HUMAN PERFORMANCE

1. Non-conductive or noise induced hearing loss:

a. Is associated with the inner ear and is usually irreversible

2. The most plentiful gas in the atmosphere is:

a. Nitrogen

3. The “time of useful consciousness” means:

a. The time taken by a pilot to recognize the onset of hypoxia and take corrective
action

4. The cause of tunnel vision is:

a. A decrease in blood supply to the retina

5. When a pilot has made a decision based on assumption, a tendency to ignore information
which does not support the decision may occur. This is referred to as:
a. Conformation bias

6. Knowledge – based behaviour is associated with:

a. Decisions made based on knowledge stored in the long term memory

7. A leaking aircraft engine exhaust may pose a threat to aircrew and passengers because:
a. Increased amounts of carbon monoxide may enter the cabin

8. The pulse rate is:

a. The rate at which the heart beats

9. The time of useful consciousness is:

a. The time available to recognise the onset of hypoxia and take corrective action

10.Long-term stress is categorised as:

a. Chronic

11.According to Dalton’s law:

a. The proportion of oxygen remains at 21% throughout the atmosphere

12.In order to treat hyperventilation:

a. Breathing into a paper bag will increase the body’s level of carbon dioxide, which in
turn will return the breathing rate to normal

13.“black out” is a condition which may occur as a result of:

a. Sustained positive “g” manoeuvres

14.The tiny air sacs in the lungs which allow oxygen to diffuse into the blood and carbon
dioxide to diffuse into the lungs are called:
a. Alveoli
15.When measuring blood pressure the highest reading that is obtained is referred to as:
a. The systolic pressure

16.Acute fatigue:
a. Is best treated by a peaceful and uninterrupted sleep

17.As the partial pressure of oxygen decreases:

a. The transfer of oxygen into the blood decreases

18.The volume of nitrogen in the atmosphere is approximately:

a. 78%

19.Oxygen is transported around the body by:

a. Haemoglobin

20.The time of useful consciousness at 25000ft following rapid decompression is

approximately:
a. 2 – 3 minutes

21.Prevention of Hypoxia in a non-pressurised aircraft is best achieved by:

a. Remaining at an altitude which will provide an adequate oxygen pressure gradient

22.A common symptom of hyperventilation is:

a. A tingling sensation in the fingers, hands, toes and lips

23.Vertigo is:
a. A false sensation of rotation

24.Anxiety caused by a stressful situation is a direct cause of:

a. Hyperventilation

25.With regard to decompression sickness, the formation of nitrogen bubbles in the lungs
leads to a condition known as:
a. The chokes

26.“Red-out” is a condition which may occur as a result of:

a. Excessive negative “g” manoeuvres

27.The ability of the eye to change the curvature of the lens in order to focus an object is
called:
a. Accommodation

28.Good night vision is best achieved by:

a. Looking at the side of the object in order to focus the object on the rods

29.When measuring the blood pressure, the highest reading obtained is referred to as:
a. The systolic pressure
30.The best method for an individual to acquire sleep credits is to:
a. Maintain a normal sleep period

31.During the approach to land on an unfamiliar downward sloping runway, a pilot may have
a tendency to:
a. Fly a high approach

32.Conductive hearing loss is:

a. Associated with the outer ear and is either temporary or reversed

33.The flight against infections and disease in the human body is a function of:
a. The white blood cells

34.Chronic insomnia is often the result of:

a. Long-term stress

35.A pilot who responds immediately to a situation based only on the idea that something
needs to be done is considered to be:
a. Impulsive

36.A person suffering from sustained low blood pressure may experience:
a. Dizziness or fainting

37.Perceptual judgement is judgement based on:

a. Experience

38.During a turn, the increase in “g” force may create a sensation of:
a. Climbing

39.In the human ear, angular accelerations are sensed by the:

a. Semi-circular canals

40.It is possible to obtain a normal day’s sleep credits:

a. Only through a normal sleep period

41.Symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning include:

a. A decrease or a loss of muscle power

42.Rule-based behaviour, such as memorising a checklist, is:

a. Stored in the long term memory

43.The natural tendency of the eye to focus on an area 1 to 2 metres ahead at night is
referred to as:
a. Empty field myopia
44.During the approach to land on a very narrow unfamiliar runway, a pilot may have a
tendency to:
a. Fly a low approach

45.The type of sleep associated with brain rejuvenation is called:

a. Rapid eye movement(REM) sleep

46.The amount of light which enters the eye is controlled by the:

a. Iris

47.Fainting is caused by:

a. A reduced flow of blood to the brain

48.If a passenger is observed suffering from mild chest pains, dizziness, breathlessness and a
pale complexion the cause is likely to be:
a. An angina attack

49.A person suffering from hypertension will have:

a. High blood pressure

50.The condition known as cyanosis is associated with:

a. Hypoxia

51.A pilot who carries out a repetitive action may often omit a conscious check to confirm
that the action has in fact been completed. Such a condition is known as:
a. Environmental capture

52.A sensation of tumbling backwards during an acceleration is referred to as:

a. The somatogravic illusion

53.Presbycusis is:
a. A natural loss of hearing as a result of age

54.The valsalva manoeuvre is used to:

a. Equalise the pressure between the outer and the middle ear

55.In order to correct long sightedness(hypermetropia):

a. A convex lens is used

56.The most common cause of motion sickness, or air sickness, is:

a. The over-stimulation of the balance system of the ear

57.The symptoms of low blood glucose (blood sugar), include a sensation of dizziness and
shaking. This can be corrected by:
a. Eating regularly
58.Acute stress is considered to be:
a. A short term condition

59.The ability to make a judgement based on learned skills or experience is referred to as:
a. Perceptual judgement

60.Constant and excessive exposure to loud noise may eventually lead to permanent hearing
loss as a result of the damage to the:
a. Cochlea

61.Following a scuba diving, a pilot:

a. May not fly within 24hrs

62.The term “chunking” is used to define the process of:

a. Combining data to increase the capacity of the working or short term memory

63.A pilot who continually breaks aviation laws or standard procedures could be described as:
a. Having an anti-authority attitude

64.A situation in which a pilot makes a correct decision but initiates the incorrect reaction is
referred to as:
a. As action slip

65.Hyperventilation may be caused by:

a. Anxiety caused by a stressful situation

66.According to Boyle’s law, providing the temperature is constant:

a. As the pressure of the gas decreases, the volume increases

67.Skill-based behaviour consists of actions that:

a. Operates without a constant attention of brain

68.Acute insomnia is often the result of:

a. Disturbed body rhythms

69.An effective method of treating hyperventilation is to:

a. Reduce the rate of breathing

70.One of the early symptoms of hypoxia is:

a. A decrease in mental functions

71.The transfer of oxygen into the blood occurs in:

a. The alveoli

72.When measuring blood pressure the lowest reading obtained is referred to as:
a. The diastolic pressure
73.An action which results from a decision based on a thought process is referred to as:
a. Cognitive judgement

74.Acute fatigue:
a. Is best treated by a peaceful, and uninterrupted sleep

75.Adaptation of the eye for the night vision may take up to:
a. 30 minutes

76.The rate at which the heart beats is referred to as:

a. The pulse rate

77.As an immediate cure for spatial disorientation a pilot should:

a. Look at and trust the aircraft instruments

78.Pilots who are suffering from blocked sinuses and continue to fly may be subject to severe
pain, and even suffer ear damage, particularly during a:
a. Descent

79.The most common symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning are:

a. Headache and nausea

80.Symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning include:

a. A decrease or loss of muscle power

81.Vision in low levels of illumination or at night is dependent upon:

a. The rods

82.During the approach to land on a very narrow unfamiliar runway a pilot may have a
tendency to:
a. Fly a low approach

83.Angina is characterised by:

a. Mild chest pains which subside on resting

84.With regard to decompression sickness, the itching sensation created by the formation of
nitrogen bubbles in the skin is referred to as:
a. The creeps

85.In the human ear, linear accelerations are sensed by the:

a. Otolith, or static organ

86.When measuring blood pressure the lowest reading obtained is called:

a. The diastolic pressure

87.A skill which has been learnt by continual practise is:

a. Called a motor programme
88.A decrease in the amount of haemoglobin in the red blood cells leads to a condition called:
a. Anaemia

89.The ability of the eye to see clearly and sharply is referred to as:
a. Acuity

90.The symptoms of motion sickness include:

a. Pale skin, nausea and sweating

91.Acute fatigue:
a. Is best treated by a peaceful and uninterrupted sleep

92.If a passenger is observed suddenly suffering from severe chest pains and then collapses,
the cause is likely to be:
a. A heart attack

93.Platelets are a type of blood cell which are responsible for:

a. The formation of blood clots

94.Carbon monoxide
a. Is considered to be dangerous because it is odourless

95.Hypoxia is caused by:

a. A decrease in partial pressure of oxygen

96.The transfer of oxygen from the lungs to the blood is a function of:
a. The pressure of the oxygen

97.Anaemic hypoxia can be caused by:

a. A reduction in the amount of circulating haemoglobin

98.Chronic fatigue:
a. Occurs over a very long period and requires a prolonged recovery period

99.Humans are more likely to be affected by carbon monoxide poisoning:

a. As altitude increases

100. The purpose of Eustachian tube is to:

a. Equalise the pressure between the outer and the middle ear

101. The function of cochlea in the human ear is to:

a. Convert sound waves into electrical signals for transmission to the brain

102. Fainting is caused by:

a. A reduced flow of blood to the brain
103. Following a scuba diving, a pilot:
a. May not fly for 24hrs

