General Principles of Teaching:
INTRODUCTION:
Teaching is a multifaceted profession that requires a deep understanding of both subject matter and
pedagogy—the art and science of teaching. The general principles of teaching provide a framework
that educators can use to create effective learning experiences for their students. These principles are
derived from educational theories and research and are essential for fostering a productive learning
environment. Here are some of the fundamental principles:
PRINCIPLES:
Principle of direction: A principle of goals and objectives is the most important principle of teaching
because objectives give direction to our teaching. It states the purpose and tells what the learner will
be able to do after these teaching acts.
Principle of Learning by Doing: This principle states that self-learning is the best way to learn.
Teachers must opt for engaging and self-activities to enhance the learning outcome. Teaching is
ineffective if the students do not actively participate in the lesson. Learning becomes active and
quicker if the student is made active and quicker if the student is made active physically as well as
mentally.
Principle of interest and linking with life: By generating interest among the learners, the
effectiveness of the teaching-learning process can be increased. this interest can be created by giving
real-life examples and situations to students while learning. The main purpose of any act of teaching
is to bring about the desired changes in the behaviour of the students. To achieve
Principle of definite aim: Teaching should start with defining the aim and objective. The teacher and
students must be clear about the goals of teaching-learning. It helps them to be on the track. Teaching
should start with a definite aim. In the absence of definite aim the teacher might got astray and at the
same time his teaching might back coherence and definiteness
Principle of making provision for individual differences: every student is unique in terms of
intelligence, abilities, attitudes and socio-economic background. Every child is different from each
other. The teacher should keep in mind individual differences while teaching. Teaching is ineffective
if the students do not actively participate in the lesson. Learning becomes active and quicker if the
student is made active and quicker if the student is made active physically as well as mentally.
Principle of selection: The scope of knowledge is expanding every single day. The teacher should be
able to pick contents that can be relevant, concise and updated to the learner’s objectives.
Principle of planning: Every teacher has certain time-bound objectives, and hence teaching should
be systematic, to make optimum use of resources within the time limit. Planning includes lesson
plans, teaching aids, strategies and methods of teaching.
Principle of division and revision: To make learning easier, the subject matter should be divided into
such units and there should be a link between the units. So that learners can understand easily. But for
enduring that knowledge revision is needed.
Principle of creation and recreation: This principle is a must to make the classroom environment
more conducive to humour and creativity. Successful teaching proves to be a source of creativeness
and recreation. It awakens in the learners a desire to be creative and engages them in activity which is
a source of pleasure to them.
Principle of active participation and involvement: Teaching and learning must be child
centeredness so that children can actively participate in learning. It helps in developing self-
confidence among the learners.
CONCLUSION:
The general principles of teaching serve as a foundational guide for educators striving to create
effective and engaging learning experiences. By focusing on student-centered learning, setting clear
objectives, promoting active learning, and maintaining effective communication, teachers can foster
an environment where students are motivated, engaged, and able to achieve their full potential.
PSYCHOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES OF LEARNING:
INTRODUCTION:
Teaching is not just about delivering content; it also involves understanding how students think, learn,
and develop. Psychological principles provide insights into the cognitive, emotional, and social
processes that underpin learning. By integrating these principles into their teaching practices,
educators can create more effective and supportive learning environments. Here are key psychological
principles relevant to teaching:
PRINCIPLES:
Principle of Readiness:- this principle state that a teacher should pain he is on her instructions on
teaching as per the psychological and mental level of the people. He or she should keep in mind the
majority level of the student to understand the concept in a better way.
Principle of Satisfaction and Effect:- the teacher must make the student satisfied with what they are
learning. Children learn best when they are having I’m association and a feeling of being satisfied
with the task.
Principle of Attention:- To be successful in the teaching-learning process a teacher should use
appropriate stimulus variation to fetch the attention of the student. This wholly depends on interest.
Hence, a teacher should try to identify the interest of the students to set attention and have a better
learning outcome. Attention capturing and attention giving, the essential elements of teaching or
learning act, can be accomplished through a well planned scheme involving arousal of motivation and
interest of the pupils in the teaching-learning process.
Principle of Motivation:- Motivation helps children to learn in a better way. when a child is
motivated during the learning process, half of the battle is won. hence, a teacher should create a
situation via which a sense of motivation and interest can be inculcated among students. The objective
of bringing desirable changes in the behaviour can only be achieved if one is motivated to try to
accept that change in his behaviour.
Principle of Group Dynamics:- Teachers should follow diverse methods of teaching. understanding
group dynamics can help a teacher to synergise the efforts of students in a better way. Under the
influence of group behaviour, individuals think as the group thinks, feel as the group feels, do as the
group does. The project method is an appropriate method for inculcating desirable group behaviour
among students. It produces a democratic climate in the classroom.
Principle of multi-sensory approach: It has been evident from past research that using the multi-
sensory approach in teaching better learning outcomes can be generated. A teacher should focus on
using different teaching aids like projectors, Motion Pictures, printed materials and audio aid than
simple blackboard teaching to make learning interesting.
Principle of Tolerance, Cooperation and Praise:– In order to create a good socio-emotional
environment in the class a teacher must use the principle of praise cooperation. There is a need to
appreciate the feelings and ideas of the students. A good teacher needs to be tolerant towards the
students’ responses.
MAXIMS OF TEACHING:
