpd; jpupNfhz fzpj tpfpjq;fisg; gad;
ngWkhdk; fhz;gjw;fhf gLj;jp Vw;wf;Nfhzk;> ,wf;ff;Nfhzk;
Vw;wf;Nfhzk;> ,wf;ff; njhlu;ghd gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;gg
; hu;.
Nfhzk;> jpirNfhs; mlq; jpupNfhz fzpj tpfpjq;fisg; gad;
fyhf xU khwpAld; xNu gLj;jp jpirNfhs; mlq;fyhd gpurpdq;
jsj;jpy; nfhz;like;jit.) fisj; jPu;g;ghu;.
24
Nju;rr
; p Nju;rr
; p kl;lk; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;wy; NgWfs; ghl
Ntisfspd;
vz;zpf;if
tpQ;Qhd Kiwf; fzpg; jpupNfhz fzpj gpurpdq;fspd; jPuT
; fis
ghidg; gad;gLj;jp tha;g;G ghu;f;f tpQ;Qhd Kiwf; fzpg;
jpupNfhz fzpjk; ghidg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.
njhlu;ghd gpurpdq;fisj;
jPu;g;ghu;.
Nju;rr
; p - 14 14.1 <UWg;Gf; Nfhit <UWg;Gf; Nfhitapd; ( x y )3 ,d; tpupthf;fk; 04
ml;ru fzpj fspd; fdj;ijf; tpupthf;fk;.
Nfhitfis fhz;ghu;. fdk; x3 3 x 2 y 3 xy 2 y 3 vd mwpthu;.
RUf;Fk; El;gq; ( x y )3 Nghd;w ( x y )3 ,d; tpupthf;fk;
fis Kiwahf
Muha;thu;. ( x 5)3 Nghd;w x 3 3 x 2 y 3 xy 2 y 3 vd mwpthu;.
y f; fhd (-y) gpujpapl;L ( x y )3 ,d;
tpupitg; ngwyhk; vd Vw;Wf; nfhs;thu;.
( x 5)3 Nghd;w <UWg;Gf; Nfhitfspd;
fdj;ijf; fhz;ghu;.
25
Nju;rr
; p Nju;rr
; p kl;lk; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;wy; NgWfs; ghl
Ntisfspd;
vz;zpf;if
Nju;rr ; p - 16 16.1 ngUf;fy; tFj;jy; ml;ru fzpj gpd;dk; njhFjpnaz;zpy; my;yJ gFjpnaz; 04
md;whl tho;f;if nra;iffspd; fPo; ngUf;Fjy; zpy; my;yJ njhFjpnaz;zpYk; gFjp
apy; re;jpf;Fk; ml;ru fzpj gpdd
; q; tFj;jy; naz;zpYk; ml;ru fzpj cWg;Gf;fis
gpurpdq;fisj; fisf; ifahs;thu;. Aila gpd;dq;fisg; ngUf;Fthu;.
jPu;gg
; jw;F ml;ru
fzpjg; gpd;dq; njhFjpnaz;zpy; my;yJ gFjpnaz;
fisr; RUf;Fk; zpy; my;yJ njhFjpnaz;zpYk; gFjp
El;gq;fis naz;zpYk; ml;rufzpj Nfhitfis
Muha;thu;. Aila gpd;dq;fisg; ngUf;Fthu;.
ml;ru fzpj gpd;dk; xd;wpy; epfu;khiwf;
fhz;ghu;.
njhFjpnaz;zpy; my;yJ gFjpnaz;
zpy; my;yJ njhFjpnaz;zpYk; gFjp
naz;zpYk; ml;ru fzpj cWg;Gf;fis
Aila gpd;dq;fis tFg;ghu;.
njhFjpnaz;zpy; my;yJ gFjpnaz;
zpy; my;yJ njhFjpnaz;zpYk; gFjp
naz;zpYk; ml;ru fzpj NfhitAila
gpd;dq;fis tFg;ghu;.
ml;ru fzpj gpd;dq;fisf; nfhz;l
Nfhitfis RUf;Fthu;.
26
Nju;rr
; p Nju;rr
; p kl;lk; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;wy; NgWfs; ghl
Ntisfspd;
vz;zpf;if
Nju;rr ; p - 17 17.1 gpurpdk; jPu;j;jYf; xUq;fik rkd;ghLfisj; ,U njupahf; fzpaq;fisAk; Fzfq; 05
md;whl tho;f;if fhf xUq;fikr; jPu;jj
; y;. fs; rkdw;w tpfpjKW vz;fisAk;
apd; Njitfis rkd;ghLfis (,uz;L njupahf; fzpaq; nfhz;l xUq;fik rkd;ghLfspy;> xU
epiwNtw;wpf; cgNahfpg;ghu;. fisAk; Fzfq;fs; njupahf; fzpaj;jpd; Fzfj;ij rkg;
nfhs;tjw;F rkdw;w tpfpjKW gLj;jp mr;rkd;ghLfisj; jPu;g;ghu;.
rkd;ghLfs; vz;fisAk; nfhz;l)
jPu;f;Fk; jPu;jj
; y; ,U njupahf; fzpaq;fisAk; Fzfq;
El;gq;fisf; fl;bnaOg;Gjy; fs; rkdw;w tpfpjKW vz;fisAk;
ifahs;thu;. nfhz;l xUq;fik rkd;ghLfspy;> xU
rkd;ghl;by; cs;s xU fzpaj;ij vOth
ahf;fp mjid mLj;j rkd;ghl;by; gpujp
apLtjd; %yk; xUq;fik rkd;ghL
fisj; jPu;g;ghu;.
xUq;fik rkd;ghl;bd; jPu;Tfis rkd;
ghL xd;Wf;Fg; gpujpaplL
; mit rupnad
tha;g;Gg; ghu;g;ghu;.
jug;gl;l juTfisf; nfhz;L xUq;fik
rkd;ghLfisf; fl;bnaOg;Gthu;.
Fzfq;fis rkg;gLj;jp my;yJ NtW
xU Kiwapy; fl;bnaOg;gpa rkd;ghL
fisj; jPu;g;ghu;.
27
Nju;rr
; p Nju;rr
; p kl;lk; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;wy; NgWfs; ghl
Ntisfspd;
vz;zpf;if
17.2 md;whl Njit ,Ugb rkd;ghL fhuzpfis fhz;gjd; %yk; ,Ugbr; 05
fspd;NghJ jPu;jj
; y; rkd;ghLfis jPu;g;ghu;.
cUthFk; gpurpdq; fhuzpfis
fisj; jPu;f;f gad;gLj;jp tu;f;f g+u;j;jp %yk; ,Ugb rkd;ghL
,Ugbrkd;ghl;il tu;f;f g+u;j;jp %yk; fisj; jPug ; ;ghu;.
gad;gLj;JtJ gw;wp #j;jpuj;ijg;
tpku;rpg;ghu;. gad;gLj;jp
b b2 4ac
x= #j;jpuj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp
fl;bnaOg;Gjy; 2a
,Ugb rkd;ghl;bd; jPuT
; fisg; ngWthu;.
,Ugbr; rkd;ghnlhd;wpd; jPu;Tfis mr;
rkd;ghl;by; gpujpaplL
; mj;juP T
; fs; rupnad
tha;g;G ghu;gg
; hu;.
jug;gLk; juTfs; njhlu;ghf ,Ugbr; rkd;
ghl;il fl;b vOg;Gthu;.
fhuzpfisg; gad;gLj;jp my;yJ tu;f;f
g+u;j;jpahf;fy; Kiwiag; gad;gLj;jp
my;yJ #j;jpuj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp ,Ugbr;
rkd;ghl;ilj; jPu;gg
; hu;.
28
Nju;rr
; p Nju;rr
; p kl;lk; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;wy; NgWfs; ghl
Ntisfspd;
vz;zpf;if
Nju;rr; p - 18 18.1 ,uz;L fzpaq;fs; rkdpypfs; ax b cx d , ax b cx d , 06
md;whl tho;fi ; fg; njhlu;GWk; gpurpdq; jPuT; fis vz;Nfhl;by;
ax b cx d , ax b cx d
gpurpdq;fSld; fisj; jPu;g;ghu;. tiff; Fwpg;ghu;.
rkdpypfspd; epiwnaz; jPu;Tj;
njhlu;ghd ax b cx d tbtk;
njhiliaj; jUthu;.
gy;NtW fzpaq; rkdpypfs; njhlu;ghd
fSf;fpilapyhd gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;gg; hu;.
njhlu;Gfisg; ax b cx d , ax b cx d ,
gFg;gha;T ax b cx d , ax b cx d
nra;thu;. rkdpypfspd; epiwnaz; jPu;Tj;
njhilia vz;Nfhl;by; tiff; Fwpgg ; hu;.
ax b cx d , ax b cx d ,
ax b cx d , ax b cx d
rkdpypfspd; jPuT ; fSf;fhd Mapiliaf;
fz;lwpthu;.
ax b cx d , ax b cx d ,
ax b cx d , ax b cx d
rkdpypfspd; jPu;tpd; Mapilia
vz;Nfhl;by; fhl;Lthu;.
ax b cx d tbtpy; cs;s rkdpyp
fis md;whl tho;f;ifapd; gpurpdq;
fis jPu;f;fg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.
29
Nju;rr
; p Nju;rr
; p kl;lk; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;wy; NgWfs; ghl
Ntisfspd;
vz;zpf;if
Nju;rr
; p - 20 20.1 tiuG Kiw xU Nrhb xUq;fik ax by c tbtpy; mike;j xUq;fik 03
,uz;L khwpfSf; El;gq;fis rkd;ghLfspd; jPu;T rkd;ghLfspd; tiuGfis xNu Ms;$w;
fpilapy; fhzg; cgNahfpj;J tiuG %yk; Wj; jsj;jpy; tiuthu;.
gLk; njhlu;ig gpurpdq;fisj;
,yFthf vLj;Jf; jPu;gg
; hu;.
ax by c tbtpy; mike;j xUq;fik
fhl;Lk; Kiw
fis Muha;thu;. rkd;ghLfspd; tiuGfspd; ,ilntl;Lk;
Gs;spfspd; Ms;$Wfs; mtw;wpd; jPut
; hf
mikfpd;wJ vd;gij tpsf;Fthu;.
md; w hl tho; f ; i fapd; xUq; f ikr;
rkd;ghL rhu;e;j gpurpdq;fis jPu;f;f
tiuGfs; rk;ge;jkhd mwpitg; gad;
gLj;Jthu;.
a , b , c , a 0 MFk;NghJ>
20.2 ,Ugbr; rhu;gpd; y ax 2 bx c tbtpyhd 06
gz;Gfis y ax bx c tbtpyike;j rhu;nghd;
2
,Ugbr; rhu;Gfs;.
tiuGfisf;
( a , b , c , a 0 ) wpd; x ,d; ngWkhdq;fSf;fhd y ,d;
nfhz;L
ngWkhdj;ijf; fhz;ghu;.
tpsf;Fthu;.
tiuGfis tiujy;.
jug;gl;l tPrR
; f;F mika y ax 2 bx c
tbtpy; mike; j rhu; g pd; tiuig
tiuthu;.
30
Nju;rr
; p Nju;rr
; p kl;lk; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;wy; NgWfs; ghl
Ntisfspd;
vz;zpf;if
tiuigf; nfhz;L y ax 2 bx c t b t p y ; m i k e ; j
rhu;gpd; mikT
rhu;gpd;
cau;T / ,opTg;
tiuigf; nfhz;L> rhu;gpd; ngWkhdk;
ngWkhdk;
kiwahFk;. kiwahff; FiwAk;> kiw
jpUk;gw; Gs;spapd;
ahf mjpfupf; F k; > NeuhFk; > Neuhf
Ms;$W
mjpfupf;Fk;> Neuhff; FiwAk; x ,d;
rkr;ruP ; mr;rpd; rkd;ghL
tPr;irf; fhz;ghu;.
y ax 2 bx c tbtpy; cs;s rhu;gpd;
tiuigf; nfhz;L rhu;gpd; ngWkhdj;
Jf; F upa x ,d; ngWkhdq; f isf;
fhz;ghu;.
%yk; ( y 0 re;ju;gg
; q;fs;)
y ax 2 bx c t b t p y h d r h u ; g p d ;
tiuig mtjhdpj;J rhu;gpd; ngWkhd
tPr;R jug;gLk;NghJ> mjw;Fupa x ,d;
ngWkhd tPr;irf; fhz;ghu;.
y ax 2 bx c t b t p y h d r h u ; g p d ;
cau;T / ,opT ngWkhdk; rhu;gpd; rkr;ruP ;
mr; r pd; rkd; g hL jpUk; g w; G s; s papd;
Ms;$W vd;gtw;iwf; fhz;ghu;.
y ax 2 bx c t b t p y h d rhu;gpd;
tiuig mtjhdpj;J y 0 rkd;ghl;bd;
31
Nju;rr
; p Nju;rr
; p kl;lk; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;wy; NgWfs; ghl
Ntisfspd;
vz;zpf;if
%yq;fisf; fhz;ghu;.
jug; g l; l tP r ; R f; F y ( x b) 2 c
tbtpyhd rhu;gpd; tiuig tiuthu;.
y ( x b) 2 c t b t h d r h u ; g p d ;
tiuig mtjhdpjJ ; gz;Gfis tpgupgg ; hu;.
y ( x a ) ( x b) tbtpyhd rhu;gpd;
tiuig tiuthu;.
y ( x a ) ( x b) tbtpyhd rhu;gpd;
tiuig mtjhdpj;J gz;Gfis
tpgupg;ghu;.
20.3 ,Ugbr; rhu;gpd; y ( x b) 2 c, 03
,ay;ig> rhu;ig y ( x b) 2 c tbtpyhd rhu; g pd;
mtjhdpj;J y ( x a ) (x b)
tiugpw; F k; rhu; g pw; F k; ,ilapyhd
tpsf;Fthu;. tbtpyhd rhu;gpd; gz;G njhlu;Gfisf; fhz;ghu;.
(tiuig tiuahJ.)
y ( x b) 2 c tbtpyhd rhu;gpid
mtjhdpj;J cau;T / ,opT ngWkhdk;
rkr;rPu; mr;rpd; rkd;ghL> jpUk;gw;Gs;sp
Mfpatw;iwj; jPu;khdpg;ghu;.
32
Nju;rr
; p Nju;rr
; p kl;lk; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;wy; NgWfs; ghl
Ntisfspd;
vz;zpf;if
y ( x a ) ( x b) tbtpyhd rhu;gpd;
tiugpwF; k; rhu;Gf;Fk; ,ilapyhd ,ilj;
njhlu;igf; fhz;ghu;.
y ( x a ) ( x b) tbtpyhd rhu;gpid
mtjhdpj;J> rhu;gpd; cau;T / ,opT
ngWkhdk; rkr;rPu; mr;rpd; rkd;ghL>
jpUk;gw;Gs;sp Mfpatw;iwj; jPuk ; hdpg;ghu;.
20.4 mbg;gilf; fzpj jhak; epuy; kw;Wk; epiufis mtjhdpj;J juT 08
nraw;ghl;bd; mwpKfk; fis ntspg;gLj;Jk; Kfkhf jhaj;ij
Clhf jhaj;ijf; ( 33 tiu) mwpe;J nfhs;thu;.
ifahs;thu;. $l;lYk; fopjj
; Yk;
jhaj;jpd; epuy;fspd; vz;zpf;ifAk;>
( 33 tiu)
epiufspd; vz; zpf; i fAk; nfhz; L
jhaj;ij epiw jhaj;jpd; tupiria mwpe;J nfhs;thu;.
vz;zhy; ngUf;Fjy;
( 33 tiu) epuy;jhak;> epiuj;jhak;> rJujhak;.
,U jhaq;fisg; myFjhak;> rkr;rPu;jhak; vd;gtw;iw
ngUf;Fjy;. mwpe;J nfhs;thu;.
( 22 tiu)
,U jhaq;fisf; $l;Lk;NghJ my;yJ
fopf;Fk;NghJ jhaj;jpd; tupir rkdhf
Ntz;Lk; vd eilKiwr; re;ju;gg; q;fisf;
nfhz;L tpsf;fpf; nfhs;thu;.
epuy; jhak; / epiuj; jhak; ,uz;il
$l;Lthu; : fopg;ghu;.
33
Nju;rr
; p Nju;rr
; p kl;lk; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;wy; NgWfs; ghl
Ntisfspd;
vz;zpf;if
tupir 3 my;yJ mjw;Ff; Fiwe;j
jhaq;fis $l;Lthu;@ fopg;ghu;.
tupir 3 my;yJ mjw;Ff; Fiwe;j
jhaq;fis epiwvz;zhy; ngUf;Fthu;.
$l; l y; > fopj; j y; . epiwvz; z hy;
ngUf;Fjy; Nghd;w fzpj nra;iffisf;
nfhz;L jhaj;ij RUf;fpf; fhl;Lthu;.
,U jhaq;fisg; ngUf;Fk;NghJ Kjy;
jhaj;jpd; epuy;fspd; vz;zpf;if mLj;j
jhaj;jpd; epiufspd; vz;zpfi ; f rkdhf
Ntz;Lk; vd tpsq;fpf; nfhs;thu;.
tupir (1 2) k; (21) k; nfhz;l ,U
jhaq;fis ngUf;Fthu;.
tupir (1 2) MfTk; (22) MfTk;
nfhz;l ,U jhaq;fis ngUf;Fthu;.
tupir (22) MfTk; (21) MfTk;
nfhz;l ,U jhaq;fis ngUf;Fthu;.
tupir (22) MfTk; (22) MfTk;
nfhz;l ,U jhaq;fis ngUf;Fthu;.
jug;gl;l ,U jhaq;fs; $l;l> fopf;f>
ngUf;f KbAk; / KbahJ vd;gjw;fhd
fhuzq;fis tpsf;Fthu;.
jhaq; f is cgNahfpj; J md; w hl
tho;fi ; fapy; cz;lhFk; gpurpdq;fisj;
jPu;g;ghu;.
34
Nju;rr
; p Nju;rr
; p kl;lk; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;wy; NgWfs; ghl
Ntisfspd;
vz;zpf;if
Nju;rr
; p - 23 23.1 xNu rkhe;ju NfhL rkhe;juf; NfhLfSf;fpil xNu mbiaAk; xNu rkhe;juf; Nfhl;Lr; 06
Neu;Nfhl;Lj; fSf;fpilapy; apy; mike;j Kf;Nfhzp NrhbfSf;fpilapy; mike;j Kf;Nfhzp
jsTUf;fs; mikAk; fspdJk; ,izfuq; fisAk; ,izfuq;fisAk;
njhlu;ghd ,izfuj;jpdJk; fspdJk; gug;gsT. Fwpg;gpLthu;.
Nfj;jpufzpj Kf;NfhzpapdJk;
vz;zf;fUf;fis gug;gsTfSf; xNu mbiaAk; xNu xNu mbiaAk; xNu rkhe;juf; NfhL
mbg;gilahff; fpil apy; cs;s rkhe;juf; NfhLfSf;Fk; fSf;Fk; ,ilapy; mike;j ,izfuq;
nfhz;L md;whl njhlu;igf; ,ilapy mike;j ,iz fspd; gug; g sTfs; rkdhFk; vDk;
tho;f;ifg; gzp fhz;ghu;. fuq;fspd; gug;gsTfs; Njw;wj;ij ,dq;fhz;ghu;.
fSf;Fj; Njit rkdhFk; vDk; Njw;wj;jpd;
ahd KbTfis cgNahfk; (epWty; md;wp) xNu mbiaAk; xNu rkhe;juf; NfhL
vLg;ghu; fSf;Fk; ,ilapy; mike;j ,izfuq;
fspd; gug; g sTfs; rkdhFk; vDk;
Njw;wj;ij tha;g;Gg; ghu;gg
; hu;.
xNu mbiaAk; xNu rkhe;juf; NfhL
fSf;Fk; ,ilapy; mike;j ,izfuq;
fspd; gug; g sTfs; rkdhFk; vDk;
Njw;wj;ij cgNahfpj;J fzpj nraw;
ghLfspy; <LgLthu;.
xNu mbiaAk; xNu rkhe;
ju NrhbfSf;fpilapYk; xNu mbapYk; xNu rkhe;ju Nfhl;Lr;
mike;j Kf;Nfhzpapd; NrhbfSf;fpilapYk; mike;j ,izfuq;fs;
gug;gsT> ,izfuj;jpd; gug;gstpy; rkdhFk; vDk; Njw;wj;ijg;
gug;gstpd; miug;gq;fhFk; gad;gLj;jp Vwpfis epWTthu;.
vDk; Njw;wj;jpd; gad;ghL.
(epWtypdw; p)
35
Nju;rr
; p Nju;rr
; p kl;lk; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;wy; NgWfs; ghl
Ntisfspd;
vz;zpf;if
xNu mbapYk; xNu rkhe;ju Nfhl;Lr; Nrhb
fSf;fpilapYk; mike;Js;s Kf;Nfhzp
apd; gug;gsT ,izfuj;jpd; gug;gstpd;
miu klq; f hFk; vDk; Njw; w j; i j
mwpe;J nfhs;thu;.
xNu mbapYk; xNu rkhe;ju Nfhl;Lr;
NrhbfSf; f pilapYk; mike; J s; s
Kf;Nfhzpapd; gug;gsT ,izfuj;jpd;
gug; g stpd; miuklq; f hFk; vDk;
Njw;wj;ij tha;g;G ghu;g;ghu;.
xNu mbapYk; xNu ,U rkhe;ju Nfhl;Lr;
NrhbfSf;fpilapYk; mike;j Kf;Nfhzp
apd; gug;gsT ,izfuj;jpd; gug;gstpd;
miuklq;fhFk; vDk; Njw;wj;ijg; gad;
gLj;jp fzpj;jy;fis Nkw;nfhs;thu;.
xNu mbapYk; xNu rkhe;ju Nfhl;Lr;
NrhbfSf;fpilapYk; mike;j Kf;Nfhzp
apd; gug;gsT ,izfuj;jpd; gug;gstpd;
miuklq;fhFk; vDk; Njw;wj;ijg; gad;
gLj;jp Vwpfis epWTthu;.
36
Nju;rr
; p Nju;rr
; p kl;lk; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;wy; NgWfs; ghl
Ntisfspd;
vz;zpf;if
23.2 xNu mbapYk; xNu xNu mbiaAk; xNu xNu mbapYk; xNu rkhe;ju Nfhl;Lr; 06
rkhe;ju Neu;NfhL rkhe;ju Nfhl;Lr; Nrhb NrhbfSf;fpilapYk; mike;j Kf;Nfhzp
fSf;Fkpilap fSf;fpilapYk; mike;j fspd; gug;gsT rkd; vDk; Njw;wj;ij
Ys;s Kf;Nfhzp Kf;Nfhzpfspd; gug;gsT mwpthu;.
fspd; gug;gsT rkd; vDk; Njw;wj;jpd;
fSf;fpilapyhd gad;ghL. (epWtypdw ; p) xNu mbiaAk; xNu rkhe;juf; NfhL
njhlu;ig jPu;T fSf;fpilapYk; mike;j Kf;Nfhzp
fSf;Fg; gad; fspd; gug; g sTfs; rkdhFk; vDk;
gLj;Jthu;. Njw;wj;ij tha;g;Gg; ghu;gg
; hu;.
xNu mbiaAk; xNu rkhe;juf; NfhL
fSf;fpilapYk; mike;j Kf;Nfhzp
fspd; gug; g sTfs; rkdhFk; vDk;
Njw;wj;ij cgNahfpj;J fzpj nraw;
ghLfspy; <LgLthu;.
xNu mbiaAk; xNu rkhe;juf; NfhL
fSf;fpilapYk; mike;j Kf;Nfhzp
fspd; gug; g sTfs; rkdhFk; vDk;
Njw; w j; i j cgNahfpj; J Vwpfis
epWTthu;.
23.3 Kf;Nfhzp xd;wpd; xU Kf;Nfhzpapd; gf;f nkhd;Wf;F r; 06
gf;fj;jpw;Fk; mjd; rkhe; jukhf tiuag; g Lk; Neu; N fhL
rkhe;juj;jpw;Fk; Vida ,U gf; f q; f isAk; tpfpj
,ilapyhd rkdhfg; gpupfF
; k; vDk; Njw;wj;ij ,dq;
njhlu;ig fhz;ghu;.
Muha;thu;
37
Nju;rr
; p Nju;rr
; p kl;lk; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;wy; NgWfs; ghl
Ntisfspd;
vz;zpf;if
xU Kf;Nfhzpapd; gf;fnkhd;Wf;F r;
rkhe; jukhf tiuag; gLk; Neu;N fhL
Vida ,U gf; f q; f isAk; tpfpj
rkdhfg; gpupf;Fk; vDk; Njw;w j;ij
tha;g;Gg; ghu;g;ghu;.
xU Kf;Nfhzpapd; gf;fnkhd;Wf;F r;
rkhe; jukhf tiuag; gLk; Neu;N fhL
Vida ,U gf;fq;fisAk; tpfpj rkdh
fg; gpupf;Fk; vDk; Njw;wj;ij
cgNahfpj; J fzpj nra; i ffspy;
<LgLthu;.
xU Kf;Nfhzpapd; gf;fnkhd;Wf;F r;
rkhe; jukhf tiuag; gLk; Neu;N fhL
Vida ,U gf;fq;fisAk; tpfpjrkdh
f g ; g p u p f ; F k ; v D k ; N j w; w j ; j p d ;
kWjiyia mwpe;J nfhs;thu;.
38
Nju;rr
; p Nju;rr
; p kl;lk; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;wy; NgWfs; ghl
Ntisfspd;
vz;zpf;if
xU Kf;Nfhzpapd; gf;f nkhd;Wf;F r;
rkhe;jukhf tiuag;gLk; Neu;NfhL Vida
,U gf; f q; f isAk; tpfpj rkdhfg;
gpupfF
; k; vDk; Njw;wj;jpd; kWjiyia
cgNahfpj; J fzpj nra; i ffspy;
<LgLthu;.
Kf; Nfhzp xd;w pd; gf;f nkhd;Wf; F r;
rkhe; jukhf tiuag; g Lk; Neu; N fhL
Vida ,U gf;fq;fisAk; tpfpjrkdhfg;
gpupf;Fk; vDk; Njw;wj;jpd; kWjiyiag;
ghtpj;J Vwpfis epWTthu;.
23.4 rkNfhz rkNfhz Kf;NfhzpfSk; ,ay;nghj;j Kf;Nfhzpfis mwpe;J 06
Kf;Nfhzpfs; gw;wp ,ay;nghj;j Kf;Nfhzp nfhs;thu;.
Muha;thu;. fSk;. rkNfhz Kf; N fhzpfis mwpe; J
nfhs;thu;.
,U Kf;Nfhzpfs; rkNfhz Kf;Nfhzpfs; ,ay;nghj;j
rkNfhz Kf;Nfhzp Kf;NfhzpfshFk; vd;gij tpsq;fpf;
fshFk; re;ju;gg
; q;fs;. nfhs;thu;.
rkNfhz Kf;Nfhzpfs; ,uz;bd; xj;j
gf;fq;fis ngaupLthu;.
rkNfhz Kf;Nfhzpfs; ,uz;bd; xj;j
gf; f q; f s; tpfpj rkdhFk; vDk;
Njw;wj;ij mwpe;J nfhs;thu;.
rkNfhz Kf;Nfhzpfs; ,uz;bd; xj;j
gf; f q; f s; tpfpj rkdhFk; vDk;
Njw;wj;ij tha;gG ; g; ghu;g;ghu;.
39
Nju;rr
; p Nju;rr
; p kl;lk; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;wy; NgWfs; ghl
Ntisfspd;
vz;zpf;if
rkNfhz Kf;Nfhzpfs; ,uz;bd; xj;j
gf;fq;fs; tpfpj rkdhFk; vDk; Njw;wj;
ijg; gad;gLj;jp fzpj gpurpdq;fisr;
nra;thu;.
rkNfhz Kf;Nfhzpfs; ,uz;bd; xj;j
gf;fq;fs; tpfpjrkdhFk; vDk; Njw;wj;
ijg; gad;gLj;jp Vwpfis epWTthu;.
rkNfhz Kf;Nfhzpfs; ,uz;bd; xj;j
gf;fq;fs; tpfpjrkdhFk; vDk; Njw;wj;
jpd; kWjiyiag; gad;gLj;jp fzpjr;
nra;iffspy; <LgLthu;.
rkNfhz Kf;Nfhzpfs; ,uz;bd; xj;j
gf;fq;fs; tpfpjrkdhFk; vDk; Njw;wj;jpd;
kWjiyia gad;gLj;jp Vwpfis epWTthu;.
23.5 nrq;Nfhz igjfu]; Njw;wj;jpd; nrq;Nfhz Kf;Nfhzp xd;wpd; nrk;gf;fk; 04
Kf;Nfhzp xd;wpd; gad;ghL. (epWty; vjpu; kw;Wk; nrq;Nfhzj;i j cs;slf;Fk;
gf;fq;fSf;F ghu;ff
; g;gltpyi
; y) gf;fq;fis ntt;Ntwhf ngaupLthu;.
,ilapyhd igjfu]; Njw;wj;ij mwpe;J nfhs;thu;.
njhlu;ig igjfu]; Njw; w j; i jg; gad; g Lj; j p
Muha;thu;. fzpj;jy; nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLthu;.
igjfu]; Njw; w j; i jg; gad; g Lj; j p
Vwpfis epWTthu;.
KO vz;fSldhd igjfu]; Kk;ik
njhlu;Gfis ,dq;fhz;ghu;.
40
Nju;rr
; p Nju;rr
; p kl;lk; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;wy; NgWfs; ghl
Ntisfspd;
vz;zpf;if
23.6 Kf;Nfhzp xd;wpd; eLg;Gs;spj; Njw;wj;jpd; Kf;Nfhzp xd;wpd; ,U gf;fq;fspd; eLg; 05
,uz;L gf;fq;fis gad;ghLk; epWtYk;. Gs; s pfis ,izf; F k; Neu; N fhLk; >
tpfpjrkkhfg; gpupf; Vida ,U gf;fq;fisAk; ntt;Ntwhfg;
Fk; NfhL njhlu; eL:g;Gs;spj; Njw;wj;jpd; ngaupLthu;.
ghfg; ngwg;gLk; kWjiyapd; gad;ghL.
KbTfis (epWty; vjpug
; hu;ff
; g;gl eLg;Gs;spj; Njw;wj;ij mwpeJ
; nfhs;thu;.
Muha;thu;. tpyi; y)
eLg;Gs;spj; Njw;wj;ij tha;gG
; ghu;gg
; hu;.
eLg;Gs;spj; Njw;wj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp fzpj
gpurpdq;fisr; nra;thu;.
eLg; Gs;s pj; Njw; wj;i jg; gad; gLj; jp
Vwpfis epWTthu;.
eLg; G s; s pj; Njw; w j; i j Kiwg; g b
epWTthu;.
eLg; Gs;spj; Njw; wj;j pd; kWjiyia
mwpe;J nfhs;thu;.
eLg;Gs;spj; Njw;wj;jpd; kWjiyiag;
gad; g Lj; j p fzpj gpurpdq; f isr;
nra;thu;.
eLg;Gs;spj; Njw;wj;jpd; kWjiyiag;
gad;gLj;jp Vwpfis epWTthu;.
41
Nju;rr
; p Nju;rr
; p kl;lk; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;wy; NgWfs; ghl
Ntisfspd;
vz;zpf;if
Nju;rr; p - 24 24.1 tl;l ehw;gf;fy; tl;l ehw;gf;fy; xd;wpd; tl;l ehw;gf;fy; xd;wpd; vjpu;f;Nfhzr; 05
tl;lq;fs; njhlu; fshf mikAk; vjpuN; fhzq;fs; kpif Nrhbfis vOjpf; fhl;Lthu;.
ghd Nfj;jpu ehw;gf;fy; gw;wp epug;gpahFk; vDk; tl;l ehw;gf;fy; xd;wpd; vjpu;f;Nfhzq;
fzpj vz;zf; Muha;thu;. Njw;wj;jpd; gpuNahfKk; fs; kpif epug;gpahFk; vDk; Njw;wj;ij
fUf;fis mbg; epWtYk;. mwpe;J nfhs;thu;.
gilahff; tl;l ehw;gf;fy; xd;wpd; vjpu;f;Nfhzq;
nfhz;L KbT ehw;gf;fy; xd;wpd; vjpu;f; fs; kpif epug;gpahFk; vDk; Njw;wj;ij
fis vLg;gjw;F Nfhzq;fs; kpifepug;gpfs; tha;g;G ghu;gg; hu;.
ju;f;fuPjpahf vdpd; mjd; cr;rpfs; tl;l ehw;gf;fy; xd;wpd; vjpuf
; N
; fhzq;fs;
rpe;jpg;ghu;. tl;lj;jpd; kPJ mikAk; kpif epug;gpahFk; vDk; Njw;wj;ijg;
vdpd; Njw;wj;jpd; gad; g Lj; j p fzpj gpurpdq; f isj;
gpuNahfk;. (epWty; jPu;g;ghu;.
vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gltpy;iy.) tl;l ehw;gf;fy; xd;wpd; vjpuf
; N
; fhzq;fs;
kpif epug;gpahFk; vDk; Njw;wj;ijg;
gad;gLj;jp Vwpfis epWTthu;.
tl;l ehw;gf;fy; xd;wpd; vjpuf
; N
; fhzq;fs;
kpifepug;g pahFk; vDk; Njw; wj;i j
epWTthu;.
ehw;gf;fy; xd;wpd; vjpu;f;Nfhzq;fs;
kpif epug;gpfs; vdpd; mjd; cr;rpfs;
tl;lj;jpd; kPJ mikAk; Njw;wj;jpid
mwpe;J nfhs;thu;.
ehw;gf;fy; xd;wpd; vjpu;f;Nfhzq;fs;
kpifepug;gpfs; vdpd; mjd; cr;rpfs;
tl;lj;jpd; kPJ mikAk; vDk; Njw;wj;
jpid gad;gLj;jp Vwpfis epWTthu;.
42
Nju;rr
; p Nju;rr
; p kl;lk; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;wy; NgWfs; ghl
Ntisfspd;
vz;zpf;if
24.2 tl;l ehw;gf;fnyhd; tl;l ehw;gf;fnyhd;wpd; tl;l ehw;gf;fnyhd;wpd; gf;fnkhd;iw 05
wpd; mff; Nfhzq; gf;fnkhd;iw ePlL ; ePlL; tjhy; ngwg;gLk; Gwf;Nfhzj;ijAk;
fspdJk; Gwf; tjhy; ngwg;gLk; mjd; mfj;njjpu;f;Nfhzj;ijAk; ,dq;
Nfhzq;fspdJk; Gwf;Nfhzk; mfj; fhz;ghu;.
njhlu;Gfis njjpu;f;Nfhzj;Jf;Fr;
Muha;thu;. rkdhFk; vDk; tl;l ehw;gf;fnyhd;wpd; gf;fnkhd;iw
Njw;wj;jpd; cgNahfk;. eP;lL
; tjhy; ngwg;gLk; Gwf;Nfhzk; mjd;
(Njw;w epWty; vjpu; mfj;njjpu;f ;Nfhzj;Jf;F k; rkdhFk;
ghu;f;fg;gltpy;iy) vDk; Njw;wj;ij ,dq;fhz;ghu;.
tl;l ehw;gf;fnyhd;wpd; gf;fnkhd;iw
ePlL
; tjhy; ngwg;gLk; Gwf;Nfhzk; mjd;
mfj;n jjpu;f ;Nfhzj; Jf; F r; rkdhFk;
vDk; Njw;wj;ij tha;g;Gg; ghu;g;ghu;.
tl;l ehw;gf;fnyhd;wpd; gf;fnkhd;iw
ePlL
; tjhy; ngwg;gLk; Gwf;Nfhzk; mjd;
mfj;n jjpu;f ;Nfhzj; Jf; F r; rkdhFk;
vDk; Njw;wj;ij cgNahfpj;J fzpj
nra;if fspy; <LgLthu;.
tl;l ehw;gf;fnyhd;wpd; gf;fnkhd;iw
ePl;Ltjhy; ngwg;gLk; Gwf;Nfhzk; mfj;
njjpu;f;Nfhzj;Jf;Fr; rkdhFk; vDk;
Njw; w j; i j cgNahfpj; J Vwpfis
epWTthu;.
43
Nju;rr
; p Nju;rr
; p kl;lk; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;wy; NgWfs; ghl
Ntisfspd;
vz;zpf;if
24.3 tl;lj; njhlypfs; njhlypfs; tl;lj;jpYs;s Gs;spnahd;wpy; mt;tl;lj; 04
njhlu;Gila jpd; Miuf;Fr; nrq;Fj;jhf tiuag;gLk;
Nfhzq;fspd; tl;lj;jpYs;s Gs;spnahd; Neu;NfhL mt;tl;lj;jpd; njhlypahFk;
elj;ijfis wpy; mt;tl;lj;jpd; Miuf; vDk; Njw;wj;ij mwpe;J nfhs;thu;.
Kiwahf cWjpg; Fr; nrq;Fj;jhf tiuag;
gLj;Jthu;. gLk; Neu;NfhL mt;tl;lj; tl;lj;jpYs;s Gs;spnahd;wpy; mt;tl;lj;
jpd; njhlypahFk; vDk; jpd; Miuf;Fr; nrq;Fj;jhf tiuag;gLk;
Njw;wj;jpd; cgNahfk;. Neu;NfhL mt;tl;lj;jpd; njhlypahFk;
(epWty; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gl vDk; Njw;wj;ij tha;g;Gg; ghu;g;ghu;.
tpy;iy.)
tl;lj;jpYs;s Gs;spnahd;wpy; mt;tl;lj;
jpd; Miuf;Fr; nrq;Fj;jhf tiuag;gLk;
Neu;NfhL mt;tl;lj;jpd; njhlypahFk;
vDk; Njw;wj;ij cgNahfpj;J fzpj
nra;iffspy; <LgLthu;.
tl;lj;jpy; cs;s Gs;sp tl;lj;jpy; cs;s Gs;spnahd;wpy; mt;tl;
nahd;wpy; mt;tl;lj;jpd; lj;jpd; Miuf;Fr; nrq;Fj;jhf tiuag;
Miuf;Fr; nrq;Fj;jhf gLk; Neu;NfhL mt;tl;lj;jpd; njhlyp
tiuag;gLk; Neu;NfhL mt; ahFk; vDk; Njw;wj;ij cgNahfpj;J
tl;lj;jpd; njhlypahFk; Vwpfis epWTthu;.
vDk; Njw;wj;jpd;
kWjiyia tl;lj;jpy; cs;s Gs;spnahd;wpy; mt;
cgNahfpj;jy;. (epWty; tl;lj;jpd; Miuf;Fr; nrq;Fj;jhf tiuag;
vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gltpy;iy) gLk; Neu;NfhL mt;tl;lj;jpd; njhlyp
ahFk; vDk; Njw;wj;jpd; kWjiyia
,dq;fhz;ghu;.
44
Nju;rr
; p Nju;rr
; p kl;lk; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;wy; NgWfs; ghl
Ntisfspd;
vz;zpf;if
tl;lj;jpy; cs;s Gs;spnahd;wpy; mt;
tl; l j; j pd; Miuf; F r; nrq; F j; j hf
tiuag;gLk; Neu;NfhL mt;tl;lj;jpd;
n j h ly p ah F k ; v D k ; N j w; w j ; jp d ;
kWjiyia tha;g;Gg; ghu;gg ; hu;.
tl;lj;jpy; cs;s Gs;spnahd;wpy; mt;
tl;lj;jpd; Miuf;Fr; nrq;Fj;jhf tiuag;
gLk; Neu;NfhL mt;tl;lj;jpd; njhlypahFk;
vDk; Njw;wj;jpd; kWjiyia cgNahfpjJ ;
fzpj nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLthu;.
tl;lj;jpy; cs;s Gs;spnahd;wpy; mt;
tl;lj;jpd; Miuf;Fr; nrq;Fj;jhf tiuag;
gLk; Neu;NfhL mt;tl;lj;jpd; njhlyp
ahFk; vDk; Njw;wj;jpd; kWjiyia
cgNahfpj;J Vwpfis epWTthu;.
; s;sp xd;wpy; ntspg;Gs;spnahd;wp
24.4 ntspgG ntspgG ; s;sp xd;wpy; ,Ue;J tl;lnkhd; 04
,Ue;J tl;lj;Jf;F ypUe;J tl;lk; xd;Wf;F Wf;F ,U njhlypfs; tiuag;gl;bUe;jhy;>
tiuag;gLk; ,U njhlypfs; tiuag; (i) njhlypfs; ePsj;jpy; rkdhFk;
njhlypfspd; gl;bUe;jhy;> (ii) njhlypfs; ikaj;jpy; vjpuikf;Fk;
gz;Gfis (i) njhlypfs; ePsj;jpy; Nfhzq;fs; rkdhdit
Muha;thu;. rkdhFk;. (iii) ikaj;ijAk; ntspg;Gs;spiaAk;
(ii) njhlypfs; ikaj;jpy; ,izf;Fk; nrq;NfhL njhlypfSf;
vjpuikf;Fk; Nfhzq; fpilapyhd Nfhzj;ij ,Urkf;
fs; rkdhdit. $wpLk; vDk; Njw;wj;ij mwpe;J
nfhs;thu;.
45
Nju;rr
; p Nju;rr
; p kl;lk; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;wy; NgWfs; ghl
Ntisfspd;
vz;zpf;if
(iii) ikaj;ijAk; ntspg; Njw;wj;ij tha;gG; g; ghu;g;ghu;.
Gs;spiaAk; ,izf; Njw;wj;ij cgNahfpj;J> fzpj nra;if
Fk; NfhL njhlypf; fis Nkw;nfhs;thu;.
fpilapyhd Njw; w j; i j cgNahfpj; J tpjpfis
Nfhzj;ij ,U$wp epWTthu;.
Lk; vDk; Njw;wj;jpd; Njw;wj;ij Kiwahf epWtpf; fhz;gpgg; hu;.
cgNahfKk;
epWTjYk;.
24.5 tl;lj;jpd; njhlypf; xd;Wtpl;l Jz;lf; xd;Wtpl;l Jz;lf; Nfhzj;ij mwpthu;. 02
Fk; njhLGs;spapy; Nfhzj;ij mwpe;J
cs;s ehZf;Fk; nfhs;thu;. tl;lj;jpd; njhlypf;Fk; njhLGs;spapy;
,ilapy; cs;s cs;s ehZf;Fk; ,ilapy; cs;s Nfhz
NfhzkhdJ xd;W tl;lj;jpd; njhlypf;Fk; khdJ xd;Wtpl;l Jz;lf; Nfhzj;Jf;F
tpl;l Jz;lf; njhLGs;spapy; cs;s rkdhFk; vDk; Njw; w j;i j mwpe; J
Nfhzj;Jf;Fk; ehZf;Fk; ,ilapy; nfhs;thu;.
cs;s njhlu;ig cs;s NfhzkhdJ
Muha;thu;. xd;Wtpl;l Jz;lf; tl;lj;jpd; njhlypf;Fk; njhLGs;spapy;
Nfhzj;Jf;F rkdhFk; cs;s ehZf;Fk; ,ilapy; cs;s Nfhz
vDk; Njw;wj;ij khdJ xd;Wtpl;l Jz;lf; Nfhzj;Jf;F
cgNahfpj;jy;. rkdhFk; vDk; Njw;wj;ij tha;g;Gg;
(epWty; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gl ghu;g;ghu;.
tpy;iy.)
tl;lj;jpd; njhlypf;Fk; njhLGs;spapy;
cs;s ehZf;Fk; ,ilapy; cs;s Nfhz
khdJ xd;W tpl;l Jz;lf; Nfhzj;Jf;F
rkdhFk; vDk; Njw;wj;ij cgNahfpjJ ;
fzpj nra;iffspy; <LgLthu;.
46
Nju;rr
; p Nju;rr
; p kl;lk; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;wy; NgWfs; ghl
Ntisfspd;
vz;zpf;if
tl;lj;jpd; njhlypf;Fk; njhLGs;spapy;
cs;s ehZf;Fk; ,ilapy; cs;s Nfhz
khdJ xd;Wtpl;l Jz;lf; Nfhzj;Jf;F
rkdhFk; vDk; Njw;wj;ij cgNahfpjJ ;
Vwpfis epWtpf; fhl;Lthu;.
Nju;rr
; p - 27 27.1 Kf;Nfhzpfs; Neu;tpspk;G kw;Wk; ftuh Neu;tpspk;igAk; ftuhaj;ijAk; gad; 03
Nfj;jpuf; fzpj njhlu;ghd aj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp> gLj;jp Nfhnlhd;wpd; nrq;Fj;J ,Urk
tpjpfis tl;lq;fis Rw;W tl;lj;ij $whf;fp> Nfhz ,Urk$whf;fp> Neu;f;
cgNahfpj;Jk; mikg;ghu;. mikj;jy;. Nfhnlhd;wpd; kPJs;s Gs;spapy; nrq;Fj;J
Rw;whlypy; cs;s cs;tl;lj;ij tiujy;> ntspg;Gs;spapypUe;J Neu;Nfh
mikTfspd; mikj;jy;. nlhd;wpw;F nrq;Fj;J tiujy; Nghd;w
jd;ikg; gw;wpg; ntsptl;lj;ij tw;iw mikg;ghu;.
gFg;gha;T mikj;jy;. Rw;W tl;lk; mikg;ghu;.
nra;thu;. nrq;Nfhz Kf;Nfhzp xd;wpd; Rw;W
ikaj;jpd; mikit fz;lwpthu;.
$u;q;Nfhz Kf;Nfhzp xd;wpd; Rw;W
ikak; mikAk; ,lj; i j mwpe; J
$Wthu;.
tpupNfhz Kf;Nfhzp xd;wpd; Rw;W ikak;
mikAk; ,lj;ij mwpe;J $Wthu;.
cs;tl;lj;ij mikg;ghu;.
ntsptl;lj;ij mikg;ghu;.
47
Nju;rr
; p Nju;rr
; p kl;lk; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;wy; NgWfs; ghl
Ntisfspd;
vz;zpf;if
27.2 njhlypAld; njhlu; tl;lj;jpd; kPJs;s Gs;sp tl;lnkhd;wpd; kPJs;s Gs;sp xd;wpypUe;J 02
ghd Nfhzq; xd;wpy; njhlyp mikj;jy;. njhlyp mikg;ghu;.
fSf;F ,ilap ntspg;Gs;sp xd;wpypUe;J ntspg;Gs;sp xd;wpypUe;J tl;lj;jpw;F
Ys;s njhlu;G tl;lj;jpw;F njhlyp njhlypia mikg;ghu;.
fisg; gpuNahfpj;J mikj;jy;. NkNy mikj;j mikg;Gfisf; nfhz;L
tl;lj;jpw;fhd njhlyp njhlu;ghd Njw;wq;fis
njhlypfis tha;g;Gg; ghu;g;ghu;.
mikg;ghu;.
Nju;rr
; p - 28 28.1 juTfis tiuG juTfis tiff;Fwpj;jy; kPbwd; guk;gnyhd;wpd; tFg;G tiug;G 03
md;whl Kiwapy; tiff; tFg;G vy;iyfSk; fisAk; tFg;G vy;iyfisAk; mwpthu;.
eltbf;iffis Fwpg;ghu;. tFg;G tiug;GfSk;
,yFthf;fpf; tiyAU tiuak; kPbwd; guk;gnyhd;wpd; tFg;G vy;iyf;
nfhs;tjw;Fj; (tFg;Gfs; rkdhd / Fk; tFg;G tiug;Gf;Fk; ,ilapyhd
juTfis tif rkdw;w) NtWghl;il tpsf;Fthu;.
Fwpf;Fk; gy;NtW
Kiwfis kPbwd; guk;gnyhd;wpd; tFg;G tiug;G
Muha;thu;. fisAk; tFg;G vy;iyiaAk; Njb
mwpthu;.
tFg;ghapilfs; rkdhd njhlu; khwp
fisf; nfhz;l kPbwd; guk;gnyhd;wpd;
juTfis tiyAU tiuaj;jpy; fhl;Lthu;.
tiyAU tiuaj;jpd; xt;nthU epuypd
Jk; gug;gsT %yk; kPbwd; (f) fhl;lg;gL
fpwJ vd;gij ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.
48
Nju;rr
; p Nju;rr
; p kl;lk; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;wy; NgWfs; ghl
Ntisfspd;
vz;zpf;if
rkdw;w tFg;ghapilfisf; nfhz;l
kPbwd; guk;gnyhd;wpy; rkdw;w tFg;
ghapilfisf; nfhz;l kPbwd; guk;giy
gUkdpy; rpwpa tFg;ghapilapdhy; tFg;g
jd; %yk; vj;jid klq;F vd;gij
Fwpj; j tFg; ghapil gUkd;
= n
rpwpa tFg; ghapilapd; gUkd;
fhZthu;.
rkdw;w tFg;ghapilfisf; nfhz;l vz;
guk;giy tiyAU tiuaj;jpy; fhl;Lk;
NghJ tiyAU tiuaj;jpd; cauj;ijg;
f
ngWtjw;F %yk; ngWthu;.
n
rkdw; w tFg; ghapilfSld; njhlu;
khwpfisf; nfhz;l kPbwd; guk;gnyhd;
wpd; tiyAU tiuaj;ij tiuthu;.
gpdd
; f khwpfisf; nfhz;l kPbwd; guk;g
nyhd;wpd; xt;nthU tFg;ghapilfspdJk;
tFg;G tiug;Gfis xOq;FgLj;Jthu;.
gpdd
; f khwpfisf; nfhz;l kPbwd; guk;g
nyhd;wpd; juTfisf; nfhz;L tiyAU
tiuaj;ij tiuthu;.
49
Nju;rr
; p Nju;rr
; p kl;lk; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;wy; NgWfs; ghl
Ntisfspd;
vz;zpf;if
28.2 juTfis tiff; jiTfis tiff; tiyAU tiuaj;ijf; nfhz;L kPbwd; 03
Fwpf;Fk; tiuG Fwpj;jy;. gy;Nfhzpia tiuthu;.
fSf;fpilapy; kPbwd; gy;Nfhzp
cs;s kPbwd; gy;Nfhzpapd; gug;gsT tiyAU
njhlu;Gfis tiyaj;jpd; gug;gsTf;F rkd; vd Vw;Wf;
cUthf;Fthu;. nfhs;thu;.
tFg;ghapilfspd; eLg;ngWkhdj;ijAk;
xt;nthU tFg;gpd; kPbwidAk; nfhz;L
kPbwd; gy;Nfhzpia tiuthu;.
kPbwd; gy;Nfhzpia tiuifapy; Kjy;
cs;s tFg;ghapilf;F Kd; cs;s tFg;
ghapilapd; eLg;ngWkhdj;ijAk;> ,Wjp
tFg;ghapilf;F mLj;Js;s tFg;ghapil
apd; eLg;ngWkhdj;ijAk; Vida tFg;
ghapilfspd; eLg; n gWkhdq; f Sld;
,izf;f Ntz;bajw;fhd tpsf;fj;ijf;
$Wthu;.
Kjy; tFg; g hapilf; F Kd; cs; s
tFg; g hapilapd; eLg; n gWkhdKk; >
filrp tFg;ghapilf;F mLj;Js;s tFg;
ghapilapd; eLg; n gWkhdKk; fpil
mr;Rld; nghUe;jp kPbwd; gy;Nfhzpia
tiua Ntz;Lk; vdf; $Wthu;.
50
Nju;rr
; p Nju;rr
; p kl;lk; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;wy; NgWfs; ghl
Ntisfspd;
vz;zpf;if
28.3 juTj;njhFjp juTfis tiff; kPbwd; guk;gy; xd;wpy; kPbwd; epuypd; 03
xd;wpd; jpus; Fwpj;jy;. ngWkhdq;fis fPopUe;J NkyhfNth>
kPbwDf;Fk; tFg; jpus; kPbwd; tisap NkypUe;J fPohfNth $l;b jpus; kPbwd;
ngy;iyfSf;Fk; epuiyg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;thu;.
,ilapYs;s
njhlu;Gfis xt; n thU tFg;ghapilapdJk; Nky;
tiff; Fwpg;ghu;. vy;iyAk; mt;tFg;ghapilf;Fupa jpus;
kP b widAk; nfhz; L jpus; kP b wd;
tisapia tiuthu;.
Nju;rr
; p - 29 29.1 jpus; kPbwd; juTfis tpsf;Fjy;. kPbwd; guk;gy; xd;iw ehd;Frk gFjp 03
md;whl tisap xd;wpy; fhyizfs;> fhyiz fshfg; gpupgg
; jhy; fhyizfs; ngwg;gLk;
eltbf;iffis Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;s ,iltPr;R vd;gtw;iw vd;gij tpsf;Fthu;.
,yFthf;fpf; juTfis tpsf;f mwpKfk; nra;jy;.
nfhs;sj; juT fhyizfs;> VWtupirg; g Lj; jg; g l;l n vz; zpf; i f
fis tiff; fhyiz ,iltPrR ; 1
Fwpf;Fk; gy;NtW vd;gtw;iw gad; nfhz;l juTfspy; n 1 k; ,lj;jpy;
4
Kiwfis gLj;Jthu;.
Muha;thu;. cs;s ngWkhdk; Q1 Kjyhk; fhyiz
MFk; vd mwpthu;.
VWtupirg; g Lj; jg; g l;l n vz; zpf; i f
1
nfhz;l juTfspy; n 1 k; ,lj;jpy;
2
cs; s ngWkhdk; Q2 ,uz; l hk;
fhyiz ahFk; vd mwpthu;.
51
Nju;rr
; p Nju;rr
; p kl;lk; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;wy; NgWfs; ghl
Ntisfspd;
vz;zpf;if
VWtupirg;gLj;jg;gl;l n vz;zpf;i f
3
nfhz;l juTfspy; n 1 k; ,lj;jpy;
4
cs;s ngWkhdk; Q3 %d;whk; fhyiz
ahFk; vd mwpthu;.
jpus; kPbwd; tisap juTfs; $l;lnkhd;wpy; ,uz;lhk; fhyiz
($l;lkhf;fg;glhj>
$l;lkhf;fg;gl;l) Q2 mj;juTfspd; ,ilak; MFk; vd
fhyizfs; mwpe;J nfhs;thu;.
fhyizapiltPr;R
juTfs; $l; l nkhd; w py; %d; w hk;
fhyizf;Fk; Kjyhk; fhyizf;Fk;
,ilapy; cs;s tpj;jpahrk; Q3 Q1
fhyiz ,iltPrR
; vd mwpeJ
; nfhs;thu;.
juTfs; $l;lnkhd;iw VWtupirg;gLj;jp
fP o ; N ehf; f p 25% Nky; N ehf; f p 25%
mfw;wpaNghJ ngwg;gLk; tPr;R fhyiz
,iltPr;R vd Vw;Wf; nfhs;thu;.
52
Nju;rr
; p Nju;rr
; p kl;lk; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;wy; NgWfs; ghl
Ntisfspd;
vz;zpf;if
1
kPbwd; n Mapd; n Mk; ,lj;jpYs;s
4
ngWkhdk; Kjyhk; fhyiz Q1
vd;gij jpus;> kPbwd; tisapiaf;
nfhz;L fhz;ghu;.
1
kPbwd; n Mapd; n Mk; ,lj;jpYs;s
2
ngWkhdk; ,uz;lhk; fhyiz Q2
vd;gij jpus;> kPbwd; tisapiaf;
nfhz;L fhz;ghu;.
3
kPbwd; n Mapd; n Mk; ,lj;jpYs;s
4
ngWkhdk; %d;whk; fhyiz Q3
vd;gij jpus;> kPbwd; tisapiaf;
nfhz;L fhz;ghu;.
Kjyhk; > %d; w hk; fhyizfisf;
nfhz;L fhyizapil tPri; rf; fhz;ghu;.
md;whl tho;f;ifapy; Vw;gLk; gpurpdq;
fisj; jPu;f;f> fhyiz> fhyizapil
tPr;ir cgNahfpg;ghu;.
53
Nju;rr
; p Nju;rr
; p kl;lk; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;wy; NgWfs; ghl
Ntisfspd;
vz;zpf;if
Nju;rr
; p - 30 30.1 njhilfs; njhlu; njhil njhilfs; %d;iw ntd;cUtpy; fhl;lf; 06
md;whl tho;f;if ghd gpurpdq;fisj; ntd; cUitg; gad; $ba gy;NtW re;ju;g;gq;fis tiue;J
eltbf;iffis jPu;gg
; jw;fhf ntd; gLj;jy;. fhl;Lthu;.
,yFthf;fpf; cUitg; gad; (%d;W njhilfs;)
nfhs;tjw;F gLj;Jthu;. %d;W njhilfis Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;s
njhilfs; gw;wpa ntd;cUtpy; epow;wg;gl;Ls;s gpuNjrq;
Nfhl;ghLfisf; fSf; F upa njhilia nrhw; f spy;
ifahs;thu;. tpgupg;ghu;.
%d;W njhilfis Fwpf;fg;gl;l ntd;
cUtpy; epow;w g;gl;lg; gpuNjrj;ijf;
fhl;Lk; njhilia njhilf; Fwpg;glP b
; y;
vOjpf; fhl;Lthu;.
%d;W njhilfs; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s ntd;
cUtpy; nrhw;fspy; tpgupf;Fk; gpuNjrq;
fis epow;wpf; fhl;Lthu; / Fwpj;Jf;
fhl;Lthu;.
njhilfspd; xd;wpg;G> %d;W njhilfs; fhzg;gLk; ntd;cU
,ilntl;L kw;Wk; njhil tpy; njhilf; FwpaPl;by; jug;gl;Ls;s
xd;wpd; epug;gp vd;gtw;Wf; njhilia epow;wpf; fhl;Lthu;.
Fupa gpuNjrj;ij mwpe;J
nfhs;sy;. %d;W njhilfs; cldhd fzpjf;
gpurpdk; jPu;j;jy;. nra;iffis ntd;cUtpd; %yk;
jPu;itg; ngWthu;.
rhu; epfo;rr
; pfspd; ,ay;ig tpsf;Fthu;.
54
Nju;rr
; p Nju;rr
; p kl;lk; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;wy; NgWfs; ghl
Ntisfspd;
vz;zpf;if
Nju;rr; p - 31 31.1 Neu;jfit tif vOkhw;Wg; gupNrhjid rhu; epfo; r ; r pfs; njhlu; ghd jP u ; i t 07
vjpu;fhy epfo;T Fwpf;Fk; gy;NtW xd;wpy; (rhu; epfo;r;rpfs; Kd;itg;ghu;.
fis vjpuT ; $Wt Kiwfspd; %yk; mlq;fyhf) khjpupntsp rhu; epfo;r;rpfs;> rhuh epfo;r;rpfis
jw;F epfo;r;rp md;whl epfo;T khjpupntspia rJu NtWgLj;jp mwpthu;.
xd;wpd; Neu; fSf;F tpsf;f tiyapy; Fwpj;jy;. rhu; epfo;r;rpfs; mlq;fpa vOkhw;Wg;
jfitg; gFg;gha;T kspg;ghu;. (njf;fhl;Lj;jsk;) gupNrhjidapd; khjpup ntspia rJu
nra;thu;. kutupg; glj;jpy; fhl;Ljy;. tiyapy; Fwpj;Jf; fhl;Lthu;.
(,U re;ju;gg; q;fs; tiu) rhu; epfo;r;rpfs; mlq;fpa vOkhw;Wg;
njf;fhl;Lj;jsKk;> kutupg; gupNrhjidapd; khjpup ntspia rJu
glk; %yk; rhu; epfo;r;rp tiyapy; Fwpff ; g;gl;Ls;sij mtjhdpjJ ;
fSk; mlq;fyhf gpurpde; tpdhTk; epfo;r;rpfSf;fhd epfo;jfit
jPu;jj
; y;. vOjpf; fhl;Lthu;.
rJu tiyia mtjhdpj;J rhu; epfo;rr ; p
fs; cs;slq;fpa gpurpdq;fisj; jPug ; g ; hu;.
,uz;L re;ju;g;gq;fs; mlq;fpa rhu;
epfo; r ; r pfis nfhz; l vOkhw; W g;
gupNrhjid xd;wpd; khjpup ntspia
kutupg;glj;jpy; fhl;Lthu;.
xt;nthU re;ju;g;gj;jpd;NghJk; kutupg;
glj;jpy; gpupgLk; epfo;jfTfspd; $l;Lj;
njhif 1 (xd; W) vd;g ij ntspg;
gLj;Jthu;.
k u tupg; g lj; i j mtjh d pj; J r h u ;
epfo;r;rpfs; njhlu;ghd gpurpdq;fisj;
jPu;g;ghu;.
55
Mrpupau; topfhl;b - juk; 11 fzpjk;
2.0 fw;gpj;jy; njhlnuhOq;F
57
Mrpupau; topfhl;b - juk; 11 fzpjk;
2.0 fw;gpj;jy; njhlnuhOq;F
cs;slf;fk; Njh;r;rp kl;lk; ghlNtisfs;
k;
1 jtiz
1. nka;naz;fs; 1.1, 1.2, 1.3 10
2. Rl;bfSk; klf;iffSk; I 6.1, 6.2 08
3. Rl;bfSk; klf;iffSk; II 6.3, 6.4 (gFjp) 06
4. jpz;kq;fspd; Nkw;wsg; gug;gsT 8.1 05
5. jpz;kq;fspd; fdtsT 10.1 05
6. <UWg;Gf; Nfhitfs; 14.1 04
7. ml;ru fzpj gpd;dq;fs; 16.1 04
8. rkhe;ju Neh;NfhLfSf;fpilapy; 23.1, 23.2 12
cs;s jsTUf;fspd; gug;gsT
54
k;
2 jtiz
9. rjtPjk; 5.1, 5.2 06
10. $l;bizf;fg;gl;l fk;gdp 5.3 05
11. eLg;Gs;spj; Njw;wk; 23.6 05
12. tiuGfs; 20.1, 20.2, 12
20.3
13. rkd;ghLfs; 17.1, 17.2 10
14. rkNfhz Kf;;Nfhzpfs; 23.3, 23.4 12
15. juTfis tifFwpj;jYk;> 28.1, 28.2 12
tpsf;fk; $wYk; 28.3, 29.1
16. ngUf;fy; tpUj;jp 2.1 06
68
k;
2 jtiz
17. igjfuRj; Njw;wk; 23.5 04
18. jphpNfhz fzpjk; 13.1, 13.2, 6.4(gFjp) 12
19. jhaq;fs; 20.4 08
20. rkdpypfs; 18.1 06
21. tl;l ehw;gf;fy; 24.1, 24.2 10
22. njhlypfs; 24.3, 24.4,24.5 10
23. mikg;Gfs; 27.1, 27.2 05
24. njhilfs; 30.1 06
25. epfo;jfT 31.1 07
68
nkhj;jk; 190
58
Mrpupau; topfhl;b - juk; 11 fzpjk;
fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; - kjpg;gPL
njhlh;gpyhd topfhl;ly;fs;
59
Mrpupau; topfhl;b - juk; 11 fzpjk;
01. nka;naz;fs;
Nju;r;rp 1 : mbg;gil tho;f;ifj; Njitfis ntw;wpfukhf epiwT nra;J
nfhs;Sk; tifapy; nka;naz; njhilapy; fzpjr; nra;iffis
Nkw;nfhs;thu;.
Nju;r ;r p kl;lk; 1.1 : tpfpjKW vz; njhiliag; gFg;gha;T nra;thu;.
1. 2 : nka;naz; njhilia gFg;gha;T nra;thu;.
1. 3 : NrLfSldhd mbg; g il fzpjr; nra; i ffis
Nkw;nfhs;thu;.
ghl Ntisfs; : 10
mwpKfk; :
p
• p, q vd;gd epiwnaz;fSk; q¹0 MfTk; ,Uf;f
q
vd;Dk; tbtpy; vOjf;$ba vz;fs; tpfpjKW vz;fs; MFk;.
• tpfpjKW vz;fspd; njhil ‘ ¤ ’ vdf; Fwpg;gL
P nra;ag;gLk;.
• KbTW jrkk;> kPSk; jrkk; vd;gtw;iwj; jUk; vg;gpd;dKk;
epiwntz;fSk; tpfpjKW vz;fshFk;.
• KbTW jrkk; fpilf;fg;ngWk; gpd;dnkhd;wpd; gFjp vz;zpd;
Kjd;ikf; fhuzpfs; 2 my;yJ 5 my;yJ 2 ck; 5 ck;
MFk;.
• kPSk; jrkk; fpilf;fg;ngWk; gpd;dnkhd;wpd; gFjp vz;zp;d;
fhuzpfshf 2> 5 my;yhj NtW Kjd;ik vz;zpd; tYTk;
my;yJ Kjd;ik vz;fspd; tYf;fSk; mikAk;.
p
• 2 , 3 Nghd;
w vd;Dk; tbtpy; epiwnaz;fs; tpfpjkhf
q
vOjKbahj vz;fs; tpfpjKwh vz;fs; vdg;gLk;.
• tpfpjKwh vz;fspd; njhil ‘ ¤/ ’ vdf; Fwpgg
; L
P nra;ag;gLk;.
• tpfpjKW vz;fs;> tpfpjKwh vz;fisf; nfhz;l njhil
nka;naz;fspd; njhil vdg;gLk;.
• nka;naz;fspd; njhil ‘R’ vdf; Fwpg;gPL nra;ag;gLk;.
• nka;naz;fis vz;Nfhl;bd; kPJ tifFwpf;fyhk;.
• KbTW jrkk; fpilf;fg;ngWk; gpd;dnkhd;wpd; gFjp vz;zpd;
Kjd;ikf; fhuzpfs; 2 my;yJ 5 my;yJ 2 ck; 5 ck;
MFk;.
60
Mrpupau; topfhl;b - juk; 11 fzpjk;
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 1.1 ,w;fhd fw;ww; NgWfs; :
1. juggl;l gpd;dq;fisr; RUf;Fthu;. mtw;wpy; KbTW jrkk;>
kPSk; jrkk; jUk; gpd;dq;fis ,dq;fhz;ghu;.
2. gFjp vz;izg; guPl;rpg;gjd; %yk; KbTW jrkk;> kPSk; jrkk;
vd;gtw;iwj; njupTnra;thu;.
p
3. p, q vd;gd epiwnaz;fshfTk; q ¹ 0 MfTk; ,Uf;f vd;Dk;
q
tbtpy; vOjf;$ba gpdd
; q;fs; KbTW jrkq;fs; MFk; my;yJ
kPSk; jrkq;fs; MFk; vdTk; vd;gij Vw;Wf;nfhs;thu;.
p
4. p, q vd;gd epiwnaz;fshfTk; q ¹ 0 MfTk; ,Uf;f vd;Dk;
q
tbtpy; vOjf;$ba vz;fs; tpfpjKW vz;fs; (Q) vdf; $Wthu;.
5. epiwnaz;fSk; tpfpjKW vz;fNs vd;gjw;Ff; fhuzk; $Wthu;.
fiyr;n rhw;fs; :
KbTW jrkk; - wka; oYu - Finite decimals
kPSk; jrkk; - iudj¾; oYu - Recurring decimals
Kbtpy; jrkk; - wkka; oYu - Infinite decimals
epiwnaz;fs; - ksÅ, - Integers
NrL - lrKs - Surd
KOikr; NrL - wÅ, lrKs - Entire surd
tpfpjKW vz;fs; - mßfïh ixLHd - Rational numbers
tpfpjKwh vz;fs; - wmßfïh ixLHd - Irrational numbers
nka;naz;fs; - ;d;aúl ixLHd - Real numbers
ghlj;i j jpl;lkpLtjw;f hd mwpTWj;jy;fs; :
Nju;rr
; p kl;lk; 1.1 fPOs;s fw;ww;NgWfs; 1> 2 vd;gtw;Wf;F
cupa ghltplaq;fis khztu;fsplj;j py; tpUj;jp
n r a; t jw; F > n t spf; n fhz u; K i w> tpupTi uf;
fye;Jiuahly; Kiw> tpisahl;bD}lhff; fw;wy;
Nghd;w gy;NtW Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;jyhk;. ,q;F
Ma;ej ; wpjy; Kiw %yk; KbTW jrkq;fisAk; kPSk;
jrkq;fisAk; ,dq;fhz;gJ njhlu;ghd jpwd;fis
khztu;fsplk; tpUj;jp nra;tjw;fhf jahupf;fg;gl;l
khjpup xd;W fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jd; %yk; my;yJ
NtW nghUj;jkhd xU Kiwia cgNahfpj;J NkNy
Fwpg; g pl; l jpwd; f is tpUj; j p nra; t J ,q; N f
vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpwJ.
61
Mrpupau; topfhl;b - juk; 11 fzpjk;
fhyk; : 40 epkplq;fs;
ju cs;sPLfs; :
• khztu; nraw;ghl;Lg; gbtk; I ,d; gpujpfs;
• khztu; nraw;ghl;Lg; gbtk; II ,d; gpujpfs;
MrpupaUf;f hd mwpTWj; j y;f s;
ghlg; g puNtrk; : • vz;nzhd;wpd; fhuzpfs;> Kjd;ikf; fhuzpfs; gw;wp
cjhuzq;fs; %yk; epidt+l;Lf.
• gpd; d q; f isj; jrkq; f shf khw; W tJ njhlu; g hf
1 1
khztuplk; tpdtp > Nghd;w gpd;dq;fisj; jrkq;
2 4
fshf khw;Wtjw;F khztu;fis <LgLj;Jf.
• gpd;dq;fisj; jrkq;fshf khw;Wk;NghJ ngwg;gLk;
tpilfs; gy;NtW tbtpy; mikayhk; vdf; $wp> mJ
njhlu;ghf Ma;e;jwptjw;fhfg; gpd;tUk; nraw;ghl;by;
khztu;fis <LgLj;Jf.
ghl tpUj;j p :
• tFg;igg; nghUj;jkhdthW FOf;fshfg; gpupj;J> xt;n;thU
FOtpw;F k; nraw;ghl;Lg; gbtj;jpd; gpujp tPjk; toq;fp
mtu;fisr; nraw;ghl;by; <LgLj;Jf.
• khztu;fspd; fz;lwpjy;fis Kd;itg;gjw;Fr; re;ju;g;gk;
toq;fp gpd;tUk; tplaq;fis Nkw;nfhzu;eJ
; fye;JiuahLf.
• gpd;dq;fisj; jrk vz;fshf khw;Wk;NghJ ngwg;gLk;
jrkq;fs; ,uz;L tifcz;L.
• mit KbTW jrkq;fs;> kPSk; jrkq;fs; MFk;.
• KbTW jrkq;fisj; jUk; gpd;dq;fspd; gFjp vz;fs;>
2 ,d; tYit my;yJ 5 ,d; tYit my;yJ 2> 5 vd;g
tw;wpd; tYf;fis kl;Lk; fhuzpfshff; nfhz;bUf;Fk;.
• kPSk; jrkq;fisj; jUk; gpd;dq;fspd; gFjp vz;fs; 2>
3 my;yhj Vida Kjd;ik vz;fspd; tYf;fisAk;
fhuzpfisf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;.
• fye;Jiuahlypd; gpd;du;> 5 epkpl fhyj;jpDs; Kbf;f
Ntz;ba epge;jidAld; ,uz;lhk; nraw;gbtj;ij toq;fp
mjid xt;nthU khztDk; jdpjj ; dpahf tpisahl;by;
<LgLkhW nra;f.
• fw;w tplaq;fis cWjp nra;J nfhs;Sk; tifapy;
fye;JiuahLf.
62
Mrpupau; topfhl;b - juk; 11 fzpjk;
khztUf;fhd nraw;gbtk; - I
• gpd;tUk; ml;ltizapy; A, B, C, D vd;w ehd;F vz;
njhFjpfspy; cq;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;l njhFjpiag;
nghUj;jkhdthW FOtpy; cs;s mq;fj;jtu;fSld; gfpue
; J
; nfhs;f.
A 4, 6 9, 10 3, 8 7, 20
B 5, 6 10, 11 8, 9 7, 20
C 5, 9 6, 8 10, 12 7, 20
D 3, 4 6, 10 8, 12 7, 20
• cq;fSf;Ff; fpilf;fg;ngw;w xt;nthU vz;izAk; gFjp vz;zhff;
nfhz;l ,uz;L gpd;dq;fs; vOJf.
• ePq;fs; vOjpa ,uz;L gpd;dq;fisAk; jrkq;fshf khw;Wf.
(tFf;Fk;NghJ kPjp tupd; njhlu;e;J tFg;gjw;F Kaw;rpf;f.)
• cq;fs; FOTf;F fpilf;fg;ngw;w vy;yhj; jrk vz;fspdJk;
,ay;GfSf;Nfw;g mtw;iw ,uz;L $l;lq;fshf Nehf;Ff.
• mf;$l;lq;fis ,dq;fhz;gjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd ngau;fisf;
$WtNjhL mj;jrk vz;fis vOJtjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd Kiw
xd;iwAk; $Wf.
• ePq;fs; jrkq;fshf khw;wpa gpd;dq;fisAk; gFjp vz;fisAk;>
mg;gFjp vz;fspd; Kjd;ikf; fhuzpfisAk; nfhz;ljhf gpd;tUk;
ml;ltizia epug;Gf.
gFjp vz;zpd; gpd;dj;jpypUe;J
gpd;dk;
Kjd;ikf; fhuzpfs; fpilf;fg;ngw;w jrkvz;
• gpd; d nkhd; i wj; jrkkhf khw; W k; N ghJ fpilf; F k; jrkk;
vt;tifahdJ vd;gij mg;gpdd ; j;jpd; gFjp vz;iz mtjhdpgg ; jd;
%yk; mwpe; J nfhs; s KbAkh vd; g J gw; w pf; FOtpDs;
fye;Jiuahb ePq;fs; ngWk; KbTfis KO tFg;gpw;Fk; Kd;
itg;gjw;F Maj;jk; MFf.
63
Mrpupau; topfhl;b - juk; 11 fzpjk;
khztUf;fhd nraw;gbtk; - II ; tpisahl; L
• fPNo ml;ltizapy; jug;gl;Ls;s gpd;dq;fis KbTW jrkk;>
kPSk; jrkk; vd Ntwhf;fp mtw;iwf; fPNo mLj;Jj; jug;gl;Ls;s
ml;ltizapy; vOJf.
,jw;fhf cq;fSf;F xJf;fg;gl;l fhyk; 5 epkplq;fs; kl;LNk.
2 2 5 5 7 4 5 7 11 8
5 3 7 8 12 9 21 32 40 33
23 17 5 31 7 1 9 53 3 5
50 30 81 64 360 35 11 128 12 30
KbTW jrkj;ij
jUk; gpd;dk;
kPSk; jrkj;ij
jUk; gpd;dk;
Gs;sp toq;fy; rupahfj; njupT nra;jy; + 01 Gs;sp
gpioahfj; njupT nra;jy; - 01 Gs;sp
fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk; :
• khztu;fs; nraw;ghl;by; <Lgl;bUf;Fk;NghJ gpdt ; Uk; epajpfspd;
fPo; mtu;fisf; fzpg;gPL nra;f.
• gpd;dq;fis jrkq;fshf khw;Wk;NghJ ,uz;L tifahd
jrkq;fs; fpilf;Fk; vd;gij ,dq;fhz;ghu;.
• jrkj;jpd; tiff;Fk;> mjw;Fupa gpdd
; j;jpd; gFjp vz;Zf;Fk;
,ilapy; njhlu;G cz;L vd;gij Vw;Wf;nfhs;thu;.
• gpd;dj;jpd; gFjp vz;zpd; Kjd;ikf; fhuzpfs; 2 my;yJ
5 my;yJ 2 ck; 5 ck; Mf ,Ug;gpd; mg;gpd;dk; KbTW
jrkj; i jj; jUtNjhL Kjd; i kf; fhuzpfspy; 2> 5
vd;gtw;NwhL my;yJ ,tw;iwj; jtpu;j;J NtW Kjd;ik
vz;fSk; fhzg;gbd; mg;gpd;dk; kPSk; jrkj;ijj; jUk;
vdf; $Wthu;.
• gpd;dj;jpd; gFjp vz;iz mtjhdpj;J> mg;gpd;dj;jpypUe;J
fpilf;Fk; jrkk; KbTW jrkk; my;yJ kPSk; jrkk;
vd;gijj; njupTnra;thu;.
• tpisahl;bd; Clhff; fw;w tplaq;fis cWjp nra;J
nfhs;thu;.
• ghlE}ypy; myF 1 ,w;Fupa gapw;rpfisr; nra;atpf;f.
64
Mrpupau; topfhl;b - juk; 11 fzpjk;
ftdj;jpw;F ...
ghl mgptpUj; j p
p
• KbTW jrkk;> kPSk; jrkk; gw;wpf; fUj;jpw;nfhz;L> vd;Dk;
q
tbtk;> p, q vd;gtw;wpw;F ,Uf;fNtz;ba epge;jidfs; gw;wpa
tpsf;fj;ijAk; mspj;J tpfpjKW vz;fs; gw;wp mwpKfk;
nra; t jw; F g; nghUj; j khd nraw; g hnlhd; i wj; jpl; l kpl; L
khztu;fsplk; nraw;gLj;Jf.
• tpfpjKW vz;fspd; cilikfs; %yk; vy;yh epiwntz;fSk;
tpfpjKW vz;fshFk; vd;gJ gw;wpg; nghUj;jkhd nraw;ghL
xd;wpd; %yk; khztUf;F cWjpnra;f.
• Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs; 1.2> 1.3 vd;gtw;wpw;Fg; nghUj;jkhdthW
ghlq;fisj; jpl;lkpl;L khztu;fsplk; nraw;gLj;Jf.
fzpg;g PL k; kjpg;g PL k;
• nfhLf;fg;gLk; vz;fspd; njhFjp xd;iw tpfpjKW> tpfpjKwh
vz;fshf Ntwhf;fp vOJtjw;F khztu;fis <LgLj;Jf.
Nkyjpf tsq;f Sk; nraw;g hLfSk;. ..
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ksu1lo312BM
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qfQv8GzyjB4
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=psyWUUkI-aw
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BpBh8gvMifs
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6QJtWfIiyZo
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=egNq4tSfi1I
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VWlFMfPVmkU
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sBvRJUwXJPo
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z3db5itCIiQ
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gY5TvlHg4Vk
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d9pO2z2qvXU
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aqsIWLqlDhE
65
Mrpupau; topfhl;b - juk; 11 fzpjk;
MrpupaUf; F kl; L k; . ............
• kP S k; jrknkhd; i wg; gpd; d khf khw; Wtjw; F g; gpd;t Uk;
Kiwiag; gpd;gw;w KbAk;.
·
i. 0 . 3 Ig; gpd;dkhf khw;WNthk;.
·
x = 0 . 3 vd;f.
·
x = 0 .3
x = 0.333...............
×10; 10 x = 0.333...............
- 9x = 3
3
x =
9
1
x =
3
· ·
ii. 0 .4 5 Ig; gpd;dkhf khw;WNthk;.
· ·
x = 0.4 5 vd;f.
x = 0.45 45 45......................
×100; 100 x = 45. 45 45 45....................
- 99 x = 45
45
x =
99
5
x =
11
·
iii. 0.16 Ig; gpd;dkhf khw;WNthk;.
·
x = 0.16 vd;f.
x = 0.16 66......................
×10; 10 x = 1. 666....................
×10; 100 x = 16. 666....................
- 90 x = 15
15
x =
90
1
x =
6
66
Mrpupau; topfhl;b - juk; 11 fzpjk;
02. Rl;bfSk; klf;iffSk; I
Nju;r;rp 6 : klf;if> fzpfUtp vd;gtw;iwg; gad;gLj;jp md;whl tho;fi ; fapy;
vjpu;nfhs;Sk; fzpjuPjpahd gpurpdq;fisj; jPug; ;ghu;.
Nju;r ;r p kl;lk; 6.1 : tpfpjKW Rl;bfSldhd rkd;ghLfisj; jPug ; ;ghu;.
6. 2 : klf;iffisf; nfhz;l rkd;ghLfisj; jPu;g;ghu;.
ghl Ntisfs; : 08
mwpKfk; :
• rk mbfisf; nfhz;l tYf;fisg; ngUf;Ftjw;Fk;>
( )
tFg;gjw;Fk; a m n > n a m Nghd;wtw;iwr; RUf;Ftjw;Fk;
Kd;ida tFg;Gfspy; Rl;bfspd; fPo;f; fw;Ws;sdu;. xd;Wf;
nfhd;W rkdhd ,U tYf;fspy; mbfs; rkdhFk;NghJ
Rl;bfSk; rkdhFk;> Rl;bfs; rkdhapd; mbfs; rkdhFk;
vd;gij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L Rl;bfs; rk;ge;jg;gLk;
rkd;ghLfisj; jPu;f;f KbAk;.
• ,t;tplaq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp Rl;bfs; nfhz;l Nfhitiar;
RUf;Ftjw;Fk;> rkd;ghLfisj; jPu;g;gjw;Fk; KbAk;.
• a I mbahff; nfhz;L Rl;b tbtpy; jug;gLk; Nfhitia
a I mbahff; nfhz;l klf;if tbtf; Nfhitahf vOj
KbtNjhL mq;F a I mbahff; nfhz;l klf;if loga
vdf; Fwpg;gPL nra;ag;gLk;. vdpDk; 10 I mbahff; nfhz;l
klf;if log10 ,w;Fg; gjpyhf lg vdf; Fwpg;gPL nra;ag;gLk;.
• ngUf;fy;> tFj;jy;> tYtpd; tY Nghd;w re;ju;g;gq;fspy;
klf; i fiaAk; mjw; F upa tpjpfisAk; cgNahfpj; J
vspjhfr; RUf;fpf; nfhs;syhk;. ,q;F klf;if ml;ltiz
iag; gad;gLj;jhJ gpurpdk; jPu;j;jYf;F kl;LNk ,g;ghlk;
kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 6.1 ,w;fhd fw;ww; NgWfs; :;
n 1
1. a vd;gij a n vdr; Rl;b tbtpy; vOJthu;.
2. tpfpjKW Rl;bfSldhd Nfhitfisr; RUf;Fthu;.
3. xd;Wf;nfhd;W rkdhd ,uz;L tYf;fspy; mbfs; rkd; vdpd;
Rl;bfSk; rkd; vd;W $Wthu;.
4. xd;Wf;nfhd;W rkdhd ,uz;L tYf;fspy; Rl;bfs; rkd; vdpd;
mbfSk; rkd; vd;W $Wthu;.
5. tpfpjKW Rl;bfisf; nfhz;l rkd;ghLfisj; jPu;g;ghu;.
67
Mrpupau; topfhl;b - juk; 11 fzpjk;
fiyr;n rhw;fs; :
Rl;b - o¾Yl - index
mb - mdoh - base
tY - n,h - power
klf;if - ,>q.Kl - logarithm
ghlj;i j jpl;lkpLtjw;f hd mwpTWj;jy;fs; :
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 6.1 fPOs;s fw;ww;NgWfs; 1> 2> 3> 4
vd;gtw;Wf;Fupa ghltplaq;fis khztu;fsplj;jpy;
tpUj;jp nra;J cWjpgg ; Lj;jpf; nfhz;l gpdd
; u;> 5 MtJ
fw;ww;NgWf;Fupa tpfpjKW Rl;bfisf; nfhz;l rkd;ghL
fisj; jPuf ; F
; k; jpwd;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhLg;gjw;fhf
topfhl;lYld; $ba ntspf;nfhzu; Kiwapd; fPo;
jahupf;fg;gl;l khjpup xd;W fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sJ.
fhyk; : 40 epkplq;fs;
ju cs;sPLfs; :
• khztu; nraw;ghl;Lg; gbtj;jpd; gpujpfs;
MrpupaUf;f hd mwpTWj; j y;f s;
ghlg; g puNtrk;
3
• 5 vd;gijf; fUk;gyifapy; vOjpf; fhl;r pg;gLj;jpf;
nfhz;L tY> tYtpd; tY> kiwr;Rl;b nfhz;l tY>
rk mbfisf; nfhz;l ngUf;fy;> tFj;jy; gw;wp khztu;
fSld; fye;JiuahLf.
• gpd;tUk; ml;ltiziaf; fUk;gyifapy; fhl;rpg;gLj;jp>
khztu;fSld; fye;Jiuahb mjpYs;s ,ilntspfis
epug;Gf.
vz; 16 927 81 8 64 625
2
tYthf 4
tYtpd; tYthf (2 2 )
2
• rk mbfisf; nfhz;l ,uz;L tYf;fs; rkdhFk;NghJ
mtw;wpd; Rl;bfs; rkd; vd;gijAk;> rkdhd Rl;bfisf;
nfhz;l ,uz;L tYf;fs; rkdhFk;NghJ mtw;wpd;
mbfs; rkd; vd;gijAk; vLj;Jf;fhl;b gpd;tUk; nraw;
ghl;by; khztu;fis <LgLj;Jf.
ghl tpUj;j p :
• tFg;ig ehd;F Ngu; nfhz;l FOf;fshfg; gpupjJ
; > nraw;ghl;Lg;
gbtj;jpd; gpujpfis toq;Ff.
68
Mrpupau; topfhl;b - juk; 11 fzpjk;
• jug; g l; l gbfisAk; tiffisAk; tpsq; f pf; n fhz; L
ml; l tizapy; cs; s ,ilntspfis epug; G tjw; F
MNyhrid toq;Ff.
• nraw;ghl;bd; ,Wjpapy; khztu;fspd; ntspf;nfhzu;Tfis
KO tFg;gpw;Fk; rku;g;gpg;gjw;Fr; re;ju;g;gk; toq;Ff.
• Rl;bfisf; nfhz;l rkd;ghLfisj; jPuf ; F
; k;NghJ> rkd;ghl;bd;
,U gf;fj;jpYKs;s vz;fis xNu mbapy; vOj Ntz;Lk;.
my;yJ xNu Rl;bapy; vOjpa gpd;dh; mbfs; rkd; vdpd;
Rl;bfSk; rkdhf Ntz;Lk;> my;yJ Rl;bfs; rkd; vdpd;
mbfSk; rkdhjy; Ntz;Lk; vd;gijf; fUj;jpw;nfhz;L
rkd;ghl;ilj; jPuj
; J
; f; nfhs;syhk; vd;gJ gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLf.
khztUf; f hd nraw;g btk;
• fPNo jug;gl;Ls;s rkd;ghL jPu;f;fg;gl;Ls;s Kiwia ed;F
mtjhdpj;J mjpYs;s ,uz;lhk;> %d;whk; gbfisg; gw;wpf;
FOtpDs; fye;JiuahLf.
x
2 = 16
x 4
2 = 2 (rk mbfspy; vOJjy;)
x = 4 (mbfs; rkd; vd;gjhy; Rl;bfSk; rkd;)
• NkNy jug;gl;l rkd;ghl;ilj; jPu;jj ; Kiwapidg; gpd;gw;wp> fPNo
t×i× ffs; (i), (ii) ,y; jug;gl;Ls;s rkd;ghLfisg; gpujpnra;J nfhz;L
mjpy; cs;s ,ilntspfis epug;Gq;fs;.
x
(i) 2 × × 16 ×=× ×64
x
2 × × 2..... ×=× 2× ..... (xNu mbfspy; vOJjy;)
x +......
2 × 2..... ×(ngUf;fYf;fhd Rl;b tpjp)
=
x +......
2 =× ..... (mbfs; rkd; vd;gjhy; Rl;bfSk; rkd;)
x = 2 (vspa rkd;ghl;ilj; jPuj
; j
; y;)
x x +1
(ii) 27 ×
× 3 =× 243
.... x x +1
(3 ) ×
× 3 ×=× 3× ..... (xNu mbapy; vOJjy;)
.... x +1
3 × 3 =× 3.....× (xNu mbapy; vOJjy;)
.... x +1
3 + = × 3.....× (ngUf;fj;Jf;fhd Rl;b tpjp)
.... + x +1 = ...... (mbfs; rkd; vd;gjhy; Rl;bfSk; rkd;)
x = 1 (vspa rkd;ghl;ilj; jPuj ; j
; y;)
• NkNy jug;gl;l rkd;ghLfisj; jPug
; g
; jd; %yk; ePqf
; s; ngw;Wf;nfhz;l
mwptpid cgNahfpjJ gpd;tUk; rkd;ghLfisj; jPu;f;f.
69
Mrpupau; topfhl;b - juk; 11 fzpjk;
x x 2
1
(i) 2 ×
× 8 ×=× ×64 (ii) x ×=× ×
64
x-1 -x
(iii) 3 ×
× 9 ×=× 81 (iv) 4 ×=× ×32
• Rl;bfs; nfhz;l rkd;ghLfisj; jPu;g;gJ gw;wp ePq;fs; ngw;Wf;
nfhz;l jpwd;fis KOtFg;gpw;Fk; rku;g;gpg;gjw;F Maj;jk; nra;f.
fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk; :
• khztu;fs; nraw;ghl;by; <Lgl;bUf;Fk;NghJ gpdt ; Uk; epajpfspd;
fPo; mtu;fisf; fzpg;gPL nra;f.
• Rl;bfisf; nfhz;l rkd;ghLfisj; jPu;f;Fk;NghJ rkd;
ghl;bd; ,U gf;fq;fspYk; cs;s Nfhitfis rk mbfs;
nfhz;l my;yJ rk Rl;bfs; nfhz;l tYTf;F xLf;fpf;
nfhs;thu;.
• Rl;biaf; nfhz;l rkd;ghLl;ilj; jPug
; g
; jw;F xd;Wf;nfhd;W
rkdhd ,uz;L tYf;fspy; mbfs; rkdhf ,Uj;jiyg;
gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;gij Vw;Wf;nfhs;thu;.
• KO vz; Rl;bfisf; nfhz;l rkd;ghLfisj; jPu;g;ghu;.
• tpfpjKW Rl;bfisf; nfhz;l rkd;ghLfisj; jPu;g;ghu;.
• topfhl;lYld; jug;gl;l tplaq;fisf; fz;lwpe;J nfhz;L
fw;wypy; <LgLthu;.
• ghlE}ypy; 2 - 3 Mk; ghlj;jpd; cupa gapw;rpfisr; nra;tpf;f.
ftdj;jpw;F ...
• Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 6.2 ,w;F Vw;g tYtpd; tYtpw;fhd> klf;if
tpjpiag; gpuNahfpj;J> klf;if ml;ltiz gad;gLj;jhJ
klf;iff; Nfhitfisr; RUf;Ftjw;Fk;> klf;ifr; rkd;ghLfisj;
jP u ; g ; g jw; F k; nghUj; j khd nraw; g hLfisj; jpl; l kpl; L
nraw;gLj;Jf.
fzpg;g PL k; kjpg;g PL k;
• KOvz; Rl;bfisf; nfhz;l rkd;ghLfisj; jPug ; g
; J rk;ge;jkhd
jpwd;fis cWjpgg; Lj;jpa gpdd
; u;> tpfpjKW Rl;bfisAk; nfhz;l
rkd;ghLfisj; jPug;gjw;Fk; khztu;fSf;Fr; re;ju;gg ; k; toq;Ff.
• klf;if ml;ltiz gad;gLj;jhJ klf;if rk;ge;jg;gLk; Nfhit
fisr; RUf;Ftjw;Fk;> klf;ifr; rkd;ghLfisj; jPu;g;gjw;Fk;
khztu;fSf;Fr; re;ju;g;gk; toq;Ff.
• fle;j guPl;ir tpdhg; gj;jpuq;fspy; cs;s Rl;bfs; nfhz;l
Nfhitfs;> Rl;bfs; nfhz;l rkd;ghLfs;> klf;if nfhz;l
Nfhitfs;> klf;if nfhz;l rkd;ghLfs; vd;gtw;iwj; njupT
nra;J khztu;fSf;F toq;Ff.
70
Mrpupau; topfhl;b - juk; 11 fzpjk;
Nkyjpf tsq;f Sk; nraw;g hLfSk;. ..
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JUGmviJC_pk
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zlRKO21qEpQ
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uggD8mwglyc
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jO4wOQQiVZg
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qFFhdLlX220
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x6FFjiHPlSI
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TMmxKZaCqe0
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yEAxG_D1HDw
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pb9V374iOas
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RhzXX5PbsuQ
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kv2iHde7Xgw
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oqAYqT70EBQ
71
Mrpupau; topfhl;b - juk; 11 fzpjk;
03. Rl;bfSk; klf;iffSk; II
Nju;r;rp 6 : klf; i f> fzpfUtp vd; g tw; i wg; gad; g Lj; j p md; w hl
tho;fi
; fapy; vjpun
; fhs;Sk; fzpjuPjpahd gpurpdq;fisj; jPug
; g
; hu;.
Nju;r ;r p kl;lk; 6.3 : klf;if ml;ltizia cgNahfpj;Jf; Nfhitfis
RUf;Fjiy ,yFthf;fpf; nfhs;thu;.
r;rPuhd js cU6.4 : jpupNfhz fzpj tpfpjk; njhlu;ghd gpurpdq;fs; cl;gl
fzpj gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;g;gjw;F tpQ;Qhd Kiwf; fzp
fUtpiag; gad;gLj;Jthu;.
ghl Ntisfs; : 06
mwpKfk; :
• 1 njhlf;fk; 10 ,w;F ,ilapYs;s vz;fis 10 ,d;
tYthf vOJk;NghJ Rl;bfshfg; ngwg;gLk; jrk vz;fisf;
nfhz;L klf;if ml;ltiz jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
• vz;nzhd;wpd; klf;ifapd; rpwg;gpay;ghdJ> mt;ntz;
xd;wpYk; rpwpaJ vdpd; kiwg; ngWkhdj;ijAk;> mt;ntz;
1 ,w;Fk; 10 ,w;Fk; ,ilapy; vdpd; 0 IAk;> mt;ntz; 10
my;yJ 10 ,Yk; ngupJ vdpd; Neu;g; ngWkhdj;ijAk;
nfhs;Sk;.
• klf;ifapd; jrkf;$l;L vg;NghJk; Neu;g;ngWkhdk; MFk;.
• rpwg;gpay;G kiwg; ngWkhdkhfTs;s klf;ifia vOJk;
NghJ rpwg;g pay;G kl;L k; kiwg; n gWkhdk; vd; g ijf;
fhl;Ltjw;Fg; gpd;tUkhW vOjg;gLk;.
-2
0.05673 ,d; tpQ;QhdKiwf; FwpaPL 10 × × 5.673
vdNt 0.05673 ,d; klf;if = -2 + lg 5673
= -2 + 0.7538
-
2.7538=
,q;F 2 ,w;F NkNy fhzg;gLk; NfhL ~gpupNfhL|
-
(bar) vdg;gLk;. 2 vd;gJ ~gpupNfhL ,uz;L| (bar two)
vd thrpf;fg;gLk;.
-
2.7538 vd;gJ ~gpupNfhL ,uz;L jrk; VO Ie;J %d;W
vl;L| vd thrpf;fg;gLk;.
• rpwg;gpay;G kiwg; ngWkhdj;ij vLf; Fk; klf; ;i ffs;
mbg;gilf; fzpjr; nra;iffSf;F cl;gLj;Jk;NghJ jpir
nfhz;l vz;fisr; RUf;Fk; Kiwiag; gpd;gw;w Ntz;Lk;.
• klf;ifia cgNahfpj;J fzpjf; Nfhitfis ,yFthfr;
RUf;fpf; nfhs;syhk;.
72
Mrpupau; topfhl;b - juk; 11 fzpjk;
• tpQ; Q hd Kiwf; fzpfUtpAk; fzpjf; Nfhitfis
,yFthfr; RUf;fpf; nfhs;tjw;F cgNahfpfF
; k; tpidj;jpwd;
nfhz;l fUtpahFk;.
• rhjhuz fzpfUtpapYk; ghu;f;f NkYk; gy nra;iffisf;
nfhz;l rhtpgg
; yif tpQ;QhdKiwf; fzpfUtpapy; cz;L.
n -1 -1 -1
c-k; : shift sin cos tan sin cos tan
• jpupNfhz fzpj tpfpjq;fisf; nfhz;l Nfhitfisr;
RUf;Fk;NghJ tpQ;QhdKiwf; fzpfUtpia cgNahfpf;
fyhk;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 6.1 ,w;fhd fw;ww; NgWfs; :;
1. 0 ,w;Fk; 1 ,w;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l vz;zpdJ klf;ifapd; rpwg;gpay;ig
vOJthu;.
2. kiwr; rpwg;gpay;G nfhz;l klf;iffisf; $l;Lthu;.
3. kiwr; rpwg;gpay;G nfhz;l klf;iffisf; fopg;ghu;.
4. kiwr; rpwg;gpay;G nfhz;l klf;iffis KO vz;zhy;
ngUf;Fthu;.
5. kiwr; rpwg;gpay;G nfhz;l klf;iffis KO vz;zhy; tFg;ghu;.
m
6. a Neu; vz;zhfTk; m KOvz;zhfTk; ,Uf;f a rkdhd
tbtpyhd Nfhitfis klf;ifiag; gad;gLj;jpr; RUf;Fthu;.
m
7. a Neu; vz;zhfTk; m KOvz;zhfTk; ,Uf;f a rkdhd
tbtpyhd Nfhitfis klf;ifiag; gad;gLj;jpr; RUf;Fthu;.
8. a, b vd;gd Neu; jrk vz;fSk; m, n vd;gd KOvz;fSk;
am ´ n b am ´ b
MftpUf;f my;yJ n tbtpyhd Nfhitfis
c c
klf;ifiag; gad;gLj;jpr; RUf;Fthu;.
9. NtW fzpj gpurpdq;fisj; jPuf
; F
; k;NghJ> RUf;Fjw;F ,yFthf
klf;if ml;ltiziag; gad;gLj;Jthu;.
fiyr;n rhw;fs; :
tpQ;QhdKiwf; Fwpg;gPL - úoHd;aul wxlkh - Scientific notation
klf;if - ,>q.Klh - Logarithm
rpwg;gpay;G - mQ¾KdxYh - Characteristic
jrkf;$l;L - oYudxYh - Mantissa
gpupNfhL - úhq;s - Bar
tpQ;QhdKiwf; fzpfUtp- úoHd;aul .Klh - Scientific calculator
rhtp - h;=re - Key
jpupNfhz tpfpjq;fs; - ;%sfldaKñ;sl wkqmd;- Trignometric ratios
73
Mrpupau; topfhl;b - juk; 11 fzpjk;
ghlj;i j jpl;lkpLtjw;f hd mwpTWj;jy;fs; :
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 6.3 fPOs;s fw;ww;NgW 1 ,w;Fupa
ghltplaq;fis tpUj;jp nra;tjw;F topfhl;lYld;
$ba fz;lwp Kiwapd; fPo; jahupf;fg;gl;l khjpup
xd;W fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sJ.
fhyk; : 40 epkplq;fs;
ju cs;sPLfs; :
• khztu; nraw;ghl;Lg; gbtj;jpd; gpujpfs;
MrpupaUf;f hd mwpTWj; j y;f s;
ghlg; g puNtrk;
• 1 ,w;Fk; 10 ,w;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l xU vz;izAk;> 10
,Yk; $ba xU vz;izAk; fUk;gyifapy; vOjp>
mtw;wpd; klf;iffspd; rpwg;gpay;G> jrkf; $l;Lg; gw;wp
khztu;fSld; fye;JiuahLf.
• 1 ,Yk; $ba vz;nzhd;wpd; klf;ifapdJ rpwg;gpay;G>
jrkf; $l;L vd;gtw;iwAk; ngw;Wf;nfhz;l Kiw gw;wp
epidt+l;Lf.
• 0 ,w;Fk; 1 ,w;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l vz;nzhd;wpd; klf;if
apdJ rpwg;gpay;G> jrkf; $l;L vd;gtw;iwg; ngw;Wf;
nfhs;Sk; Kiwia khztu; mwpeJ ; nfhs;Sk; nghUl;L
gpd;tUk; nraw;ghl;ilr; nra;tpf;f.
ghl tpUj;j p :
• nghUj;jkhdthW khztu;fisf; FOf;fshfg; gpupjJ ; > khztu;
nraw;ghl;Lg; gbtj;jpd; gpujp xd;W tPjk; toq;Ff.
• khztu; nraw;ghl;by; <Lgl;bUf;Fk;NghJ nraw;gbtj;jpd;
ml;ltiz 1 I Kjypy; epug;gr; nra;J mJ Kbe;jgpd;
gpd;tUk; ghl tplaq;fs; njspthFkhW khztu;fSld;
fye;JiuahLk; mNj Neuj;jpy; ml;ltizapd; epuy; D I
epug;Gtjw;F topfhl;Lf.
• 0 ,w;Fk; 1 ,w;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l vz;nzhd;wpd; rpwg;gpay;G
kiw Mfpd;wJ.
• jrkf;$l;L Neu; vd;gjhy;> rpwg;gpay;G kl;Lk; kiw Mfpd;wJ.
-
• rpwg;gpay;G -2 I 2 vd vOJtjhy; 2 kl;LNk kiw Mfpd;wJ.
-
• 2 vd;gJ ~gpupNfhL ,uz;L| vd thrpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
• tpQ;Q hd Kiwf; Fwpg;gPl;b y; NghyNt> vz;n zhd;wpd;
jrkg;Gs;spapd; gpd;dhy; tUk; g+r;rpaq;fspd; vz;zpf;iff;F
Vw;g rpwg;gpay;G vOjg;gLk;.
74
Mrpupau; topfhl;b - juk; 11 fzpjk;
• G+r;r pak; my; y hj vz; n zhd;W Kjyhk; jrkjhdj;jpy;
fhzg;gLkhapd; vdTk; ,uz;lhk; jrkjhdj;jpy; fhzg;gLk;
NghJ vd;wthW jPh;khdpf;fg;gLfpwJ. vd;gJ gw;wpAk;
fye;JiuahLq;fs;.
• nraw;gbtj;jpd; ml;ltiz - 2 I khztu;fs; epug;gpf;
nfhz;bUf;Fk;NghJ Njitahd fzpg;gL P fisAk; topfhl;ly;
fisAk; nra;f.
khztUf; f hd nraw;g btk;
• gpd;tUk; ml;ltiz - 1 Ig; gapw;rpg; Gj;jfj;jpy; gpujpnra;J
nfhz;L epug;Gf.
A B C D
vz; tpQ;QhdKiwf; klf;if klf;if
Fwpg;gPL rpwg;gpay;G jrkf;$l;L
3
3752 3.752 × 10 3 5742 ...............
2
375.2 3.752 × 10 2 5742 ...............
37.52 ........................ ............ ............. ..............
3.752 ........................ ............ .............
0.3752 ........................ ............ ............. ..............
0.03752 ........................ ............ ............. ..............
0.003752 ........................ ............ ............. ..............
• FOtpd; vy;yh mq;fj;jtu;fSk; Nru;e;J B, C Mfpa epuy;fis
kl;Lk; epug;Gf.
• vz;nzhz;wpd; tpQ;QhdKiwf; Fwpg;gPl;by; 10 ,d; tYtpdJ
Rl;bf;Fk; me;j vz;zpdJ klf;ifapd; rpwg;gpay;Gf;Fk; ,ilapy;
njhlu;G fhzg;gLfpd;wjh vd B, C vd;gtw;wpd; %yk; Njbg;
ghu;f;f.
• 0 ,w;Fk; 1 ,w;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l vz;nzhz;wpdJk;> 1 ,Yk; ngupa
vz;nzhz;wpdJk; klf;ifapd; rpwg;gpay;GfSf;fpilapy; fhzg;gLk;
,ay;Gfs; gw;wp mtjhdpf;f.
• vz;nzhz;wpdJ klf;ifapd; rpwg;gpay;Gfisf; fhz;gjw;Fupa
NtnwhU Kiw gw;wp FOtpDs; fye;JiuahLf.
• ml;ltiz 1 I epug;gpa gpd;du;> Mrpupaupdhy; elhj;jg;gLk;
fye;Jiuahlypd;NghJ cq;fs; FOtpdhy; fz;Lgpbj;jtw;iw
Kd;itf;f.
75
Mrpupau; topfhl;b - juk; 11 fzpjk;
• 0 w;Fk; 1 w;Fk; ,ilahd vz;nzhd;wpd; klf;ifapd; rpwg;gpay;igAk;
jrkf;$l;ilAk; xUq;Nf vOJk; NghJ vOk; gpur;rpid gw;wp
FOtpy; fye;JiuahLthh;.
ml;ltiz 2 Ak; gpujp nra;Jnfhz;L Mrpupaupd; topfhl;lypd;
fPo; tpsq;fpf;nfhz;l tplaq;fspd; %yk; mjid epug;Gf
ml;ltiz - 2
vz; klf;if
0.759 ............................
0.00873 ............................
0.0104 ............................
0.0005321 ............................
0.004972 ............................
0.9999 ............................
0 w;F k; 1 w;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l vz;nzhd;wpd; klf;ifia
vOJk; NghJ rpwg;gpay;i gj; jPh ;khdpg;g jw;f hd RUf;f khd
Kiwia Kd;i tf;f .
fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk; :
• khztu; f s; nraw; g hl; b y; <Lgl; b Uf; F k; N ghJ gpd; t Uk;
epajpfSf;Nfw;g mtu;fisf; fzpg;gPL nra;f.
• 0 ,w;Fk; 1 ,w;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l vz;nzhd;wpd; klf;if
apdJ rpwg;gpay;ig tpQ;Qhdf; Fwpg;gPl;bd; %yk; vOJthu;.
• 0 ,w;Fk; 1 ,w;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l vz;nzhd;wpd; klf;if
apdJ rpwg;gpay;G kiw vd;gijAk;> jrkf;$l;L Neu;
vd;gijAk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;thu;.
• jrkg;Gs;spf;Fg; gpd;dh; G+r;rpaky;yhj vz; fhzg;gLk;
jrkjhdj;jpwF; Vw;g> mt;ntz;zpd; klf;ifapd; rpwg;gpay;ig
vOJthu;.
• 0 ,w;Fk; 1 ,w;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l vz;nzhd;wpd; klf;ifia
vOJthu;.
• rupahd njhlu; g hlYfFf; fhuzj; J ldhd rupahd
Kiwfis cgNahfpg;ghu;.
• ghlE}ypy; 3 - 4 Mk; ghlj;jpd; cupa gapw;rpfisr; nra;tpf;f.
76
Mrpupau; topfhl;b - juk; 11 fzpjk;
ftdj;jpw;F ...
ghltpUj; j p
• 0 w;Fk; 1 ,w;Fk; ,ilapyhd vz;fSl;gl> jug;gl;l vz;fspd;
tY> %yk; vd;gtw;iwf; fhz;gjw;Fupa jpwd;fis tpUj;jp
nra; t jw; F g; nghUj; j khd Kiwnahd; i wj; jpl; l kpl; L
khztu;fsplk; nraw;gLj;Jf.
• tY> %yk; vd;gd nfhz;ljhd vz;fSk; mlq;fpa Nfhit
fisr; RUf;Ftjw;Fk; nraw;ghl;bD}lhf cupa jpwd;fisg;
ngw;Wf;nfhLf;f.
• NtW fzpj gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;gg
; jw;Fk;> klf;if ml;ltizia
cgNahfpf;f yhk; vd; w czu; i t Vw;g Lj;J tjw;f hf mJ
njhlu;ghd jpwd;fis tpUj;jp nra;f.
• Nju;rrp; kl;lk; 6.4 ,w;fhfTk; nghUj;jkhdthW ghlj;ijj;
jpl;lkpl;L nraw;gLj;Jf.
fzpg;g PL k; kjpg;g PL k;
• tY> %yk; vd;gd nfhz;ljhd vz;fs; mlq;fpa Nfhitfisr;
RUf;Ftjw;F khztu;fSf;Fr; re;ju;g;gk; toq;Ff.
• mstPL njhlu;ghd gpurpdq;fspd; NghJk; NtW re;ju;g;gq;fspd;
NghJk; klf; i f ml; l tizia cgNahfpj; J j; jP u ; j ; J f;
nfhs;tjw;F khztu;fSf;Fr; re;ju;g;gk; toq;Ff.
• ghlE}ypy; ghlk; 3d; gapw;rpfisr; nra;tpf;f.
Nkyjpf tsq;f Sk; nraw;g hLfSk;. ..
https://www.khanacademy.org/math/algebra2/logarithms-tutorial/logarithm_properties/
v/logarithm-of-a-power
https://www.khanacademy.org/math/algebra2/logarithms-tutorial/logarithm_basics/v/
logarithms
https://www.khanacademy.org/math/algebra2/logarithms-tutorial/logarithm_basics/e/
logarithms_1.5
77
Mrpupau; topfhl;b - juk; 11 fzpjk;
04. jpz;kq;fspd; Nkw;gug;G
Nju;r;rp 8 : gug;gsT njhlu;ghf Muha;tJld; kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l ,lg; gug;gpd;
cr;r gaidg; ngWthu;.
Nju;r ;r p kl;lk; 8.1 : #oypy; fhzg;gLk; gy;NtW jpz;kq;fspd; Nkw;gug;gsT
gw;wp Muha;thu;.
ghl Ntisfs; : 04
mwpKfk; :
• rJu mbiaf; nfhz;l nrq;$k;gfj;jpd; Nkw;gug;gsT mjd;
mbahd rJuj; j pd; gug; g stpdJk; ehd; F Kf; N fhz
Kfq;fspd; gug;gstpdJk; $l;Lj;njhiff;Fr; rkd;.
• mbapd; Miu r MfTk; rha; cauk; l MfTk; cs;s
nrq;$k;gpd; Nkw;gug;gsT> mjd; mbahf cs;s tl;lj;jpd;
gug;gstpdJk;> tisNkw;gug;gstpdJk; $l;Lj;njhiff;Fr;
rkdhFk;. ,jw;Nfw;g $k;gpd; Nkw;gug;gsT pr2 + prl vd;gjhy;
ngwg;gLk;.
• r MiuahfTs;s Nfhsj;jpd; Nkw;gug;gsT 4pr vd;gjhy;
2
ngwg;gLk;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 8.1 ,w;fhd fw;ww; NgWfs;; :
1. rJu mbiaf; nfhz;l nrq;$k;gfj;jpy; rJu tbtkhd xU
KfKk; ehd;F Kf;Nfhzp Kfq;fSk; cz;L vdf; $Wthu;.
2. gf;fnkhd;wpd; ePsk; a MfTs;s rJu mbapd; gug;gsT a2 vdf;
fhl;Lthu;.
3. mbapd; ePsk; a ck; nrq;Fj;Jauk; h ck; MfTs;s Kf;Nfhzp
tbt Kfj;jpd; gug;gsT 1 ah vdf; fhl;Lthu;.
2
4. gf;fnkhd;wpd; ePsk; a MfTs;s rJu mbiaAk;> Kf;Nfhz
Kfj;jpd; nrq;Fj;Jauk; h ck; MfTk; cs;s nrq;$k;gfj;jpd;
2
Nkw;gug;gsT A MftpUf;f A = a + 2ah vd;gjhy; ngwg;gLk;
vdf; fhl;Lthh;.
5. jug;g l;l juTfisg; gad; gLj;j p rJu mbiaf; nfhz; l
nrq;$k;gfj;jpd; Nkw;gug;gsitf; fhzpg;ghh;.
6. rJu mbapd; xU gf;f ePsKk; $k;gfj;jpd; nrq;Fj;JauKk;
jug;gLkplj;J Kf;Nfhzp Kfnkhd;wpd; nrq;Fj;Jauj;ijf; fhz;ghu;.
7. rJu mbiaf; nfhz;l nrq;$k;gfj;jpd; Nkw;gug;gsT njhlu;ghd
gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;g;ghu;.
8. nrt;tl;lf; $k;G tisNkw;gug;nghd;iwAk;> tl;l mbiaAk;
nfhz;l xU jpz;kk; vdf; $Wthu;.
78
Mrpupau; topfhl;b - juk; 11 fzpjk;
9. nrt;tl;lf; $k;nghd;wpd; cr;rpapD}lhfTk; mbapd; ikaj;jpD}
lhfTk; nry;Yk; NfhL mbf;Fr; nrq;Fj;jhFk; vdf; $Wthu;.
10. $k;gpd; tisNkw;gug;i g Mf;F k; Miur;r piwapd; Miu>
nrq;$k;gpd; rha;cauj;Jf;Fr; rkdhFk; vd;gij Vw;Wf;nfhs;thu;.
11. $k;gpd; tisNkw;gug;ig Mf;Fk; Miur;rpiwapd; tpy;ypd; ePsk;>
nrq;$k;gpd; mbapd; gupjpf;Fr; rkd; vd;gij Vw;Wf;nfhs;thu;.
12. mbapd; Miu r ck; rha; cauk; l ck; nfhz;l nrt;tl;lf;
$k;gpd; tisNkw;gug;gsT prl ,w;Fr; rkd; vdf; $Wthu;.
13. mbapd; Miu r ck; rha; cauk; l ck; nfhz;l nrt;tl;lf;
$k;gpd; nkhj;j Nkw;gug;gsT A MftpUf;f A = pr2 + prl MFk;
vdf; fhl;Lthu;.
14. jug;gLk; juTfisg; gad;gLj;jp nrt;tl;lf; $k;gpd; Nkw;gug;gsitf;
fzpg;ghh;.
15. nrt;tl;lf; $k;nghd;wpd; nrq;Fj;JauKk; mbapd; MiuAk;
jug;gLkplj;J nkhj;j Nkw;gug;gsitf; fhz;ghu;.
16. nrt;tl;lf; $k;gpd; Nkw;gug;gsT njhlu;ghd gpurpdq;fisj;
jPu;g;ghu;.
17. r MiuahfTs;s Nfhsj;jpd; Nkw;gug; gsT A MftpUf;f
A = 4 pr vd;gij ,dq;fhz;ghu;.
2
18. Nfhsnkhd;wpd; Miu jug;gLkplj;J mjd; gug;gsitf; fzpgg ; hu;.
19. Nfhsnkhd;wpd; Nkw;gug;gsT jug;gLkplj;J mjd; Miuiaf;
fzpg;ghu;.
18. Nfhsnkhd;wpd; Nkw;gug;gsT njhlu;ghd gpurpdq;fisj; jPug ; g
; hu;.
fiyr;n rhw;fs; :
rJu tbthd - iup;=ri%dldr - Square shape
Kf;Nfhz tbthd - ;s%fldaKdldr - Triangular
tl;l tbthd - jD;a;dldr - Circular
gug;gsT - j¾.M,h - Area
Nkw;gug;gsT - mDIaG j¾.M,h - Surface area
nrq;$k;gfk; - iDcq msróvh - Right pyramid
nrt;tl;lf;$k;G - iDcq jD;a; fla;=j - Right circular cone
Nfhsk; - f.da,h - Sphere
nrq;Fj;Jauk; - ,ïn Wi - Perpendicular hight
rha; cauk; - we, Wi - Slant height
Miu - wrh - Radius
tis Nkw;gug;G - jl% mDIaGh - Curved surface
gupjp - mßêh - Circumference
mupak; - ms%iauh - Prism
79
Mrpupau; topfhl;b - juk; 11 fzpjk;
ghlj;i j jpl;lkpLtjw;f hd mwpTWj;jy;fs; :
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 1> 2> 3> 4 vd;gtw;wpd; fPOs;s fw;ww;NgW
fis epiwTnra;J nfhs;tjw;F topfhl;lYld; $ba
fz;lwpKiwapd; fPo; jahupf;fg;gl;l khjpup xd;W fPNo
jug;gl;Ls;sJ.
fhyk; : 40 epkplq;fs;
ju cs;sPLfs; :
• fzpj miwapy; cs;s nrq;$k;gfk; my;yJ Mrpupaupdhy;
jahupf;fg;gl;l nrq;$k;gfk;
• nraw;gbtj;jpd; gpujpfs;
• FOTf;F 1 tPjk;> Njitahd mstPLfs; Fwpf;fg;gl;l rJu
mbf; $k;gfq;fs; ehd;F.
MrpupaUf;f hd mwpTWj; j y;f s;
ghlg; g puNtrk;
• mr;irg; gw;wpr; rkr;rPuhd $k;gfk; nrq;$k;gfkhFk;.
ePq;fs; nfhz;L te;Js;s nrq;$k;gfj;ij khztu;
fSf;Ff; fhz;gpj;J mjd; Kfq;fs; gw;wpf; fye;Jiu
ahLf.
• nrq;$k;gfj;jpd; xt;nthU Kfj;ijAk; fUk;gyifapy;
tiue;J mtw;wpd; gug;gsT gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLf.
2
,q;F> rJuj;jpd; gug;gsT = (gf;fePsk;)
Kf;Nfhzp Kfnkhd;wpd; gug;gsT =
1
× mb × nrq;Fj;Jauk;
2
vd;gtw;iw epidt+l;Lf.
ghl tpUj;j p :
• khztu;fis nghUj;jkhdthW FOf;fshfg; gpupjJ ; > khztu;
nraw;ghl;Lg; gbtj;jpd; gpujp xd;iwAk; $k;gfk; xd;iwAk;
xt;nthU FOTf;Fk; toq;Ff.
• khztu;fisr; nraw;ghl;by; <LgLj;Jf.
• khztu;fs; nraw;ghl;il Kbj;j gpd;du; xt;nthU FOf;fSk;
toq;fpa $k;fgfq;fspd; Nkw;gug;gsitf; fz;l Kiwfs;
gw;wp tpdTf.
• rJu mbf; $k;gfj;jpd; rJuj;jpd; xU gf;fePsk; a ck;
Kf;Nfhzp Kfnkhd;wpd; nrq;Fj;Jauk; h ck; MftpUg;gpd;
nkhj;j Nkw;gug;gsT A ,w;fhd #j;jpuj;ijg; ngWtjw;F
2
tpLf. ngwg;gl;l #j;jpuk; A = a +2ah fye;JiuahLf.
80
Mrpupau; topfhl;b - juk; 11 fzpjk;
khztUf; f hd nraw;g btk;
• jug;gl;Ls;s rJu mbf; $k;gfj;jpd; mbapdJ ePsKk;> Kf;Nfhzp
Kfj;jpd; nrq;Fj;JauKk; jug;gl;Ls;sd.
• rJu mbapd; gug;gsitf; fhz;f.
• Kf;Nfhzp Kfnkhd;wpd; gug;gsitf; fhz;f.
• ehd;F Kf;Nfhzp Kfq;fspdJk; gug;gsitf; fhz;f.
• jug;gl;l nrq;$k;gfj;jpd; nkhj;j Nkw;gug;gsitf; fhz;f.
• cq;fSila ntspfn ; fhzu;Tfis KO tFg;gpwF ; k; Kd;itg;gjw;F
Maj;jk; nra;f.
fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk; :
fzpg; g Pl ;L epajpfs;
• rJu Kfnkhd;wpdhYk; xd;Wf;nfhd;W xUq;fpirAk; ehd;F
Kf;Nfhz Kfq;fisAk; nfhz;Nl rJumbr; nrq;$k;gfk;
mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;gij Vw;Wf;nfhs;thu;.
• rJumbr; nrq;$k;gfj;jpd; rJu mbapd; gug;gsitf; fhzpg;ghh;.
• rJumbr; nrq;$k;gfj;jpd; Kf;Nfhzp Kfnkhd;wpd; gug;gsitf;
fzpg;ghu;.
• rJumbr; nrq;$k;gfj;jpd; Nkw;gug;gsthdJ rJu mbapdJk;>
ehd;F Kf;Nfhzp Kfq;fspdJk; gug;gsTfspd; $l;Lj;njhifahy;
ngwg;gLk; vdf; $Wthu;.
• rJumbr; nrq;$k;gfj;jpd; mbapdJ gf;fnkhd;wpd; ePsk; a ck;
Kf;Nfhzp Kfnkhd;wpd; nrq;Fj;Jauk; h ck; MftpUg;gpd; mjd;
Nkw;gug;gsit a2 + 2 ah vd;w Nfhitiag; gad;gLj;jpf; fzpgg
; hu;.
• ghlE}ypy; 4k; ghlj;jpd; gapw;rpfisr; nra;tpf;f.
ftdj;jpw;F ...
ghltpUj; j p
• Nju;rr
; p kl;lk; 8.1 ,w;Fupa fw;ww;NgWfs; 5 njhlf;fk; 20 tiuAs;s
ghl tplaq;fis khztuplj;jpy; tpUj;jp nra;tjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd
fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfisj; jpl;lkpl;L khztu;fsplk;
nraw;gLj;Jf.
fzpg;g PL k; kjpg;g PL k;
• ghlE}ypd; 4 Mk; ghlj;jpd; cupa gapw;rpfisr; nra;tpf;f.
Nkyjpf tsq;f Sk; nraw;g hLfSk;. ..
https://www.khanacademy.org/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-volume-surface-
area/basic-geo-surface-area/v/nets-of-polyhedra
https://www.khanacademy.org/math/basic-geo/basic-geo-volume-surface-
area/basic-geo-surface-area/e/nets-of-3d-figures
81
Mrpupau; topfhl;b - juk; 11 fzpjk;
05. jpz;kq;fspd; fdtsT
Nju;r;rp 10 : fdtsT njhlu;ghd mwpitf; nfhz;L ntspapd; cr;r gaidg;
ngWthu;.
Nju;r ;r p kl;lk; 10.1 : gy;NtW jpz;kq;fspd; fdtsT gw;wp Ma;T nra;thu;.
ghl Ntisfs; : 05
mwpKfk; :
• jpz;knkhd;W nfhs;Sk; ntspapd; msT mjd; fdtsT
vdg;gLk;. rPuhd FWf;Fntl;ilf; nfhz;l mupak;> cUis>
fdTU Nghd;w jpzk ; q;fspd; fdtsT> mjd; FWf;Fntl;Lg;
gug; g stpdJk; eP s j; j pdJk; (my; y J cauj; j pdJk; )
ngUf;fj;jhy; ngwg;gLk;.
• mbapd; Miu r ck; cauk; h ck; nfhz;l nrt;tl;lf;$k;gpd;
1
fdtsT V = pr2h vd;w #j;jpuj;jpdhy; ngwg;gLk;. ,jpy;
3
r, h vd;gd khWk;NghJ $k;gpd; fdtsTk; khWk;.
• mbapd; Miu r ck; cauk; 2 r ck; nfhz;l cUisapd;
fdtsTf;Fk;> mbapd; Miu r ck; cauk; 2 r ck; nfhz;l
$k;gpd; fdtsTf;Fk; ,ilapYs;s tpj;jpahrj;jpdhy; r
4
Miu nfhz;l Nfhsj;jpd; fdtsT pr3 vd;gJ ngwg;gLk;.
3
• gf;fk; a MfTs;s rJu mbiaAk; nrq;Fj;Jauk; h ck;
nfhz;l nrq;;$k;gfj;jpd; fdtsT gf;fk; a MfTs;s rJu
mbiaAk; cauk; h ck; nfhz;l fdTUtpd; fdtstpd;
1 1 2
gq;F MtNjhL mJ a h vd;w #j;jpuj;jpdhy; ngwg;gLk;.
3 3
• $k;gfk;> $k;G> Nfhsk; Mfpa jpz;kq;fs; njhlu;ghd
gpurpdq;fisj; jPug
; g
; J ,g;ghlj;jpd; %yk; vjpug
; hu;ff
; g;gLfpdw
; J.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 10.1 ,w;fhd fw;ww; NgWfs; :;
1. mbapd; Miu r ck; cauk; h ck; nfhz;l nrt;tl;lf;
1
$k;gpd; fdtsT V MftpUf;f V = pr2h vdf; $Wthu;.
3
2. jug;gl;l juTfSf;Nfw;g $k;nghd;wpd; fdtsitf; fzpg;ghu;.
3. Miu r ck; cauk; h ck; nfhz;l nrt;tl;lf; $k;gpd;> r
,dJk; h ,dJk; khWjYf;Nfw;g fdtsTk; khWk; vd;gij
tpsf;Fthu;.
4. $k;gpd; fdtsT njhlu;ghd gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;g;ghu;.
5. r MiuAk; cauk; 2 r ck; nfhz;l cUisapd; fdtsT> r
MiuAs;s Nfhsj;jpd; fdtstpdJk; mbapd; Miu r ck;
82
Mrpupau; topfhl;b - juk; 11 fzpjk;
cauk; 2 r ck; nfhz;l nrt;tl;lf; $k;gpdJ fdtstpdJk;
$l;Lj;njhifahy; ngwg;gLk; vd;gijf; fz;lwpthu;.
4
6. r MiuahfTs;s Nfhsj;jpd; fdtsT V MftpUf;f V = pr3
3
vd;w #j;jpuj;ij mikg;ghu;.
7. jug;gl;l juTfisg; gad;gLj;jp Nfhsnkhd;wpd; fdtsitf;
fzpg;ghu;.
8. Nfhsj;jpd; fdtsT njhlu;ghd gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;g;ghu;.
9. gf;fnkhd;wpd; ePsk; a Md rJu mbiaAk; cauk; h ck;
nfhz;l nrq;;$k;gfj;jpd; fdtsT> gf;fn;khd;wpd; ePsk; a Md
rJu mbiaAk; cauk; h ck; nfhz;l fdTUtpd; fdtstpd;
1
gq;F vd;gijf; fz;lwpthu;.
3
10. gf;fnkhd;wpd; ePsk; a Md rJu mbiaAk;> cauk; h ck;
1 2
nfhz;l nrq;;$k;gfj;jpd; fdtsT V MftpUf;f> V = ah
3
vd;w #j;jpuj;ij mikg;ghu;.
11. jug;gl;l juTfisg; gad;gLj;jp $k;gfj;jpd; fdtsitf; fzpgg
; hu;.
12. rJu mbiaf; nfhz;l $k;gfj;jpd; fdtsT njhlu;ghd
gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;g;ghu;.
fiyr;n rhw;fs; :
fdtsT - mßudj - Volume
$k;G - fla;=j - Cone
Nfhsk; - f.da,h - Sphere
$k;gfk; - msrñvh - Pyramid
nrq;Fj;Jauk; - ,ïn Wi - Perpendicular height
ghlj;i j jpl;lkpLtjw;f hd mwpTWj;jy;fs; :
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 10.1 ,y; 1 njhlf;fk; 8 tiuahd
fw;ww;NgWfis fzpj miwapy; cs;s cgfuzq;
fisg; gad; g Lj; j p m y ; y J NtW K i wapy ;
khztu;fsplj;jpy; cWjp nra;f. 9 Mk; 10 Mk;
fw;ww;NgWfis epiwTnra;J nfhs;tjw;fhf topfhl;lg;
gl;l fz;lwp Kiwiag; gad;gLj;jpj; jahupf;fg;gl;l
khjpup xd;W fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sJ.
fhyk; : 40 epkplq;fs;
ju cs;sPLfs; :
• fdTU> fzpj miwf;Ff; fpilf;fg;ngw;Ws;s CL GftpLk;
rJu mbf; $k;gfk; (my;yJ Mrpupaupdhy; jahupf;fg;gl;l
$k;gfk;)
83
Mrpupau; topfhl;b - juk; 11 fzpjk;
• fzpj miwapy; cs; s $k; gfj;i jAk; fdTUitAk;
,izf;fg;gl;ljhf cs;s cgfuzk; (my;yJ Mrpupaupdhy;
jahupf;fg;gl;l Nkw;gb cgfuzk;)
• khztu;fSf;fhd nraw;gbtj;+jpd; gpujpfs;
• mhpf;fg;gl;l kzy; NghjpasT
MrpupaUf;f hd mwpTWj; j y;f s;
ghlg; g puNtrk;
• Kd;da tFg;Gf;fspy; khztu; fdTU> rJuKfp> mupak;>
cUis> $k;G Mfpa jpz;kq;fspd; fdtsTfisf;
fz;lJ njhlu;ghf epidt+l;Lf.
ghl tpUj;j p :
• Mrpupaupd; nra;Jfhl;lYf;fhfg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l CL
GftpLk; $k;gfj;jpd; %yk; $k;gfj;jpd; nrq;Fj;Jauk; gw;wpa
njspthd tpsf;fj;ij toq;Ff.
• gf;fnkhd;wpd; ePsk; a Md rJu mbiaAk; cauk; h ck;
nfhz;l fdTUit vLj;J> mjidg; gf;fn;khd;wpd; ePsk; a
Md rJu mbiaAk; cauk; h ck; nfhz;l $k;gfj;ijf;
nfhz;L nky;ypa kzyhy; epug;Gf. mg;NghJ 3 jlitfs;
epug;Gk;NghJ fdTU rupahf epuk;Gtij Mrpupau; vLj;Jf;fhl;l
Ntz;Lk;.
• khztu; f Sf; F r; nraw; g btj; j pd; gpujpfisg; gfpu; e ; J
mtu;fisr; nraw;ghl;by; <LgLj;Jf.
• khztu;fs; nraw;ghl;il Kbj;j gpd;du; tpilfis tpdtp>
rJu mbapd; gf;fnkhd;wpd; ePsk; a ck; cak; h ck;
1 2
nfhz;l nrq;$k;gfj;jpd; fdtsT V MdJ V = ah
3
vd;gjhy; ngwg;gLk; vd;gij ntspf;nfhzu;f.
khztUf; f hd nraw;g btk;
• ePqf
; s; mtjhdpjj
; tw;wpypUe;J gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;F tpil
jUf.
• ,uz;L jpz;kq;fSk; nfhs;Sk; kzypd; fdtsTfSf;F
,ilapy; cs;s njhlu;G ahJ?
• fdTUtpd; rJu mbapd; xUgf;f ePsk; a ck;> mjDs;
kziy ,l;lNghJ kzy; vOk;gpa cauk; x ck; vdpd;
kzypd; fdtsTf;fhd Nfhitia vOJf.
• fdTUtpd; fdtstpw;fhd Nfhitia vOJf.
• fdTUtpd; fdtstpw;F k;> $k;gfj;jpd; fdtstpw;F k;
,ilahd njhlh;igf; nfhz;L $k;gfj;jpd; fdtstpw;fhd
Nfhitiag; ngWf.
84
Mrpupau; topfhl;b - juk; 11 fzpjk;
• fdTU Kw;whf kzyhy; epuk;gpaJk;> kzypd; fdtsTf;fhd
Nfhitia a, h ,y; vOJf.
• ePq;fs; gad;gLj;jpa rJu mbf;$k;gfj;jpd; fdtsT V
vdpd; V ,w;fhd #j;jpuj;ij a, h vd;gtw;wpy; vOJf.
fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk; :
fzpg; g Pl ;L epajpfs;
• nrq; $ k; g fj; j pd; cauk; vd; g jhy; fUjg; g LtJ ahnjd
tpsf;Fthu;.
• mbfs; rk msthd rJuq;fisAk; xNu cauKk; nfhz;l
fdTUtpdJk; nrq;$k;gfj;jpdJk; fdtsTfSf;fpilapyhd
njhlu;igg; ngWthu;.
• rJumbiaf; nfhz;l gf;f ePsk; a MfTk;> cauk; h MfTk;
cs;s nrq;$k;gfj;jpd; fdtsTf;fhd Nfhitia mikg;ghu;.
• FOtpDs; $l;lhfg; gzpGupthu;.
• $k;gfj;jpd; fdtsT njhlu;ghd fzpj;jy;fisr; nra;thu;.
• ghlE}ypd; 5 Mk; ghlj;jpYs;s gapw;rpfisr; nra;tpf;f.
ftdj;jpw;F ...
• fzpj miwapy; cs;s cupa cgfuzq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp
1
$k;gpapdJ fdtsTf;fhd V = pr2h vd;w #j;jpuj;ijg; ngWt
3
jw;Fk;> ,J njhlu;ghd gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;g;gjw;Fk; khztu
;fSf;Fr; re;ju;g;gk; toq;Ff.
• Nfhsk;> Nfhsj;jpd; Rw;WUis> $k;G vd;gtw;iwg; gad;gLj;jp>
khztu; f isr; nraw; g hl; b y; <LgLj; j p Nfhsnkhd; w pd;
4
fdtstpw;fhd pr3 vd;w Nfhitiag; ngWf.
3
fzpg;g PL k; kjpg;g PL k;
• ghlE}ypd; 5 Mk; ghlj;jpd; cupa gapw;rpfisr; nra;tpf;f.
Nkyjpf tsq;f Sk; nraw;g hLfSk;. ..
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IelS2vg7JO8
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IXRMVcoqRRQ
85
Mrpupau; topfhl;b - juk; 11 fzpjk;
06. <UWg;Gf; Nfhitfs;
Nju;r;rp 14 : gml;ru fzpj Nfhitfis RUf;Fk; El;gq;fis Kiwahf
Muha;thu;.
Nju;r ;r p kl;lk; 14.1 : r<UWg;Gf; Nfhitfspd; fdj;ijf; fhz;ghu;.
ghl Ntisfs; : 04
mwpKfk; :
• ,uz;L ml;ru fzpj cWg;Gf;fspd; $l;liyf; Fwpf;Fk;
Nfhit <UWg;Gf; Nfhit vd mwpe;Js;Nshk;. <UWg;Gf;
Nfhit xd;wpd; %d;whk; tY mf;Nfhitapd; fdk; vdg;gLk;.
3 3 3 3
• (x + y) , (a - b) , (x + 5) , (5x - 1) vd;gd <UWg;Gf; Nfhitapd;
fdk; vd;gjw;fhd cjhuzq;fs; rpythFk;.
• ml;ru fzpjf; Nfhitfs; njhlu;ghd RUf;fypd;NghJ
,t;thwhd <UWg;Gf; Nfhitfspd; fdq;fspd; tpupit vOj
Ntz;ba re;ju;g;gk; Vw;gLfpd;wJ.
• nghJthd Xu; <UWg;Gf; Nfhitapd; fdj;jpd; tpupTf;fhd
Nfhitiag; ngw; W f; nfhz; L mjidg; gad; g Lj; j p
ve;jnthU <UWg;Gf; Nfhitapd; fdj;ijAk; fhz;gNj
,g;ghlj;jpd; Nehf;fkhFk;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 14.1 ,w;Fupa fw;ww; NgWfs; :
3 3 2 2 3
1. (x + y) ,d; tpupT x + 3 x y + 3 xy + y vd;gij ,dq;fhz;ghu;.
3
2. (x + 5) Nghd;w fdq;fis tpupj;njOJthu;.
3 3 2 2 3
3. (x - y) ,d; tpupT x - 3 x y + 3 xy - y vd;gij ,dq;fhz;ghu;.
3 3
4. (x + y) vd;gjpy; y ,w;F - y Ig; gpujpapLtjd; %yk; (x - y) ,d;
tpupit Neubahfg; ngwyhk; vd;gij Vw;Wf;nfhs;thu;.
3
5. (x - 5) Nghd;w <UWg;Gf; Nfhitapd; fdq;fspd; tpupit vOJthu;.
fiyr;n rhw;fs; :
<UWg;Gf; Nfhit - oaúmo m%ldYk - Binomial expression
cWg;G - moh - Term
tpupT - m%idrKh - Expansion
tY - n,h - Power
tu;f;fk; - j¾.dhs;h - Squared
fdk; - >kdhs;h - Cubed
86
Mrpupau; topfhl;b - juk; 11 fzpjk;
ghlj;i j jpl;lkpLtjw;f hd mwpTWj;jy;fs; :
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 14.1 ,d; fPOs;s fw;ww;NgWfs; 1> 2
,w;F upa ghltplaq;fis khztuplj;j py; tpUj;jp
nra;tjw;fhf jahupf;fg;gl;l jdpahs; nraw;ghLfisf;
nfhz;l khjpup xd;W fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sJ.
fhyk; : 40 epkplq;fs;
ju cs;sPLfs; :
• nraw;gbtj;jpd; ngupjhf;fg;gl;l gpujp xd;W.
• nrNyhNug;
MrpupaUf;f hd mwpTWj; j y;f s;
ghlg; g puNtrk; :
3 2
• a = a × a
3 2
y = y × y
3 2
(x + y) = (x + y) (x + y)
vd vOjyhk; vd;gJgw;wp khztu;fspd; ftdj;ij <u;ff
; .
• NkYk;
a (b + c) = ab + ac
vd tpupj;J vOJtijAk;
2 2 2
(x + y) = x + 2 xy + y
2 2 2
(x - y) = x - 2 xy + y
2 2
(x + 3) = x + 6 xy + 9
Nghd;w tpupTfisAk; epidt+l;Lf.
ghl tpUj;j p :
• ,izg;G - 1 ,y; ,ilntsp epug;Gtjw;fhfj; jug;gl;Ls;s
nraw;gbtj;jpd; ngupjhf;fg;gl;l gpujp xd;iw (my;yJ fUk;
gyifapy; vOjp) fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf.
• nraw;gbtj;ijg; gpujp nra;J mjpYs;s ,ilntspfis
epug;GkhW khztu;fSf;Ff; $Wf.
3
• (x + y) ,d; tpuptpy; ngwg;gl;l cWg;Gfspd; Fzfq;fs;> mtw;wpd;
Fwpfs; Nghd;w tplaq;fisg; gw;wp tpgupjJ ; f; fye;JiuahLf.
3
• (x + y) ,d; tpuptpy; fpilf;fg;ngw;w ehd;F cWg;Gfisf;
nfhz;l Ngwpidg; gad;gLj;jp NtW <UWg;Gf; Nfhitfspd;
fdq;fspd; tpupitg; ngwyhk; vd;gJ gw;wp tpsf;Ff.
87
Mrpupau; topfhl;b - juk; 11 fzpjk;
fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk; :
fzpg; g Pl ;L epajpfs;
3
• (x + y) ,d; fdj;ij> mjid tpupj;njOjpg; ngWthu;.
• <UWg;Gf; Nfhitapd; fdj;jpd; tpuptpy; cWg;Gfspd; Fzfk;>
mtw;wpd; Fwp vd;gtw;wpy; ftdnkLg;ghu;.
3 3 2 2 3
• (x + y) ,d; tpupT x + 3 x y + 3 xy + y vd;gij ,dq;fhz;ghu;.
3
• (x + y) ,d; tpupit mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L Fzfk; 1 MfTs;s
NtW <UWg;Gf; Nfhitfspd; fdj;jpd; tpupit vOJthu;.
• Fzfk; 1 MfTs;s ml;ru fzpj cWg;igAk; Neu; vz;
xd;iwAk; nfhz;l <UWg;Gf; Nfhitapd; fdj;jpd; tpupit
vOJthu;.
• ghlE}ypd; 6 Mk; ghlj;jpy; cupa gapw;rpfisr; nra;tpf;f.
ftdj;jpw;F ...
• fw;ww;NgW 3,w;F Vw;g (x - y)3 ,d; tpupT x3 - 3 x2y + 3 xy2 - y3
vd;gijg; nghUj;jkhd Kiwnahd;wpd; %yk; fye;Jiuahbg;
ngWf.
• fw;ww;NgW 4 ,w;F Vw;g (x + y)3 ,y; tpupT y ,w;F (- y) Ig;
3
gpujpapLtjd; %yk; (x - y) ,d; tpupitg; ngwyhk; vd;gijf;
fhl;Lf.
• fw;ww;NgW 5 ,w;F Vw;g (x - 5)3 Nghd;wtw;wpd; tpupT njhlu;ghfg;
nghUj;jkhd gapw;rpfisf; nfhLj;J Ngwpid cWjpnra;f.
fzpg;g PL k; kjpg;g PL k;
• ghlE}ypd; 6 Mk; ghlj;jpd; cupa gapw;rpfisr; nra;tpf;f.
Nkyjpf tsq;f Sk; nraw;g hLfSk;. ..
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NLQmQGA4a3M
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TeE-ypKj8ZI
88
Mrpupau; topfhl;b - juk; 11 fzpjk;
,izg;G 1
3
(x + y) = (x + y) ( x + y)2
3
(x + y) = (x + y) ( ................................................. )
3
(x + y) = x ( ......................................) + y ( .................................... )
3
(x + y) = ...................................... + ..........................................
3
(x + y) = ........................ + ........................ + .........................
3
(x + y) ,d; tpuptpy; ngwg;gl;l ehd;F cWg;Gf;fisAk; fUj;jpw;nfhz;L
gpd;tUtdtw;wpy; fhzg;gLk; ,ilntspfis epug;Gf.
3
i. (x + y) = .................... + ................... + ....................... + .....................
3
ii. (m + n) = .................... + ................... + ....................... + .....................
3
iii. (p + q) = .................... + ................... + ....................... + .....................
3 3 2 2 3
iv. (a + 2) = a + 3a × 2 + 3 × ........... × 2 + 2
3 2
= a + 6a + ................ + ....................
3
v. (x + 2) = .................... + ................... + ....................... + .....................
3
vi. (x + 5) = .................... + ................... + ....................... + .....................
89
Mrpupau; topfhl;b - juk; 11 fzpjk;
07. ml;rufzpjg; gpd;dq;fs;
Nju;r;rp 16 : md;whl tho;f;ifapy; re;jpf;Fk; gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;g;gjw;F
ml;rufzpjg; gpd;dq;fisr; RUf;Fk; El;gq;fis Muha;thu;.
Nju;r ;r p kl;lk; 16.1 : ngUf;fy; tFj;jy; nra;iffspd; fPo; ml;ru fzpj
gpd;dq;fisf; ifahs;thu;.
ghl Ntisfs; : 04
mwpKfk; :
• ml;rufzpjg; gpd;dq;fisf; $l;LtJ> fopg;gJ njhlu;ghf
10 Me; juj;jpy; fw;Ws;sdu;. ml;rufzpjg; gpd;dq;fspd;
ngUf;fy; tFj;jy; njhlu;ghd njspthd tpsf;fj;ijg;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;tJ Nju;rr ; pkl;lk; 16.1 ,y; vjpug
; hu;ff
; g;gLfpdw
; J.
ml;rufzpjg; gpdd ; q;fisg; ngUf;FtJ rhjhuz vz;fNshL
Md gpdd ; q;fisg; ngUf;Fk; mNj KiwahFk;. ml;rufzpjg;
gpd;dq;fspd; gFjp> njhFjp vd;gtw;iwf; fhuzpfshf;f
KbAkhapd; mt;thW nra;J> gpd;du; nghJf; fhuzpfs;
,Ug;gpd;> mg;nghJf; fhuzpahy; gFjp> njhFjp vd;gtw;iw
tFf;f Ntz;Lk;.