104. The purpose of the semi-circular canals is to:

a. Sense the angular accelerations

105. The term tinnitus is used to define:

a. A ringing in the ears

106. The treatment for a person suffering from motion sickness includes:
a. Lay the person down or recline the seat

107. Cognitive judgement involves decision making based on:

a. A complex thought process

108. Blood pressure which is higher than normal for an individual in a particular age
group is referred to as:
a. Hypertension

109. In the human ear, the angular accelerations are sensed by:
a. The semi-circular canals

110. A pilot’s susceptibility to hypoxia:

a. Increases with the consumption of alcohol, drugs and tobacco

111. Whilst using oxygen masks passengers should be cautioned against breathing
rapidly or deeply in order to avoid:
a. Hyperventilation

112. The term “blood pressure” is used to:

a. Indicate the pressure of the blood against the walls of the main arteries

113. A method of processing information which requires feedback to the central decision
maker is called:
a. A closed loop system

114. In an effort to avoid motion sickness a method which may help passengers is to:
a. Fix their eyes in the distance on the natural horizon

115. The “oculogravic or somatogravic illusion” is the sensation of:

a. Tumbling backwards

116. “grey out” is a condition which may occur as a result of:

a. Positive “g” manoeuvres

117. Hypoglycaemia can occur in normally healthy individuals as a result of:

a. Not eating regularly
118. Perceptual judgement is judgement based on:
a. Experience

119. Autokinesis is a visual illusion which may occur at night when:

a. A stationary light appears to move

120. The alveoli:

a. Are small sac like structures which allow oxygen to diffuse into the blood

121. In the human ear the function of auditory nerve is to:

a. Transmit electrical signals from the cochlea to the brain

122. The effect of circadian disrhythmia on the human body include:

a. A poor mental performance

123. In the human ear, linear accelerations are sensed by the:

a. Otolith or static organ

124. Hyperventilation may be caused by:

a. Anxiety caused by a stressful situation

125. A situation in which a pilot makes a correct decision but initiates the incorrect
reaction is referred to as:
a. An action slip

126. An increase in the level of carbon dioxide in the blood:

a. Will cause an increase in the breathing rate

127. Hyperventilation is:

a. An increase in the breathing rate which removes carbon dioxide from the body at an
abnormally high rate

128. Mild damage to the ossicles will usually result in:

a. Temporary conductive hearing loss

129. When flying across several time zones in a westerly direction the natural body clock:
a. Is affected less than when flying in an easterly direction

130. Environmental capture is an error which is associated with:

a. Skill based behaviour

131. Platelets are a type of blood cells which are responsible for:
a. The formation of blood clots

132. The best treatment for a pilot suffering from acute fatigue is:
a. A restful, uninterrupted natural sleep
133. Empty field myopia is associated with:
a. Night flight and the absence of clearly discernible objects

134. White blood cells are responsible for:

a. Forming antibodies to fight infection and disease

135. Accommodation is the ability of the eye:

a. To change the curvature of the lens in order to focus on an object

136. Oxygen deficient blood:

a. Has a bluish tinge

137. Ringing in the ears as a result of damage to the auditory nerve is called:
a. Tinnitus

138. The most likely causes of environmental, or physical stress in an aircraft are:
a. Noise and vibration combined with variations in temperature and humidity

139. A defence mechanism is considered to be:

a. An incorrect method of dealing with stress

140. Sound waves are passed from the ear drum to the inner ear by the:
a. Ossicles

141. In the human eye, the rods:

a. Play a primary role in night vision

142. Damage to the cochlea may result in:

a. Permanent hearing loss

143. With regard to decompression sickness, the formation of nitrogen bubbles in the
lungs leads to a condition called:
a. The chokes

144. Hypoxia is a condition in which:

a. There is a shortage of oxygen in the blood

145. The best treatment for a pilot suffering from acute fatigue is:
a. A restful, uninterrupted natural sleep

146. As altitude increases the percentage of gases in the air:

a. Remains constant

147. During an approach to land on an unfamiliar upward sloping runway, a pilot may
have a tendency to:
a. Fly a low approach
148. As altitude is gained the amount of oxygen in each breath:
a. Decreases

149. Chronic insomnia is a often a result of:

a. Long-term stress

150. A skill which has been learnt by continual practise is:

a. Called a motor programme

151. Semantic memory is the term used to describe:

a. The ability to store information in the form of words, language or numbers

152. When flying across various time zones in an easterly direction, the natural clock:
a. Is affected more than when flying in a westerly direction

153. Blood clots, to prevent bleeding, are formed by:

a. Platelets

154. The period of a free running or natural circadian rhythm is approximately:

a. 25hrs