• rhjhuz gpd;dq;fis tFg;gjpy; gpd;gw;Wk; KiwfisNa
ml;rufzpjg; gpd;dq;fspd; tFj;jypd; NghJk; tFf;Fk;
gpd;dj;jpd; epfu; khw;why; ngUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 16.1 ,w;fhd fw;ww; NgWfs; :;
1. njhFjpapy; my;yJ gFjpapy; my;yJ ,uz;bYk; ml;rufzpj
cWg;Gf;fs; nfhz;ljhd ml;rufzpjg; gpdd
; q;fisg; ngUf;Fthu;.
2. njhFjpapy; my;yJ gFjpapy; my;yJ ,uz;bYk; ml;rufzpjf;
Nfhitfs; nfhz;l ml;rufzpjg; gpd;dq;fisg; ngUf;Fthu;.
3. ml;rufzpjg; gpd;dnkhd;wpd; epfu;khiwf; fhz;ghu;.
4. njhFjpapy; my;yJ gFjpapy; my;yJ ,uz;bYk; ml;rufzpj
cWg;Gf;fs; nfhz;l ml;rufzpjg; gpd;dq;fis tFg;ghu;.
5. njhFjpapy; my;yJ gFjpapy; my;yJ ,uz;bYk; ml;rufzpjf;
Nfhitfs; nfhz;l ml;rufzpjg; gpd;dq;fis tFg;ghu;.
6. ml;rufzpjg; gpd;dq;fs; njhlu;ghd Nfhitfisr; RUf;Fthu;.
fiyr;n rhw;f s; :
gFjp - yrh - Denominator
njhFjp - ,jh - Numerator
90
Mrpupau; topfhl;b - juk; 11 fzpjk;
nghJg;gFjp - fmdÿ yrh - Common denominator
nghJklq;FfSs; rpwpaJ - l=vdu fmdÿ .=Kdldrh- Least common multiple
epfu;khW - mriamrh - Reciprocal
ngUf;fy; - .=K lsÍu - Multiplication
tFj;jy; - fn§u - Division
ghlj;i j jpl;lkpLtjw;f hd mwpTWj;jy;fs; :
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 16.1 fPOs;s 1> 2 Mfpa fw;ww;NgWfis
epiwT nra;J nfhs;tjw;fhf tpupTiu - fye;Jiu
ahly; Kiwia cgNahfpj;Jj; jahupf;fg;gl;l khjpup
xd;W fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sJ.
fhyk; : 40 epkplq;fs;
MrpupaUf;f hd mwpTWj; j y;f s;
ghlg; g puNtrk;
• ,uz; L gpd; d q; f isg; ngUf; F k; N ghJ gFjpapYk;
njhFjpapYk; nghJf;fhuzpfs; cs;s tif cl;gl
mtw;iwj; vspa gpd;dkhf RUf;fp tpil ngWtJ gw;wp
epidt+l;b fye;JiuahLf.
ml;rufzpjf; Nfhitfis fhuzpahf;Fk; re;jh;gg ; q;fis
fye;JiuahLf.
ghl tpUj;j p
• ml;rufzpjg; gpd;dq;fspd; ngUf;fypd; vspa tiffSf;
fhd cjhuzq;fis vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf. mtw;iwr; RUf;Fk;
vspa re;ju;g;gq;fspypUe;J Muk;gpf;f.
x y
cjhuzk; 1 :- ´ vd;gjpypUe;J Muk;gpj;J
5 3
8 a
cjhuzk; 2 :- ´ vd;w re;ju;g;gq;fs; tiu
ab 2b
nry;f.
• ml;rufzpjg; gpd;dq;fisr; RUf;Fk;NghJ gFjpapy;
my;yJ njhFjpapy; cs;s ml;rufzpjf; Nfhitfisf;
fhuzpfshf;fp> gpdd; u; RUf;Fk; tiffSk; cs;slq;Fk;
gpurpdq;fisf; fye;JiuahLf.
2x-6 1
cjhuzk; 3 :- ´
3x x-3
,f;fye;Jiuahlypd;NghJ>
• ,uz;L ml;rufzpjg; gpd;dq;fisg; ngUf;Fk;NghJ>
,uz;L rhjhuz gpdd ; q;fisg; ngUf;Fk; mNjKiwapy;
nra;ag;gLk; vdTk;>
91
Mrpupau; topfhl;b - juk; 11 fzpjk;
• gFjpapYk; njhFjpapYk; nghJf;fhuzpfs; fhzg;gbd;
mjdhy; gFjp> njhFjp vd;gtw;iw tFg;gjd; %yk;
mg;nghJf; fhuzpia ePff
; pf; nfhs;syhk; vdTk; vLj;Jf;
$Wf.
fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk; :
fzpg; g Pl ;L epajpfs;
• ml;rufzpjg; gpd;dq;fspy; gFjp> njhFjp vd;gtw;wpy; nghJf;
fhuzpfs; cz;lh vd mtjhdpg;ghu;.
• vz;fs; nfhz;l gpdd ; q;fisg; ngUf;Ftjpy; gpdg ; w;Wk; nra;ifj;
njhliuNa ml;rufzpjg; gpdd ; q;fisg; ngUf;Fk; NghJk; gpdg ; w;w
Ntz;Lk; vd;gij Vw;Wf;nfhs;thu;.
• ml;rufzpjg; gpd;dq;fisg; ngUf;F k;NghJ gFjp> njhFjp
vd;gtw;wpy; cs;s nghJf;fhuzpfshy; tFg;gjd; %yk; mg;
nghJf; fhuzpfis ePf;fpf; nfhs;thu;.
• jug; g l; l ,uz; L ml; r u fzpjg; gpd; d q; f isr; rupahfg;
ngUf;Fthu;.
• fye;Jiuahlypd; NghJ nraY}f;fj;Jld; gq;Fgw;Wthu;.
• ghlE}ypd; 7 Mk; ghlj;jpy; cupa gapw;rpfisr; nra;tpf;f.
ftdj;jpw;F ...
ghltpUj; j p
• fw;ww;NgWfs; 3> 4> 5> 6 ,y; cs;s ghl tplaq;fis tpUj;jp
nra;J nfhs;tjw;fhf nghUj;jkhd Kiwfisg;
eilKiwg;gLj;Jf.
fzpg;g PL k; kjpg;g PL k;
• ghlE}ypd; 7 Mk; ghlj;jpd; cupa gapw;rpfisr; nra;tpf;f.
Nkyjpf tsq;f Sk; nraw;g hLfSk;. ..
https://www.khanacademy.org/math/algebra-basics/core-algebra-
expressions/al/v/algebraic-expressions-with-fraction-division
92
Mrpupau; topfhl;b - juk; 11 fzpjk;
08 rkhe;juf; NfhLfSf;fpilapy; cs;s jsTUf;fs;
Nju;r;rp 23 : N e u; N f hl ; L j; j s T U f; f s ; n j hl u ; g hd N f j ; j p u f z p j
vz;zf;fUf;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L md;whl tho;f;ifg;
gzpfSf;Fj; Njitahd KbTfis vLg;ghu;
Nju;r ;r p kl;lk; 23.1 : xNu rkhe;ju NfhLfSf;fpilapy; mikAk; ,izfuj;
jpdJk; Kf;NfhzpapdJk; gug;gsTfSf;fpilapy; cs;s
njhlu;igf; fhz;ghu;.
23.2 : xNu mbapYk; xNu rkhe;ju Neu;NfhLfSf;Fkpilap
Ys; s Kf; N fhzpfspd; gug; g sTfSf; f pilapyhd
njhlu;ig jPu;TfSf;Fg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.
ghl Ntisfs; : 12
mwpKfk; :
• jsf;Nfj;jpuj;jpy; cs;s vspa %baTU Kf;Nfhzp MFk;.
xUq;fpirAk; jsTUf;fs; ,uz;bdJ gug;Gf;fSk; rkd;.
vdpDk; xUq;fpirahj ,uz;L jsTUf;fspd; gug;gsTfs;
rkdhFk; re;ju;g;gq;fSk; cz;L.
• cjhuzkhf xNu mbapYk; xNu rkhe;juf; Nfhl;Lr; Nrhbf;F
,ilapYk; mike;Js;s ,izfuq;fs; gug;gstpy; rkd;.
• xNu mbapYk; xNu rkhe;juf; Nfhl;Lr; Nrhbf;F ,ilapYk;
mike;Js;s Kf;N;fhzpfs; gug;gstpy; rkd;.
• xNu mbapYk; xNu rkhe;ju Nfhl;Lr; Nrhbf;fpilapYk;
mike;Js;s ,izfuq;fs; gug;gstpy; rkdhFk; vDk;
Njw;wj;i jAk;;> xNu mbapYk; xNu rkhe;ju Nfhl;Lr;
Nrhbf;fpilapYk; mike;Js;s Kf;Nfhzpapd; gug;gsT
,izfuj;jpd; gug;gstpd; miu klq;fhFk; vDk; Njw;wj;ij
Ak; ,dq;fz;L mjidg; gad;gLj;JtJk;> ,j;Njw;wq;fisg;
gad;gLj;jpa Vwpfis (Nfj;jpufzpj gpurpdq;fisAk;)
epWTtJk; ,t;tplj;jpy; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 23.1 ,w;Fupa fw;ww; NgWfs; :;
1. xNu mbapYk; xNu rkhe;juf; NfhLfSf;Fk; ,ilapy; mikAk;
Kf;NfhzpfisAk; ,izfuq;fisAk; ,dq;fz;L mtw;iwg;
ngaupLthu;.
2. xNu mbapYk; xNu rkhe;juf; NfhLfSf;Fk; ,ilapy; mikAk;
,izfuq;fs; gug;gstpy; rkd;; vDk; Njw;wj;ij ,dq;fhz;ghu;.
3. xNu mbapYk; xNu rkhe;juf; NfhLfSf;Fk; ,ilapy; mike;j
,izfuq;fspd; gug;gsTfs; rkdhFk; vDk; Njw;wj;ij tha;gG; g; ghu;gg; hu;.
93
Mrpupau; topfhl;b - juk; 11 fzpjk;
4. xNu mbapYk; xNu rkhe;juf; NfhLfSf;Fk; ,ilapy; mike;j
,izfuq;fspd; gug;gsTfs; rkdhFk; vDk; Njw;wj;ijg; gad;
gLj;jp gug;gsT njhlu;ghd fzpj;jy;fisr; nra;thu;.
5. xNu mbapYk; xNu rkhe;ju Nfhl;Lr; NrhbfSf;fpilapYk;
mike;j ,izfuq;fs; gug;gstpy; rkdhFk; vDk; Njw;wj;ijg;
gad;gLj;jp Vwpfis epWTthu;.
6. xNu mbapYk; xNu rkhe;ju NfhLfSf;Fk; ,ilapy; mike;Js;s
Kf; Nfhzpapd; gug; gsT ,izfuj; jpd; gug;g stpd; miu
klq;fhFk; vDk; Njw;wj;ij ,dq;fhz;ghu;.
7. xNu mbapYk; xNu rkhe;ju Nfhl;Lr; NrhbfSf;fpilapYk;
mike;Js;s Kf;Nfhzpapd; gug;gsT ,izfuj;jpd; gug;gstpd;
miuklq;fhFk; vDk; Njw;wj;ij tha;g;G ghu;g;ghu;.
8. xNu mbapYk; xNu ,U rkhe;ju Nfhl;Lr; NrhbfSf;fpilapYk;
mike;j Kf;Nfhzpapd; gug;gsT ,izfuj;jpd; gug;gstpd;
miuklq; f hFk; vDk; Njw;w j; i jg; gad;g Lj;j p gug; gsT
njhlu;ghd fzpj;jy;fis Nkw;nfhs;thu;.
9. xNu mbapYk; xNu rkhe;ju Nfhl;Lr; NrhbfSf;fpilapYk;
mike;j Kf;Nfhzpapd; gug;gsT ,izfuj;jpd; gug;gstpd;
miuklq;fhFk; vDk; Njw;wj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp Vwpfis epWTthu;.
fiyr;n rhw;fs; :
rkhe;juf; NfhLfs; - iudka;r f¾Ld - Parallel lines
Njw;wk; - m%fïhh - Theorem
,izfuk; - iudka;rdi%h - Parallelogram
gug;gsT - j¾.M,h - Area
xNu mb - tlu wdOdrlh - Same base
ghlj;i j jpl;lkpLtjw;f hd mwpTWj;jy;fs; :
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 23.1 ,d; fPOs;s fw;ww;NgWfs; 1> 2> 3
,w; F upa ghltplaq; f is tpUj; j p nra; t jw; f hf
Mrpupaupd; topfhl;ly; cs;slq;fyhfj; jahupf;fg;gl;l
FOr; nraw;ghl;bd; khjpup xd;W fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sJ.
fhyk; : 40 epkplq;fs;
ju cs;sPLfs; :
• khztu; nraw;ghl;Lg; gbtj;jpd; gpujpfs; NghjpasT
• 5 cm × 5 cm msTs;s vz;nza;f; fljhrpfs; (oil paper)
94
Mrpupau; topfhl;b - juk; 11 fzpjk;
MrpupaUf;f hd mwpTWj; j y;f s;
ghlg; g puNtrk;
• ,izfuq;fs; rpytw;iwf; fUk;gyifapy; tiue;J
m t w ; w p d ; g u g; g s i t f ; f h z ; g J n j h l u ; gh f f ;
fye;JiuahLf.
• xd;wd; kPJ xd;W nghUe;Jk; jsTUf;fspd; gug;gsTfSk;
rkd; vd;gijg; gad;gLj;JtJ njhlu;ghfTk; fye;JiuahLf.
ghl tpUj;j p :
• xNu mbapYk; xNu rkhe;j u NfhLfSf;F ,ilapYk;
mike;Js;s ,izfuq;fs; gug;gstpy; rkd; vd;w Njw;wj;ij
mwpKfk; nra;f.
• nghUj;jkhdthW khztu;fisf; FOf;fshfg; gpupf;f.
• ,izg;G 1 ,y; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;s nraw;gbtj;jpd; xU gpujp>
vz;nza; fljhrp xd;W tPjk; FOf;fSf;F toq;Ff.
• nraw;ghl;bd; ,Wjpapy; Njw;wj;ij tha;gG
; g; ghu;gg
; J njhlu;ghf
khztUld; fye;JiuahLf.
khztUf; f hd nraw;g btk;
gFjp I
• cU - 1 ,Ys;s ,izfuq;fis
F D E C ,dq;fz;L ngaupLf.
A B
cU - 1
• cU - 1I vz;nza; fljhrpapy; gpujpnra;f.
• gpujp nra;Jnfhz;l cUtpy; cs;s Kf;Nfhzp BCE I> NkNy
cUtpy; cs;s Kf;Nfhzp ADF ,d; kPJ nghUe;jr; nra;tjd;
%yk; Kf;Nfhzp BCE ,d; gug;gsT Kf;Nfhzp ADF ,d;
gug;gsTf;Fr; rkd; vd;gij cWjpg;gLj;Jf.
,jpypUe;J fPNo jug;gl;Ls;s $w;Wf;fspy; cs;s ,ilntspfis
epug;gp NkNy ePq;fs; mwpe;Jnfhz;l Njw;wk; cz;ik vd;gijf;
fhl;Lf.
D BCE = D ................... (nghUe;Jtjd; %yk;)
D BCE + ruptfk; ABED = ................... + ruptfk; ABED
(ntspg;gil cz;ik)
...........................................=.................................... (cUtpw;F
Vw;g)
95
Mrpupau; topfhl;b - juk; 11 fzpjk;
gFjp II
Q D P Y F D X E C
A B
gug;gstpy; rkdhd
,izfuj;jpd; ngau;
,izfuj;jpd; ngau;
• xNu mbapYk; xNu rkhe;j u NfhLfSf;F ,ilapYk;
mike;Js;s ehd;F ,izfuq;fs; cU II ,y; jug;gl;Ls;sd.
• cUit mtjhdpj;J jug;gl;Ls;s ml;ltizia epug;Gf.
• epug;gg;gl;l ml;ltizf;Nfw;g ePqf
; s; vLf;Fk; Kbit vOJf.
fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk; :
fzpg; g Pl ;L epajpfs;
• xNu mbapYk; xNu rkhe;j uf; NfhLfSf;F k; ,ilapYk;
mike;Js;s ,izfuq;fis ,dq;fhz;ghu;.
• xNu mbapYk; xNu rkhe;juf; NfhLfSf;Fk; ,ilapYk; mikAk;
,izfuq;fs; gug;gstpy; rkd; vd;gij tha;g;Gg;ghu;g;ghu;.
• xNu mbapYk; xNu rkhe;juf; NfhLfSf;F ,ilapYk; mikAk;
,izfuq;fs; gug;gstpy; rkd; vd;gij Vw;Wf;;nfhs;thu;.
• juTfSf;F Vw;gr; nraw;gl;L rupahd KbTfis vLg;ghu;.
• fUj;Jf;fis ju;ff; uPjpahf Kd;itg;ghu;.
• ghlE}ypd; 8 Mk; ghlj;jpy; cupa gapw;rpfisr; nra;tpf;f.
96
Mrpupau; topfhl;b - juk; 11 fzpjk;
ftdj;jpw;F ...
ghltpUj; j p
• Nju;rr
; pkl;lk; 23.1 ,w;Fupa fw;ww;NgWfs; 4> 5 vd;gtw;iw khztu;
fsplj;jpy; tpUj;jp nra;tjw;fhf> Mrpupaupd; nra;Jfhl;lYk;
cs;slq;fpajhf fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; khjpup xd;iwj; jahupf;f.
• fw;ww;NgWfs; 6> 7> 8> 9 ,w;fhf khztu; nraw;ghl;Lldhdjhf
fw;wy; fw;gpj;jiyj; jpl;lkpLf.
• ,jpypUe;J Nju;r;rpkl;lk; 23.2 ,w;F nghUj;jkhdthW ghl
tplaq;fisj; jpl;lkpLf.
fzpg;g PL k; kjpg;g PL k;
• ghlE}ypd; 8 Mk; ghlj;jpd; cupa gapw;rpfisr; nra;tpf;f.
Nkyjpf tsq;f Sk; nraw;g hLfSk;. ..
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tTSUfyZm674
97
Mrpupau; topfhl;b - juk; 11 fzpjk;
09 rjtPjk;
Nju;r;rp 5 : rjtPjj;ij cgNahfpj;J etPd fzpj cyfpy; ntw;wpfukhff;
nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fis Nkw;nfhs;thu;.
Nju;r ;r p kl;lk; 5.1 : jtizf; fl;lz nfhLf;fy; thq;fypd;NghJ rjtPjj;ij
cgNahfpg;ghu;.
5. 2 : tl;b Kiwfis xg;gpl;L nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fisr;
nra;thu;.
ghl Ntisfs; : 04
mwpKfk; :
• fldhfg; ngw; w xU njhifg; gzj; i j jtizf;
fl;lzq;fshf kPsr; nrYj;j KbAk;. fld; njhifapy;
xU khjj; j py; nrYj; j Ntz; b a fld; gFjpiaf;
fhzNtz;Lk;. jug;gl;Ls;s tl;b tPjj;jpw;Nfw;g xU khjf;
flDf;fhd tl;biaf; fzpff ; Ntz;Lk;. xt;nthU khjj;jpYk;
nrYj;jg;gLk; fld; gFjpiaj; jtpu;j;J vQ;rpa fld;
njhiff;F khj;jpuk; tl;biaf; fzpg;gJ> mjhtJ Fiw
e;J nry;Yk; kPjpj; njhiff;F tl;b fzpg;gJ ,q;Nf
eilngWk;. xt;n thU khjj;jpYk; nrYj;jg;gLk; fld;
njhifapd; gFjpia xU myfhff; nfhz;L khjnkhd;wpy;
gy myFfSf;F tl;b fzpf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,jd;gb
jtizfspd; vz;zpf;if n vdpd; tl;b nrYj;j Ntz;ba
n
khj myFfspd; vz;zpf;if (n + 1) %yk; ngwg;gLk;
2
,jd;%yk; cupa fhyj;jpw;Fs; nrYj;jNtz;ba nkhj;j
tl;b fzpf;fg;gLk;. ,it midj;Jk; ftdj;jpy; nfhz;L
fld; njhifiaAk; nkhj;j tl;biaAk; $l;b jtizapd;
vz;z pf; i fahy; gpupg; g jd; %yk; jtizf; fl; l zk;
ngwg;gLk;.
• Muk;g KjYf;F KjyhtJ jtizf;fhd tl;biar; Nru;jJ ; f;
fpilf;Fk; njhifia ,uz;lhk; jtizf;Fupa Kjyhff;
nfhz;L fzpf;fg;gLk; tl;b $l;L tl;b vdg;gLk;. xU
njhiff; fld; gzj;Jf;F xNu tl;b tPjj;jpy; Fwpg;gpl;l
xNu fhyj;Jf;Ff; fzpf;fg;gLk; $l;L tl;b> vspa tl;bapYk;
mjpfkhFk;. gzj;ij itg;gpypLk;NghJ vspa tl;bapYk;
ghu;f;f $l;L tl;b Kiw thbf;ifahsUf;F mD$yk;
kpf;fJ. fld; nfhLf;fy; thq;fypd;NghJ fld; ngWgtUf;F
$l;L tl;b gpujp$ykhf mikAk;.
98
Mrpupau; topfhl;b - juk; 11 fzpjk;
Nju;r;r p kl;lk; 5.1 ,w;Fupa fw;ww; NgWfs; :
1. jtizf; fl;lzq;fshf gzk; nrYj;Jk; re;ju;g;gq;fSf;F
cjhuzq;fis Kd;itg;ghu;.
2. fld; njhifapy; xU khj fld; gFjpiaf; fUj;jpw; nfhz;L
xU khj fld; gFjpf;fhd xU khj tl;biaf; fzpg;ghu;.
n
3. fld; njhiff;Fupa jtizfspd; vz;zpf;if n vdpd>; (n + 1)
2
%yk; tl;b nrYj;j Ntz;ba khj myFfspd; vz;zpf;ifiaf;
fzpg;ghu;.
4. khj myFfspd; vz;zpf;ifiaf; nfhz;L Fiwe;J nry;Yk;
kPjp Kiwapy; nrYj;j Ntz;ba nkhj;j tl;biaf; fzpg;ghu;.
5. fldpypUe;J tpLgLtjw;F r; nrYj;j Ntz;ba nkhj;jj;
njhifiaf; fhz;gjd; %yk; jtizf; fl;lzj;ijf;; fzpg;ghu;.
6. jtizf; fl;lzk; jug;gLk;NghJ fld; KjYf;F mwtplg;gLk;
tl;b tPjj;ijf; fhz;ghu;.
7. fld; ngWk; re;ju;g;gq;fSf;F Nkyjpfkhf Fiwe;J nry;Yk;
kPjp Kiw gad;gLj;jg;gLk; eilKiw re;ju;gg
; q;fis tpgupgg
; hu;.
Nju;r;r p kl;lk; 5.2 ,w;Fupa fw;ww; NgWfs;; :
1. $l;L tl;b Kiwia ,dq;fhz;ghu;.
2. %d;W Kiw tiuapy; $l;L tl;biaf; fhz;ghu;.
3. $l;L tl;b KiwiaAk; vspa tl;b KiwiaAk; xg;gpLthu;.
fiyr; nrhw;fs; :
Fiw epYit - ySkjk fYaIh - Reducing balance
$l;L tl;b - je,a fmd,sh - Compound interest
khj myFfspd; vz;zpf;if- udi tall .Kk - Number of Monthly
units
jtiz - jdßlh - Instalment
ghlj;i j jpl;lkpLtjw;f hd mwpTWj;jy;f s; :
Njh;rr; pkl;lk; 5.1 d; fw;ww; NgW 1w;Fhpa vz;zf;fUit
cWjp nra;j gpd;dh;> Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.1 ,d; fPOs;s
fw; w w; N gWfs; 2> 3 ,w; F upa vz; z f; f Uit
khztDf;Fs; fl;bnaOg;G tjw;fhfj; jahupj;j FOr;
nraw;ghL kw;Wk; tpupTiuf; fye;Jiuahly; fPNo
jug;gl;Ls;sJ.
fhyk; : 40 epkplq;fs;
ju cs;sPLfs; :
• khztu; nraw;ghl;Lg; gbtq;fspd; gpujpfs;
99
Mrpupau; topfhl;b - juk; 11 fzpjk;
MrpupaUf;f hd mwpTWj; j y;f s;
ghlg; g puNtrk;
• 2% khj vspa tl;bf;F & 5000 I fldhfg; ngw;w
xUtu; xU khj ,Wjpapy; nrYj;j Ntz;ba tl;biaf;
fhz;f.|| vd;w gpurpdj;ijg; Nghd;w xU gpurpdk; xd;iw
khztu; f Sf; F Kd; i tj; J Kd; d Uk; ,t;t hwhd
gpurpdq; f s; nra; a g; g l; l J vd; g ij Qhgfg; g Lj; j p
2
5000 ´ = &.100 vd; w thW khjnkhd; W f; f hd
100
tl;biaf; fzpf;f KbAk; vd;gijf; fhl;Lf.
ghl tpUj;j p :
• khztu;fis 4 Ngu; nfhz;l FOf;fshfg; gpupj;J nraw;ghl;Lg;
gbtk; I ,d; gpujp xd;W tPjk; FOf;fSf;F toq;Ff.
• nraw;ghl;Lg;gbtk; I Ir; nra;tjw;F gpdt ; Uk; mwpTWj;jy;fis
toq;Ff.
• &gh 5000 I fldhfg; ngw;w xUtu; 2% khj tl;bia
Fiwe;J nry;Yk; kPjp Kiwapy; 5 jtizfspy; flid
kPsr; nrYj;jp Kbf;fNtz;Lk; vd;gijj; njuptpf;f.
• ,r; re;jh;g;gj;jpy; xt;nthU khjKk; fld; kPjp Fiwe;J
nry;fpwJ vd;gijAk; mjw;Nfw;g tl;bAk; FiwtilAk;
vd;gijAk; tpsf;Ff.
• ,jd; g b nkhj; j tl; b iaf; fzpg; g jw; F jug; g l; L s; s
nraw; g hl; L g; g btj; j pd; ntw; w plq; f i s epug; G tjw; F
khztu;fis topg;gLj;Jf.
• nraw;gbtj;jpd; gFjp I ,d; jfty;fis fUk; gyifapy;
vOjp khztu;fspd; jfty;fspd;gb ntw;wplq;fis epug;Gf.
mjd;gpd; nkhj;j tl;biaf; fzpf;Fk; tpjj;ij tpsf;Ff.
,t;thW nrYj;j Ntz;ba kPjpj; njhiff;F tl;biaf;
fzpgg ; ij Fiwe;J nry;Yk; kPjp Kiwapy; vg;gbf; fzpff ; yhk;
vd;gij khztu;fSf;Fj; njuptpf;f.
• nraw;gbtk; I ,d; gb jtizfspd; vz;zpf;if mjpfupf;Fk;
NghJ tl;b fzpg;gJ fbdk; vd;gij khztu;fSf;F tpsf;fp
mjdhy; ehq;fs; gpwpnjhU Kiwiaf; fw;Nghk; vdf; $wp
nraw;gbtk; II ,id FOf;fSf;F toq;Ff.
• nraw;gbtk; II ,id toq;fpa gpd; gpd;tUkhW mwpTWj;jy;
fis toq;Ff.
1. ,q;F KjyhtJ nraw;ghl;bd; gpurpdj;ijf; fUjpdhy;
xU khj fld; gzk; 5000 &gh vdf; $wp
= 1000
5
me;jj; njhifia Xu; myfhf vLg;gjhfTk; me;j
2
myF &gh 1000 ,w;F khj tl;b 1000 ´ = &.20
100
100
Mrpupau; topfhl;b - juk; 11 fzpjk;
vd;Wk; fye;JiuahLf. cupa ntw;wplq;fis epug;Gtjw;F
khztu;fis topg;gLj;Jf.
2. mjd; gpd; mjidAk; fUk;gyifapy; vOjp khztu;
fsplk; tpdtp nrYj;j Ntz;ba nkhj;jj; njhifiaf;
fzpff ; . mJ KjyhtJ Kiwapy; ngw;w njhif vd;gij
cWjpg;gLj;Jf.
3. ,q;F nkhj;j tl;biaf; fzpg;gjw;F khj mynfhd;Wf;
fhd tl;bia khj myFfspd; vz;zpf;ifapdhy;
ngUf;f Ntz;Lk; vdf; $Wf. 20 × 15 = &. 300
• khj myFfspd; vz;zpf;ifiaf; $l;Ljy;.
5 + 4 + 3 + 2 + 1 = 15 vdf; $Wf.
• ,t;thW 6 jtizfspd; khj myFfspd; vz;zpfi ; f
6 + 5 + 4 + 3 + 2 + 1= 21 vdTk;
• 12 jtizfspd; khj myFfspd; vz;zpf;if
12 + 11 + 10 + 9 + 8 + 7 + 6 + 5 + 4 + 3 + 2 + 1= 78 vdTk;
$Wf.
• khj myFfspd; vz;zpf;ifiag; ngWtjw;fhf $l;ly;
tpUj;jpapd; $l;Lj;njhifiaf; fzpg;gjw;F gad;gLj;Jk;
#j;jpuk;
n
{a + l} ,d; gb n (n + 1) vDk; njhlu;igg;
2 2
gad;gLj;j KbAk; vd;gij czu;j;Jf.
khztu; nraw;g hl;L g; gbtk;
gpd;tUk; ml;ltizapy; ntw;wplq;fis epug;Gf.
gFjp - I
jtizfs; nrYj;Jtjw;F vQ;rpa $WfSf;fhd tl;b
vQ;Rk; gzk; khjtl;b fzpj;jy;
2
1 5000 5000 ´ 100
100
......
2 4000 4000 ´ 80
100
......
3 3000 3000 ´ .......
100
4 ....... ........................ .......
5 ....... ........................ .......
nkhj;j tl;b .......
101
Mrpupau; topfhl;b - juk; 11 fzpjk;
gFjp - II
jtizfs; nrYj;Jtjw;F khjmyF khjmyF khjmyF tl;b
vQ;Rk; gzk; vz;. vz;. × tl;b
1 5000 5 5 × 20 100
2 4000 4 4 × .... 80
3 3000 3 3 × .... .....
4 ....... ..... .............................. .....
5 ....... ..... .............................. .....
khjmyF
fspd; nkhj;j ............. nkhj;j tl;b .............
vz;zpf;if
fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk; :
fzpg; g Pl ;L epajpfs;
• jtizfspd; vz; z pf; i f
n vdpd; khj myFfspd;
n
vz;zpf;ifia (n + 1) ,d; %yk; fzpf;fyhk;.
2
• Fiwe;J nry;Yk; kPjp Kiwapy; fld; njhiff;fhd nkhj;j
tl;biaf; fzpg;ghu;.
• FiwepYit Kiwapy; tl;b fzpf;Fk; Kiwia njupe;J
nfhs;tJ gaDs;sJ vd Vw;Wf;nfhs;thu;.
• ghlE}ypy; 9k; ghlj;jpd; chpa gapw;rpfisr; nra;tpf;f.
eilKiwg; gad;ghL :
• tP l; Lf ; fl d ; n g Wk ; r e ; j u; g; gq; fS f ; F c jh u zq ; f s;
Kd;itf;fg;gly;.
• &gh 25 000 ngWkjpahd njhiyf;fhl;rpg; ngl;bnahd;iw
thliff; nfhs;tdT Kiwapy; thq;Fk;NghJ Fiw epYit
Kiwapy; tl;b fzpff ; g;gLjy; Nghd;w re;ju;gg ; q;fis khztUld;
fye;JiuahLq;fs;.
ftdj;jpw;F ...
ghltpUj; j p
• fld; njhifiaAk; nkhj;j tl;biaAk; $l;b jtizfspd;
vz;zpf;ifahy; gpupj;J jtizf; fl;lzj;ijf; fhz;gjw;fhd
nraw;ghnlhd;iwg; gad;gLj;Jf.
102
Mrpupau; topfhl;b - juk; 11 fzpjk;
• thliff; nfhs; t dT Kiwapy; jtizf; fl; l zj; i jf;
fzpg;gjw;F nghUj;jkhd Kiw xd;iwg; gpd;gw;Wf.
• thliff; nfhs; t dT Kiwapyhd tl; b r; rjtP j j; i jf;
fzpg;gjw;F nghUj;jkhd Kiw xd;iwg; gpd;gw;Wf.
fzpg;g PL k; kjpg;g PL k;
• ghlE}ypd; 9 Mk; ghlj;jpd; cupa gapw;rpfisr; nra;tjw;F
khztu;fis topg;gLj;Jf.
Nkyjpf tsq;f Sk; nraw;g hLfSk;. ..
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GtaoP0skPWc
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t4zfiBw0hwM
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qEB6y4DklNY
103
Mrpupau; topfhl;b - juk; 11 fzpjk;
10 $l;bizf;fg;gl;l fk;gdpfs;
Nju;r;rp 5 : rjtPjj;ij cgNahfpj;J etPd fzpj cyfpy; ntw;wpfukhff;
nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fis Nkw;nfhs;thu;.
Nju;r ;r p kl;lk; 5.3 : KjyPl;Lf;fhf gq;Fr;re;ijia fUj;jpw; nfhs;thu;.
ghl Ntisfs; : 05
mwpKfk; :
• tpahghuk; xd;iw Muk;gpgg
; jw;F %yjdk; Njit. gq;Ffspd;
cgNahfk; jw;NghJ %yjdj;ijg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fhd
tpUg;Gf;Fupa xU KiwahFk;. gq;F vd;gJ tpahghu
%yjdj;jpd; Xu; myF MFk;. ,yq;ifapy; gq;Fr; re;ijap
D}lhf gq;Ffspd; nfhLf;fy; thq;fy; eilngWfpd;wJ.
• 2007 fk;gdpfs; rl;l%yj;jpd; 7 Mk; gpuptpd;gb gjpTnra;ag;
gl;l ~~tiuaWf;fg;gl;l nghJ|| fk;gdpfspdhy; kl;LNk
gq; F fs; tpepNahfpf; f KbAk; . ~~ti uaWf; f g; g l; l
jdpg;gl;l|| fk;gdpfspdhy; gq;Ffs; tpepNahfpf;f KbahJ.
• tiuaWf;fg;gl;l nghJf; fk;gdpapy; Fiwe;jJ xU gq;Fjhuu;
,Uf;f KbAkhtNjhL> gq;Fjhuu; cau; vz;zpf;iff;F
vy;iy fpilahJ.
• tiuaWf;fg;gl;l nghJf; fk;gdpfSf;fhd %yjdj;ij
cUthf;fpf; nfhs;tjw;F gy vz;zpf;ifahd gq;Fjhuu;
fisr; Nru;jJ ; f;nfhs;s KbAk;.
• gq;Fr; re;ijapy; gjpT nra;ag;gl;Lg; gl;baypy; Nru;f;fg;gl;l
tiuaWf;fg;gl;l fk;gdpnahd;W gq;nfhd;Wf;fhd epakpf;Fk;
tpiy mr;re;ju;g;gj;jpy; gq;nfhd;wpd; re;ij tpiy vdTk;
miof;fg;gLk;.
• gq; n fhd; w pd; re; i jtpiy × gq; F fspd; vz; z pf; i f
vd;gjhy; gq;Ffspw;fhd KjyPL fpilg;gNjhL> mJ
fk;gdpapy; NrUk; gq;Fjhuupd; ~~KjyPlL ; g; gzk;|| vdg;gLk;.
,J fk; g dpapd; ~~ntspaplg; g l; l %yjdk; | | vdTk;
nfhs;sg;gLk;.
• gq;Ffspy; KjyPL ÷ gq;nfhd;wpd; re;ijtpiy vd;gjhy;
KjyPl;lhsUf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd gq;F fspd; vz;zpf;i f
ngwg;gLk;.
• gq;FfSf;Ff; fpilf;Fk; gq;F ,yhgk; fk;gdpapd; tUlhe;jj;
njhopwg ; hl;by; fpilf;Fk; ,yhgj;jpdg
; b jPuk
; hdpff
; g;gLfpdw
; J.
mJ gq;nfhd;Wf;F cupa gq;Fyhgk; vd ntspaplg;gLk;.
(c-k; : gq;nfhd;Wf;F &gh 5 tPjk;) fk;gdpapd; gq;fpyhgkhdJ
gzpg;ghsu; rigapd; Kbtpd;gb fhyj;Jf;Ff; fhyk; khw;wg;
glyhk;.
104
Mrpupau; topfhl;b - juk; 11 fzpjk;
• fhyj;Jf;Ff; fhyk; khw;wg;glhJ jpl;lkhd gq;fpyhgj;Jld;
tpepNahfpf;fg;gLk; gq;FfSk; cz;L. ,it ~~Kd;Dupikg;
gq;Ffs;|| vdg;gLk;.
• gq;Ffisf; nfhs;tdT nra;j KjyPl;lhsu;fs;> mtw;iwf;
nfhs;tdT nra;j tpiyapYk; ghu;f;ff; $ba tpiyf;F
tpw;;Fk;NghJ mtUf;Ff; fpilf;Fk; Nkyjpf gzk; ~~%yjd
,yhgk;|| vdg;gLk;.
(c-k; : gq;nfhd;iw &gh 12 Mf thq;fp> 500 gq;Ffis
itj;Js;s xUtu;> mg;gq;Ffis &gh 15 tPjk; tpwF ; k;NghJ
fpilf;Fk; %yjd ,yhgk; = (15 - 12) × 500 = &gh 1500 MFk;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.3 ,w;Fupa fw;ww; NgWfs; :
1. gq;F KjypLk; NghJ ngUksT vz;zpf;ifahd
KjyPl;lhsu;fis tpahghuj;jpy; ,izj;Jf; nfhs;sKbAk;
vd;gij Vw;Wf;nfhs;thu;.
2. tiuaWf; f g; g l; l fk; g dpfs; gq; F fis tpw; g jd; %yNk
%yjdj;ij cUthf;fpf; nfhs;fpdw ; du; vd;gij Vw;Wf;nfhs;thu;.
3. $l;lhfj; jhgpf;fg;gl;l fk;gdp xd;W gq;nfhd;Wf;fhf epakpf;Fk;
tpiy gq;nfhd;wpd; re;ijtpiy vd miof;fg;gLk;.
4. gq;nfhd;wpd; re;ijtpiyia gq;Ffspd; vz;zpfi ; fahy; ngUf;F
tjhy; gq;Ffspd; re;ijtpiy (%yjdk; / KjyPL nra;ag;gl;l
gzk;) ngwg;gLk; vdf; $Wthu;.
5. KjyPL nra;af;$ba gzj;ij (gq;Ffspd; re;ijtpiy/ $wg;gl;l
%yjdk;) gq;nfhd;wpd; re;ijtpiyahy; tFg;gjd; %yk; thq;Fk;
gq;Ffspd; vz;zpf;if ngwg;gLk; vdf; $Wthu;.
6. gq;nfhd;Wf;F toq;fg;gLk; gq;fpyhgj;ij gq;Ffspd; vz;zpfi ; f
ahy; ngUf;Ftjhy; KjyPl;lhsUf;Ff; fpilf;Fk; gq;fpyhg
tUkhdj;ijf; fzpg;ghu;.
7. KjyPL nra;ag;gl;l gzk; (gq;Ffspd; re;ijtpiy/ ntspapl ; g;gl;l
%yjdk;) gq;nfhd;wpd; re;ijtpiy> gq;nfhd;wpd; gq;fpyhgk;
nfhz;l gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;g;ghu;.
fiyr;n rhw;fs; :
gq;Ffs; - fldgia - Shares
%yjdk; - m%d.aOkh - Capital
re;ijtpiy - fjf<| fmd, ñ, - Market price
tiuaWf;fg;gl;l fk;gdp - iSud iys; iud.ï - Limited company
ntspaplg;gl;l %yjdk; - m%ldYs; m%d.aOkh - Stated capital
gq;fpyhgk; - ,dNdxYh - Dividend
KjyPL - wdfhdackh - Investment
105
Mrpupau; topfhl;b - juk; 11 fzpjk;
ghlj;i jj; jpl;lkpLtjw;f hd mwpTWj;j y;fs; :
Nju;rr
; p kl;lk; 5.3 ,d; fPOs;s 1>2>3 Mfpa fw;ww;NgWfis
cWjp nra; j gpd; 4>5>6 Mfpa fw; w w; N gWfis
khztuplj;jpy; cWjp nra;Ak; nghUl;L tpupTiu -
fye;Jiuahly; Kiwapd; fPo; jahupf;fg;gl;l khjpup
xd;W fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sJ.
fhyk; : 40 epkplq;fs;
ju cs;sPLfs; :
• ,izg;G - 1 ,y; jug;gl;l gpurpdq;fs; vOjg;gl;l bik jhs;.
MrpupaUf;f hd mwpTWj; j y;f s;
ghlg; g puNtrk; :
• gq;nfhd;wpd; re;ijtpiy> gq;Ffspd; ngWkjp my;yJ
ntspapl %yjdk;> gq;fpyhg tUkhdk; Mfpa fiyr;
nrhw;fspd; fUj;Jf;fs;gw;wp khztUld; fye;JiuahLf.
ghltpUj; j p :
• gpurpdq;fs; nfhz;l bik jhis tFg;gpd; Kd;dhy;
fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf.
• khztu;fSld; fye;Jiuahb gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;fF
; k;
Kiwiaf; fUk;gyifapy; vOJf.
tpil :
1. (a) i. & 15 × 3 000
= & 45 000
ii. & 3 × 3 000
= & 9 000
(b) i. & 450000
15
= & 30 000
ii. & 3 × 30 000
= & 90 000
(c) i. & 18 × 30 000
= & 540 000
ii. & 5 × 30 000
= & 150 000
• ,t;tpiliag; gw;wp ftdj;ij <u;f;f.
106
Mrpupau; topfhl;b - juk; 11 fzpjk;
• gpd;du; khztu;fSf;fhf toq;fg;gl;Ls;s gapw;rpfis
mtu;fSf;F toq;fp tpilaspgg
; jw;F re;ju;gg
; k; toq;Ff.
• tpilfis vOjp Kbj; j gpd; khztu; f Sld ;
fye;Jiuahb tpilfs; rupahditah vdg; guPlr ; pf;f.
khztu;f Sf;f hd xg; g il
tiuaWf;fg;gl;l ];uhu; fk;gdpapdhy; tpepNahfpf;fg;gl;l gq;nfhd;wpd;
re;ijtpiy &gh 20 Md gq;nfhd;Wf;fhf toq;Fk; gq;fpyhgk;
&gh 5. ,f;fk;gdpapd; gq;Ffis itj;jpUf;Fk; utpapd; gq;Ffspd;
KjyPL &gh 1 000 000 MFk;. gzj;Njitapd; fhuzkhf utp jdJ
gq;Ffis tpwf ; pwhu;. gq;Ffis tpwF
; k;NghJ gq;nfhd;wpd; re;ijtpiy
&gh 30 vdf; $wg; gl;bUg;gNjhL gq;nfhd;Wf;F toq;Fk; gq;fpyhgk;
&gh 2 My; mjpfupf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ.
i. utpaplk; cs;s gq;Ffspd; vz;zpf;if vt;tsT?
ii. utp gq;Ffis tpw;gjhy; fpilf;Fk; gzk; vt;tsT?
iii. utpapd; %yjd ,yhgk; vt;tsT?
iv. utpapd; gq;F fis thq;fpatUf;F f; fpilf;F k; gq;fpyhg
tUkhdj;ijf; fhz;f.
fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk; :
fzpg; g Pl ;L epajpfs;
• tiuaWf;fg;gl;l fk;gdp xd;wpd; gq;nfhd;wpd; re;ijtpiyiag;
gq;Ffspd; vz;zpf;ifahy; ngUf;fp> gq;Ffspd; ngWkjpiag;
(KjyPli ; l) ngWthu;.
• gq;nfhd;wpd; gq;fpyhgk;> gq;Ffspd; vz;zpf;if vd;gd jug;gL
kplj;J gq;fpyhg tUkhdj;ijf; fhz;ghu;.
• ntspaplg;gl;l %yjdk;> gq;nfhd;wpd; re;ijtpiy > gq;Ffspd;
vz;zpf;if vd;w %d;W fzpaq;fspy; ,uz;L jug;gLkplj;J
kw;iwa fzpaj;ijf; fhz;ghu;.
• gq;nfhd;wpd; re;ij tpiy> gq;fpyhgKk; khWk;NghJ mjw;Nfw;g
gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;g;ghu;.
• capu;g;Gld; fye;Jiuahlypy; gq;Fgw;wp fw;wypy; <LgLthu;.
• Njh;r;rpkl;lk; 5.3 y; fw;ww; NgWf;Fupa vz;zf;fUit tpUj;jp
nra; t jw; F nghUj; j khd Kiwnahd; i wj; jpl; l kpl; L
nraw;gLj;Jf.
fzpg;g PL k; kjpg; g PL k;.
• ghlE}ypd; 10 Mk; ghlj;jpd; cupa gapw;rpfisr; nra;tpf;f.
107
Mrpupau; topfhl;b - juk; 11 fzpjk;
,izg;G - 01
1. tiuaWf;fg;gl;l Mfh\; fk;gdpapdhy; tpepNahfpf;fg;gl;l
gq;nfhd;wpd; re;ij tpiy &gh. 15. ,f;fk;gdp gq;nfhd;Wf;F
toq;Fk; gq;fpyhgk; &gh 3.
a. ,f;fk;gdpapd; 3000 gq;Ffis Fkud; thq;Ffpwhu;.
i. Fkud; thq;fpa gq;Ffspd; ngWkjpiaf; fhz;f.
ii. Mz; n lhd; w py; FkuDf; F f; fpilf; F k; gq; f py hg
tUkhdj;ijf; fhz;f.
b. Nkw;$wg;gl;l fk;gdpapd; gq;Ffis itj;Js;s mdP]htpd;
ntspaplg;gl;l %yjdk; &gh 450 000.
i. mdP]h itj;Js;s gq;Ffspd; vz;zpf;ifiaf; fhz;f.
ii. mdP]htpd; gq;fpyhg tUkhdj;ijf; fhz;f.
c. gzj;Njit fhuzkhf mdP]h jdJ gq;Ffis tpw;fpwhu;.
me;j re;ju;g;gj;jpy; gq;nfhd;wpd; re;ij tpiy &gh 18
MfpaNjhL gq;nfhd;Wf;F toq;fg;gLk; gq;fpyhgk; &gh 2
,dhy; mjpfupf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ.
i. mdP]htpd; gq;Ffisf; nfhs;tdT nra;j mk;yh mjw;fhf
vt;tsT KjyPL nra;jhu;?
ii. mk;yhtpd; gq;fpyhg tUkhdj;ijf; fhz;f.
108
Mrpupau; topfhl;b - juk; 11 fzpjk;
MrpupaUf;F kl;L k;
2007 ,yf;fkplg;gl;l fk;gdp rl;l
; j;jpd; fPo; ,yq;if $l;bizf;fg;gl;l fk;gdpfs;
gpd;tUkhW.
$l;bizf;fg;gll;l fk;gdpfs;
tiuaWf;fg;glhj cj;juthjj;jhy;
tiuaWf;fg;gl;l
fk;gdpfs; nghWg;G tiua
fk;gdpfs;
-Wf;fg;gl;l fk;g
-dpfs;
tiuaWf;fg;gl;l tiuaWf;fg;gl;l tiuaWf;fg;gl;l
jdpahh; nghJf; fiufle;j
fk;gdpfs; fk;gdpfs; fk;gdpfs;
gl;baw;gLj;jg;gl;l gl;baw;gLj;jg;glhj
fk;gdpfs; fk;gdpfs;
gq;Fr; re;ijapy; gl;bayplg;gl;l fk;gdpfs; ,Jtiu 292 cs;sd.
rl; l g; g b fk; g dpapd; epjp tpguq; f is gq; F nfhs; t dT
nra;jtu;fSf;Fj; njupag;gLj;JtJ mtrpak;.
Nkyjpf tsq;f Sk; nraw;g hLfSk;. ..
https://www.cse.lk/
109
Mrpupau; topfhl;b - juk; 11 fzpjk;
11 eLg;Gs;spj; Njw;wk;
Nju;r;rp 23 : Neu;Nfhl;Lj; jsTUf;fs; njhlu;ghd Nfj;jpufzpj vz;zf;
fUf;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L md;whl tho;f;ifg; gzp
fSf;Fj; Njitahd KbTfis vLg;ghu;.
Nju;r ;r p kl;lk; 23.6 : Kf;Nfhzp xd;wpd; ,uz;L gf;fq;fis tpfpjrkkhfg;
gpupf;F k; NfhL njhlu;ghfg; ngwg;gLk; KbTfis
Muha;thu;.
ghl Ntisfs; : 08
mwpKfk; :
• Kf;Nfhzpnahd;wpd; gf;fq;fSf;F ,ilapyhd kw;WnkhU
njhlu;Ng ,q;F fye;Jiuahlg;gLfpdw ; J. eLg;Gs;spj; Njw;wk;
gw;wpa mwpT> mjid tha;g;Gg; ghu;j;jy;> mjid epWTjy;>
mjidg; gad;gLj;jp Nfj;jpufzpj gpurpdq;fis (Vwpfis)
epWTjy;> eLg;Gs;spj; Njw;wj;jpd; kWjiyia ,dq;fhzy;>
kWjiyiag; gad;gLj;jp Nfj;jpufzpjg; gpurpdq;fis
epWTjy; njhlu;ghd jpwd;fis tpUj;jp nra;tJ ,g;ghlk;
%yk; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 23.6 ,w;Fupa fw;ww; NgWfs; :;
1. Kf;Nfhzp xd;wpd; ,uz;L gf;fq;fspd; eLg; Gs;spfis ,izf;Fk;
NfhL> %d;whtJ gf;fk; vd;gtw;iwg; ngaupLthu;.
2. eLg;Gs;spj; Njw;wj;ij ,dq;fhz;ghu;.
3. eLg;Gs;spj; Njw;wj;ij tha;g;G ghu;g;ghu;.
4. eLg;Gs;spj; Njw;wj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp gf;fq;fspd; ePsk; njhlu;ghd
fzpj;jy;fisr; nra;thu;.
5. eLg;Gs;spj; Njw;wj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp Nfj;jpufzpj gpurpdq;fis
epWTthu;.
6. eLg;Gs;spj; Njw;wj;ij Kiwahf epWTthu;.
7. eLg;Gs;spj; Njw;wj;jpd; kWjiyia ,dq;fhz;ghu;.
8. eLg;Gs;spj; Njw;wj;jpd; kWjiyiag; gad;gLj;jp fzpj;jy;fisr;
nra;thu;.
9. eLg;Gs;spj; Njw;wj;jpd; kWjiyiag; gad;gLj;jp Nfj;jpu fzpj
gpurpdq;fis epWTthu;.
110
Mrpupau; topfhl;b - juk; 11 fzpjk;
fiyr;n rhw;fs; :
eLg;Gs;sp - uOH ,laIH - Mid point
kWjiy - úf,dauh - Converse
ghlj;i jj; jpl;lkpLtjw;f hd mwpTWj;j y;fs; :
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 23.6 ,w;Fupa 1>2>3 Mfpa fw;ww;NgWfis
khztuplj;jpy; tpUj;jp nra;tjw;fhf> Mrpupaupd;
topfhl;lYldhd fz;lwp Kiwapd; fPo; jahupf;fg;gl;l>
FOtpDs; jdpahs; nraw;ghlhfr; nra;af;$bajhd
khjpup xd;W fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sJ.
fhyk; : 40 epkplq;fs;
ju cs;sPLfs; :
• nraw;gbtj;jpd; gpujpfs;
• epwk; nfhz;l A4 jhs;fs;
• fj;jpupf;Nfhy;fs;
MrpupaUf;f hd mwpTWj; j y;f s;
ghlg; g puNtrk;
• nrt;tfk;> ,izfuk; vd;gtw;wpd; xt;nthU tupg;glk;
fUk;gyifapy; tiue;J> mtw;wpd; ,ay;Gfs; (cilik
fs;) gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLf. ,izfuj;jpd; vjpug ; g
; f;fq;fs;
rkhe;juk;> vjpug
; g
; f;fq;fs; rkd;> ,izfuj;jpd; xU tpNrl
tifNa nrt;tfk; vd;gd gw;wp fye;Jiuahlypy; njspT
gLj;Jf.
ghltpUj; j p
• Kf;Nfhzp xd;wpd; ,uz;L gf;fq;fspd; eLg;Gs;spfis
,izf;Fk; NfhL %d;whk; gf;fj;Jf;F r; rkhe;juk;
MtNjhL mjd; miuthrp MFk; vd;w Njw;wj;ij
tupg;glk; tiue;J tpsf;Ff.
• tiuag;gl;l tupg;glj;jpy; eLg;Gs;spfs; Fwpf;fg; gl;l
gf;fq;fis ,dq;fhz;gjw;Fk; %d;whk; gf;fj;ij ,dq;
fz;L mtw;iwg; ngaupLtjw;Fk; khztu;fis <LgLj;Jf.
• eLg;Gs;spj; Njw;wj;ij tha;g;Gg; ghu;g;gjw;fhf khztu;
fisg; nghUj;jkhdthW FOf;fshf;f p> xt;nthU
FOTf;Fk; nraw;gbtk;> epwk; nfhz;l A4 jhs; f s; >
fj;jpupf;Nfhy; vd;gtw;iw toq;fp> mtu;fisr; nraw;
ghl;by; <LgLj;Jf.
111
Mrpupau; topfhl;b - juk; 11 fzpjk;
• khztu;fs; Kf;Nfhzpia ntl;b Ntwhf;fpa gpd;du;
,uz;L gf;fq;fspd; eLg;Gs;spfisg; ngWk; tpjj;ij
Mrpupaupd; nra;J fhl;lYld; tpsf;Ff.
• nraw; gbtj;jpy; cs;s tupgg ; lq;fSf;F Vw;g XY vd;gjd;
topNa Kf;Nfhzpia kbj;j gpd;> cr;rp B I A cld;
nghUe;JkhW X ,D}lhf kbf;f. gpd;du; cr;rp C I A
cld; nghUe;JkhW Y ,D}lhf kbf;f. mg;NghJ
Kf;Nfhzp ahdJ nrt;tfkhf kbf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,r;
nraw;njhliu Mrpupau; FOf;fSf;Fr; nrd;W mtjhdpff ;
Ntz;Lk;.
• ngwg;gl;l nrt;tfj;ijf; fhl;rpg;gLj;jp nrt;tfj;jpd;
gf; f q; f spd; eP s q; f s; gw; w pf; fye ; J iuahLf.
1
,f;fye;Jiuahlypy; XY//BC gw;wpAk; XY = BC gw;wpAk;
2
tha;g;Gg; ghu;f;f.
khztu; nraw;g hl;L g; gbtk;
• ahNjDnkhU Kf;Nfhzpia tiue;J A
mjid ABC vdg; ngaupLf.
• Kf;Nfhzp ABC I ntl;b Ntwhf;Ff.
B C
• cr;rp A I cr;rp B cld; nghUe;J
A
khW kbj; J X vd; w Gs; s piag;
ngWf. gpd;du; mjid tpupj;J kPzL
; X Y
cr;rp A I cr;rp C cld;
nghUe;JkhW kbj;J Gs;sp Y Ig; B C
ngWf.
X Y
• gpd;d u; Kf;Nfhzpia NfhL XY
topNa kbj;J mg;NghJ cr;rp A
gf;fk; BC ,d; kPJ tpOk;. B A C
• ,g;NghJ cr;rp B cr;rp A cld;
nghUe;JkhW X ,D}lhf kbf;f.
gpd; d u; cr; r p C cr; r p A cld; X Y
nghUe;JkhW Y ,D}lhf kbf;f.
• ,g;NghJ ePqf
; s; ngw;w cUitg; gw;wp
FOtpd; Vida mq;fj;jtu;fSld;
BAC
fye;JiuahLf.
112
Mrpupau; topfhl;b - juk; 11 fzpjk;
fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk; :
fzpg; g Pl ;L epajpfs;
• Kf;Nfhzp xd;wpd; ,uz;L gf;fq;fspd; eLg; Gs;spfisAk;
%d;whtJ gf;fj;ijAk; ,dq;fhz;ghu;.
• eLg;Gs;spj; Njw;wj;ijf; $Wthu;.
• eLg;Gs;spj; Njw;wj;ij tha;g;Gg; ghu;g;ghu;.
• Kf;Nfhzp xd;wpd; ,uz;L gf;fq;fspd; eLg;Gs;spfis ,izf;Fk;
NfhL %d;whk; gf;fj;jpwF
; r; rkhe;juk; vd;gijAk; mjd; miuthrp
vd;gijAk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;thu;.
• tpNrl mtjhdpg;gpd; %yk; nghJf; $w;Wf;fis mikg;ghu;.
ghE}ypy; 11k; gf;fj;jpw;Fhpa gapw;rpfis nra;tpf;f.
Nkyjpf tsq;f Sk; nraw;g hLfSk;. ..
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ozb998JdeDI
http://www.skoool.lk/content/ks3/maths/los/algebraic/index.html
113
Mrpupau; topfhl;b - juk; 11 fzpjk;
12 tiuGfs;
Nju;r;rp 20 : ,uz;L khwpfSf;fpilapy; fhzg;gLk; njhlu;ig ,yFthf
vLj;Jf;fhl;Lk; Kiwfis Muha;thu;.
Nju;r ;r p kl;lk; 20.1 : tiuG Kiw El;gq;fis cgNahfpj;J gpurpdq;fisj;
jPu;g;ghu;.
20.2 : ,Ugbr; rhu;gpd; gz;Gfis tiuGfisf; nfhz;L
tpsf;Fthu;.
20.3 : ,Ugbr; rhu; g pd; ,ay; i g> rhu; i g mtjhdpj; J
tpsf;Fthu;.
ghl Ntisfs; : 12
mwpKfk; :
2
• y = mx, y = mx + c, y = ax ± b, tbtpyhd rhu;Gfspd; tiuGfis
tiujy;> ,t; xt;nthU tiugpdJk; ,ay;Gfs; gw;wpAk;
Kd;i da tFg;Gfspy; khztu;fs; fw;Ws;sdu;. ,q;F
y = mx + c vd;w tbtpyhd rhu;G Vfgupkhz <UWg;igf;
nfhz;l rkd;ghl;bd; tbtj;ij vLg;gjhy;> xUq;fik
rkd;ghLfisj; jPug ; ;gjw;F y = mx + c tbtpyhd tiuGfisg;
gad;gLj;j KbAk;. mq;F Ms;$w;Wj; jsj;jpy; ,uz;L
xUq;fik rkd;ghLfspd; tiuGfs; tiuag;gLk;NghJ mit
,ilntl;Lk; Gs;spapd; Ms;$Wfs; rkd;ghl;bd; jPu;itj;
jUfpd;wJ.
2
• ,t;tFg;gpy; y = ax + bx + c vd;w tbtpyhd rhu;gpd; tiuG
tiuag;gLfpdw ; J. ,t; tiugpd; tbtk; gutisT vdg;gLk;.
a > 0 my;y J a < 0 vd;gjw;F Vw;g tiugpd; jpUk;gw;
Gs;spahdJ KiwNa ,opTg; Gs;sp> cau;Tg; Gs;sp vd
miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
2
• y = ax + bx + c vd;w rhu;gpy; y = 0 MFk;NghJ ngwg;gLk;
2
ax + bx + c = 0 vd;w rkd;ghl;bd; %yq;fs;> tiughdJ x
mr;ir ntl;Lk; Gs;spfspd; x Ms;$Wfshy; ngwg;gLk;.
• x mr;Rf;F NkNy fhzg;gLk; tiugpd; gFjp> ~~rhu;gpd;
ngWkhdk; Neu;|| MfTs;s gFjp vdTk;> x mr;rpd; fPNo
cs;s gFjp> ~~rhu;gpd; ngWkhdk; kiw|| MfTs;s gFjp
vdTk; ,dq; f hz; g NjhL rhu; g pd; elj; i j gw; w pAk;
fye;JiuahLf. rhu;G ~Neu;| MtJ> ~kiw| MtJ gw;wpa
elj;i jiaj; jPu;khdpg;gjw;F rhu;G x mr;ir ntl;Lk;
Gs;spfspd; x Ms;$Wfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
114
Mrpupau; topfhl;b - juk; 11 fzpjk;
• ,Ugbr; rhu;ghdJ [a, b, c Î R MftpUf;f]
2
y = ± (ax ± b) + c vdj; jug;gLk;NghJ mjd; tiuGfs;
rkr;rPu; mr;rpd; rkd;ghL ax ± b = 0 vd;gjhYk;> ,opT /
cau;Tg; ngWkhdk; C vd;gjhYk; ngwg;gLk;. mj;NjhL
æ b ö
jpUk;gw;Gs;sp ç m , c ÷ vd;gjhy; ngwg;gLk;.
è a ø
y = ± (x ± a) (x ± b) vd;w tbtpy; jug;gLk; rhu;gpd; tiuG x
mr;ir ntl;Lk; Gs;spfshtd> (m a, o ) , (m b,o ) MFk;. rkr;ruP ;
( m a) + (m b)
mr;rpd; rkd;ghL x = MFk;.
2
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 20.2 ,w;Fupa fw;ww; NgWfs; :
1. a, b, c Î Q,a ¹ 0 MftpUf;f> y = ax 2 + bx + c vd;w tbtpyhd
rhu;ig tiutjw;fhf x ,d; jug;gl;l rpy ngWkhdq;fSf;F
xj;j y ,d; ngWkhdq;fisf; fzpg;ghu;.
2. jug; g l; l Ml; r papDs; (x ,d; ngWkhd MapilapDs; )
y = ax 2 + bx + c vd;w rhu;gpd; tiuig tiuthu;.
3. y = ax 2 + bx + c vd;w rhu;gpd; tiugpypUe;J> ,opT /cau;Tg;
ngWkhdk;> tiugpd; rkr;rPu; mr;rpd; rkd;ghL> jpUk;gw; Gs;spap
ypUe;J Ms;$Wfs; vd;gtw;iwf; fhz;ghu;
4. y = ax 2 + bx + c vd; w tbtpyhd rhu; g pd; tiugpypUe; J >
y = 0 mjhtJ ax 2 + bx + c = 0 vd;w rkd;ghl;bd; %yq;fisf;
fhz;ghu;.
5. y = ax 2 + bx + c vd; w tbtpyhd rhu; g pd; tiugpypUe; J >
y = ax 2 + bx + c vd;w rhu;gpd; kiw MFk;. kiw Mff; FiwAk;>
kiw Mf mjpfupf;Fk;> Neu; MFk;> Neu; Mf mjpfupf;Fk;> Neu;
Mff; FiwAk; x ,d; ngWkhd tPr;irf; fhz;ghu;.
6. y = ax 2 + bx + c vd;w rhu;gpd; tiugpypUe;J> rhu;gpd;; jug;gl;l
xU ngWkhdj;jpw;F xj;j x ,d; ngWkhdq;fisf; fhz;ghu;.
7. y = ax 2 + bx + c vd;w rhu;gpd; tiugpypUe;J> rhu;gpd;; jug;gl;l xU
ngWkhdj;jpw;F xj;j x ,d; ngWkhd tPr;irf; fhz;ghu;.
8. jug;gl;l Ml;rpapDs; (x ,d; ngWkhd MapilapDs;)
y = ± ( x ± b) 2 + c , y = ± ( x ± a )( x ± b) vd;w tbtpyhd rhu;gpd;
tiuig tiuthh;. mt; tiugpd; %yk; mt;tiugpd; ,ay;Gfis
tpgupg;ghu;.
115
Mrpupau; topfhl;b - juk; 11 fzpjk;
fiyr;n rhw;fs; :
Ml;rp - jiu - Domain
tPr;R / Mapil - mrdih$m%dka;rh - Range / Interval
cau;Tg; ngWkhdk; - Wmßu w.h - Maximum value
,opTg; ngWkhdk; - wju w.h - Minimum value
jpUk;gw; Gs;sp - yEreï ,CIHh - Tunring point
rkr;rPu; mr;R - iuñ;s wCIh - Axis of symmetry
ghlj;i jj; jpl;lkpLtjw;f hd mwpTWj;j y;fs; :
Nju;r ; r p kl; l k; 20.2 ,w; F upa fw; w w; N gWfs; 1> 2
vd;gtw;wpYs;s ghl tplaq;fis khztuplj;jpy; cWjp
nra;jgpd;> 3> 4> 5> 6 Mfpa fw;ww;NgWfspYs;s tplaq;
fis khztuplj;jpy; cWjp nra;tjw;fhf FOthff;
fz;lwpAk; Kiwapy; nraw;gLj;Jtjw;fhfj; jahupf;fg;
gl;l khjpup xd;W fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sJ.
fhyk; : 40 epkplq;fs;
ju cs;sPLfs; :
• ,izg;G - 1 ,Ys;s tiugpd; gpujpfs; FOTf;F xd;W
tPjk;
• nraw;gbtj;jpd; gpujpfs; FOTf;F xd;W tPjk;
MrpupaUf;f hd mwpTWj; j y;f s;
ghlg; g puNtrk;
2
• y = ax + b vd;w tbtpyhd rhu;gpd; ,opT / cau;Tg;
ngWkhdk; b vd;gijAk;> tiugpd; rkr;rPu; mr;rpd;
rkd; g hL x = 0 vd; g ijAk; > jpUk; g w; Gs; s papd;
Ms;$Wfs; (0, b) vd;gijAk; juk; 10 ,y; fw;Ws;sJ
gw;wp gUk;gb tiuig tiue;J epidt+l;Lf.
ghltpUj; j p
• khztu;fisg; nghUj;jkhdthW FOf;fshfg; gpupj;J
ju cs;sPLfisg; gfpu;e;jspf;f.
• FOf; fz;lwpjy; Kbtile;j gpd;du; khztu; fz;lwpe;j
tw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L fye;JiuahLf.
2
• y = ax + bx + c vd;gjd; tiugpypUe;J>
• rhu;gpd; ,opT /cau;Tg; ngWkhdk;> jpUk;gw; Gs;sp
vd;gtw;iwf; $Wk; KiwiaAk;
• tiugpd; rkr;ru P ; mr;irf; fz;L mjd; rkd;ghl;il
vOJk; KiwAk;
116
Mrpupau; topfhl;b - juk; 11 fzpjk;
2
• y = 0 ( ax + bx + c = 0) vd;w rkd;ghl;bd; %yq;fisf;
fhZk; KiwAk;
• rhu;gpd; ngWkhdk; Neu; Mf ,Uf;Fk;> Neu; Mf
mjpfupf;Fk;> Neu; Mff; FiwAk; re;ju;g;gq;fSf;fhd
x ,d; ngWkhd tPr;irf; fhZk; KiwiaAk;>
• rhu;gpd; ngWkhdk; kiw Mf ,Uf;Fk;> kiw Mf
mjpfupfF ; k;> kiw Mff; FiwAk; re;ju;gg
; q;fSf;fhd
x ,d; ngWkhd tPr;irf; fhZk; KiwiaAk;
vLj;Jf; fhl;Lf.
khztUf;f hd nraw;ghl;Lg; gbtk; :-
gf;fk; 118 y; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk; :
fzpg; g Pl ;L epajpfs;
2
• y = ax ± bx ± c tbtpyhd rhu;gpd; tiuig mtjhdpj;J mjd;
,opT / cau;Tg; ngWkhdk;> rkr;rPu; mr;rpd; rkd;ghL> jpUk;gw;
Gs;sp vd;gtw;iwf; $Wthu;.
2 2
• y = ax ± bx ± c tbtpyhd rhu;gpd; tiugpd; %yk; ax ± bx ± c = 0
vd;w rkd;ghl;bd; %yq;fisf; fhz;ghh;.
2
• y = ax ± bx ± c tbtpyhd rhu;gpd; tiugpd; %yk; rhu;gpd;
ngWkhdk; Neu; MFk; my;yJ kiw MFk; x ,d; Mapilia
vOJthu;.
• jhd; vLj;j KbTfSf;Ff; fhuzkhf mikAk; tplaq;fisj;
ju;f;fuPjpahf Kd;itg;ghu;.
• FOtpDs; $l;lhfr; nraw;gLthu;.
• ghlE}ypd; 12 Mk; ghlj;jpd; cupa gapw;rpfisAk;> fle;j fhy
tpdhg; gj;jpuj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; cupa tpdhf;fisAk; nra;tpf;f.
ftdj;jpw;F ...
ghltpUj; j p
• 20.2 Njh;r;rp kl;lj;jpw;Fhpa fw;ww; NgWfs; 7>8 w;fhd gFjpfis
khztu;fsplj;jpy; cWjp nra;tjw;fhfg; nghUj;jkhdthW
ghlq;fisj; jpl;lkpl;Lr; nraw;gLj;Jf.
• 20.1> 20.3 Njh;r;rp kl;lq;fSf;fhd fw;ww;NgWfis tpUj;jp
nra; t jw; f hf nghUj; j khdthW ghlq; f isj; jpl; l kpl; L
nraw;gLj;Jf.
117
Mrpupau; topfhl;b - juk; 11 fzpjk;
khztu; f Sf; f hd nraw; g btk;
• Mrpupaupdhy; cq;fSf;Fj; jug;gl;l tiuig ed;F mtjhdpf;f.
• tiuig cgNahfpjJ
; jug;gl;Ls;s ml;ltizia FOTld; fye;Jiuahb
epug;Gf.
tiuG A 2
y=x +2x-3
B 2
y = -x + x + 6
tpguk;
1. tiugpd; rkr;rPu; mr;R
2. jpUk;gw; Gs;spapd; Ms;$W
3. rhu;gpd; ,opT /cau;Tg;
ngWkhdk;
4. y = 2 Mf MFk;NghJ x ,d;
ngWkhdq;fs; (tiugpypUe;J)
5. tiuG x mr;ir ntl;Lk;
Gs;spfspd; Ms;$Wfs;
6. y = 0 MFk;NghJ x ,d;
ngWkhdq;fs;
7. tiuG A ,y; y ,d; Ms;$W
fs; kiw MfTs;s x ,d;
ngWkhd Mapil (tPr;R)
8. tiuG B ,y; y ,d; Ms;$W
fs; Neu; MfTs;s x ,d;
ngWkhd Mapil (tPr;R)
9. tiuG A ,y; y ,d;
ngWkhdq;fs; kiw Mff;
Fiwe;J nry;Yk; x ,d;
ngWkhd Mapil (tPr;R)
10. tiuG A ,y; y ,d;
ngWkhdq;fs; kiw Mf
mjpfhpj;Jr; nry;Yk; x ,d;
ngWkhd Mapil (tPr;R)
11. tiuG B ,y; y ,d;
ngWkhdq;fs; Neu; Mf
mjpfupf;Fk; x ,d;
ngWkhdtPr;R
12 tiuG B ,y; y ,d;
ngWkhdq;fs; Neu; Mff;
FiwAk; x ,d;
ngWkhdtPr;R
• tpilfs; ngwg;gl;l Kiwia tpgupj;J FOf; fz;lwpjy;fis tFg;gpy;
rku;g;gpf;f Maj;jk; MFf.
118
Mrpupau; topfhl;b - juk; 11 fzpjk;
y
6.25
y = -x2 + x + 6
2
y = x + 2x - 3
> x
Nkyjpf tsq;f Sk; nraw;g hLfSk;. ..
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MRAIgJmRmag
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BNHLzEv6Mjg
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3mimxluSVBo
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CuPgmA7ytWA
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RjkTEyO5Zso
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eDv7dk9uNmM
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uA6mcx4FMN8
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=99v51U3HSCU
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qv2pgv8ea-k
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TgKBc3Igx1I
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MQtsRYPx3v0
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TgKBc3Igx1I
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GHDrDdu6vrU
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dfoXtodyiIA
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IbI-l7mbKO4
MrpupaUf;F kl;L k;
2
• y = ax + bx + c vd;w rhu;ig tifapl;L> tifaPl;Lf; Fzfj;ijg;
g+rr
; paj;Jf;Fr; rkd; nra;tjd; %yk; 2 ax + b = 0 vd;gJ fpilf;Fk;.
,r;rkd;ghL ,r;rhu;gpdJ tiugpd; rkr;rPu; mr;irf; Fwpf;fpd;wJ.
119
Mrpupau; topfhl;b - juk; 11 fzpjk;
13 rkd;ghLfs;
Nju;r;rp 20 : md;whl tho;f;ifapd; Njitfis epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;tjw;F
rkd;ghLfs; jPuf
; F
; k; El;gq;fisf; ifahs;thu;.
Nju;r ;r p kl;lk; 17.1 : gpurpdk; jP u ; j ; j Yf; f hf xUq; f ik rkd; g hLfis
cgNahfpg;ghu;.
17.2 : md;whl Njitfspd;NghJ cUthFk; gpurpdq;fisj;
jPuf
; f
; ,Ugbrkd;ghl;il gad;gLj;JtJ gw;wp tpku;rpgg ; hu;.
ghl Ntisfs; : 05
mwpKfk; :
• ml;ru fzpjj;jpNy ahNjDk; njupahj fzpaq;fSf;F
,ilapyhd njhlu;Gfis rkd;ghLfspd; Clhff; Fwpj;Jf;
fhl;l KbAk;. ,uz;L njupahf;fzpaq;fSldhd rkd;ghL
jdpNa xd;W ,Uf;Fkhapd; mj;njupahf;fzpaq;fSf;fhd
rupahd xU ngWkhdj;i jf; fhzKbahJ. MdhYk;
mr;rkd;ghl;Lld; xUq;Nf mikAk; ,d;DnkhU rkd;ghL
cs;s re;ju;gg ; q;fspy; mr;rkd;ghL ,uz;bw;Fk; nghUj;jkhd
tifapy; ,U njupahf;fzpaq;fSf;F ngWkhdk; fhz
,aYk;. ,t;thwhd rkd;ghLfs; xUq;fikr; rkd;ghLfs;
vdg;gLk;.
• ,j; juj; j py; njupahf; f zpaq; f s; ,uz; L ld; tpfpjKW
Fzfj;Jld; Fzfq;fs; rkdw;w xUq;fikr; rkd;ghLfis
jPug
; g
; Jk; jug;gl;l juTfis ,uz;L njupahf;fzpaq;fSld;
xUq; f ikr; rkd; g hl;L r; Nrhbahf ntspg; gLj; J tJk;
vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
• xUq;fikr; Nrhbapy; xU njupahf;fzpaj;jpd; Fzfj;ij
rkg;gLj;jp my;yJ xU njupahf;fzpaj;ij vOthahf;Ftjd;
%yk; ngwg;g Lk; ngWkhdj;i j kw;i wa rkd;ghl;b y;
gpujpapl;L xUq;fikr; rkd;ghl;ilj; jPu;f;f KbAk;.
• njupahf;fzpak; xd;iw khj;jpuk; nfhz;L mj; njupahf;
fzpaj;jpd; tu;f;fj;Jld; cWg;igf; nfhz;l rkd;ghL
,Ugbr; rkd;ghL vdg;gLfpwJ.
• njupahf;fzpaj;ij x vdf;nfhz;L rhjhuzkhf>
ax + bx + c = 0 (a ¹ 0) Mf ,Ugbr; rkd;ghL fhl;lg;gLfpd;wJ.
2
,Ugbr; rkd;ghl;Lf;Fj; jPu;Tfs; ,uz;L cs;sd. ,Ugbr;
rkd;ghl;Lf;Fg; gy;N ; tW KiwfspD}lhf mtw;wpd; jPuT; fisg;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;s KbAk;. fhuzpg;gLj;jiyg; gad;gLj;jp>
120
Mrpupau; topfhl;b - juk; 11 fzpjk;
-b ± b2 - 4 a c
tu;f;fg; g+u;j;jpahf;fy; Kiwapy;> x = vDk;
2a
#j;jpuj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp ,Ugbr; rkd;ghl;ilj; jPuf
; f
; KbAk;.
ngw;Wf;nfhz;l jPu;Tfis kPz;Lk; rkd;ghl;by; gpujpapl;L
jPu;T rupahd jPu;T vd tha;g;Gg; ghu;f;f KbAk;. mt;thNw
jug;gl;l khwpfSf;fpilapyhd njhlu;Gk; ,Ugbr; rkd;ghl;L
tbtpy; mikAk;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 17.2 ,w;Fupa fw;ww; NgWfs; :;
1. ,Ugbr; rkd;ghl;bw;Fupa %TWg;Gf; Nfhitia fhuzpiag;
gad;gLj;jp ,Ugbr; rkd;ghl;bd; jPuT; fisf; fhz;ghu;.
2. ,Ugbr; rkd;ghl;bd; jPu;Tfis tu;f;f g+u;jj
; p Kiwapy; fhz;ghu;.
-b ± b2 - 4 a c
3. ,Ugbr; rkd; g hl; b d; jP u ; i t x= vDk;
2a
#j;jpuj;ijg; gad;gLj;jpf; fhz;ghu;.
4. ,Ugbr; rkd;ghl;bd; jPuT ; fis mr;rkd;ghl;by; gpujpaplL ; mj;juP T
;
cz;ik vd fhuzj;Jld; tha;g;Gg; ghu;g;ghu;.
5. jug;gLk; juTfSf;fpilapyhd njhlu;ig ,Ugbr; rkd;ghl;bd;
%yk; ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.
6. fhuzpg;gLj;jiyg; gad;gLj;jp my;yJ tu;ff ; g; g+u;j;jpahf;fiyg;
gad;gLj;jp my;yJ #j;jpuj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;l
rkd;ghl;ilj; jPu;g;ghu;.
fiyr; nrhw;fs; :
njupahf; fzpak; - w{d;h - Unknown
rkd;ghL - iólrKh - Equation
xUq;fik rkd;ghL - iu.dó iólrK - Simultaneous equations
Fzfk; - ix.=Klh - Coeffecient
jPu;T - úi`ÿu - Solution
,Ugbr; rkd;ghLfs; - j¾.c iólrK - Quadratic equations
tu;f;fg;g+u;j;jp - j¾. mQ¾Kh - Completing
ghlj;i j jpl;lkpLtjw;f hd mwpTWj;jy;f s; :
Nju; r ; r p kl; l k; 17.1 ,w; F upa fw; w w; N gWfis
khztuplj;jpy; cWjp nra;j gpd; Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 17.2
,w;Fupa fw;ww;NgWfspy; 1tJ fw;ww;Ngiw khztup
lj;jpy; tpUj;jp nra;jgpd; > 2 tJ fw;ww;Ngwpw;fhf
tpupTiuf; fye;Jiuahly; %yk; jahupf;fg;gl;l khjpup
xd;W fPNo fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.
121
Mrpupau; topfhl;b - juk; 11 fzpjk;
fhyk; : 40 epkplq;fs;
MrpupaUf;f hd mwpTWj; j y;f s;
ghlg; g puNtrk;
• ,Ugbr; rkd;ghl;bd; jPu;Tfs; ,uz;L cs;sd vdTk;
fhuzpahf;fy; %yk; ,Ugbr; rkd;ghl;bidj; jPu;f;f
Kbahj re;ju;g;gq;fspy; mtw;wpd; jPu;Tk; jPu;f;Fk; Kiw
gw;wpAk; Muha;f.
• jug;gLk; ,Ugbf; Nfhitia tu;f; fg; g+u;j;jpahf;f y;
Kiwapy; epiwtu;f;fk; Mf;fp vOJtij kPll ; y; nra;f.
mq;F tu;ff; cWg;gpd; Fzfk; xd;whf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;
vd;gij mwpar; nra;f.
ghltpUj; j p
• fhuzpahf;fiyg; gad;gLj;jp jPu;f;f ,ayhj ,Ugbr;
rkd;ghL xd;iw Kd;itj;J mjidj; jPuf ; F
; k; Kiwia
fP O s ; s gb K i wfi sg; g pd ; g w; w p k hztU ld ;
fye;Jiuahly; xd;iw Nkw;nfhs;f.
c- khf - x2 - 4x + 1 = 0 Ij; jPu;ff
; .
gb 1 jug;gLk; ,Ugbr; rkd;ghl;il fhuzpiag;
gad;gLj;jp jPu;ff; ,aYkh vdg; ghu;j;jy;.
gb 2 rkd;ghl;by; %TWg;G ,Ugbf; Nfhitia
epiwtu;f ;f khf; fp vOJtjw; F khwpypia
rkd;ghl;bd; kW gf;fk; nfhz;L nry;yy;.
2
x - 4x = -1
gb 3 ,lJgf;f f; Nfhitia epiwtu;f;f khf; fp
vOJtjw;F $l;l Ntz;ba cWg;ig rkd;
ghl;bd; ,UGwKk; $l;Ljy;.
2
x - 4x + 4 = -1 + 4
gb 4 ,lJgf; f f; Nfhitia epiwtu; f ;f khff;
fhl;Ljy;.
2
(x - 2) = 3
gb 5 ,U GwKk; tu;f;f%yj;ijg; ngWjy;.
x- 2 = ± 3
gb 6 ,q;F 3 ,d; fpl;ba ngWkhdkhf 1.732 I
klf;if ml;ltiziag; gad;gLj;jp my;yJ
NtWKiwapy; ngWk; tpjj;ijr; nra;Jfhl;Lf.
x - 2 = ± 1.732
x - 2 = 1.732 my;yJ x - 2 = -1.732
x = 3.732 my;yJ x = 0.268
• fhuzpahf; f iy gad;g Lj;j p jPu ; f; ff; $ ba ,Ugbr;
rkd; g hLfisAk; tu; f ; f g; g +u; j ; j p Kiwapy; jP u ; i t
ngwKbAk; vd;gij topfhl;Lf.
122
Mrpupau; topfhl;b - juk; 11 fzpjk;
• ,t;thwhd NtWgl;l ,Ugbr; rkd;ghLfis khztu;
fSf;F toq;fp mtw;iwj; jPu;g;gjw;fhd re;ju;g;gj;ij
Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhLf;f.
• khztu;fshy; tpil ngwg;gl;l gpd; mJ njhlu;ghff;
fye;Jiuahb ,Ugbr; rkd;ghl;il jPu;f;Fk; gbfisg;
kPz;Lk; Qhgf%l;Lf.
fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk; :
fzpg; g Pl ;L epajpfs;
• fhuzpfshf;f Kbahj %TWg;G ,Ugbf; NfhitAld; ,Ugbr;
rkd; g hl; i lj; jP u ; f ; f tu; f ; f g; g +u; j ; j pahf; f y; Kiwiaj;
njupTnra;thu;.
• ,r; rkd;g hl; b y; fhzg; gLk; ,Ugbf; Nfhitia th; f; f
G+h;j;jpahf;Fthh;.
• tu;f;fg;g+u;j;jpahf;fypd; %yk;; ,Ugbr; rkd;ghl;ilj; jPu;g;ghu;.
• tu;f;fg;g+u;j;jpahf;fy; %yk; jPu;f;fg;gl;l ,Ugbr; rkd;ghl;by;
jPuT
; fis ,Ugbr; rkd;ghl;by; gpujpaplL ; mj;juP T ; fisg; gupry
P id
nra;thu;.
• gpurpdk; jPu;j;jYf;fhf NtWgl;l Kiwfis cgNahfpg;ghu;.
• ghlE}ypd; 13 Mk; ghlj;jpw;Fupa gapw;rpapy; khztu;fis
<LgLj;Jf.
ftdj;jpw;F ...
ghltpUj; j p
• Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 17.2 ,w;Fupa fw;ww;NgW 3> 4> 5> 6 ,w;fhf
nghUj; j khd fw; g pj; j y; Kiwapy; ghlj; i jj; jpl; l kpl; L
eilKiwg;gLj;Jf.
fzpg;g PL k; kjpg;g PL k;
• ghlE}ypd; 13 Mk; ghlj;jpw;Fupa gapw;rpapy; khztu;fis
<LgLj;Jf.
Nkyjpf tsq;f Sk; nraw;g hLfSk;. ..
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcNt-36QKu8
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xCIHAjsZCE0
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JPQ8cfOsYxo
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v6L8—MlnKo
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=at4T4n4JYNc
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2ZzuZvz33X0
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=04RpkdaNzr8
123
Mrpupau; topfhl;b - juk; 11 fzpjk;
14 rkNfhz Kf;Nfhzpfs;
Nju;r;rp 23 : Neu;Nfhl;Lj; jsTUf;fs; njhlu;ghd Nfj;jpufzpj vz;zf;
fUf;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L md;whl tho;f;ifg; gzp
fSf;Fj; Njitahd KbTfis vLg;ghu;.
Nju;r ;r p kl;lk; 23.3 : xNu mbapYk; xNu rkhe;ju NfhLfSf;fpilapYk; cs;s
Kf;Nfhzpfspd; gug;gsTfSf;fpilapyhd njhlh;ig
jPh;TfSf;F gad;gLj;Jthh;.
23.4 : rk Kf;Nfhzpfs; gw;wp Muha;thh;.
ghl Ntisfs; : 12
mwpKfk; :
• juk; 11 tiuapy; khztu;fs; jw;NghJ tiuapy; Kf;Nfhzpfs;
rhu;ej
; Nfj;jpufzpjj; njhlu;Gfs; gy mwpeJ; nfhz;Ls;sdu;.
,q;F xU Kf;Nfhzpapd; xU gf;fj;jpw;Fr; rkhe;jukhf
tiuag;gLk; Neu;NfhL mjd; Vida ,Ugf;fq;fis tpfpj
rkkhfg; gpupf;Fk; vDk; Njw;wj;ijAk; kWjiyiaAk;
gad;gLj;jp gy;NtW fzpjj ; y;fisr; nra;tNjhL epWtiyAk;
nra;aKbAk;.
• mt;thNw Kf;Nfhzp xd;wpd; %d;W Nfhzq;fs; ,d;DnkhU
Kf;Nfhzp xd;wpd; %d;W Nfhzq;fSf;Fk; rkdhFk;NghJ
mit rkNfhz Kf;Nfhzpfs; vdTk;> tbtpy; mt;thwhd
cUf;f spy; rkdhd cU> ,ay; n ghj; j cU vdTk;
mwpag;gLk;.
• ,ay;nghj;j Kf;Nfhzpapy; xj;j gf;fq;fs; tpfpj rkdhtNjhL
xj;j Nfhzq;fs; rkdhFk;. mtw;wpd; gug;gsT vg;nghOJk;
rkdd;W. rkNfhz Kf;Nfhzpfs; ,ay;nghj;jitahtjhy;
rkNfhz Kf;Nfhzpfspd; xj;j gf;fq;fs; tpfpj rkdhFk;.
• ,t;tplak; rhu;ej; Njw;wq;fisAk;> mtw;wpd; kWjiyiaAk;>
mtw; i wg; gad; g Lj; J jy; njhlu; g hfTk; ,g; g hlj; j py;
fw;Wf;nfhs;tu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 23.3 ,w;Fupa fw;ww; NgWfs; :
1. xU Kf;Nfhzpapd; xU gf;fj;jpw;F rkhe;jukhf tiuag;gLk;
Neu;NfhL mjd; vQ;rpa ,U gf;fq;fisAk; tpfpj rkdhfg;
gpupf;Fk; vDk; Njw;wj;ij mwpe;J nfhs;thu;.
2. xU Kf;Nfhzpapd; xU gf;fj;jpw;F rkhe;jukhf tiuag;gLk;
Neu;NfhL mjd; Vida ,U gf;fq;fisAk; tpfpj rkdhfg;
gpupf;Fk; vDk; Njw;wj;ij tha;g;Gg; ghu;g;ghu;.
124
Mrpupau; topfhl;b - juk; 11 fzpjk;
3. NkNy cs;s Njw;wj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp fzpj;jy; nra;iffspy;
<LgLthu;.
4. NkNy cs;s Njw;wj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp Vwpfis epWTthu;.
5. NkNy cs;s Njw;wj;jpd; kWjiyia mwpe;Jnfhs;thu;> mjidg;
gad;gLj;jp fzpjr; nra;iffspy; <LgLthu;> mjd; gad;gLj;jypy;
Vwpfis epWTthu;.
fiyr;n rhw;fs; :
tpfpjrkd; - iudkqmd;sl - Propotional
tha;g;Gg; ghu;j;jy; - i;Hdmkh - Verification
Vwp - wkqfïh - Riders
epWty; - idOkh - Proof
ghlj;i jj; jpl;lkpLtjw;f hd mwpTWj;j y;fs; :
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 23.3 ,w;Fupa 1>2>3 Mfpa fw;ww;NgWfis
khztu;fs; miltjw;F nghUj;jkhd khjpupg; ghlf;
Fwpg;G xd;W fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sJ. mJ khztu;fs;
FOf;fshfr; nraw;glf;$ba xU nraw;ghlhFk;.
fhyk; : 40 epkplq;fs;
ju cs;sPLfs; :
• xU FOTf;F xd;W tPjk; nraw;gbtj;jpd; gpujpfs;
• fPNo jug;gl;l msTf;Nfw;g mNj mstpy; tiuag;gl;l
Kf;Nfhzpfs; mlq;fpa gj;jpuq;fs; (xU FOTf;F xd;W
tPjk;)
• Kf;Nfhzp : QR = 12 cm, PQ = 15 cm, PR = 8 cm MFk;.
rPQR ,y; QA = 5 cm MFkhW PQ kPJ
A vDk; Gs;sp ngwg;gl;Ls;sJ.
MrpupaUf;f hd mwpTWj; j y;f s;
ghlg; g puNtrk;
• jug;gl;l Neu;Nfhl;bw;Fg; Gwj;Nj mike;Js;s Gs;sp
xd;wpD}lhf me;Neu;Nfhl;bw;F rkhe;jukhd Neu;Nfh
nlhd; i wf; ftuhaj; i jg; gad; g Lj; j p mikj; j y;
njhlu;ghf khztu;fspd; Kd; mwpit kPlb ; cjhuzkhf
nra;J fhl;Lf.
125
Mrpupau; topfhl;b - juk; 11 fzpjk;
ghltpUj; j p
• xU Kf;Nfhzpapd; xU gf;fj;jpwF
; rkhe;jukhf tiuag;
gLk; Neu;NfhL mjd; vQ;rpa ,U gf;fq;fisAk; tpfpj
rkdhfg; gpupf;Fk; vDk; Njw;wj;ij fPNo cs;s cUit
fWg;G / nts;isg; gyifapy; tiue;J> mjd; topahf
tpsf;fkspf;f. A
X
AX : XB = AY : YC MFk;.
B Y
• khztu;fisf; FOf;fshf;Ff.
• ju cs; s P l ; b y; Fwpg; g plg; g l; L s;s Kf; N fhzKs; s
gj;jpuj;ijAk; mwpTWj;jy; gj;jpuj;ijAk; FOf;fSf;Fg;
gfpu;f.
• khztu; nraw;ghL epiwtpd; gpd; mtu;fs; ngw;Wf;nf;hz;l
njhlu;GfisAk; tpilfisAk; Muha;eJ ; Njw;wj;ijAk;
mjidg; gad;gLj;JtJ njhlu;ghfTk; fye;JiuahLf.
khztUf; f hd nraw;g btk;
khztUf;f hd mwpTWj; j y;;
• cq;fSf;Fj; jug;gl;l Kf;Nfhzk; PQR ,y; gf;fk; PQ kPJ
cs;s Gs;sp A ,D}lhf QR ,w;F rkhe;jukhf Neu; Nfhnlhd;iw
mikj;J mJ PR I re;jpf;Fk; Gs;spia B vdg; ngaupLf.
• PA, AQ, PB, BR Mfpa Neu;Nfhl;Lj; Jz;lq;fis mse;J PA : AQ,
PB : BR Mfpa tpfpjq;fspd; ngWkhdq;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;f.
• NkNy ngw;Wf;nfhz;l tpfpjq;fSf;fpilapyhd njhlu;igf;
fye;JiuahLf.
• B ,D}lhf PQ ,w;F rkhe;jukhf Neu;Nfhl;il mikj;J mJ
QR I re;jpf;Fk; Gs;spia C vdg; ngaupLf.
• Njitahd Neu;Nfhl;Lj; Jz;lq;fis mse;J RB : BP, RC : CQ
tpfpjq;fSf;fpilapyhd njhlu;igg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;f.
• NkNy cq;fshy; mwpe;Jnfhs;sg;gl;l njhlu;ig cgNahfpj;J
fPNo fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s cUtpy; cs;s juTfSf;Nfw;g BR ,d;
ePsj;ijf; fhz;f. P
6 8
A B
• ePq;fs; ngw;Wf;nfhz;l njhlu;G>
9
tpil njhlu;ghf Kd;itf;fj;
jahuhFf. Q R
126
Mrpupau; topfhl;b - juk; 11 fzpjk;
fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk; :
fzpg; g Pl ;L epajpfs;
• xU Kf;Nfhzpapd; xU gf;fj;jpwF ; rkhe;jukhf xU Neu;Nfhl;il
mikg;ghu;.
• xU Kf;Nfhzpapy; xU gf;fj;jpwF; rkhe;jukhf tiue;j Neu;NfhL
vQ;rpa ,U gf;fq;fis gpupf;Fk; gFjpfspd; ePsq;fSf;F
,ilNaahd tpfpjq;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;thu;.
• Kf;Nfhzpapd; xd;wpd; xU gf;fj;jpw;F rkhe;jukhf tiuag;gl;l
Neu;NfhL Vida gf;fq;fis tpfpj rkdhfg; gpupf;Fk; vd;gij
Vw;Wf;nfhs;thu;.
• xU Kf;Nfhzpapd; xU gf;fj;jpw;F rkhe;jukhf tiuag;gl;l
Neu;NfhL Vida gf;fq;fis tpfpj rkdhfg; gpupf;Fk; vd;gij
cgNahfpj;J fzpj;jy; nra;iffspy; <LgLthu;.
• FOtpwF ; s; ,ize;J nraw;gLthu;. khztUf;Fg; gapwr ; pg; gj;jpuk;
jahupj;J toq;Ff. fle;jfhy rhjhuz ju tpdhg; gj;jpuj;jpy;
cs;s Fwpj;j gpurpdq;fs;> ghl E}ypy; cs;s gpurpdq;fis
cl;gLj;Jf.
• ghlE}ypy; 14 k; ghlj;jpw;fhd gapw;rpapy; khztiu <LgLj;Jf.
ftdj;jpw;F ...
ghltpUj; j p
• Nju;rr
; p kl;lk; 23.3 ,w;Fupa fw;ww;NgW 4> 5 ,w;fhf nghUj;jkhd
Kiwfisg; gpd;gw;wp ghlj; jpl;lj;ijj; jahupj;J eilKiwg;
gLj;Jf.
• Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 23.4 ,w;Fupa fw;ww;NgWfis khztu;fis
milar;nra;ag; nghUj;jkhd Kiwfisj; jpll ; kplL
; khztuplk;
eilKiwg;gLj;Jf.
• fzpj cgfuzj; njhFjpapy; cs;s ~~Njw;wj;ij ca;j;jwpAk;
rl;lfk;|| Ig; gad;gLj;jp NkYs;s Njw;wj;ij tha;g;Gg; ghu;f;f
KbAk; vd;gjhy; mJ njhlu;ghf Muha;e;J khztu;fisr;
nraw;ghl;by; <LgLj;Jf.
fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk;
ghlE}ypy; 23.3 ,w;Fhpa gapw;rpapy; khztiu <LgLj;Jf.
Nkyjpf tsq;f Sk; nraw;g hLfSk;. ..
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ly86lwq_2gc
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EqNzr56h1Ic
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9ThXDY9Y3oU
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R-6CAr_zEEk
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7aGEvpHaNJ8
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FVSgVMVZZ-4
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VDnIdNM4tWI
127
Mrpupau; topfhl;b - juk; 11 fzpjk;
15 juTfis tif Fwpj;jYk; tpsf;fk; $wYk;
Nju;r;rp 28 : md;whl eltbf;iffis ,yFthf;fpf; nfhs;tjw;Fj; juTfis
tifFwpf;Fk; gy;NtW Kiwfis Muha;thu;.
Nju;r ;r p kl;lk; 28.1 : juTfis tiuG Kiwapy; tiff; Fwpg;ghu;.
28.2 : juTfis tiff; Fwpf;Fk; tiuGfSf;fpilapy; cs;s
njhlu;Gfis cUthf;Fthu;.
28.3 : juTj;njhFjp xd;wpd; jpus; kPbwDf;Fk; tFg;ngy;iy
fSf;Fk; ,ilapYs;s njhlu;Gfis tiff; Fwpg;ghu;.
29.1 : jpus; kPbwd; tisap xd;wpy; Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;s juTfis
tpsf;f fhyizfs;> fhyiz ,iltPr;R vd;gtw;iwg;
gad;gLj;Jthu;.
ghl Ntisfs; : 09
mwpKfk; :
• juTfis tif Fwpgg
; jw;Fg; gad;gLk; Kiwfspy; tiyAU
tiuak;> kPbwd; gy;Nfhzp> jpus; kPbwd; tisap vd;gdTk;
mlq;Ffpd;wd.
• tiyAU tiuaj;jpy; xt;nthU tFg;ghapilf;Fk; cupa
epuypd; (nrt;t fj;jpd;) gug;gsT> mt;tFg;ghapilapd;
kPbwDf;F tpfpj rkdhdJ.
• tFg;ghapilfspd; gUkd;fs; rkdhf cs;s re;ju;gg ; q;fspy;
epuy;fspd; cauq;fs; cupa kPbwd;fSld; tpfpj rkkhdit.
• rkdw;w tFg;ghapilfs; cs;s re;ju;gg ; q;fspy>; tFg;ghapil
fspd; kpfr; rpwpa gUkid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L mjd;
vj;jid klq;fhf xU Fwpg;gpl;l tFg;ghapil cs;sJ
vdf; fz;L mk; kPbwid mg;ngWkhdj;jhy; tFj;J epuypd;
cauk; ngwg;gl;L tiyAU tiuak; tiuag;gLk;.
• tiyAU tiuaj;jpy; xt;nthU epuypd; Nky; gf;fj;jpd;
eLg;Gs;spfis xOq;fhf ,izj;J kPbwd; gy;Nfhzp
tiuag;gLk;.
• kPbwd; guk;gnyhd;wpy; kPbwd; epuypYs;s ngWkhdq;fis
fPopUe;J Nkyhf my;yJ NkypUe;J fPohf $l;Ltjd; %yk;
jpus; kPbwd;fisg; ngwyhk;.
128
Mrpupau; topfhl;b - juk; 11 fzpjk;
• x mr;R topNa tFg;ghapilfSk;> y mr;R topNa jpus;
kPbwd;fSk; nfhz;L tiuag;gLk; tiuG jpus; kPbwd;
tisap vdg;gLk;. jpus; kPbwd; tisap vg;NghJk; rpf;kh
(sigma) vd;w tbit vLf;Fk;.
• juTfspd; vz;zpfi; fapd; eLg;ngWkhdj;jpwF
; rkdhd jpus;
kPbwDf;F xj;j tFg;ghapil mr;rpy; cs;s ngWkhdk;
guk;gypd; ,ilak; MFk;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 28.1 ,w;Fupa fw;ww; NgWfs; :
1. kPbwd; guk;gnyhd;wpd; tFg;G vy;iy> tFg;G tiug;G vd;gtw;iw
,dq;fhz;ghu;.
2. kP b wd; guk; g nyhd; w pd; tFg; G vy; i y> tFg; G tiug; G
vd;gtw;Wf;fpilapyhd tpj;jpahrj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.
3. kPbwd; guk;gnyhd;wpd; tFg;G vy;iy> tFg;G tiug;G vd;gtw;iwf;
fhz;ghu;.
4. rk tFg;ghapilfSk; njhlu; juTfisAk; nfhz;l kPbwd;
guk;gnyhd;wpd; juTfis tiyAU tiuankhd;wpy; tif
Fwpg;ghu;.
5. tiyAU tiuaj;jpd; xt;nthU epuypd; gug;gsTk; cupa
kPbwDf;F (f) tpfpj rkdhFk; vdf; $Wthu;.
6. rkdw;w tFg;ghapilfisf; nfhz;l kPbwd; guk;gnyhd;wpy;
Fwpg;gpl;l tFg;ghapil xd;wpd; gUkd;> mg;guk;gypd; rpwpa
gUkidf; nfhz;l tFg;ghapilapd; gUkidg; Nghy; vj;jid
cupa tFg; ghapilapd; gUkd;
klq;F vd;gij = x vd;gjhy;
rpwpa tFg; ghapilapd; gUkd;
ngWthu;.
7. rkdw;w tFg;ghapilfs; nfhz;l kPbwd; guk;gnyhd;wpy; cupa
tiyAU tiuaj;ij tiuAk;NghJ tFg;ghapilf;Fupa epuypd;
f
cauj;ij vd;w ngWkhdj;jhy; ngWthu;.
n
8. rkdw;w tFg;ghapil nfhz;l njhlu; juTfis cs;slf;fpa
kPbwd; guk;gnyhd;wpd; cupa juTfis tiyAU tiuaj;jpd;
%yk; tif Fwpg;ghu;.
9. gpd;dfj; juTfisf; nfhz;l kPbwd; guk;gnyhd;wpd; xt;nthU
tFg;ghapilf;Fk; cupa tFg;G tiug;Gfisf; fhz;ghu;.
10. gpd;dfj; juTfisf; nfhz;l kPbwd; guk;gnyhd;wpd; cupa
juTfis tiyAU tiuaj;jpd; %yk; tif Fwpg;ghu;.
129
Mrpupau; topfhl;b - juk; 11 fzpjk;
fiyr;n rhw;f s; :
juT - o;a; - Data
gpd;dfj;juT - úúla; o;a; - Dicrete data
njhlu;juT - ika;;sl o;a; - Continuous data
tFg;ghapil - mka;s m%dka;r - Class intervel
tFg;G vy;iy - mka;s iSud - Class limit
tFg;G tiug;G - mka;s udhsï - Class boundry
tFg;gpd; gUkd; - mka;shl ;ru - Class size
kPbwd; - ixLHd;h - Frequency
tiyAU tiuak; - cd, f¾Lh - Histogram
kPbwd; gy;Nfhzp - ixLHd; nyq wi%h - Frequency polygon
eLg;ngWkhdk; - uOH w.h - Mid value
eLg;Gs;sp - uOH ,laIHh - Mid point
jpus; kPbwd; - iuqÉÑ; ixLHd;h - Cumulative frequency
jpus; kPbwd; tisap - iuqÉÑ; ixLHd; jl%h Cumulative frequency curve
ghlj;i jj; jpl;lkpLtjw;f hd mwpTWj;j y;fs; :
Nju;r ;r p kl;lk; 28.1 ,d; fPo ; cs;s 1>2>3 Mfpa
fw;ww;NgWfis khztu;fsplj;jpy; cWjp nra;jgpd;>
fw;ww;NgW 4 ,id khztu;fsplj;jpy; tpUj;jp nra;tjw;
fhf tpupTiuf; fye;Jiuahly; KiwAld; nraw;ghLk;
cs;slf;fg;gl;ljhd khjpup xd;W fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sJ.
fhyk; : 40 epkplq;fs;
ju cs;sPLfs; :
• tFg;ghapilfspd; gUkd;fs; rkdhd kPbwd; guk;gnyhd;Wk;>
mg;guk;gYf;F tiuag;gl;l tiyAU tiuaKk; nfhz;l
ngupjhf;fg;gl;l Rtnuhl;b xd;W
• xU FOTf;F xd;W tPjk; tiuGj; jhs;fs;
• xU FOTf;F xd;W tPjk; nraw;gbtj;jpd; gpujpfs;
MrpupaUf;f hd mwpTWj; j y;f s;
ghlg; g puNtrk;
• juTfis tifFwpgg
; jw;F khztu;fs; ,Jtiu gy;NtW
Kiwfisf; fw;Ws;sJ gw;wpAk;> tiyAU tiuaKk;
juTfis tif Fwpg;gjw;fhd kw;WnkhU Kiw vdTk;
$wp> Rtnuhl;bapy; cs;s kPbwd; guk;giyAk; tiyAU
tiuaj;ijAk; mtjhdpf;fr; nra;f.
130
Mrpupau; topfhl;b - juk; 11 fzpjk;
ghltpUj; j p
• Rtnuhl;bapy; fhl;lg;gLtJ tFg;Gfspd; gUkd;fs;
rkdhd guk;gy; xd;wpd; tiyAU tiuak; vdf;$wp
mjd; gz;Gfs; gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLf.
• fye;Jiuahlypy;>
• njhlu; juTfSldhd guk;gYf;F tiyAU tiuak;
tiutJ gw;wpAk;
• x mr;rpy; tFg;ghapilAk; y mr;rpy; kPbwDk; vLf;fg;
gLk;; vdTk;
• tiyAU tiuaj;jpd; epuy;fSf;F ,ilntsp ,y;iy
vdTk;>
• xt;nthU epuypdJ gug;gsTk; kPbwDf;F tpfpj rkd;
vdTk; vLj;Jf; $Wf.
• tiyAU tiuaj;ij tiuAKd; gpd;tUk; tplaq;fspy;
khztu;fspd; ftdj;ij <u;f;f Ntz;Lk;.
1. juTfspy;> njhlu; juTfs;> gpd;dfj;juTfs; vd;gij
,dq;fz;L> njhlu; juTfSf;F kl;LNk tiyAU
tiuaj;ij tiua Ntz;Lk; vdTk;> jug;gl;lit
gpdd; fj;juTfs; vdpd; tFg;Gf;fspd; tFg;G tiug;ghL
fis ed;F fw;Wf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vdTk; $Wf.
(,g;ghl Ntisapy; njhlu; juTfs; kl;LNk fUj;jpw;
nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.)
2. tFg;Gf;fspd; gUkd;fs; rkdhditah vdg; ghu;f;f
Ntz;Lk;. (,g;ghl Ntisapy; tFg;Gf;fspd; gUkd;fs;
rkdhd tif kl;LNk fUj;jpw; nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.)
3. x mr;rpy; tFg;ghapilAk; y mr;rpy; kPbwDk; vLf;fg;
gly; Ntz;Lk;.
• khztu;fisg; nghUj;jkhdthW FOf;fshfg; gpupj;J>
xt;nthU FOTf;Fk; nraw;gbtj;jpd; gpujp xd;Wk;>
tiuGj; jhs; xd;iwAk; toq;fp nraw;ghl;by; <LgLj;Jf.
• nraw;ghL KbTw;wJk; FOf;fspd; tiyAU
tiuaq;fis KO tFg;gpw;Fk; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jtjw;F
re;ju;g;gk; toq;Ff.
khztUf; f hd nraw;g btk;
• rkhe;ju tFg;Gf;fs; nfhz;l ghlrhiy xd;wpy; juk; 10
khztu;fs; xU Fwpgg ; pll
; Mz;by; Kjyhk; jtizg; guPli ; rapy;
fzpj ghlj; j py; ngw; Wf; nfhz; l Gs; s pfisf; nfhz; L
jahupf;fg;gl;l kPbwd; guk;gy; xd;W fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sJ. ,q;F
tFg;ghapil 0 - 20 vd;gjhy;> 0 my;yJ 0 ,Yk; $ba
Mdhy; 20 ,Yk; Fiwe;j Gs;sp vd;Nw fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.
131
Mrpupau; topfhl;b - juk; 11 fzpjk;
Gs;sp 0 - 20 20 - 40 40 - 60 60 - 80 80 - 100
khztu;fs;
vz;zpf;if (kPbwd;) 6 18 48 22 16
i. xt;nthU tFg;gpdJk; gUkidf; fz;L mg;ngWkhdj;ij
tFg;ghapilapd; NkNy jug;gl;Ls;s Gs;spf; Nfhl;bd; kPJ
vOJf.
ii. Ie;J tFg;Gf;fspdJk; gUkidg; gw;wp ahJ $wyhk;?
..................................................................................................
iii. $ba vz;zpf;ifahd khztu;fs; Gs;sp ngw;wpUg;gJ
vt; tFg;ghapilapy;?
..................................................................................................
iv. jugl; L s; s tiuGj; j hisg; gad; g Lj; j p x mr; r py;
tFg;ghapilAk; y mr;rpy; kPbwDk; nfhz;L jug;gl;l
guk;gYf;fhd tiyAU tiuaj;ij tiuf.
..................................................................................................
v. tiyAU tiuaj;ij KO tFg;gpw;Fk; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf.
fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk; :
fzpg; g Pl ;L epajpfs;
• njhlu; juTg; guk;giy ,dq;fhz;ghu;.
• tFg;ghapilapd; gUkd;fisf; fhz;ghu;.
• tiyAU tiuaj;ij tiutjw;fhf x mr;irAk; y mr;irAk;
gbtFf;f Ntz;Lk; vd Vw;Wf;nfhs;thu;.
• tFg; G f; f spd; gUkd; f isf; fUj; j pw; nfhz; L tiyAU
tiuaj;ij tiuthu;.
njhlh;ghlYf;fhf cUit cgNahfpg;ghh;.
• ghlE}ypd; 15 Mk; ghlj;jpd; cupa gapw;rpfisr; nra;tjw;F khztu;
fis topg;gLj;Jf.
eilKiwg; gad;ghL :
• gy;NtW epWtdq;fs; jkJ jfty;fis Kd;itg;gjw;Fg; gad;
gLj;jg;gLk; xU njhlu;ghly; Kiwahf tiyAU tiuaj;ij
cgNahfpf;fpd;wd.
132
Mrpupau; topfhl;b - juk; 11 fzpjk;
ftdj;jpw;F ...
ghltpUj; j p
• 5 MtJ fw;ww; Ngiw NkNy $wg;gl;l nraw;ghl;bd; %yk;
cWjp nra;ayhk;.
• 6> 7> 8 fzpj Mfpa fw;ww; NgWfis epiwT nra;J nfhs;tjw;Fg;
nghUj;jkhd Kiwnahd;iwj; jpl;lkpl;L nraw;gLj;Jf.
• gpd;dfjuTfs; mlq;fpa kPbwd; guk;giyg; gad;gLj;jp 9> 10
Mk; fw;ww; NgWfis khztu;fsplj;jpy; tpUj;jp nra;tjw;F
nghUj;jkhd Kiwnahd;iwj; jpl;lkpl;L nraw;gLj;Jf.
• Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs; 28.2> 28.3> ,w;Fk; cupa ghl tplaq;fis
tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;tjw;F nghUj;jkhd Kiwapy; ghlj;ij
jpl;lkpl;Lr; nraw;gLj;Jf.
fzpg;g PL k; kjpg;g PL k;
• ghlE}ypd; 15 Mk; ghlj;jpw;Fupa gapw;rpapy; khztu;fis
<LgLj;Jf.
Nkyjpf tsq;f Sk; nraw;g hLfSk;. ..
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4eLJGG2Ad30
133
Mrpupau; topfhl;b - juk; 11 fzpjk;
16 ngUf;fy; tpUj;jp
Nju;r;rp 2 : vz;Nfhyq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; gy;NtW njhlu;Gfis Muha;tjd;
%yk; vjph;fhyj; NjitfSf;fhf KbTfis Nkw;nfhs;thu;.
Nju;r ;r p kl;lk; 2.1 : vz; njhlupfspd; %yk; tpUj;jpfspd; gy;NtW elj;ijf;
Nfhyq;fis Muha;thu;.
ghl Ntisfs; : 06
mwpKfk; :
• mLj;J tUk; cWg;GfSf;fpilapy; nghJ tpj;jpahrk; cs;s
vz; njhlup $l; l y; tpUj; j p vdTk; > mLj; J tUk;
cWg;Gf;fspilapy; nghJ tpfpjk; cs;s vz; njhlup
ngUf;fy; tpUj;jp vdTk; miof;fg;gLk;.
• ngUf;fy; tpUj;jpapy; Kjyhk; cWg;ig nghJ tpfpjj;jhy;
ngUf;Ftjhy; mLj;j cWg;G ngwg;gLk;.
• NkYk; ngUf;fy; tpUj;jpapy; Kjy; cWg;G a MfTk; nghJ
tpfpjk; r MfTk; ,Ug;gpd; mjd; n MtJ cWg;G Tn >
Tn = ar n -1 ,d; ClhfTk;> Kjy; n cWg;Gf;fspd; $l;Lj; njhif
a ( r n - 1) a (1 - r n )
Sn = r > 1 MFk;NghJ Sn = r <1
( r - 1) (1 - r )
,dhYk; ngw;Wf; nfhs;syhk;.
Nju;r;r p kl;lk; 2.1 ,w;Fupa fw;ww; NgWfs; :;
1. Xu; cWg;Gf;Fk; mjw;F Ke;jpa cWg;gpw;Fk; ,ilapYs;s tpfpjk;
khwhj vz; nfhz;l njhlup ngUf;fy; tpUj;jp vd mwpe;J
nfhs;thu;.
2. jug;gl;;l njhlupfSf;fpilapy; ngUf;fy; tpUj;jpfisj; njupT
nra;thu;.
3. ngUf;fy; tpUj;jpnahd;wpd; nghJtpfpjj;ijf; (r) fhz;ghu;.
4. Kjy; cWg;G (a)> nghJtpfpjk; (r) Mf mike;j ngUf;fy;
tpUj;jpnahd;wpd; n tJ cWg;G Tn = ar ( n -1) vDk; #j;jpuj;
ijf; fl;bnaOg;Gthu;.
5 ngUf; f y; tpUj; j p xd; w py; a, r, n, Tn Mfpatw; w py; %d; W
cWg;Gf;fspd; ngWkhdk; jug;gLk;NghJ vQ;r pa cWg;gpd;
ngWkhdj;ij #j;jpuj;ijg; gad;gLj;jpf; fhz;ghu;.
6 ngUf;fy; tpUj;jp xd;wpy; ,uz;L cWg;Gf;fs; jug;gLk;NghJ
xUq;fik rkd;ghl;ilg; gad;gLj;jp a, r If; fhz;ghu;.
134
Mrpupau; topfhl;b - juk; 11 fzpjk;
7 ngUf;fy; tpUj;jpAldhd gpurpdk;; jPu;jj
; ypy; r ,w;fhf ,U
ngWkhdq;f isg; ngWk; re; ju;g ;g q; fspy; ,U tpUj; jpfs;
cz;nldf; $Wthu;.
8 ngUf;fy; tpUj;jp xd;wpy; KjYWg;G a MfTk;> nghJtpfpjk; r
MfTk; ,Ug;gpd;> Kjy; n cWg;Gf;fspd; $l;Lj;njhiff;fhf
a( r n - 1 )
Sn = | r | > 1 my;yJ
( r -1 )
a( 1 - r n )
Sn = | r | < 1 vDk; #j;jpuj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;Gthu;.
(1- r )
9 | r | ,d; ngWkhdj;ij mtjhdpjJ ; > cupa #j;jpuj;ij njupTnra;J
ngUf;fy; tpUj;jpapd; jug;gLk; cWg;Gf;fspd; $l;Lj;njhifiaf;
fhz;ghu;. (Sn < 2000 tiuahd re;ju;g;gk; kl;Lk;)
10. ngUf;fy; tpUj;jp xd;wpy; a, r, n kw;Wk; Sn vd;gtw;wpy; %d;W
cWg; G f; f spd; ngWkhdq;f s; jug;g Lk; N ghJ #j; j puj; i jg;
gad;gLj;jp vQ;rpa ngWkhdj;ijf; fhz;ghu;.
(Sn < 2000 tiuahd re;ju;g;gk; kl;Lk;)
11. ngUf;fy; tpUj;jp rhu;e;j gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;g;ghu;.
(Sn < 2000 tiuahd re;ju;g;gk; kl;Lk;)
fiyr;n rhw;fs; :
vz; njhlup - ixLHd wkql%u - Number sequence
gpd; cWg;G - miq moh - Pre cading term
Kd; cWg;G - fmr moh - Previous term
Kjy; cWg;G m<uqjk moh - First term
nghJ tpfpjk; - fmdÿ wkqmd;h - Comon ratio
ngUf;fy; tpUj;jp - .=fKda;a;r fY%aÎ - Geometric progression
ghlj;i jj; jpl;lkpLtjw;f hd mwpTWj;j y;fs; :
Nju; r ; r p kl; l k; 2.1 ,d; fP o ; cs; s 1>2>3 Mfpa
fw; w w ; N gWfi s khztu; f splj; j py ; Vw; g Lj; j
nghUj;jkhd fw;gpj;jy; Kiwnahd;iw
eilKiwg;gLj;jpa gpd;> 4 tJ fw;ww;NgWf;Fupa
vz;zf;fUit khztu;fsplj;jpy; tpUj;jp nra;tjw;
fhf topfhl;lg;gl;l fz;lwp Kiwia gad;gLj;jpj;
jahupf;fg;gl;l xd;W fPNo fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.
fhyk; : 40 epkplq;fs;
135
Mrpupau; topfhl;b - juk; 11 fzpjk;
ju cs;sPLfs; :
• khztu;; nraw;gbtg; gpujpfs;
MrpupaUf;f hd mwpTWj; j y;f s;
ghlg; g puNtrk;
• xU cWg;gpw;Fk; mjw;F Ke;ija cWg;gpw;Fk; cs;s
tpfpjk; khwpypahf cs;s vz; njhlup ngUf;fy; tpUj;jp
vd miof;fg;gLtij Qhgf%l;Lf.
• 3> 6> 12> 24..........................
• 27> 9> 3> 1............................ Nghd;w cjhuzkhf tpUj;jpfs;
rpytw;iwf; fye;Jiuahb cWjp nra;f.
• ngUf;fy; tpUj;jpapd; nghJtpfpjk;
ahJnkhU cWg; G
(r)=
mjw; F Ke; jpa cWg; G Clhfg; ngwyhk;
vd;gij rpy cjhuzq;fSld; fye;JiuahLf.
• tpUj;jpapy; n Mk; cWg;G Tn vd miof;fg;gLk;
vd;gij epidt+l;Lf.
ghltpUj; j p
• khztu;fisf; FOf;fshf;fp nraw;gbtg; gpujpfis
toq;fpr; nraw;ghl;by; <LgLj;Jf.
• khztu; fs; nraw;gbtj; ij epiwT nra;j gpd;d u;
ngUf;fy; tpUj;jpapd; Kjy; cWg;G> nghJ tpfpjk;>
cWg;Gf;fspd; vz;zpf;if vd;gtw;wpw;F ,ilapyhd
njhlu;gpD}lhf ahJnkhU cWg;igf; fhzKbAk; vd
fye;Jiuahbj; njspTgLj;Jf.
• Kjy; cWg;G a> nghJtpfpjk; r MFk;NghJ ngUf;fy;
tpUj;jpnahd;wpd; n tJ cWg;G Tn = ar ( n -1) MFk; vd
fye;Jiuahly; Kyk; ngWf.
• ,r;#j;jpuj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp ntt;NtW tpUj;jpfspd;
cWg;Gfisf; fhz;gjw;F khzth;fis <LgLj;Jf.
136
Mrpupau; topfhl;b - juk; 11 fzpjk;
khztUf; f hd nraw;g btk;
• 3> 6> 12> 24.......... vDk; vz; njhliug; guprPypf;f.
• Kjy; cWg;igAk; nghJ tpfpjj;ijAk; fhz;f.
• NkNy fhl;lg;gl;l vz; njhliuf; nfhz;L fPNo g+uzkw;w
ml;ltizia g+uzg;gLj;Jf.
KjyhtJ cWg;G T1 3 .............. .............
1 2-1
,uz;lhtJ cWg;G T2 3×2 3×2 3×2
2 3-1
%d;whtJ cWg;G T3 3×2×2 3×2 3×2
3 4-1
ehd;fhtJ cWg;G T4 3 × 2 × 2× 2 3×2 3×2
Ie;jhtJ cWg;G T5 ............. .............. .............
MwhtJ cWg;G T6 ............. .............. .............
VohtJ cWg;G T7 ............. .............. .............
gj;jhtJ cWg;G T 10 ............. .............. .............
gd;dpuz;lhtJ
cWg;G T 12 ............. .............. .............
n tJ cWg;G Tn ............. .............. .............
• Kjy; cWg;G a MfTk; nghJtpfpjk; r MfTk; cs;s ngUf;fy;
tpUj;jpapd; n MtJ cWg;G Tn ,w;fhd #j;jpuj;ij vOJf.
• FOf;fs; g+uzg;gLj;jpa ml;ltizia tFg;giwapy; Kd;itf;f
fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk; :
fzpg; g Pl ;L epajpfs;
• ngUf;fy; tpUj;jpf;fhd cjhuzq;fis Kd;itg;ghu;.
• jug;gl;l ngUf;fy; tpUj;jpapd; nghJ tpfpjj;ijf; fhz;ghu;.
• xU ngUf;fy; tpUj;jpapd; Kjy; cWg;G> nghJ tpfpjk;>
c Wg ; Gf; f sp d ; vz; zpf; i f Mfpat w; w pw; fpi l Na ahd
njhlu;gpD}lhf xU cWg;igf; fhzKbAk; vd;gij Vw;Wf;
nfhs;thu;.
• #j;jpuj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp> Kjy; cWg;G> nghJ tpfpjk;>
jug;gLk;NghJ Fwpg;gpl;l cWg;Gf;fisf;fhz;gh;.
• ghlE}ypd; 16k; ghlj;jpw;Fwpa gapw;rpapy; khztiu <LgLj;Jf.
137
Mrpupau; topfhl;b - juk; 11 fzpjk;
eilKiwg; gad;ghL :
• ahJnkhU Nfhyj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;Gk;NghJ ahjhapDk; guTjiy
my;yJ tpUj;jpailtij (fpUkpfs;> Neha;fs;> tpij tiffs;
Nghd; w d.) fzpf; F k; NghJ ngUf; f y; tpUj; j p njhlu;g hd
mwpitAk; RUf;FjiyAk; gad;gLj;Jtij fye;JiuahLf.
ftdj;jpw;F :
ghltpUj; j p
• fw;ww;NgWfs; 5> 6> 7> 8> 9> 10> 11 Mfpa fw;ww; NgWfis
khztu;fsplk; milar; nra;a nghUj;jkhd nraw;ghLfisj;
jahupj;Jr; nraw;gLj;Jf.
fzpg;g PL k; kjpg;g PL k;
• ghlE}ypd; 16 Mk; ghlj;jpw;Fupa gapw;rpapy; khztu;fis
<LgLj;Jf.
Nkyjpf tsq;f Sk; nraw;g hLfSk;. ..
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m5Tf6vgoJtQ
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m5Tf6vgoJtQ
138
Mrpupau; topfhl;b - juk; 11 fzpjk;
17 igjfurpd; Njw;wk;
Nju;r;rp 23 : N e u; N f hl ; L j; j s T U f; f s ; n j hl u ; g hd N f j ; j p u f z p j
vz;zf;fUf;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L md;whltho;f;ifg;
gzpfSf;Fj; Njitahd KbTfis vLg;ghu;
Nju;r ;r p kl;lk; 23.5 : nrq;Nfhz Kf;Nfhzp xd;wpd; gf;fq;fSf;F
,ilapyhd njhlu;ig Muha;thu;.
ghl Ntisfs; : 10
mwpKfk; :;
• fp.K. Mwhk; E}w;whz;Lfspy; fpNuf;fj;jpy; trpj;j igjfu];
vd;Dk; fzpjtpayhsu; nrq;Nfhz Kf;Nfhzp xd;wpd;
gf;fq;fspd; kPJ tiuag;gLk; rJuq;fspd; gug;gsTf;fpilap
yhd njhlu;nghd;iw Kjd;Kjyhf Kd;itj;jhu;. ,Ug;gpDk;
rPdh> ,e;jpah> kpru Mfpa Njrq;fspy; cs;s tPlikg;Gf;
fiyQu;fs; ,j;n jhlu;Gf;Nfw;g xU rpy Ntiyfisr;
nra;jjhf rhl;rpfs; cs;sd. igjfu]; itj;j njhlu;G
mjw;F 300 Mz;LfSf;Fg; gpd; a+f;ypl; vd;gtuhy; Kiwahf
epWtp jdJ %yfq;fs; (element) vDk; E}ypy; Njw;wkhf
cs;slf;fp cs;shu;.
• igjfu]; njhlu;ig epWtf;$ba Vuhskhd Kiwfs;
cs;sd. mt;thNw mtw;iwg; gpujpapLtjw;fhf gy;NtW
Kiwfs; cs;sNjhL gpugy;akhd Kiwahf ~ngupfy;
,ilntl;Lfs;| cs;sJ.
• igjfu]; njhlu;ig th];J rh];jpuj;jpy; ngUk;ghYk;
cgNahfpff ; pdw
; du;. igjfu]; Kk;ik nrq;Nfhz KfNfhzp
mikg;gjpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
• mNef fzpj nra;iffSf;fhfTk;> Vwpfis epWTtjw;
fhfTk; igjfu]; njhlu;G cgNahfpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 23.5 ,w;Fupa fw;ww; NgWfs; :;
1. nrq;Nfhz Kf;Nfhzp xd;wpd; nrk;gf;fk; kw;Wk; nrq;Nfhzj;ij
cs;slf;Fk; gf;fq;fis ntt;Ntwhf ngaupLthu;.
2. igjfu]; Njw;wj;ij mwpe;J $Wthh;.
3. igjfu]; Njw;wj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp fzpj;jy; nraw;ghLfspy;
<LgLthu;.
4. igjfu]; Njw;wj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp Vwpfis epWTthu;.
5. KO vz;fSldhd igjfu]; Kk;ikfis ,dq;fhz;ghu;.
139
Mrpupau; topfhl;b - juk; 11 fzpjk;
fiyr;n rhw;f s; :
nrq;Nfhz Kf;Nfhzp - RcqfldaKS ;%sfldaK - Right angled triangle
nrk;gf;fk; - l¾Kh - Hypotenuse
igjfurpd; Njw;wk; - mhs;.ria m%fïhh - Pythagores’ theorem
igjfurpd; Kk;ik - mhs;.ria ;%sl - Pythagores’ tripple
ghlj;i jj; jpl;lkpLtjw;f hd mwpTWj;j y;fs; :
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 23.5 ,w;Fupa fw;ww;NgWfs; 1> 2> 3 I
nghUj;jkhd nraw;ghLfs; Clhf tpUj;jp nra;j gpd;>
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 23.5 ,w;Fupa fw;ww;NgW 4 ,w;Fupa
jpwd; f is khztuplk; tpUj; j p nra; t jw; f hf
fye;Jiuahly; tpupTiu Kiwapy; xdwhf jahupj;j
khjpup xd;W fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sJ.
fhyk; : 40 epkplq;fs;
ju cs;sPLfs; :
• khztu;; nraw;gbtg; gpujpfs;
MrpupaUf;f hd mwpTWj; j y;f s;
ghlg; g puNtrk;
• nrq;Nfhz Kf;Nfhzp ABC I gyifapy; tiue;J fhl;rpg;
gLj;jp mk;Kf;Nfhzp njhlu;ghf Muha;e;J fye;Jiu
ahly; xd;iw Muk;gpf;f.
• mf;fye;Jiuahlypy; nrq;Nfhz Kf;Nfhzp xd;wpy;
nrk; g f; f j; j pw; F k; > nrq; N fhzj; i j cs; s lf; F k;
gf; f q; f Sf; F k; ,ilapyhd njhlh; i g igjfu];
Njw;wj;jpwF ; Vw;g khzth;fspd; Kd;dwpit Qhgf%l;Lf.
ghltpUj; j p
• cUitg; gyifapy; tiue;J fhl;b
mq;F fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s juTfSf;Nfw;g>
2 2 2 2
“AB - AC = BD - CD vd epWTf“.
Nghd;w tpdhf;fis khztu;fSf;F
toq;Ff.
A • tpdhtpD}lhd Kf;Nfhzpapd;
gf; f q; f spy; tu; f ; f k; ,Ug; g jhy;
igjfu]; Njw;wj;ij cgNahfpf;f
re;ju;gg ; k; cs;snjdf; $wp> mjw;fhf
cUtpy; cs;s nrq;Nfhz
C Kf;Nfhzpfspd; vz;zpfi ; f> mtw;wpy;
B D igjfu]; Njw;wj;ij gad;gLj;Jk;
re; j u; g ; g q; f s; gw; w p khzthplk;
tpdTf.
140
Mrpupau; topfhl;b - juk; 11 fzpjk;
• mjw;Nfw;g igjfu]; Njw;wj;jpw;Fupa gf;fq;fspw;
-
fpilapyhd njhlu;ig gyifapy; vOJf. mtw;iw
vdg; ngaupLf.
• +, -, +, + vDk; tifapy; mr;rkd;ghL
fisj; njhlu;GgLj;j KbAnkdf; $wp> njhlu;Gfspy;
jug;gl;Ls;s epWtiyr; nra;tjw;F Fwpj;j AB2 - AC2 =
2 2
BD - CD v d ; g i j g ; n g W t j w ; F n g h U j ; j k h d
re;ju;gq;fis khztu;fSld; fye;Jiuahb njupT
nra;f.
• mjD}lhf gyifapy; Njitahd gbfisf; Fwpj;J
epWtiy epiwT nra;f.
C • ,t;TUit Kd;itj;J AB +BC =
2 2
2 2
AD + CD vd epWTk; Kiwia
cUtpy; cs;s nrq;Nfhz Kf;Nfhzp
fspd; vz;zpf;iff;F Vw;g igjfu];
B
Njw;wj;ij gpuNahfpfF; k; re;ju;gg; q;fs;
D
gw;wp fye;JiuahLf.
• khztu;f Sld; fye; J ahLtNjhL
A epWtiyf; fl;b vOg;Gf.
• fPNo fhl;lg;gl;l epWtiy gbKiwfshfr; nra;tjw;F
khztu;fis <LgLj;Jf.
• cUtpy; cs;s juTfSf;Nfw;g
2 2 2 2
AB - AC = BY -CY vd epWTf.
A
B x C
gb I cUtpy; cs;s nrq;Nfhz Kf;Nfhzpfis ,dk;
fhz;ghh;.
gb II xt; n thU nrq; N fhz Kf; N fhzpfSf; F k;
igjfu]; njhlu;ig cgNahfpj;J rkd;ghL
fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;thh;.
gb III epWtYf;Fupa tplaq;fSf;Fg; nghUe;Jfpd;w
tifapy; rkd;ghLfisf; ifahSthh;.
gb IV gbfis Kiwahf vOjpf; fhl;Lthh;.
141
Mrpupau; topfhl;b - juk; 11 fzpjk;
• fPNo fhl;lg;gl;l epWtiy gbKiwfshfr; nra;tjw;F
khztu;fis <LgLj;Jf.
• khztu;fis jdpahf epWTtjw;F fPOs;s gpurpdj;ij
toq;Ff.
i. A B rha;rJuk; ABCD ,y;
2 2 2
AC +BD = 4 AB vd epWTf.
D C
A
ii. cUtpy; fhl;lg;gl;l juTfSf;F
Vw;g AB2 +CE2 = AC2 + ED2
vd epWTf.
B D C
• Nrfupjj; njhlu;Gfis epWtYf;F Ntz;ba Kiwapy; ifahs;thu;.
• epWtYf;F Ntz;ba njhlu;ig khj;jpuk; jdpgg
; l;l juTfspypUe;J
ngw;Wf; nfhs;thu;.
• igjfurpd; Njw;wj;ijf; nfhz;L Vwpfis epWTthu;.
• ju;f;f uPjpahd gbfspy; tplaq;fis Kd;itg;ghu;.
• ghlE}ypd; 17 Mk; ghlj;jpw;Fupa gapw;rpapy; khztu;fis <LgLj;Jf.
eilKiwg; gad;ghL :
• epu;khzj; Jiwapy; nrq;Nfhz mikg;gpw;fhf igjfurpd;
Kk;ikia cgNahfpg;ghu; vd;Wk;>
• epy msitapd; NghJ mila Kbahj ,lq;fspd; msTfisg;
ngw;Wf; nfhs;s igjfurpd; njhlu;ig cgNahfpg;ghu; vd;Wk;>
fye;JiuahLf.
ftdj;jpw;F ...
ghltpUj; j p
• Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 23.5 ,w;Fupa fw;ww;NgW 5> tJ fw;ww;NgWf;fhd
vz;zf;fUit khztuplj;jpy; tpUj;jp nra;a nghUj;jkhd
fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; Kiwik xd;iwj; jpl;lkpl;Lr; nraw;gLj;Jf.
fzpg;g PL k; kjpg;g PL k;
• ghlE}ypd; 17 Mk; ghlj;jpw;Fupa gapw;rpapy; khztu;fis
<LgLj;Jf.
142
Mrpupau; topfhl;b - juk; 11 fzpjk;
Nkyjpf tsq;f Sk; nraw;g hLfSk;. ..
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EINpkcphsPQ
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1ul8g55dYA4
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LrS5_l-gk94
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T0IOrRETWhI
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O64YFlX1_aI
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nMhJLn5ives
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6EY0E3z-hsU
143
Mrpupau; topfhl;b - juk; 11 fzpjk;
18 jpupNfhzfzpjk;
Nju;r;rp 13 : eilKiwr; re;ju;g;gq;fspd;NghJ mstpilg; glq;fisg; gad;
gLj;Jk; gy;NtW Kiwfis Muha;thu;.
Nju;r ;r p kl;lk; 13.1 : nrq; N fhz Kf; N fhzp xd; w pd; jpupNfhz fzpj
tpfpjq;fis mwpe;J nfhs;thu;.
13.2 : md;whl Njitfspd;NghJ jpupNfhz fzpj njhlu;G
fisf; ifahs;thu;.
ghl Ntisfs; : 10
mwpKfk; :
• ePz;l fhyj;jpw;F Kd;dNu fpNuf;fk;> vfpg;J Nghd;w kj;jpa
fpof;F ehLfspYk; ,e;jpah> rPdh Nghd;w fPioj;Nja
ehLfspYk; Kf;Nfhzk; njhlu;ghd mstPLfisg; gad;
gLj;jp epyq;fis mse;jjw;fhd rhd;Wfs; cz;L.
• ~Kf;Nfhzp|> ~msj;jy;| vd;w fUj;Jld; fpNuf;f nkhopapy;
ntspaplg;gl;l ,g;ghlg;gFjp ,g;NghJ trignometry - jpupNfhz
fzpjk; vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
• nrq;Nfhz Kf;Nfhzpapd; gf;fe; njhlu;ghd gpurpdq;fisg;
igjfu]; Njw;wj;jpd; %yk; jPuj; ;Jf; nfhs;s KbAkhapDk;>
mq;F nrq;Nfhzj;ijj; jtpu;j;J NtnwhU Nfhzj;Jld;
,d;DnkhU gf;fj;jpd; ePsk; kl;LNk jug;gLk;NghJ Vida
gf;fq;fisAk; Nfhzq;fisAk; igjfu]pd; Njw;wj;jpd;
%yk; fhz KbahJ. mt;thwhd re;ju;g;gq;fspy; jpupNfhz
fzpjk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
• nrq;Nfhz Kf;Nfhzp xd;wpd; nrq;Nfhzj;ij Mf;Fk;
gf;fq;fs; ,uz;Lk; vQ;rpa Nfhzk; xd;W njhlu;ghf vjpu;g;
gf;fk;> maw;gf;fk; vdg; ngauplg;gLfpd;wd. mf; Fwpg;gpl;l
Nfhzj;ij q vd vLj;jhy;>
vjpu; g; gf; fk; maw; gf; fk;
sin q = cos q =
nrk; gf; fk; nrk; gf; fk;
vjpu; g; gf; fk;
tan q = vd;w jpupNfhz fzpj tpfpjq;fis
maw; gf; fk;
mikf;f KbAk;.
1. q ,d; ngWkhdk; 0° njhlf;fk; 90° tiuapyhd tif kl;LNk
,t;tFg;gpy; fUj;jpw; nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ.
144
Mrpupau; topfhl;b - juk; 11 fzpjk;
q ,d; ngWkhdk; 0° njhlf;fk; 90° tiu mjpfupf;Fk;NghJ>
sin q ,d; ngWkhdk; 0 ,ypUe;J 1 tiu mjpfupf;Fk;
cos q ,d; ngWkhdk; 1 ,ypUe;J 0 tiu Fiwfpd;wJ.
tan q ,d; ngWkhdk; 0 ,ypUe;J Kbtpyp tiu mjpfupf;fpd;wJ.
• ,k;%d;W jpupNfhz fzpj tpfpjq;fisAk;Ak; gad;gLj;jp
nrq;Nfhz Kf;Nfhzp njhlu;ghd fzpj;jy;fisr; nra;a
KbAk;.
• 0° njhlf;fk; 90° tiuAs;s Nfhzq;fSf;fhd sin, cos, tan
ngWkhdq;fisf; nfhz;L jahupf;fg;gl;l jpupNfhz fzpj
ml;ltiz NkNy Fwpgg ; pll
; fzpjj
; y;fspdN
; ghJ gad;gLj;jg;
gLfpd;wJ.
• ahNjDk; xU Gs;spapypUe;J mjd; kl;lj;jpwF ; NkNy cs;s
xU Gs;spia mtjhdpf;Fk;NghJ ngwg;gLk; Vw;wf;Nfhzk;>
mjd; kl;lj;jpw;Ff; fPNo cs;s xU Gs;spia mtjhdpf;Fk;
NghJ ngwg;gLk; ,wf;ff; Nfhzk; fpilj; jsnkhd;wpy;
Gs;spfspd; mikitf; Fwpg;gpLk; jpirNfhs; vd;gtw;iwAk;
nfhz;l gpurpdq;fisj; jpupNfhzfzpj tpfpjq;fisg;
gad;gLj;jpj; jPu;f;fyhk;.
• jpupNfhzfzpj tpfpjq;fisg; gad;gLj;jpg; ngWk; jPuT ; fs;
rupah vdg; guPl;rpg;gjw;F tpQ;Qhd Kiwf; fzp fUtpia
cgNahfpff ; yhk;. tpQQ; hd Kiwf; fzp fUtpapy; jpupNfhz
fzpj tpfpjq;fisf; fhz;gjw;fhd tpNrl rhtpfs; cz;L.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 13.1 ,w;Fupa fw;ww; NgWfs; :
1. nrq;Nfhz Kf;Nfhzp xd;wpy; xU Nfhzj;jpd; sin ngWkhdkhdJ>
vjpug
; g
; f;fj;jpdJk nrk;gf;fj;jpdJk; tpfpjj;jhy; ngwg;gLk; vd;gij
,dq;fhz;ghu;.
2. nrq;Nfhz Kf;Nfhzp xd;wpy; xU Nfhzj;jpd; cos ngWkhdkhdJ>
maw;gf;fj;jpdJk; nrk;gf;fj;jpdJk; tpfpjj;jhy; ngwg;gLk; vd;gij
,dq;fhz;ghu;.
3. nrq;Nfhz Kf;Nfhzp xd;wpy; xU Nfhzj;jpd; tan ngWkjpahdJ>
vjpug
; f;fj;jpdJk; maw;gf;fj;jpdJk; tpfpjj;jhy; ngwg;gLk; vd;gij
,dq;fhz;ghu;.
fiyr;n rhw;fs; :
jpupNfhz fzpjk; - ;%sfldaKñ;sh - Trignometry
jpupNfhz fzpj tpfpjk; - ;%sfldaKñ;sl wkqmd; - Trignometrical ratio
vjpu;g;gf;fk; - iïuqL mdoh - Opposite side
maw;gf;fk; - noaO mdoh - Adjacent side
145
Mrpupau; topfhl;b - juk; 11 fzpjk;
nrk;gf;fk; - ihskh - Hypotenuse
ird; - fldaihskh - Sine
Nfhird; - gexckh - Cosine
jhd;rd; - l¾Kh - Tangent
ghlj;i j jpl;lkpLtjw;f hd mwpTWj;jy;fs; :
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 13.1 ,d; fPOs;s fw;ww;NgWfs; 1> 2> 3
vd;gtw;iw khztuplj;jpy; cWjp nra;J nfhs;tjw;F
Ma;tpD}lhff; fz;lwptjd; %yk; jpupNfhz fzpj
tpfpjq;fis ,dq; fhz;gjw;Fj; jahupf;fg;gl;l xU
khjpup fPNo fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.
fhyk; : 80 epkplq;fs;
ju cs;sPLfs; :
• khztu; nraw;gbtj;jpd; gpujpfs;
MrpupaUf;f hd mwpTWj; j y;f s;
ghlg; g puNtrk;
A • jug;gl;l Neu;Nfhl;bw;Fg; Gwj;Nj mike;Js;s
Gs;sp xd;wpD}lhf me;Neu;Nfhl;bw;F rkhe;ju
khd Neu;Nfhnlhd;iwf; ftuhaj;ijg; gad;
D gLj;jp mikj;jy; njhlu;ghf khztu;fspd; Kd;
E
mwpit kPl;b cjhuzkhf nra;J fhl;Lf.
B C
• mtw;wpd; xj;j gf;fq;fs; tpfpj rkdhdit vd;gJ gw;wpf; fye;Jiuahb
AD AE
= vd;w tpfpjrkd;fis vOJf.
AB AC
2 4 2 3
= vd;gij = vd vOj KbAk; Mjyhy; mjw;Nfw;g vd
3 6 4 6
AD AE AD AB
= = =
AB AC AE AC vd vOjyhk; vd;gijf; fhl;Lf.
x
x 6cm
4 cm x
30°( 30°(
3 cm 5 cm
(i) (ii) (iii)
146
Mrpupau; topfhl;b - juk; 11 fzpjk;
• ,t;tupg;glq;fis Kd;itj;J nrk;gf;fk;> cUf;fs; (ii),
(iii) ,ypUe;J vjpu;g;gf;fk;> maw;gf;fk; vd;gtw;i w
mwpKfk; nra;f.
• cU (i) ,y; igjfu]; Njw;wk; %yk; x If; fhzKbAk;
vd vLj;Jf; fhl;b> cU (ii), (iii) vd;gtw;wpy; igjfu];
Njw;wk; %yk; x If; fhzKbahJ vd;gjpy; ftdk;
nrYj;Jf. ,q;F x If; fhz;gjw;F fPNo jug;gl;l Ma;T
Kiwapy; khzth;fis <LgLj;Jf.
ghltpUj; j p
• nrq;Nfhz Kf;Nfhzpapd; %yk; jpupNfhz tpfpjq;fis
,dq;fhz;gjw;F topfhl;Lk; gpd;tUk; nraw;ghl;ilr;
nra;tjw;F tFg;igg; nghUj;jkhdthW FOf;fshfg;
gpupf;f.
• khztu; nraw;gbtj;jpd; gpujpfis FOf;fSf;F toq;Ff.
• nraw;ghl;bd; ,Wjpapy; khztu;fs; fz;lwpe;jtw;iw
tFg;gpy; Kd;itf;fr; re;ju;g;gk; toq;Ff.
• gpdt; Utdtw;iw ntspf; nfhzUk; tifapy; fye;Jiu
ahLf.
• nrq;Nfhz Kf;Nfhzpapd; nrq;Nfhzk; jtpu;e;j mLj;j
Nfhzk; xd;W njhlu;ghf vjpu;g;gf;fk;> maw;gf;fk;
vd;gtw;iw mwpKfk; nra;jy;.
• nrq;Nfhz Kf;Nfhzpapy; xU Fwpg;gpl;l Nfhzk;
njhlu;ghf
vjpu; g; gf; fk; > maw; gf; fk; > vjpu; g; gf; fk; MdJ
nrk; gf; fk; nrk; gf; fk; maw; gf; fk;
xt;nthU tpfpjKk; khwhg; ngWkhdj;ij vLf;Fk;.
• Nfhzj;ij q vd vLg;gpd; NkNy Fwpg;gpl;l tpfpjq;fs;
KiwNa sin q, cos q, tan q vd miof;fg;gLk;.
vjpu; g; gf; fk; maw; gf; fk;
sin q = cos q =
nrk; gf; fk; nrk; gf; fk;
vjpu; g; gf; fk;
tan q = vdTk; tpsf;fp fye;Jiuahly;
maw; gf; fk;
xd;iw Nkw;nfhs;f.
147
Mrpupau; topfhl;b - juk; 11 fzpjk;
khztUf; f hd nraw;g btk;
• cq;fs; FOTf;F toq;fg;gl;Ls;s nraw;gbtj;jpd; cU - 1
,Ys;s nrq;Nfhz Kf;Nfhzp AOB ,y; nrq;Nfhzj;ij Mf;Fk;
,uz;L gf;fq;fSk;> mjd; nrq;Nfhzky;yhj mLj;j Nfhz
nkhd;W njhlu;ghf miof;fg;gLk; Kiw gw;wpf; fye;Jiuahb
fPNo jug;gl;Ls;s ml;ltizia epug;Gf.
A
Nfhzk; AB BC
Ù
ACB
Ù
BA C
B C B
cU - 1
B
Q
B
Q
Q
) 30° ) 40° ) 50°
O P A O P A O P A
(a) (b) (c)
• cq;fs; FOTf;F xJf;fg;gl;Ls;s cUtpYs;s nrq;Nfhz
Kf;Nfhzp ,uz;ilAk; ngaupl;L mit gw;wpf; FOtpDs;
fye;Jiuahb rkNfhzkhdit vdf; fz;lwpf.
• ~~rkNfhz Kf;Nfhzpfspd; xj;j gf;fq;fs; tpfpj rkkhdit||
vd;w Njw;wj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp NkNy ngaupl;l nrq;Nfhz
Kf;Nfhzpfspd; gf;fq;fSf;F ,ilapy; cs;s tpfpjq;fisf;
nfhz;l njhlu;Gfis vOJf.
a c a b
• = MFk;NghJ = vd vOjyhk; vd;gijg; gad;gLj;jp
b d c d
xNu Kf; N fhzpapd; xt; n thU tpfpjj; j pYk; cWg; G fshf
,Uf;FkhW NkNy ngwg;gl;l tpfpjq;fis mikj;Jf; nfhz;L
fPNo ,y vd;w $l;bDs; cs;s ,ilntspfis epug;Gf.
OP ......
,y =
OQ ......
OP ......
=
OQ ......
PQ ......
=
OP ......
148
Mrpupau; topfhl;b - juk; 11 fzpjk;
• cq;fSf;F xJf;fg;gl;l cUitf; nfhz;L fPNo ,y vd;w
$l;il epug;Gf.
nrq;Nfhz DPQO ,y; nrq;Nfhz DABO ,y;
QO ,y; 30° /40° / 50° QO ,y; 30° /40° / 50°
Nfhzj;jpw;F Vw;g Nfhzj;jpw;F Vw;g
,y vjpu; g; gf; fk; vjpu; g; gf; fk;
= =
nrk; gf; fk; nrk; gf; fk;
maw; gf; fk; maw; gf; fk;
= =
nrk; gf; fk; nrk; gf; fk;
vjpu; g; gf; fk; vjpu; g; gf; fk;
= =
maw; gf; fk; maw; gf; fk;
• cq;fs; FOTf;F xJf;fg;gl;l cUtpy; jug;gl;Ls;s Nfhzj;Jf;F
Vw;g PQO, ABO Mfpa Kf;Nfhzpfs; ,uz;bYk;
vjpu; g; gf; fk; maw; gf; fk; vjpu; g; gf; fk;
> > vd;w tpfpjq;fs; rkd;
nrk; gf; fk; nrk; gf; fk; maw; gf; fk;
/ rkdy;y vd;gij ,yf;fk; ,yf;fk; vd;w ml;ltizapd;
%yk; guPl;rpf;f.
• nrq;Nfhz Kf;Nfhznkhd;wpy; jug;gl;l Nfhzj;ij mbg;gil
ahff; nfhz;L NkNy cs;s %d;W tpfpjq;fisAk; miof;ff;
$ba nganuhd;iw ghlg; Gj;jfj;ij guprPypg;gjd; %yk; my;yJ
NtW Kiwapy; fz;Lgpbj;J> mg;ngaiug; gad;gLj;jp fPo; cs;s
ml;ltizia epug;Gf.
nrq;Nfhz Kf;Nfhzp nrq;Nfhz Kf;Nfhzp
PQO ABO
...PQ ..... .............
sin q 30° /40° / 50° = sin q 30° /40° / 50° =
............. .............
............. .............
cos q 30° /40° / 50° = cos q 30° /40° / 50° =
............. .............
............. .............
tan q 30° /40° / 50° = tan q 30° /40° / 50° =
............. .............
............. .......... ...
sin q 60° /50° /40° = sin q 60° /50° /40° =
............. .......... ...
............. .............
cos q 60° /50° /40° = cos q 60° /50° /40° =
............. .............
............. .............
tan q 60° /50° /40° = tan q 60° /50° /40° =
............. .............
• ckJ fz; l wpjy; f is KO tFg; g pw; F k; rku; g ; g pg; g jw; F
Maj;jkhFf.
149
Mrpupau; topfhl;b - juk; 11 fzpjk;
fzpg;g PL k; kjpg;g PL k;
fzpg; g Pl ;L epajpfs;
• rkNfhz nrq;Nfhz Kf;Nfhzpfs; ,uz;by; jug;gl;l Nfhzk;
Fwpj;J gf;fq;fSf;fpilapyhd tpfpjq;fs; vOJthu;.
• rkNfhz nrq;Nfhz Kf;Nfhzpfs; ,uz;by; jug;gl;l Nfhzk;
xd;W Fwpj;J gf;fq;fSf;fpilapyhd tpfpjq;fs; rkd; vd;gij
Vw;Wf;nfhs;thu;.
• rkNfhz nrq;Nfhz Kf;Nfhzpfs; ,uz;by; jug;gl;l Nfhzk;
xd;W Fwpj;J gf;fq;fSf;fpilapyhd tpfpjq;fs; xg;gpLthu;.
• nrq;Nfhz Kf;Nfhzp xd;wpd; jug;gl;l q Nfhzk; Fwpj;J sin q,
cos q, tan q vd;gtw;iw cupa gf;fq;fspd; tpfpjkhf vOJthu;.
• Kd;du; fw;w tplaq;fisAk; mbg;gilfisAk; cgNahfpj;J
Ma;tpy; <LgLthu;.
• ghlE}ypd; 13 Mk; ghlj;jpw;Fupa gapw;rpapy; khztu;fis <LgLj;Jf.
eilKiwg; gad;ghL :
• tpkhd fg;gy; Jiw rhu;e;j nghwpapay; gzpfs;.
• fl;llk; mikj;jy; gzpfs;> epy msitg; gzpfs; Nghd;wtw;wpy;
jpupNfhzfzpjk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
ftdj;jpw;F ...
ghltpUj; j p
• Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 13.2 ,w;F nghUj;jkhd ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpl;Lr;
nraw;gLj;Jf.
fzpg;g PL k; kjpg;g PL k;
• fle;jfhy tpdhg; gj;jpuq;fspy; jpupNfhz fzpjk; njhlu;ghd
tpdhf;fisr; nra;tpf;f.
Nkyjpf tsq;f Sk; nraw;g hLfSk;. ..
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jsiy4TxgIME
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I3jyBUyjg48
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G-T_6hCdMQc
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XixMVHl8taQ
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=znR9tW4AiZI
150
Mrpupau; topfhl;b - juk; 11 fzpjk;
MrpupaUf;F kl;L k;
• xU myF Miu nfhhz;l tl;lnkhd;wpD}lhfj; jpupNfhz
fzpj tpfpjq;fis tpsf;fpf; nfhs;tJ kpfTk; gaDs;sJ.
fhuzk; Nfhzj;jpd; gUkd; khWk;NghJ xt;nthU jpupNfhz
fzpj tpfpjj;jpd; ngWkhdKk; khWtijj; njspthfr; nrhy;ypf;
nfhs;s KbtNj MFk;.
O I ikakhff; nfhz;l tl;lj;jpd; kPJs;s
Q Gs;sp P ,y; tiuaWf;fg;gl;l njhlyp PQ.
A ikak; O ,y; q Nfhzj;ij Mf;Fk; njhlyp
apd; ePsk; PA ,jid XuyF MiuAs;s tl;lj;
jpy; cs;s ePskhf khw;Wtjw;F OP My;
)q P
O tFf;f Ntz;Lk;.
PA
mg;NghJ tan q = tan vd;gJ tangent
OP
(njhlyp) vd;gjhy; ngwg;gLfpwJ.
y O I ikakhff; nfhz;l tl;lj;jpy;; O I
cw;gj;jpahff; nfhz;l Ms;$w;Wj; jsk;
P
x d i; wf ; f U J f . OP x mr;Rld; q Nfhzj;ij
Mf;Fk;N;ghJ P ,d; y Ms;$W AP ck; x
)q
O A x Ms;$W OA ck; MFk;.
x, y Ms;$Wfs; XuyF MiuAs;s tl;lj;jpwF ;
AP OA
KiwNa > MFk;.
OP OP
OA AP
mg;NghJ x Ms;$W > y Ms;$W .
OP OP
x Ms;$W cos q vdTk; y Ms;$W sin q vdTk; vLf;Fk;NghJ
OA AP
cos q = sin q =
OP OP
• Nfhzj;jpd; ngWkhdk; ngupjhFk;NghJ njhlypapd; ePsKk;
mjpfupf;fpd;wJ. q ,d; ngWkhdk; 0° - 90° MFk;NghJ
tan q ,d; ngWkhdk; 0 ,ypUe;J Kbtpypf;F mjpfupj;Jr;
nry;fpd;wJ.
sin q ,d; ngWkhdk; 0 ,ypUe;J 1,w;F mjpfupf;fpd;wJ.
cos q ,d; ngWkhdk; 1 ,ypUe;J 0 ,w;F Fiwfpd;wJ.
151
Mrpupau; topfhl;b - juk; 11 fzpjk;
19. jhaq;fs;
Nju;r;rp 20 : ,uz;L khwpfSf;fpilapy; fhzg;gLk; njhlu;ig ,yFthf
vLj;Jf; fhl;Lk; Kiwfis Muha;thu;.
Nju;r ;r p kl;lk; 20.4 : jhaq; f is fzpj Nfhl; g hLfspd; mbg; g ilapy;
RUf;Fthu;.
ghl Ntisfs; : 08
mwpKfk; :
• jhak; vd;gJ epiu> epuy; vd;Dk; tifapy; jfty;fis
Kd; itf;Fk; xU KiwahFk;. jhankhd;wpy; epuy;> epiu
tupirfspd; ngUf;fj;ijf; Fwpj;J vOjpf; fhl;Ljy; mjd;
jha tupir vdg;gLk;. jha tupirahdJ mj;jhaj;jpd;
Kf;fpakhd xd;whtNjhL mJ jhaj;jpd; tyJ gf;ff; fPo;
%iyapy; vOjg;gLk;. jha tupirf;Nfw;g epiuj;jhak;> epuy;
jhak; rJu jhak; vd;wthWk; jhaq;fspy; cs;s %yfq;
fspd; mikTf;Fk; ngWkhdj;jpw;F Nkw;g myFj;jhak;>
rkr;ruP j; jhak; MfpathW jhaq;fis tiff;fg;gLj;j KbAk;.
• jhaq;fis $l;LtJ Nghd;W fopf;fTk; KbAkhFk;. Mdhy;
mg;NghJ mjd; tupirfs; rkdhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
jhankhd;iw epiw vz;zhy; ngUf;f KbtNjhL mt;thW
ngUf;Fk;NghJ vy;yh %yfq;fSk; ngUf;fYf;F cl;gLj;jg;
gly; Ntz;Lk;. ,uz;L jhaq;fisg; ngUf;f KbAk;. vdpDk;
,q;F Kjy; jhaj;jpd; epuy; tupir ,uz;lhk; jhaj;jpd;
epiu tupirf;F rkdhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
• mjhtJ tupir a × b , b× c Mf cs;s ,U jhaq;fis
ngUf;f KbAk;. mg;NghJ jPu;Tj; jhaj;jpd; tupir a × c
MFk;. ,q;F ,t;tpU jhaq;fis khwp vOJk;NghJ Kjy;
jhaj;jpd; epuy; c MtNjhL ,uz;lhk; jhaj;jpd; epiu a
MFk;. mit rkdhf ,y;yhjNghJ mr;re;ju;g;gq;fspy;
,uz; L jhaq; f isAk; ngUf; f KbahJ. ,t; t plak;
njhlu;ghf nrad;Kiwg; gLj;jy; re;ju;g;gq;fisf; nfhz;L
gbdk; nra;tij ,g;ghlj;jpD}lhf vjpu;ghu;ff ; g;gLfpd;wJ.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 20.4 ,w;fhd fw;ww; NgWfs; :;
1. epuy; epiu Mfpatw;iwf; nfhz;L jfty;fis Kd;itg;gjw;fhd
xU Kiwahfj; jhaj;ij mwpe;J nfhs;thu;.
2. jhankhd;wpd; epiu tupirAk; epuy; tupiriaAk; nfhz;L >
mjd; jha tupir fhl;lg;gLk; vd;gij mwpe;J nfhs;thu;.
3. epuw;jhak;> epiuj;jhak;> rJuj;jhak;. myFjhak;> rkr;rPu;j;jhak;
vd;gtw;iw mwpe;J nfhs;thu;.
152
Mrpupau; topfhl;b - juk; 11 fzpjk;
4. ,uz;L jhaq;fisf; $l;Lk;NghJ my;yJ fopfF ; k;NghJ mtw;wpd;
tupir rkdhf Ntz;Lk; vd;gij eilKiwr; re;ju;g;gq;fisf;
nfhz;L tpsf;fpf; nfhs;thu;.
5. epuy; jhak; / epiuj; jhak; ,uz;il $l;Lthu;;: fopg;ghu;.
6. tupir 3 my;yJ mjw;Ff; Fiwe;j jhaq;fis $l;Lthu;@
fopg;ghu;.
7. tupir 3 my;yJ mjw;Ff; Fiwe;j jhaq;fis epiwvz;zhy;
ngUf;Fthu;.
8. $l;ly;> fopj;jy;. epiwvz;zhy; ngUf;Fjy; Nghd;w fzpj
nra;iffisf; nfhz;L jhaj;ij RUf;fpf; fhl;Lthu;.
9. ,U jhaq;fisg; ngUf;Fk;NghJ Kjy; jhaj;jpd; epuy;fspd;
vz;zpf;if mLj;j jhaj;jpd; epiufspd; vz;zpf;if rkdhf
Ntz;Lk; vd tpsq;fpf; nfhs;thu;.
10. 1 × 2 tupirAk; 2 × 1 tupirAk; nfhz;l ,U jhaq;fis
ngUf;Fthu;
11. 1 × 2 tupirAk; 2 × 2 tupirAk; nfhz;l ,U jhaq;fis
ngUf;Fthu;.
12. 2 × 2 tupirAk; 2 × 1 tupirAk; nfhz;l ,U jhaq;fis
ngUf;Fthu;.
13. 2 × 2 tupirAk; 2 × 2 tupirAk; nfhz;l ,U jhaq;fis
ngUf;Fthu;.
14. jug;gl;l ,U jhaq;fs; $l;Ltjw;F> fopg;gjw;F ngUf;f KbAk;/
KbahJ vd;gjw;fhd fhuzq;fis $Wf.
15. jhaq;fs; njhlu;ghd mwpitg; gad;gLj;jp md;whl tho;fi; fapy;
cz;lhFk; gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;g;ghu;.
fiyr;n rhw;fs; :
kHdi - jhak; - Matrices
kHdifha .Kh - jhatupir - Order of a matrix
fma,s kHdih - epiu jhak; - Row matrix
;Sr kHdih - epuy; jhak; - Column matrix
iup;=ri% kHdih - rJuj; jhak; - Square matrix
tall kHdih - myF jhak; - Unit matrix
iuñ;Sh kHdih - rkr;rPu; jhak; - Symmetric matrix
kHdihl wjhj - jhankhd;wpd; %yfq;fs; - Elements of a matrix
ghlj;i j jpl;lkpLtjw;f hd mwpTWj;jy;fs; :
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 24.1 ,d; fPOs;s fw;ww;NgWfs; 9>10>
11> 12> 13> 14 Mfpa fw;w w; NgWfis milar;
nra;tjw;F khztu;fis FOuPjpahf nray;glr; nra;J
fz;lwp Kiwia cl;gLj;jg; nghUj;jkhd khjpup
153
Mrpupau; topfhl;b - juk; 11 fzpjk;
xd; W cl; g Lj; j g; g l; L s; s J. nrad; K iw eil
Kiwfisf; nfhz;L 1> 2> 3> 4> 5> 6> 7> 8 tiuahd
fw; w w; N gWfis khztu; f s; milar; nra; a
nghUj;jkhd nraw;ghLfs; my;yJ NtW Kiwfisj;
jpl;lkpl;L eilKiwg;gLj;Jf. gapw;rpaspj;jy; Clhf
,f;fw;ww;NgWfis cWjp nra;jgpd; ,r;nraw;ghl;il
eilKiwg;gLj;Jf.
fhyk; : 40 epkplk;
ju cs;sPLfs; :
• FOTf;F xd;W tPjk; khztu; nraw;gbtj;jpd; gpujpfs;
MrpupaUf;f hd mwpTWj; j y;f s;
ghlg; g puNtrk;
• mg;gps; xd;wpd; tpiy &gh 50 ck;> Njhlk;gok;
xd;wpd; tpiy &gh 30 ck; MFk;. fil xd;w
; py;
A, B vd;D k; ,U egu; tpiyf;F thq; fpa
Njhlk;goq;fs; vd;Dk; msTfisf; fhl;Lfpd;w
ml;ltizia fUk;gyifapy; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf.
goq;fs; mg;gps; Njhlk;gok;
> &gh
A 2 3
B 1 4
khztUld; fye;Jiuahb>
i. tpiyf;F thq;fpa vz;zpf;ifia 1 × 2 > 2
× 1 Md jhakhf vOJf.
ii. A thq;fpa goq;fspd; msit 1 × 2 > 2 × 1
Md jhakhf vOJf.
iii. ,UtUk; thq; f pa goq; f spd; msit
thq;fpa goq;fspd; msit 2 × 2 Md
jhakhf vOJf.
iv. A ,w;F nrythd gzj; njhifiaf; fhz;
gjw;F tpiy msTk; goq;fspd; vz;zpfi; f
Ak; ngUf; f Ntz; L k; vd; g J gw; w pf;
fye;JiuahLf.
v NkNy fye;Jiuahlypd; gpd; khztu;fis
FOf;fshf cs;s nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLj;Jf.
154
Mrpupau; topfhl;b - juk; 11 fzpjk;
ghltpUj; j p
• khztu;fspd; nraw;ghLfs; epiwTw;w gpd; jhaq;fs;
,uz;bd; ngUf;fk; ngUf;fk; njhlu;ghf Kjy; jhaj;jpd;
epuy; tupir ,uz;lhk; jhaj;jpd; epiu tupirf;F rkdhf
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vdTk;>
• Kjy; jhaj;jpd; epiuapy; cs;s cWg;Gf;fs; ,uz;lhk;
jhaj;jpd; epuypy; cs;s cWg;Gf;fshy; fpukkhfg;
ngUf;fp> gpd; $l;b ,U jhaq;fspd; ngUf;fj;ijg; ngw
KbAk; vdTk;>
• 1 × 2, 2 × 1 tupirfisAila ,U jhaq;fspd;
ngUf;fj;jpy; fpilf;Fk; jhaj;jpd; tupir 1 × 1 vdTk;>
• 2 × 2, 2 × 1 tupirfisAila ,U jhaq;fspd;
ngUf;fj;jpy; fpilf;Fk; jhaj;jpd; tupir 2 × 1 vdTk;>
khztu;fs; fz;lwpjy; Clhfj; njspTgLj;Jf.
• fz;lwpe;jtw;iw cWjpg;gLj;jpf;nfhs;s nghUj;jkhd
tifapy; gapw;rpapy; <LgLj;Jf.
khztu; nraw; g btk;
• rpj;uh> Atd; MfpNahu; tpiyf;F thq;fpa nghUl;fspd;
msTk;> tpiyg;gl;baYk; fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sd.
ngd;rpy; xd;wpd; tpiy & 5
mopug;gu; xd;wpd; tpiy & 5
nghUs; ngd;rpy; mopug;gu;
gps;is vz;zpf;if vz;zpf;if
rpj;uh 3 4
Atd; 5 1
i. nghUl;fspd; tpiyg;gl;baiy 2 × 1 tupirAs;s
jhakhfvOJf.
ii. rpj;uh tpiyf;F thq;fpa nghUl;fspd; msit 1 × 2
tupirAs;s jhakhf vOJf.
iii. rpj;uhtpw;Fr; nrythfpa njhifia jhaq;fisg;
ngUf;fpf; fz;lwpe;j Kiw fPNo fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.
æ5ö
(3 4 )1´2 × ç 2 ÷ = (3 ´ 5 + 4 ´ 2) = (23)1×1
è ø 2´1
• rpj;uh> Atd; MfpNahu; tpiyf;F thq;fpa nghUl;fspd;
msTk;> tpiyg;gl;baYk; fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sd.
• NkYs;s RUf;fYf;Nfw;g rpju; hTf;Fr; nrythfpa njhif
&gh 23 vdg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s ,uz;L jhaq;fspy;
155
Mrpupau; topfhl;b - juk; 11 fzpjk;
nghUe;Jk; cWg;Gf;fisg; ngUf;fp mtw;iwf; $l;b
ngWk; Kiwia FOf;fNshL fye;JiuahLf.
• nghUj;jkhd Kiwapy; jhaq;fis vOjp mjD}lhf
AtDf;F nrythfpa njhifiaf; fhz;f.
• xt; n thU nghUl; f spd; jhaq; f isAk; tpiyj;
jhaj;ijAk; ngUf;fp rpj;uh AtDf;Fr; nrythd njhif
2 × 1 jha tupirapy; $l;lg;gy;Kiw fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sJ.
æ3 4 ö æ 5 ö æ 3 ´ 5 + 4 ´ 2 ö æ 23 ö
çç ÷ ´ç ÷ = ç ÷ =ç ÷
è5 1 ÷ø çè 2 ÷ø çè 5 ´ 5 + 1 ´ 2 ÷ø çè 27 ÷ø
2×2 2×1 2×1
,t;tpU jhaq;fisAk; ngUf;Fk;NghJ epiu> epuy;
Mfpatw;wpy; cs;s cWg;Gf;fisg; ngUf;fp> mtw;wpd;
$l; L j; n jhifiag; ngWfpd; w Kiwia ed; w hf
mtjhdpj;J mJ njhlu;ghff; fye;JiuahLf.
NkNy fye;Jiuahlypy; fz;lwpe;j tplaq;fisg
gad;gLj;jp fPNo jug;gl;l jhaq;fisg; ngUf;Ff.
æ4 3ö æ 2 ö æ1 0 ö÷ æ 2 5ö
ç 2 ´ çç ÷
1. çç ÷ ´ç ÷
0 ÷ø
2 ÷ø çè 3 ÷ø
3. ç
è5 è4 3 ÷ø è1
æ5 ö
2. çç ÷÷ ´ (2 3)
è10 ø
æ 2ö æ4 3ö
3. çç ÷÷ ´ çç ÷
è3ø è5 2÷ø
NkYs;s Kiwapy; ,t;tpU jhaq;fisAk; ngUf;f
KbAkh? ckJ tpilf;fhd fhuzq;fis Kd;itf;f.
,uz;L jhaq;fisg; ngUf;Ftjw;F mtw;wpd; tupir
vt;thW ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk; vd;gijf; fye;JiuahLf.
FOf; fz;lwpjiy Kd;itf;fj; jahuhFf.
fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk; :
fzpg; g Pl ;L epajpfs;
• jhatupir 1 × 2, 2 × 1; I cila jhaq;fis ngUf;Fthu;.
• jhaq; f isg; ngUf; F tjw; F Kjy; jhaj; j pd; epuy; f spd;
vz;zpf;if ,uz;lhk; jhaj;jpd; epuy;fspd; vz;zpf;iff;F
rkdhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk; vd;gij Vw;Wf; nfhs;thu;.
156
Mrpupau; topfhl;b - juk; 11 fzpjk;
• ,U jhaj;ijg; ngUf;Fk;NghJ Kjy; jhaj;jpd; epiuah cs;s
cWg;Gf;fis KiwNa ,uz;lhk; jhaj;jpd; epuypy; cs;s
cWg;G ffSld; ngUf;fp ngUf;fj;i jf; $l;Ltjd; %yk;
tpilj;jhaj;jpd; cWg;Gg; ngwg;gLk; vdf; $Wthu;.
• 2 × 2 tupirAila ,U jhaq;fisg; ngUf;Fthu;.
• FOtpw;Fs; jkJ fUj;ij ntspg;gLj;jp nraw;ghLfspy; jpwk;gl
<LgLthu;.
eilKiwg; gad;ghL :
• xUq;fik rkd;ghLfisj; jPu;g;gjw;fhfj; jhaq;fisg; gad;
gLj;Jthu;.
• tpahghu epiyaq;fspy; nkhj;jj;ij mstpLtjw;F jha xOq;fpy;
juTfisf; Fwpj;J nraY}f;fj;Jld; $l;bf;nfhs;thu;.
ftdj;jpw;F :
ghltpUj; j p
• 20.4 Nju;r;rp kl;lj;jpy; 15 MtJ fw;ww; NgWf;F nghUj;jkhd
fw;gpj;jy; Kiw xd;iwj; jahupf;Ff.
fzpg;g PL k; kjpg;g PL k;
• ,r;nraw;ghl;bd; gpd; nghUj;jkhd Kiwapy; gapw;rp nraw;ghL
fspy; <LgLj;Jf.
• eilKiwj; jfty;fisf; nfhz;L gpurpdq;fis cUthf;fp
khztu;fSf;F toq;Ff.
Nkyjpf tsq;f Sk; nraw;g hLfSk;. ..
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0oGJTQCy4cQ
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WR9qCSXJlyY
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TbaltFbJ3wE
157
Mrpupau; topfhl;b - juk; 11 fzpjk;
Mrpupau;f Sf;F kl;L k;
• ml;ru fzpj cWg;Gf;fshf tupirAila ,U jhaq;fspd;
ngUf;fk; fPNo fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.
æa bö æp qö æ ap + br aq + bs ö
ç ÷ ´ç ÷ =ç ÷
èc d ø 2´ 2 è r s ø 2´ 2 è cp + dr cq + ds ø 2´ 2
• Ke;JW (gpujhd) %iy kl;lj;jpd; midj;J cWg;G fSk; 1
MtNjhL Vida %yq;fs; 0 MfTk; cs;s rJu jhak;
myFj;jhak; my;yJ ru;trkd;ghl;Lj; jhak; vd mwpe;J
nfhs;thu;.
æ1 0 0ö
æ1 0ö ç ÷
c-k;: çç 0 ÷÷ ç0 1 0÷
1ø 2´2 ç
è
è0 0 1÷ø3´3
• A, B ,uz;L rJu jhaq;fshf cs;sNghJ AXB Clhf xU
ru;t rkd;ghl;Lj;jhak; ngwg;gLkhapd; jhak; A ,d; Neu;khW
jhak; B MFk;.
æ7 3ö æ1 - 3ö æ1 0ö
c-k;: çç 2 ÷
1 ÷ø 2´2
çç ÷
7 ÷ø 2´2 = ç ÷
è è- 2 è0 1 ø 2´ 2
æ7 3ö æ1 - 3ö
çç ÷÷ jhaj;jpd; Neu;khW jhak; MFk;. çç ÷
è- 2 7 ÷ø 2´2
è2 1 ø 2´2
158
Mrpupau; topfhl;b - juk; 11 fzpjk;
20 rkdpypfs;
Nju;r;rp 18 : md;whl tho;fi
; fg; gpurpdq;fSld; njhlu;ghd gy;NtW fzpaq;
fSf;fpilapyhd njhlu;Gfisg; gFg;gha;T nra;thu;.
Nju;r ;r p kl;lk; 18.1 : ,uz;L fzpaq;fs; njhlu;GWk; gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;g;ghu;.
ghl Ntisfs; : 06
mwpKfk; :
• xNu cWg;Gld; fhl;lg;gl;l ,U ml;ru fzpj Nfhitfspd;
gUkd; njupAk; N ghJ mjid rkdpypf; FwpaP l ; b y;
njhlu;GgLj;Jk;NghJ tUtJ rkdpypahFk;.
• ax + b £ cx + d , ax + b ³ cx + d vDk; tbtpyhd rkdpypfisj;
jPu;jjy; ,t;tFg;gpNyNa vjpu;ghf;fg;gLfpd;wJ
• ml;ru fzpj cWg;Gldhd rkdpypnahd;wpy; cs;s njupahf;
fzpaj;ij vOtha; Mf;Ftjhy; mj;njupahf; fzpaj;jpwF ; upa
jPu;nthd;iw ngw;Wf; nfhs;s KbAk;.
• mt;thW ngwg;gLk; jPu;it vz;Nfhl;bd; kPJ Fwpj;Jf; fhl;l
KbAk;.
• njupahf; fzpak; xd;iw gy;NtW njhlu;GfSf;N fw;g
fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;l rpy rkdpypfSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd jPu;it
rkdpypiaj; jPu;g;gjd; %yk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s KbAk;.
c-k; : 2x + 7 > 3, 3x-2<1
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 18.1 ,w;Fupa fw;ww; NgWfs; :;
1. ax + b > cx + d, ax + b ³ cx + d, ax + b < cx +d, ax + b £ cx +d,
Mfpa rkdpypfspd; epiwntz; jPu;Tj; njhiliaf; fhz;ghu;.
2. ax + b > cx + d, ax + b ³ cx + d, ax + b < cx +d, ax + b £ cx +d,
. Mfpa rkdpypfspd; epiwntz; jPu;Tj; njhilia vz;Nfhl;by;
Fwpj;Jf; fhl;Lthu;.
3. ax + b > cx + d, ax + b ³ cx + d, ax + b < cx +d, ax + b £ cx +d,
. Mfpa rkdpypfspd; jPu;T Mapiliaf; fhz;ghu;.
4. ax + b > cx + d, ax + b ³ cx + d, ax + b < cx +d, ax + b £ cx +d,
. Mfpa rkdpypfspd; jPu;T Mapilia vz;Nfhl;bd; kPJ Fwpj;Jf;
fhl;Lthu;.
5. md;whl tho;f;ifapy; gad;gLj;Jk; re;ju;g;gq;fis Kd;itg;g
jw;fhf ax + b £ cx + d , ax + b ³ cx + d vDk; tbtpyhd
fzpaq; f is cgNahfpj; J f; nfhs; s KbAk; vd; g ij
mwpe;Jnfhs;thu;.
6. md;whl tho;f;ifapy; gpurpdk; jPu;g;gjw;fhf ax + b £ cx + d ,
ax + b ³ cx + d tbtpyhd rkdpypfis cgNahfpg;ghu;.
159
Mrpupau; topfhl;b - juk; 11 fzpjk;
fiyr;n rhw;f s; :
rkdpypfs; - wiudk;d - Inequalities
jPu;Tj; njhil - úi÷ï l=,lh - Solution set
ghlj;i jj; jpl;lkpLtjw;f hd mwpTWj;j y;fs; :
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 18.1 ,w;Fupa fw;ww;NgWfs; 1 ,w;Fg;
nghUj;jkhd ghl vz;zf;fUit khztu;fsplk;
f l; b n aO g ; g M r p u pa to p fh l ; ly ; > t pu p T i u >
fye;Jiuahly; Kiwfisf; nfhz;L jahupf;fg;gl;l
khjpup xd;W fPNo fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ
fhyk; : 40 epkplq;fs;
MrpupaUf;f hd mwpTWj; j y;f s;
ghlg; g puNtrk;
• 2x + 1 > 7 Nghd;w rkdpyp xd;iwg; gyifapy; vOjp
mjidj; jPug; g
; jw;F vLf;f Ntz;ba gbKiw njhlu;ghf
khztu;fsplk; tpdTf.
• khztu;fs; tpilfisf; ftdj;jpw;nfhz;L NkYs;s
rkdpypia gbg;gbahfj; jPu;f;Fk; Kiwia fPOs;s
tplaq;fisf; ntspf; nfhzu;e;J fye;JiuahLf.
• rkdpyp xd;wpd; ,UGwKk; xNu vz;izf; $l;Lk;NghJ
my;yJ md;wp fopf;Fk;NghJ rkdpyp khwhJ.
• rkdpyp xd;wpd; ,UGwKk; xNu Neu; vz;zhy; ngUf;Fk;
NghJ my;yJ tFf;Fk;NghJ rkdpyp khwhJ.
• rkdpyp xd;wpd; ,UGwKk; xNu kiw vz;zhy; ngUf;Fk;
NghJ my;yJ tFf;Fk;NghJ rkdpyp khWk;
ghltpUj; j p
• 5x + 1 > 3x + 7 Nghd;w rkdpypiag; gyifapy; vOjp
Kd;G Nehf;fpa rkdpypia tpl ,q;Fs;s rpwg;gk;rk;
ahnjd khztu;fsplk; tpdtp> ,r;rkdpypapd; ,U GwKk;
njupahf; fzpak; cs;sNj ,q;Fs;s rpwg;gk;rk; vd;gij
tpsf;Ff .
• Mrpupaupd; topfhl;lYld; ,r;rkdpypia khztu;fSld;
,ize;J jPu;j;J tpil x >3 vdg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;f.
• ,jd;gb x ,w;fhd epiwnaz; jPu;T ahnjd khztu;
fsplk; tpdtp fUk;gyifapy; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
• ,t;thW x ,w;F ngwf;$ba jPu;khdq;fs; 4>5>6>7>8>9.....
vd Kbtpyp msT ngw KbAk; vd;gij njspTgLj;Jf.
160
Mrpupau; topfhl;b - juk; 11 fzpjk;
• 2x - 7 £ 7 x + 3 Nghd; w rkdpypj; jP u ; j ; j Yf; f hf
khztu;fis <LgLj;Jf.
• ,jidj; jdpahs; nraw;ghlhf khztu;fis nraw
;gLj;Jf.
• nraw; ghl; b d; ,Wjpapy; xU khztid mioj; J
gyifapy; ,r;rkdpypia gbg;gbahf tpsf;fp jPu;g;gjw;F
mwpTWj;jy; toq;Ff.
• gpd;du; gbg;gbahf tpsf;fkspj;J mj;jPu;it cWjpg;
gLj;Jf.
• ,r;rkdpyp jPu;j;j ypd;NghJ kiw vz;zhy; tFf;f
Ntz;ba Njit cs;s mNjNtis rkdpyp FwpaPL
khWgLtij mtjhdpf;fr; nra;f.
fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk; :
fzpg; g Pl ;L epajpfs;
• jug;gpy; ax + b £ cx + d , ax + b ³ cx + d tbtpyhd rkdpypfisj;
jPu;jj
; ypy; kiw vz;zhy; tFf;Fk;NghJ rkdpypf; FwpaPL khWk;
vd;gij Vw;Wf; nfhs;thu;.
• ax + b £ cx + d , ax + b ³ cx + d tbtpyhd rkdpypfisj;
jPu;f;Fk;NghJ gbKiwfis tpsf;Fthu;.
• jug;gl;l rkdpypf;fhd jPu;T KbtpypahFk; vdf; $Wthu;.
• jug;gLk;;.
• jug;gLk; ax + b £ cx + d , ax + b ³ cx + d tbtpyhd rkdpypfisj;
jPu;g;ghu;.
• jug;gLk; ax + b £ cx + d , ax + b ³ cx + d tbtpyhd rkdpypapd;
epiwnaz; jPu;Tj; njhilia vOjpf; fhl;Lthu;.
• ghlE}ypd; 20 Mk; ghlj;jpd; cupa gapw;rpfisr; nra;tjw;F khztu;
fis topg;gLj;Jf.
eilKiwg; gad;ghL :
• fky; & x gb 5 khk;goq;fisAk; & 2 gb 12 uk;Gl;lhd;
goq;fisAk; thq;fpdhd;. tpky; & x gb 3 khk;goq;fisAk; &
3 gb 10 uk;Gl;lhd; goq;fisAk; thq;fpdhd;. tpky; nryT
nra;j njhifia tpl fky; nryT nra;j njhif mjpfk;
vdpd; khk;gok; xd;wpd; kpff; Fiwe;j tpiy ahJ? (x xU KO
vz;zhFk;)
,J Nghd; W eilKiwfspy; epfOk; re; j u; g ; g q; f is
khztu;fSld; fye;JiuahLf.
161
Mrpupau; topfhl;b - juk; 11 fzpjk;
ftdj;jpw;F ...
ghltpUj; j p
• Nju;rr
; p kl;lk; 18.1 ,w;Fupa fw;ww;NgW 2 Kjy; 6 tiuahdtw;wpwF
;
nghUj;jkhd Mrpupa topfhl;ly; my;yJ nraw;ghnlhd;iwj;
jpl;lkpLf
fzpg;g PL k; kjpg;g PL k;
• ghlE}ypd; 20 Mk; ghlj;jpw;Fupa gapw;rpapy; khztu;fis
<LgLj;Jf.
Nkyjpf tsq;f Sk; nraw;g hLfSk;. ..
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y7QLay8wrW8
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xOxvyeSl0uA
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XOAn5z8mkvI
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hJ-_OoCHTks
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=glEP04Pzap8
162
Mrpupau; topfhl;b - juk; 11 fzpjk;
21. tl;l ehw;gf;fy;
Nju;r;rp 24 : tl; l q; f s; njhlu; g hd Nfj; j pufzpj vz; z f; fUf; f is
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L KbTfis vLg;gjw;F ju;f;fuPjpahf
rpe;jpg;ghu;.
Nju;r ;r p kl;lk; 24.1 : ehw;gf;fy;fspy; tl;lj;jpd;kPJ mikAk; ehw;gf;fy;
njhlu;ghf Muha;thu;.
24.2 : t l ; l e h w ; g f ; f n y h d ; w p d ; G w f ; N f h z j ; j p w ; F k ;
mff;Nfhzj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapYs;s njhlu;ig Muha;thu;.
ghl Ntisfs; : 10
mwpKfk; :
• ahJnkhU ehw;gf;fy; xd;wpd; cr;rpfs; xU tl;lj;jpd; kPJ
,Uf;Fkhapd; me;ehw;gf;fy; tl;l ehw;gf;fy; vdg;gLk;.
ahJnkhU nrt;t fk;> rJuk; tl;l ehw;gf;fyhtNjhL
xOq; f w; w ehw; g f; f y; > rhptfk; Nghd; w itAk; tl; l
ehw; g f; fyhfyhk; . tl; l ehw; gf; f ypy; vjpu; Nfhzq;f s;
kpifepug;g pahFk; vd; gJ tl;l ehw;g f; f ypy; Nfhzk;
njhlu;ghd Njw;wkhFk;. ehw;gf;fnyhd;wpd; vjpu;Nfhzr;
Nrhbnahd;W kpifepug;gpahapd; me;ehw;gf;fypd; cr;rpfs;
xU tl; l j; j py; mikAk; . ,J NkYs; s Njw; w j; j py;
kWjiyahFk;.
• tl;l ehw;gf;fnyhd;wpd; gf;fnkhd;iw ePl;l cUthFk;
Gwf;Nfhzk; mjd; mfj;njjpu;Nfhzj;jpw;Fr; rkdhFk;. ,J
tl;l ehw;gf;fypy; Gwf;Nfhzk; njhlu;ghd Njw;wkhFk;.
• NkYs;s Njw;wk;> kWjiyj; Njw;wk; njhlu;ghfTk; mjd;
gad;ghL njhlu;ghfTk; ,g;ghlj;jpd; Clhf
fye;Jiuahlg;gLfpwJ.
Nju;r;r p kl;lk; 24.1 ,w;f hd fw;ww; NgWfs;:
1. tl;l ehw;gf;fypd; vjpu;Nfhzr; Nrhbia vOjpf; fhl;Lthu;.
2. tl;l ehw;gf;fypd; vjpu;Nfhzq;fs; kpifepug;gpahFk; vDk;
Njw;wj;ij mwpe;Jnfhs;thu;.
3. tl;l ehw;gf;f ypy; vjpu;Nfhzq;fs; kpifepug; gpahFk; vDk;
Njw;wj;ij tha;g;Gg;ghu;g;ghu;.
4. xU tl;l ehw;gf;fypy; vjpu;Nfhzq;fs; kpifepug;gpahFk; vDk;
Njw;wj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp fzpj;jy;fisr; nra;thu;.
5. xU tl;l ehw;gf;fypy; vjpu;Nfhzq;fs; kpifepug;gpahFk; vDk;
Njw;wj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp Vwpfis epWTthu;.
163
Mrpupau; topfhl;b - juk; 11 fzpjk;
6. xU tl;l ehw;gf;fypd; vjpu;f;Nfhzq;fs; kpifepug;gpahFk; vDk;
Njw;wj;ij epWTthu;.
7. ehw; gf; f y; xd;w pd; vjpu; f ; N fhzq; f s; kpif epug; g pahapd;
me;ehw;gf;fypd; cr;rpfs; xU tl;lj;jpd; kPJ mikAk; vDk;
Njw;wj;ij mwpe;Jnfhs;thu;.
8. ehw; gf; f y; xd;w pd; vjpu; f ; N fhzq; f s; kpif epug; g pahapd;
me;ehw;gf;fypy; cr;rpfs; xU tl;lj;jpd; kPJ mikAk; vDk;
Njw;wj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp Vwpfis epWTthu;.
fiyr;n rhw;f s; :
tl;lehw;gf;fy; - jD;a; p;=ri%h - Cyclic Quadrilateral
vjpu;f; Nfhzq;f s; - iïuqL fldaK - Opposite angles
kpifepug;gp - mßmQrl - Supplementary
Gwf;Nfhzk; - ndysr fldaKh - Exterior angle
Vwpfs; - wkqfïhhka - Riders
mfj;n jjpu;N fhzk; - wNHka;r iïuqL fldaKh - Interior opposite angle
ghlj;i j jpl;lkpLtjw;f hd mwpTWj;jy;f s; :
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 24.1 ,w;Fupa fw;ww;NgWfs; 1> 2> 3
,w; f hd ghl vz; z f; f Uit khztu; ,lj; j py;
fl; b naOg; G tjw; f hd Mrpupaupd; topfhl; l Yld;
gbg;gbahfr; nry;Yk; jdpahs; nraw;ghlhf eilngWk;
khztu; nraw;ghlhf jahupf;fg;gl;l khjpupnahd;W
fPNo fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.
fhyk; : 40 epkplq;fs;
ju cs;sPLfs; :
• gpup];ly;Nghl;> ngd;rpy;> fj;jupf;Nfhy;> fk;> ,wg;gu; ,io>
nts;isj;jhs; (A4)> tl;lk; njhlu;ghd Mrpupau; topfhl;ly;
gbtk;> khztUf;fhd nraw;gbtk;.
MrpupaUf;f hd mwpTWj; j y;f s;
ghlg; g puNtrk;
• xU tl;lj;jpd; ehz; njhlu;ghd Njw;wq;fs;> xU tl;lj;jpy;
Nfhzq;fs; njhlu;ghd Njw;wq;fs; Mfpatw;iw ,jw;F
Kd;G fw;w tplakhf khztu;fSf;F Qhgf%l;Lf.
mLj; J s; s kpif epug; G f; N fhzq; f s; njhlu; g hf
epidt+l;Lf.
164
Mrpupau; topfhl;b - juk; 11 fzpjk;
ghl tpUj;j p :
• tl;lk; njhlu;ghf Mrpupaupd; topfhl;ly; gbtj;jpy; ,wg;gu;
,ioapdhy; %lg;gl;l tl;l ehw;gf;fy;fis khztu;fSf;F
toq;Ff.
• khztu;fSf;F tpdhf;fis Kd;itj;J me;ehw;gf;fypd; 4
cr;rpfSk; xU tl;lj;jpd;kJ P mikAk; vd;gij tpsf;Ff.
• mt;thwhd ehw;gf;fy; tl;l ehw;gf;fy; MFk; vd;gijf; $Wf.
• fWg;G/nts;is/gr;ir gyifkPJ tl;l ehw;gf;fy; xd;iw
tiue;J mjid A, B, C, D vdg; ngaupLf.
• tl;l ehw;gf;fypd; xt;nthU Nfhzj;jpdJk; vjpu;f;Nfhzj;ij
khztu;fsplk; Nfl;L xt;nthU vjpu;Nfhzr; NrhbiaAk;
vOjpf;fhl;Lf.
• tl;l ehw;gf;fypy; vjpu;Nfhzq;fs; kpifepug;gpahFk; vDk;
Njw;wj;ij khztu;fsplk; Kd;itf;f.
• juTs;sL P > nraw;gbtk; Mfpatw;iw FOf;fspilNa gfpu;e;J
khztu;fis nraw;ghl;by; <LgLj;Jf.
(,j;Njw;wj;ij tha;g;Gg; ghu;f;f fzpj miwapy; cs;s
cgfuzq;fisg; gad;gLj;jKbAk;.)
• khztu;fs; nraw;ghl;il epiwT nra;jgpd; mtu;fSf;F jkJ
fz;lwpjiy Kd;itf;f re;ju;g;gk; toq;Ff.
• khztu;fspd; Kd;itj;jiy ftdj;jpw;nfhz;L
tl;lehw;gf;fypd; vjpu;f;Nfhzq;fs; kpifepug;gpahFk; vDk;
Njw;wj;ij khztuplj;jpy; NkYk; cWjpnra;Ak; tifapy;
khztu;fSld; fye;JiuahLf.
• NkYk; ,j;N jw; w j;i j Kiwahf epWtKbAk; vd; gij
khztuplj;jpy; $Wf.
khztUf; f hd nraw;g btk;
• nraw;gbtj;ij ed;whf thrpj;J Fwpj;j nraw;ghl;by; <LgLf.
• 5 cm MiuAs;s tl;lnkhd;iw gpup]l ; y;Nghl; ,y; tiuf. (FOtpy;
xt;nthU khztUk; nraw;ghl;by; <LgLjy; Ntz;Lk;.)
• mt;tl;lj;jpy; ehd;F Gs;spfis ,izj;J ehw;gf;fy; xd;iw tiue;J
ngaupLf.
• ,e;ehw;gf;fypy; vjph;Nfhzr; Nrhb xd;iwg; ngaupLf.
• mf;Nfhz cr;rpfspy; rpW tpw;fis tiue;J mf;Nfhzq;fis
xNu epwj;jpy; epwe;jPl;Lf.
• mf;N fhzr; N rhbapid mse; J ghu; j ;J my;y J mf; N fhzr;
Nrhbapid ntl;b cr;rpfs; ,uz;Lk; Gaq;fs; ,uz;Lk; nghUe;Jk;
tifapy; xl;b nghJ my;yhj Gaq;fis guPl;rpj;J Nfhzq;fs;
kpifepug;gpahtijf; fz;lwpf.
165
Mrpupau; topfhl;b - juk; 11 fzpjk;
• ,t;thNw kPjpahfTs;s vjpuN
; fhzr;Nrhb kpifepug;gpahfpd;wjhntd;
guPl;rpf;f.
• ckJ fz;lwpjiy tFg;gpy; Kd;itf;f.
fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk; :
fzpg;gPl;L epajpfs; :
• ehd;F cr;rpfSk; xU tl;lj;jpy; mikAk; ehw;gf;fy; tl;l
ehw;gf;fy; vd mwpe;Jnfhs;thu;.
• tl;lehw;gf;fypy; vjpu;Nfhzq;fisg; ngaupLthu;.
• tl;l ehw;gf;fypy; vjpu;f;Nfhzq;fs; kpifepug;gpahFk; vDk;
Njw;wj;ij tha;g;Gg; ghu;g;ghu;.
• ehw; g f; f y; xd; W tl; l ehw; g f; f yhtjw; f hd fhuzq; f is
Kd;itg;ghu;.
• FOtpNy ntw;wpfukhf nraw;ghl;by; <LgLthu;.
• ghlE}ypy; 21Mk; ghlj;jpy; cs;s gapwr ; pfspy; nra;tjw;F khztu;fis
<LgLj;Jf.
ftdj;jpw;F ...
ghltpUj; j p
• Njh;r;rpkl;lk; 24.1 w; Fhpa fw;ww; NgWfis 4> 5> 6> 7> 8 w;fhd
ghl tplaq; f is khzthplj; j py; cWjp nra; t jw; f hf
nghUj;jkhd Kiwnahd;iwj; jpl;lkpl;L nraw;gLj;Jf.
• Nju;r;rpkl;lk; 24.2 ,w;Fupa ghltplaq;fis khztu; ,lj;jpy;
cWjp nra;tjw;f hf fzpj miw cgfuzq;fs; my;y J
NtWKiwnahd;iwg; gad;gLj;Jf.
fzpg;g PL k; kjpg;g PL k;
• ghlE}ypy; Fwpj;j gapw;rpfspy; khztu;fis <LgLj;Jf.
Nkyjpf tsq;f Sk; nraw;g hLfSk;. ..
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PV80HfP6Ai4
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tVpe3HB1kQQ
166
Mrpupau; topfhl;b - juk; 11 fzpjk;
22. njhlypfs;
Nju;r;rp 24 : tl; l q; f s; njhlu; g hd Nfj; j pufzpj vz; z f; fUf; f is
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L KbTfis vLg;gjw;F ju;f;f uPjpahfr;
rpe;jpg;ghu;.
Nju;r ;r p kl;lk; 24.3 : tl;lnkhd;wpy; njhlypfSld; njhlu;ghd Nfhzq;fspd;
elj;ijfis Kiwahf cWjpg;gLj;Jthu;.
24.4 : ntspg;Gs;sp xd;wpypUe;J tl;lj;Jf;F tiuag;gLk;
njhlypfspd; ,ay;Gfis Muha;thu;.
24.5 : tl;lj;jpd; njhlypahdJ njhLGs;spapYs;s ehZld;
Mf;Fk; Nfhzj;jpwF; k; xd;Wtpll
; Jz;lf; Nfhzj;jpwF
; k;
,ilapYs;s njhlu;ig Muha;thu;.
ghl Ntisfs; : 10
mwpKfk; :
• tl;lj;jpd; kPJs;s Gs;sp xd;wpD}lhf tl;lj;Jf;F xNunahU
MiuAk; xNunahU njhlypAk; khj;jpuk; tiuayhk;.
• ~~tl;lj;jpd; kPJs;s Gs;sp xd;wpy; ,Ue;J mg;Gs;spapD}lhfr;
nry;Yk; Miuf;F tiuAk; nrq;Fj;J mt;tlj;jpd; njhlyp
MFk;|| vd;gJ njhlyp njhlu;ghd KjyhtJ Njw;wkhFk;.
• ntspg;Gs;sp xd;w pypUe;J tl;lj;Jf;F ,U njhlypfs;
tiuayhk;.
• ntspg;Gs;sp xd;w pypUe;J tl;lj;Jf;F ,U njhlypfs;
khj;jpuk; tiuag;gl;lhy;
• mj;njhlypfs; ePsj;jpy; rkdhFk;.
• njhlypfs; tl;lj;jpd; ikaj;jpy; vjpuikf;Fk; Nfhzq;fs;
rkdhFk;.
• ntspg; G s; s piaAk; ikaj; i jAk; ,izf; F k; N fhL
njhlypfs; ,uz;Lf;Fk; ,ilapyhd Nfhzj;ij ,Urk
$wpLk;.
• tl;lnkhd;wpd; njhlypf;Fk; njhLGs;spapy; tiuag;gl;l
ehZf;Fk; ,ilapyhd Nfhzj;Jf;F Vw;g kw;iwa
tl;lj;Jz;lk; xd;Wtpl;l tl;lj;Jz;lk; MFk;.
• njhlypf;Fk; njhLGs;spapy; tiuag; gl;l ehZf;Fk;
,ilapyhd Nfhzj;Jf;F xd;Wtpl;l tl;lj;Jz;lj;jpy;
mikAk; Nfhzk; xd;Wtpl;l tl;lj;Jz;lf; Nfhzk;
vdg;gLk;.
167
Mrpupau; topfhl;b - juk; 11 fzpjk;
cjhuzk;
Ù Ù Ù
,q;F E D L w; Nfw;g ,q;F F D K w; Nfw;g F E D
Ù Ù
E F D, E C D xd;Wtpl;l xd;Wtpl;lj; Jz;lf;Nfhzk;
Jz;lf;Nfhzk; MFk;. MFk;.
• tl;lnkhd;wpy; njhlypf;Fk; njhLGs;spapy; tiuag;gl;l
ehZf;Fk; ,ilapyhd Nfhzk; xd;Wtpl;l tl;lj;Jz;lf;
Nfhzj;Jf;Fr; rkdhFk;.
Nju;r;r p kl;lk; 24.3 ,w;fhd fw;ww; NgWfs;:
1. tl;lj;jpd; kPJs;s Gs;sp xd;wpD}lhf Miuf;Fr; nrq;Fj;jhf
tiuag;gLk; Neu;NfhL tl;lj;Jf;F tiuag;gl;l njhlyp MFk;
vDk; Njw;wj;ij mwpe;Jnfhs;thu;.
2. tl;lj;j pd; kPJs;s Gs;spapD}lhf Miuf;Fr; nrq;F j;jhf
tiuag;gLk; Neu;NfhL tl;lj;Jf;F tiuag;gl;l njhlyp MFk;
vDk; Njw;wj;ij tha;g;Gg; ghu;g;ghu;.
3. Nkw;gb Njw;wj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp gpurpdk; jPu;g;ghu;.
4. Nkw;gb Njw;wj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp Vwpfis epWTthu;.
5. tl;lj;j pd; kPJs;s Gs;spapD}lhf Miuf;Fr; nrq;F j;jhf
tiuag;gLk; Neu;NfhL tl;lj;Jf;F tiuag;gl;l njhlyp MFk;
vDk; Njw;wj;jpd; kWjiyia mwpe;Jnfhs;thu;.
6. tl;lj;j pd; kPJs;s Gs;spapD}lhf Miuf;Fr; nrq;F j;jhf
tiuag;gLk; Neu;NfhL tl;lj;Jf;F tiuag;gl;l njhlyp MFk;.
vDk; Njw;wj;jpd; kWjiyia tha;g;Gg; ghu;g;ghu;.
7. Njw;wj;jpd; kWjiyiag; gad;gLj;jp gpurpdk; jPu;g;ghu;.
8. Njw;wj;jpd; kWjiyiag; gad;gLj;jp Vwpfis epWTthu;.
fiyr;n rhw;f s; :
tl;lk; - jD;a;h - Circle
Miu - wrh - Radius
njhlyp - iam¾Ylh - Tangent
nrq;Fj;J - ,ïNlh - Perpendicular
ikak; - flakaøh - Centre
168
Mrpupau; topfhl;b - juk; 11 fzpjk;
ntspg;Gs;sp - ndysr ,laIHh - Exterior point
tl;lj;Jz;lk; - jD;a; LKavh - Segment of a Circle
xd;Wtpl;l tl;lj;Jz;lk; - taldka;r jD;a; LKavh - A lternate segment of a circle
ehz; - cHdh - Chord
vjpuikf;Fk; - wdmd;s; - Subtended
ghlj;i j jpl;lkpLtjw;f hd mwpTWj;jy;fs; :
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 24.3 ,d; 1tJ fw;wy; Ngwpid khztu;
mile;jgpd; 2tJ fw;wy; Ngwpd; vz;zf;fUf;fis
khztu; miltjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd FOr;nraw;ghl;ilg;
gad;gLj;jp jahupj;J fw;gpj;jy;K iw xd;W fPNo
jug;gl;Ls;sJ.
fhyk; : 40 epkplq;fs;
ju cs;sPLfs; :
• ftuhak;> Neu;tpspk;G> ngd;rpy;
• nraw;ghl;Lg; gbtj;jpd; gpujpfs;
• jug;gl;Ls;s cU tiuag;gl;l fljhrpfs;
(khztDf;F xd;W tPjk;)
MrpupaUf;f hd mwpTWj; j y;f s;
ghlg; g puNtrk;
• tl;lnkhd;wpd; ikak;> Miu> ehz; vd;gd njhlu;ghf
tpdTf.
• Ne u; N fhnlhd; w pd; kP J s; s Gs; s p x d; w pD}lhf
me;Neu;Nfhl;Lf;Fr; nrq;Fj;J mikf;Fk; tpjk; njhlu;ghf
cjhuzk; %yk; fye;JiuahLf.
• Neu;Nfhnlhd;Wf;F nrq;Fj;J tiuag;gLk; re;ju;gg ; q;fis
khztu;fsplk; tpdTf.
• tl;lnkhd;Wf;F tiuag;gl;l njhlyp mlq;fpa cU
xd;iw fhl;rpg;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; njhlypia mwpKfk;
nra;f.
ghl tpUj;j p :
• khztu;fis nghUj;jkhdthW FOf;fshf;fp nraw;ghl;Lg;
gbtj;jpd; gpujpfs;> cU tiuag;gl;l fljhrp vd;gtw;iw
khztu;fSf;F ngw;Wf;nfhLf;f.
• FOr;nraw;ghL Kbtile;jTld; NgWfis Kd;itg;gjw;F
khztu;fSf;F re;ju;g;gk; toq;Ff.
169
Mrpupau; topfhl;b - juk; 11 fzpjk;
• khztu;fs; Kd;itj;jgpd; cupa Njw;wj;ij khztu;fs;
vOjpf;nfhs;tjw;Fr; re;ju;g;gk; toq;Ff.
• fye; J iuahlypd; g pd; Njw; w j; i j tha; g ; G g; ghu; j ; J
njhFg;Giuapy; <LgLf.
khztUf; f hd nraw;g btk;
Njw; w k;
~~tl;lj;jpd; kPJs;s Gs;spapd; Clhf Miuf;Fr; nrq;Fj;jhf
tiuag;gl;l Neu;NfhL tl;lj;Jf;F tiuag;gl;l njhlyp MFk;||.
• gpd;tUk; mwpTWj;jy;fis ftdj;jpw;nfhz;L FOr; nraw;ghl;by;
<LgLf.
• Mrpupauhy; jug;gl;l fljhrpapy; cs;s O it ikakhfTk; OR I
MiuahfTk; nfhz;l tl;lj;jpy; P, Q, R, S Gs;spfspD}lhf OR
,w;Fr; nrq;Fj;J mikf;f.
• ,e;jr; nrq;Fj;J tl;lj;ij ,ilntl;Lk; Gs;spfs; njhlu;ghf
FOTf;Fs; fye;JiuahLf.
• tl; lj;i j xU Gs;spapy; khj;jpuk; ntl;b r; nry;t J ve; jg;
Gs; s papD}lhf tiuag; g l; l nrq; F j; J NfhlhFk; vd; g ij
fye;JiuahLf.
• OS, OR Mfpa Neu;NfhLfs; tl;lk; rhu;ghf vg;ngauhy; miof;fg;gLk;.
• tl; lj;i j xU Gs;spapy; khj;jpuk; ntl;LkhW mg;G s;spapy;
tiuag;gl;l nrq;Fj;Jf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd tpNrl ngaiu NkNy
Njw;wj;jpypUe;J Kd;nkhopf.
fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk; :
fzpg; g Pl ;L epajpfs;
• tl;lnkhd;iw xU Gs;spapy; njhl;Lr; nry;Yk; NfhL njhlyp
vd;gu;.
• tl;lnkhd;wpd; kPJs;s Gs;spapypUe;J tiuAk; njhlypahdJ
mg;Gs;spapy; tiuag;gLk; Miuf;Fr; nrq;Fj;jhFk; vdf; $Wthu;.
• tl;lj;jpd; kPJs;s Gs;spapy; tl;lj;Jf;F njhlyp mikg;ghu;.
• KbTfis ju;f;f uPjpahff; fhuzq;fhl;b cWjpg;gLj;Jthu;.
• FOtpDs; xw;Wikahfr; nraw;gl;L KbTfis vLg;ghu;.
• ghlE}ypy; 22Mk; ghlj; j py; cupa gapw; r pfisr; nra; t jw; F
khztu;fis topg;gLj;Jf.
170
Mrpupau; topfhl;b - juk; 11 fzpjk;
ftdj;jpw;F ...
ghltpUj; j p
• Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 24.3 ,d; 3> 4> 5> 6> 7 Mfpa fw;wy; NgWfis
khztu; miltjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd nraw;ghLfisj; jpl;lkpl;L
nraw;gLj;Jf.
• Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 24.4 kw;Wk; 24.5 vd;gtw;wpd; vz;zf;fUf;fis
khztu; miltjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd nraw;ghLfisj; jpl;lkpl;L
nraw;gLj;Jf.
fzpg;g PL k; kjpg;g PL k;
• ghlE}ypy; 22Mk; ghlj;jpy; cupa gapw;rpfisr; nra;tjw;F
khztu;fis topg;gLj;Jf.
Nkyjpf tsq;f Sk; nraw;g hLfSk;. ..
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CJNAO6LQmAw
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k-tIMnL1xWc
171
Mrpupau; topfhl;b - juk; 11 fzpjk;
23. mikg;Gfs;
Nju;r;rp 27 : Nfj; j pufzpj tpjpfis cgNahfpj;J r; Rw;w hlypy; cs;s
mikTfspd; jd;ik gw;wp gFg;gha;T nra;thu;.
Nju;r ;r p kl;lk; 27.1 : Kf;Nfhzpfs; njhlu;ghd tl;lq;fis mikg;ghu;.
27.2 : njhlypAld; njhlu;ghd Nfhzq;fSf;fpilapYs;s
njhlu;Gfisg; gpuNahfpj;J tl;lj;Jf;fhd njhlypfis
mikg;ghu;.
ghl Ntisfs; : 05
mwpKfk; :
• ,e;j gFjpapy; Nju;rr
; pkl;lk; 27.1 ,y; Kf;Nfhzpfs; njhlu;ghd
tl;lq;fis mikj;jy; njhlu;ghfTk; Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 27.2
,y ; n jhlypfSld hd Nfhzq; f Sf; f pilapY s; s
njhlu;Gfisg; gad;gLj;jp tl;lj;Jf;F njhlyp mikj;jy;
njhlu;ghfTk; fye;Jiuahlg;gLfpd;wJ.
• Nfj;jpu fzpj mikg;Gf;fspy; ftuhak; kw;Wk; Neu;tpspk;G
Mfpatw;iw khj;jpuk; gad;gLj;jNtz;Lk;. mikg;Gf;fspy;
xOf;F njhlu;ghd mwpT gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. mbg;gil
xOf; F fs; ehd; i f mikg; g jw; F k; Kf; N fhzpfs;
mikg;gjw;Fk; ,izfuk;> ruptfk; kw;Wk; jug;gl;Ls;s
mstPLfspy; js cUf;fis mikg;gJ njhlu;ghfTk;
Kd;ida tFg;Gf;fspy; fw;Ws;sPu;fs;.
• mj; N jhL jug; g l; L s; s juTfSf; N fw; g Nfj; j pufzpj
mikg;gpd;NghJ gpd;tUk; gbKiwfis gpd;gw;Wtjd;%yk;
mikg;ig ,yFgLj;jpf;nfhs;sKbAk; vd;gij
njspTgLj;Jf.
1. jug;gl;Ls;s juTfSf;Nfw;g gUk;gb glnkhd;iw tiujy;.
2. gUk;gb glj;jpy; juTfisf; Fwpj;jy;.
3. Nfj;jpufzpj njhlu;Gfis ,dq;fhzy;.
4. Nfj;jpufzpj cUit mikj;jy;.
Nju;r;r p kl;lk; 27.2 ,w;f hd fw;ww; NgWfs;:
1. tl;lj;jpd; kPJs;s Gs;sp xd;wpy; mt;tl;lj;Jf;F njhlyp
mikg;ghu;.
2. ntspg;Gs;spnahd;wpypUe;J tl;lj;Jf;F njhlyp mikg;ghu;.
3. Nkw;gb mikg;Gf;fspd;%yk; njhlyp njhlu;ghd Njw;wq;fis
tha;g;Gg; ghu;g;ghu;.
172
Mrpupau; topfhl;b - juk; 11 fzpjk;
fiyr;n rhw;fs; :
Gs;sp - ,laIHh - Point
xOf;F - m:h - Locus
tl;lk; - jD;a;h - Circle
Rw;Wtl;lk; - mßjD;a;h - Circumcircle
cs;tl;lk; - wka;¾ jD;a;h - Inner circle
ntsptl;lk; - nys¾ jD;a;h - Outer circle
njhlyp - iam¾Ylh - Tangent
ghlj;i j jpl;lkpLtjw;f hd mwpTWj;jy;fs; :
Nju;rr
; p kl;lk; 27.1 ,w;Fupa fw;wy; NgWfis khztu;fs;
mile;jgpd; Nju;r;rpkl;lk; 27.2 ,w;Fupa fw;wy; NgWfs;
1> 2 vd;gtw;wpy; vz;zf;fUf;fis khztUf;Fs;
fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;F Mrpupa topfhl;lYld; gbg;gbahf
nraw;gLj;jf;$ba jdpr;nraw;ghl;L Kiw xd;W fPNo
jug;gl;Ls;sJ.
fhyk; : 40 epkplq;fs;
ju cs;sPLfs; :
• ftuhak;> Neu;tpspk;G
MrpupaUf;f hd mwpTWj; j y;f s;
ghlg; g puNtrk;
• mikg; g pd; N ghJ gad; g Lj; J fpd; w cgfuzq; f s;
njhlu; g hfTk; ftuhak; > Neu; t pspk; G vd; g tw; i wg;
gad;gLj;Jk; Kiwfs; njhlu;ghfTk; fye;Jiuahly;
xd;iw Nkw;nfhs;f.
• Neu;Nfhnlhd;wpd; kPJs;s Gs;spapd; me;Neu;Nfhl;Lf;Fr;
nrq;Fj;J mikj;jy; njhlu;ghf fUk;gyifapy; tiue;J
fhl;Lf.
• Neu; N fhnlhd; W f; F r; nrq; F j; j pU$whf; f p tiuAk;
KiwiaAk; fUk;gyifapy; tiue;J fhl;Lf.
ghl tpUj;j p :
• Mrpupaupd; topfhl;lypd;gb mikg;G njhlh;ghf khztu;fis
<LgLj;Jf. (Mrpupau; ngupa ftuhak;> Neu;tpspk;G vd;gtw;iwg;
gad;gLj;jp topfhl;LtJ mtrpakhFk;.)
• O it ikakhff; nfhz;l tl;lj;jpy; X vDk; Xu; Gs;sp
cz;L. Gs;sp X ,y; tl;lj;Jf;F njhlyp XY I gpd;tUk;
gbKiwfisg; gpd;gw;wp mikf;f.
173
Mrpupau; topfhl;b - juk; 11 fzpjk;
gb (i) - tl;lnkhd;iw tiue;J ikaj;ij O vdTk; tl;lj;jpd;
kPJ Xu; Gs;sp X vdTk; Fwpf;f.
gb (ii)- OX Neu;Nfhl;il ,izj;J mjid P tiu ePl;Lf.
gb (iii)- ftuhaj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp Neu;NfhL OXP ,w;F Gs;sp
X ,y; nrq;Fj;njhd;iw mikf;f. mjid XY vdg;
ngaupLf.
• OX MiuAk; XY Neu;NfhLk; xd;Wf;nfhd;W nrq;Fj;jhdit
vd;gijAk; XY vd;gJ X ,y; tl;lj;Jf;F tiuag;gl;l njhlyp
vd;gijAk; khztu;fSf;F njspTgLj;Jf.
• ntspg;Gs;spnahd;wpypUe;J tl;lj;Jf;F njhlyp mikf;Fk;
jpwidg; ngw;Wf;nfhLg;gjw;F Mrpupaupd; topfhl;lypd; fPo;
gpd;tUk; gbKiwfisg; gpd;gw;wp mikg;gpy; <LgLtjw;F
khztu;fis topg;gLj;Jf.
(cUtpy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sthW ntspgG ; s;sp X vdTk; tl;lj;jpd;
ikak; O vdTk; nfhs;f.)
gb (i) - O it ikakhff; nfhz;l tl;lnkhd;iw tiue;J
tl;lj;Jf;F ntspapy; Gs;sp X If; Fwpj;J OX I
,izf;f.
gb (ii)- ftuhaj; i jg; gad; g Lj; j p Neu; N fhL OX ,d;
nrq;Fj;jpU$whf;fpia tiuf. OX NfhLk; nrq;Fj;Jk;
,ilntl;Lk; Gs;spia Y vdf; Fwpf;f.
gb (iii)- Y I ikakhfTk; YO I MiuahfTk; nfhz;L
Kd;ida tl;lj;ij ,U Gs;spfspy; ntl;LkhW ,U
tpw;fis tiuf. ntl;Lk; Gs;spfis P, Q vdg;
ngaupLf.
gb (iv)- XP, XQ NfhLfis tiuf.
XP, XQ vd;gd ntspg;Gs;sp X ,ypUe;J tl;lj;Jf;F
tiuag;gl;l njhlypfs; vd;gij epWtp khzth;fSf;F
tpsf;fkspf;f.
174
Mrpupau; topfhl;b - juk; 11 fzpjk;
fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk; :
fzpg; g Pl ;L epajpfs;
• Neu; tpspk;igAk; ftuhaj;ijAk; rupahff; ifahs;thu;.
• tl;lj;jpd; kPJs;s Gs;spapy; tl;lj;Jf;F njhlyp xd;i w
mikg;ghu;.
• ntspg;Gs;spnahd;wpypUe;J tl;lj;Jf;F njhlyp mikg;ghu;.
• jug;gLk; mwpTWj;jy;fSf;Nfw;g mikg;gpy; <LgLthu;.
• nghWikahfj; jpl;lkpLtjd;%yk; nraiyg; g+uzg;gLj;Jthu;.
ftdj;jpw;F ...
ghltpUj; j p
• Nju;r ;r p kl;lk; 27.2 ,y; fw;wy; NgW 3 I miltjw;f hf
nghUj;jkhd fw;gpj;jy; Kiw xd;iw jahu;gLj;Jf.
fzpg;g PL k; kjpg;g PL k;
• ghlE}ypy; 23Mk; ghlj;jpy; cupa gapw;rpfisr; nra;tjw;F
khztu;fis topg;gLj;Jf.
Nkyjpf tsq;f Sk; nraw;g hLfSk;. ..
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KXZ6w91DioU
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VejCw2NlE60
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=21vbBiCVijE
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xSc4oLA9e8o
175
Mrpupau; topfhl;b - juk; 11 fzpjk;
24. njhilfs;
Nju;r;rp 30 : md;whl tho;f;if eltbf;iffis ,yFthf;fpf; nfhs;tjw;F
njhilfs; gw;wpa Nfhl;ghLfisf; ifahs;thu;.
Nju;r ;r p kl;lk; 30.1 : njhilfs; njhlu; g hd gpurpdq; f isj; jP u ; g ; g jw; F
ntd;cUitg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.
ghl Ntisfs; : 06
mwpKfk; :
• 3 njhilfis ntd; cUtpy; fhl;lf;$ba gy;NtW Kiwfs;
fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sJ.
• gy;NtW ntd;tupgg
; lq;fspy; cs;s gpuNjrq;fis trdj;jpy;
tpgupf;Fk;NghJ nghUj;jkhd ,lq;fspy; ~~khj;jpuk;|| vDk;
nrhy; gad;gLj;Jtjpy; ftdk; nrYj;jNtz;Lk;.
• njhilf;FwpaPlb; y; vOJk;NghJ ,ilntl;L> xd;wpgG; > epug;gp
Nghd;wtw;wpy; ftdk; nrYj;jNtz;Lk;.
176
Mrpupau; topfhl;b - juk; 11 fzpjk;
Nju;r;r p kl;lk; 30.1 ,w;f hd fw;ww; NgWfs;:
1. 3 njhilfis ntd;cUtpy; fhl;lf;$ba gy;NtW Kiwfis
tiue;J fhl;Lthu;.
2. 3 njhilfisf; nfhz;l ntd; cUtpy; Fwpgg ; plg;gl;l gpuNjrj;ij
trdj;jpy; tpgupg;ghu;.
3. 3 njhilfisf; nfhz;l ntd; cUtpy; Fwpgg ; plg;gl;l gpuNjrj;ij
njhilf; FwpaPlb ; y; fhl;Lthu;.
4. %d; W njhilfisf; nfhz; l ntd; c Utpy; > trdj; j py;
jug;gl;Ls;s gpuNjrj;ijf; Fwpj;Jf; fhl;Lthu;.
5. %d;W njhilfisf; nfhz;l ntd; cUtpy; njhilf; Fwpal P b
; y;
jug;gl;Ls;s gpuNjrj;ijf; Fwpj;Jf;fhl;Lthu;.
6. %d;W njhilfisf; nfhz;l gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;g;gjw;F ntd;
cUitg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.
fiyr; nrhw;fs; :
njhil - l=,lh - Set
%yfq;fs; - wjhj - Elements
njhilf;FwpaPL - l=,l wxlkh - Set notation
ntd;cU - fjka rEmh - Venn diagram
,ilntl;Lj;njhil - l=,l fÊokh - Intersection of sets
xd;wpg;Gj; njhil - l=,l fï,h - Union of sets
ghlj;i j jpl;lkpLtjw;f hd mwpTWj;jy;fs; :
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 30.1 ,d; KjyhtJ fw;wy; Ngwpid
nghUj;jkhd Kiwapy; khztu; milar; nra;jjpd;
gpd; ,uz;lhtJ fw;wy; Ngwpid khztu; miltjw;F
FOr; nraw;ghl;L Kiwiag; gad;gLj;jp jahupj;j
fw;gpj;jy; Kiw xd;W fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sJ.
fhyk; : 80 epkplq;fs;
ju cs;sPLfs; :
• nraw;ghl;Lg; gbtj;jpd; gpujpfs;> bik fljhrp> khf;fu;
Ngdh.
MrpupaUf;f hd mwpTWj; j y;f s;
ghlg; g puNtrk;
• ,uz;L njhilfspd; ,ilntl;ilf; fhl;Lk; ntd;
cUit tiue;J mjd; xt;nthU gpuNjrk; njhlu;ghfTk;
khzthplk; tpdTf.
• me;jg; gpuNjrq;fis njhilf; FwpaPl;by; fhl;Ltjw;F
khztu;fis topg;gLj;Jf.
177
Mrpupau; topfhl;b - juk; 11 fzpjk;
• %d;W njhilfisf; nfhz;l ntd;cU mikaf;$ba
Kiwfs; njhlu;ghf khztu;fSld; fye;JiuahLf.
ghl tpUj;j p :
• nghUj;jkhdthW khztu;fis A, B, C vd FOf;fshf;fp
nraw;ghl;Lg; gbtj;jpd; gpujpfis ngw;Wf;nfhLj;J nraw;ghl;by;
<Lglr; nra;f.
• xt;nthU FOTk; nraw;ghl;Lg; gbtq;fisg; g+uzg;gLj;jpagpd;
FO rku;g;gpj;jYf;F re;ju;g;gk; toq;Ff.
• FO rku;g;gpj;jypd; gpd; %d;W njhilfisf; nfhz;l
ntd;cUtpd; gpuNjrq;fis ,dq;fz;L trdj;jpy; tpgupf;Fk;
Kiw njhlu;ghff; fye;Jiuahly; xd;iw Nkw;nfhs;f. ,q;F
,uz;L ml;ruq;fspd; %yk; fhl;lg;gLk; gpuNjrq;fs; (c+k; :
a + b) njhlu;ghfTk; fye;JiuahLf.
khztUf; f hd nraw;g btk;
• gpdt
; Uk; jfty;fSf;Nfw;g jq;fSf;Fupa ntd; cUit mtjhdpjJ ;
jug;gl;Ls;s ml;ltiziag; g+uzg;gLj;Jf.
• juk; 11 ,y; fw;Fk; khztu;fsplk; fpupf;fl;> ifg;ge;J> vy;Ny
Mfpa tpisahl;Lf;fspy; jhk; tpUk;Gk; tpisahl;Lj; njhlu;ghf
tpdtp ngw;Wf;nfhz;l jfty;fs; gpd;tUk; ntd; cUf;fspy;
fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,q;F xt;nthU gpuNjrKk; Mq;fpy rpwpa
vOj;Jf;fshy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.
FO A
a b c vy;Ny
fpupf;fl;
d e f
g ifg;ge;J
FO B
a
ifg;ge;J d c b vy;Ny
FO C
a
fpupf;fl;
vy;Ny b
c d fpupf;fl;
e ifg;ge;J
• nghUj;jkhdthW ~P| milahskpLf.
178
Mrpupau; topfhl;b - juk; 11 fzpjk;
FO : ....................
gpuNjr fpupf;fl; ifg;ge;E vy;Ny
FwpaPL tpisahl;il tpisahl;il tpisahl;il
tpUk;GNthu; tpUk;GNthu; tpUk;GNthu;
a
b P P
c
d
e
f
• xt;nthU ml;ruj;jpYk; fhl;lg;gLk; gpuNjrj;ij trdj;jpy; tpgupf;f.
cjhuzk; : b - fpupf;fl;> vy;Ny Mfpa ,uz;ilAk; tpUk;GNthu;.
• NkYs;s tpilfSf;fhd fhuzq;fis Kd;itf;f.
• cq;fs; FOTf;Fupa ntd;tupg;glj;jpypUe;J ntspgg ; Lj;jpf;nfhz;l
jfty;fis tFg;giwapy; Kd;itf;f.
fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk; :
• %d;W njhilfs; cs;s cUtpd; gpuNjrq;fis ,dq;fhz;ghh;.
• %d;W njhilfisf; nfhz;l ntd;cUtpd; gpuNjrq;fis
trdj;jpy; tpgupg;ghu;.
• ntd; cUtpy; fhl;lg;gLk; gpuNjrq;fSf;fpilapyhd NtWghLfs;
njhlu;ghd fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itg;ghu;.
• xd;Wf;nfhd;W tpj;jpahrkhd jfty;fis ntd;cUtpd; %yk;
tiff; Fwpf;fyhk; vd;gij Vw;Wf;nfhs;thu;.
• FOtpDs; xw; W ikahfr; nraw; g l; L nraw; g hLfisg;
g+uzg;gLj;Jthu;.
• ghlE}ypy; 24Mk; ghlj; j py; cupa gapw; r pfisr; nra; t jw; F
khztu;fis topg;gLj;Jf.
ftdj;jpw;F ...
ghltpUj; j p
• fw;wy; NgWfs; 3> 4> 5> 6 vd;gtw;iw khztu;fs; miltjw;Fg;
nghUj; j khd nraw; g hLfisj; jpl; l kpl; L khztu; f is
nraw;ghl;by; <LgLj;Jf.
fzpg;g PL k; kjpg;g PL k;
ghlE}ypy; 24Mk; ghlj;jpy; cupa gapw;rpfisr; nra;tjw;F
•
khztu;fis topg;gLj;Jf.
Nkyjpf tsq;f Sk; nraw;g hLfSk;. ..
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lqaBt1_6PDA
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0oo0r800sNM
179
Mrpupau; topfhl;b - juk; 11 fzpjk;
25. epfo;jfT
Nju;r;rp 31 : vjpu;fhy epfo;Tfis vjpu;T $Wtjw;F epfo;r ;r p xd;wpd;
epfo;jfitg; gFg;gha;T nra;thu;.
Nju;r ;r p kl;lk; 31.1 : Neu;jfit tif Fwpf;Fk; gy;NtW Kiwfspd; %yk;
md;whl epfo;TfSf;F tpsf;fkspg;ghu;.
ghl Ntisfs; : 07
mwpKfk; :
• ahjhapDk; ,U epfo;r;rpfisf; fUJk;NghJ xU epfo;r;rp
epfo;tJ my;yJ epfohjpUg;gJ kw;iwa epfo;r;rp epfo;tjpy;
my;yJ epfohjpUg;gjpy; jq;fp ,y;iy vdpd; mit rhuh
epfo;r;rp vdTk; mt;thW jq;fpapUg;gpd; mit rhu; epfo;r;rp
vdTk; Fwpgg ; plg;gLk;. rhu; epfo;rr
; pfisf; nfhz;l vOkhw;W
gupNrhjid xd;wpd; NgWfis njf;fhl;bd; jsj;jpy; tif
Fwpf;fKbAk;. mjd; %yk; rhu; epfo;r;rpfisf; nfhz;l
gpurpdq;f isj; jP u ;f ; fKbAk; . Nkw; gb gupNrhjidapd;
NgWfis ku tupg;glk; %yKk; tif Fwpf;fyhk;. mjd;
%yKk; rhu; epfo; r ;r pfisf; nfhz;l gpurpdq;f isj;
jPu;f;fyhk;. ku tupg;glj;jpd; fpisfspdhy; fhl;lg;gLk;
epfo;jfTfspd; $l;Lj;njhif 1 MFk;. rk Neu;jfTila
epfo;rr; pfis khj;jpuk; njf;fhl;bd; jsj;jpy; tif Fwpff; yhk;.
mj;NjhL ,Ugbfisf; nfhz;l re;ju;g;gq;fis khj;jpuk;
njf;fhl;bd; jsj;jpy; fhl;lKbAk;. Mdhy; rk Neu;jfTila>
rk Neu;jftw;w ve;jnthU re;ju;g;gj;ijAk; ku tupg;glj;jpy;
fhl;lKbAk;. mj;NjhL ,uz;Lf;F Nkw;gl;l gbfisAk;
ku tupg;glj;jpy; fhl;lKbAk;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 31.1 ,w;fhd fw;ww; NgWfs; :;
1. rhu; epfo;r;rpnahd;wpd; jd;ikia tpgupg;ghu;.
2. rhu; epfo;r;rpfSf;F cjhuzk; Kd; itg;ghu;.
3. rhu; epfo;r;rp kw;Wk; rhuh epfo;r;rpfis NtWgLj;Jthu;.
4. rhu; epfo;r;rpfisf; nfhz;l vOkhw;W gupNrhjid xd;wpd;
NgWfis njf;fhl;bd; jsj;jpy; tif Fwpg;ghu;.
5. rhu; epfo;r;rpfisf; nfhz;l vOkhw;W gupNrhjid xd;wpd;
NgWfs; mlq;fpa njf;fhl;bd; jsj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp jug;gLk;
epfo;r;rpfspd; epfo;jfTfisf; fhz;ghu;.
6. njf;fhl;bd; jsj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp rhu; epfo;r;rp njhlu;ghd
gpurpdk; jPu;g;ghu;.
180
Mrpupau; topfhl;b - juk; 11 fzpjk;
7. ,uz;L gbfisf; nfhz;l rhu; epfo;r;rp mlq;fpa vOkhw;W
gupNrhjid xd;wpy; epfof;$ba epfo;Tfis ku tupg;glj;jpy;
fhl;Lthu;.
8. xt; n thU re; j u; g ; g j; j pYk; ku tupg; g lj; j pd; fpisfspy;
epfo;jfTfspd; $l;Lj;njhif 1 vdf; $Wthu;.
9. ku tupg;glj;jpd; %yk; rhu; epfo;r;rp njhlu;ghd gpurpdk; jPu;g;ghu;.
fiyr;n rhw;fs; :
vOkhw;W gupNrhjid - iiïNdù mÍlaIK - Randam Experiments
rhuh epfo;r;rp - iajdh;a; isoaê - Independent
ls Events
rhu; epfo;r;rp - mrdh;a; isoaê - Dependent Events
khjpupntsp - ksheÈ wjldYh - Sample Space
njf;fhl;bd; jsk; - fldgq ±, - Grid
kutupg;glk; - rela igyk - Tree diagram
ghlj;i j jpl;lkpLtjw;f hd mwpTWj;jy;fs; :
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 31.1 ,d; fw;ww;NgWfs; 1> 2> 3> 4
,w;Fupa ghl vz;zf;fUf;fis khztu; miltjw;Fg;
nghUj;jkhd jdpr; nraw;ghL> tpupTiu> fye;Jiuahly;
Clhf jahhpff ; g;gl;l Kiwnahd;W fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sJ.
fhyk; : 40 epkplq;fs;
MrpupaUf;f hd mwpTWj; j y;f s;
ghlg; g puNtrk; : • xNu tbtpYs;s rptg;G khgps;fs; 3k; ePy khgps;fs; 2k;
cs; s it xd; w pypUe; J (R 1, R 2, R 3, B 1, B2 vdg;
ngauplg;gl;l) vOkhwhf khgps; xd;iw vLj;J mjd;
epwj;ijf; Fwpj;J kPz;Lk; igapDs; ,l;L kPz;Lk; xU
khgps; vLf;fg;gLk; gupNrhjidapd; khjpupntspia
njf;fhl;bd; jsj;jpy; tiff;Fwpf;Fk; Kiwia juk; 10
,y; fw;Ws;Nshk; vd;gij njuptpj;J gpup];ly; ml;ilapd;
tiuag;gl;Ls;s njf;fhl;bd; tiuigf; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf.
• njf;fhl;bd; jsj;ijf; nfhz;L tpdhf;fis Kd;itj;J
tpilfisg; ngw;W fye;JiuahLtjd; %yk; ghlj;Jf;Fs;
gpuNtrpf;f.
181
Mrpupau; topfhl;b - juk; 11 fzpjk;
B2 * * * * *
2k; jlit B1 * * * * *
R3 * * * * *
R2 * * * * *
R1 * * * * *
R1 R2 R3 B1 B2
1k; jlit
i. fpilf; F k; khgps; f s; ,uz; L k; rptg; G epwkhf
,Ug;gjw;fhd epfo;jfT ahJ?
ii. KjyhtJ jlitahf ePy epwKk; ,uz;l htJ
jlitahf rptg;G epwKk; fpilg;gjw;fhd epfo;jfT
ahJ?
ghl tpUj;j p :
• ghlg; gpuNtrj;jpy; vLj;Jf;nfhz;l cjhuzj;jpy; Kjyhtjhf
vLj;j khgpis kPz;Lk; igapy; ,lhky; (gpujp itg;gpd;wp)
,uz;lhtjhf xU khgpis vLf;Fk; re;ju;g;gk; njhlu;ghf
fye;J iuahLf. Muk;gj;jpy; 5 khgps;fspypUe;J xd;W
vLf;fg;gl;lJ. ,uz;lhtjhf 4 khgps;fspypUe;Nj xd;W
vLf;fNtz;b cs;sJ. MfNt KjyhtJ epfo;T ,uz;lhtJ
epfo;tpy; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. vdNt ,J rhu; epfo;r;rp
vd;gij mwpKfg;gLj;Jf.
• ,e;jg; gupNrhjidapy; Kjyhtjhf R1 khgpis vLj;jhy;
,uz;l htjhf R1 khgpis vLf;f KbAkh vd tpdTf.
khztu;fspd; tpilfisf; nfhz;L mt;thW epfoKbahJ
vd;gij fye;JiuahLf. ,t;thW (R2, R2) epfo KbahJ
vDk; jftiy khztu;fsplkpUe;J ngw;Wf;nfhs;f.
• xt;nthU khztiuAk; jkJ gapr;rpf; nfhg;gpapy; ,e;j
gupNrhjidapd; NgWfis Nrhbahf vOJk;gb mwpTWj;Jf.
• khjpupntspapd; NgWfis njf;fhl;bd; jsj;jpy; Fwpj;Jf;
fhl;Lk;gb mwpTWj;Jf.
• gpd;G Mrpupau; fUk;gyifapy; mtw;iwf; Fwpg;gpl;Lf;fhl;l
Ntz; L k; . khztu; f isAk; ,jw; F g; gad; g Lj; J tJ
nghUj;jkhFk;.
• ghlg; gpuNtrj;Jf;Fg; gad;gLj;jpa njf;fhl;bd; jsj;ijAk;
fUk;gyifapy; fhl;rpg;gLj;jp ,uz;ilAk; xg;gpLf. rhuh
epfo;r;rp kw;Wk; rhu; epfo;r;rpfis njf;fhl;bd; tiugpy;
fhl; L k; N ghJ cs; s NtWghLfis khztu; f Sld;
fye;JiuahLf.
182
Mrpupau; topfhl;b - juk; 11 fzpjk;
fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk; :
fzpg;gPl;L epajpfs; :
• rhu; epfo;r;rpfisf; nfhz;l vOkhw;W gupNrhjidapd; NgWfis
njf;fhl;bd; jsj;jpy; fhl;lKbAk; vd;gij Vw;Wf;nfhs;thu;
• rhuh epfo;r;rp vd;gij tpsf;Fthu;.
• rhu; epfo;r;rp vd;gij tpsf;Fthu;.
• epfo;r;rpfspy; rhuh epfo;r;rp kw;Wk; rhu; epfo;r;rp vd;gtw;iw
NtWgLj;Jthu;.
• ghlE}ypy; 25k; ghlj; jpYs;s cupa gapw; r pfisr; nra;a
khztu;fis topg;gLj;Jf.
ftdj;jpw;F ...
ghl mgptpUj; j p
• Nju;rr
; p kl;lk; 31.1 ,d; fw;wy; NgWfs; 5> 6> 7> 8> 9 vd;gtw;Wf;Fg;
nghUj; jkhd nraw; ghLfisj; jpl; lkpl; L khztu; fSld;
nraw;gLj;Jf.
fzpg;g PL k; kjpg;g PL k;
• ghlE}ypy; 25k; ghlj; jpYs;s cupa gapw; r pfisr; nra;a
khztu;fis topg;gLj;Jf.
Nkyjpf tsq;f Sk; nraw;g hLfSk;. ..
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3_otNr9kRuY
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O4Qnsubo2tg
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RI874OSJp1U
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O4Qnsubo2tg
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3ER8OkqBdpE
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6E_NVnboMB8
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wBDOCvHYckE.
183
You might also like
- Grade 13 Accounting Teacher Guide 619dd0b7ba9e7No ratings yetGrade 13 Accounting Teacher Guide 619dd0b7ba9e7220 pages
- Grade 10 Islam Teacher Guide 6197500dd2535100% (1)Grade 10 Islam Teacher Guide 6197500dd2535102 pages
- TGr11OM Bharata Reso - D3f508ef Dad7 42d2 8caf 4cc37f07f396No ratings yetTGr11OM Bharata Reso - D3f508ef Dad7 42d2 8caf 4cc37f07f39689 pages
- National Institute of Education OverviewNo ratings yetNational Institute of Education Overview193 pages
- Grade 13 Science For Technology Teacher Guide 619dd94e8c62aNo ratings yetGrade 13 Science For Technology Teacher Guide 619dd94e8c62a142 pages
- Grade 12 Biology Syllabus 619f3295237a8No ratings yetGrade 12 Biology Syllabus 619f3295237a8150 pages
- Grade 10 Appreciation of Arabic Literary Texts Teacher Guide 619744f53a8a3No ratings yetGrade 10 Appreciation of Arabic Literary Texts Teacher Guide 619744f53a8a367 pages
- - தன்னார்வ அமைப்புகள் மற்றும் பொதுக்குறைகள் தீர்ப்ப... நுகர்வோர் பாதுகாப்பு நடவடிக்கைகள் - 1st - chapterNo ratings yet- தன்னார்வ அமைப்புகள் மற்றும் பொதுக்குறைகள் தீர்ப்ப... நுகர்வோர் பாதுகாப்பு நடவடிக்கைகள் - 1st - chapter13 pages
- SEO Strategies for Document OptimizationNo ratings yetSEO Strategies for Document Optimization173 pages
- Organic Farming Techniques and InsightsNo ratings yetOrganic Farming Techniques and Insights16 pages
- SEO Strategies for Document OptimizationNo ratings yetSEO Strategies for Document Optimization307 pages
- Choice Global Support Capability: Flight Hours100% (3)Choice Global Support Capability: Flight Hours9 pages
- BMC Chief Faces ED Probe Over Covid ContractsNo ratings yetBMC Chief Faces ED Probe Over Covid Contracts18 pages
- Data-Driven Residential Floorplan GenerationNo ratings yetData-Driven Residential Floorplan Generation34 pages
- Pioneer Universal Multi-CD System Service ManualNo ratings yetPioneer Universal Multi-CD System Service Manual63 pages
- Dissertation On AI For Banks & NBFCs - Future of Lending by Venkatesh SharmaNo ratings yetDissertation On AI For Banks & NBFCs - Future of Lending by Venkatesh Sharma94 pages
- Cost and Management Accounting Revision Book100% (1)Cost and Management Accounting Revision Book74 pages
- Rate Analysis for FGD Chimney ConstructionNo ratings yetRate Analysis for FGD Chimney Construction6 pages
- Join the Mašta Creative Activism ProjectNo ratings yetJoin the Mašta Creative Activism Project4 pages
- Encencodedusxxr 9zBeLTMfr3vvO3cOfGP0Od954GW9O7np4KA6xDdmco47fQ5dsw4uXfjB Wyz8u100% (1)Encencodedusxxr 9zBeLTMfr3vvO3cOfGP0Od954GW9O7np4KA6xDdmco47fQ5dsw4uXfjB Wyz8u41 pages
- Global HVAC Market Trends 2014 AnalysisNo ratings yetGlobal HVAC Market Trends 2014 Analysis23 pages
- Profhilo 5 Point Injection - Google SearchNo ratings yetProfhilo 5 Point Injection - Google Search1 page
