Problem 4 Figure 1 illustrates a helicopter during hovering close to the ground.
A
control volume with inlet and outlet dimensions is also shown in figure. The total mass
of the helicopter is 2000 kg. The exit static pressure is atmospheric. Assuming the flow
is a one-dimensional, steady, and incompressible, calculate:
1. The exit velocity of air V2
2. The power of the turboshaft engine
Fig. 1 Control volume
Solution
A control volume enclosing the helicopter with states (1) and (2) identifying upstream
and downstream of the rotor is shown in Fig. 1. Both ends have a diameter of 3.3 m,
while the helicopter body at outlet of control volume, state (2), is circular having a
diameter of 3.0 m.
Continuity equation: 𝑚̇1 = 𝑚̇2 = 𝑚̇
𝑚̇ = 𝜌1 𝑉1 𝐴1 = 𝜌2 𝑉2 𝐴2
𝐴
For an incompressible flow, then 𝑉1 = 𝑉2 ( 2)
𝐴1
𝜕 ⬚ ⬚
Momentum equation: 𝐹̅𝑆 = 𝐹̅𝐵 = ∫ 𝑉̅ 𝑑𝑉 + ∫𝐶𝑆. 𝑉̅ (𝜌𝑉̅ . 𝑑𝐴̅)
𝜕𝑡 𝐶.𝑉. 𝜌
⬚
For a steady flow: 𝐹̅𝑆 + 𝐹̅𝐵 = ∫𝐶.𝑆 ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑉 (𝜌𝑉̅ . 𝑑𝐴̅)
𝑃1𝑔 𝐴1 + 𝑃2𝑔 𝐴2 + 𝑚𝑔 = 𝑚̇(𝑉2 − 𝑉1 )
where P1g and P2g are gauge pressures.
Moreover, from Bernoulli’s Equation
1 1
𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 + 𝜌𝑉∞2 = 𝑃1 + 𝜌𝑉12
2 2
1
With 𝑉∞ = 0 𝑃1𝑔 ≡ 𝑃1 − 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 𝜌𝑉12
2
1 1 𝐴2
From (A) 𝑃1𝑔 𝐴1 = − 𝜌𝑉12 𝐴1 = − 𝜌𝑉22 𝐴2
2 2 𝐴1
With 𝑃2𝑔 = 0, then from Eqs. (A) and (B)
𝐴2
𝑚𝑔 = 𝜌𝑉22 𝐴2 [1 − ]
2𝐴1
𝑚𝑔
Thus : 𝑉2 = √ 𝐴
𝜌𝐴2 [1− 2 ]
2𝐴1
𝜋 𝜋
Since: 𝐴1 = (3,33)2 = 8,553, 𝐴2 = (3.32 − 32 ) = 1,484,
4 4
3
𝑃 101 × 10
𝜌= = = 1,22 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3
𝑅𝑇 287 × 288
2000 × 9,81 19620
∴ 𝑉2 = √ =√ = 108,93 𝑚/𝑠
1,484 1,6534
1,22 × 1,484 × [1 − ]
2 × 8,553
𝐴
From equation (A), 𝑉1 = 𝑉2 ( 2) = 18,9 𝑚/𝑠
𝐴1
Finally, applying the energy equation for the same control volume
⬚
𝑉2 𝜕 ⬚ 2
𝑄̇ + 𝑊̇ = ∫ ( ̅
) (𝜌𝑉 . 𝑑𝐴) + ∫ 𝑉 𝜌𝑑𝑉
𝐶𝑆 2 𝜕𝑡 𝐶𝑉
𝜕 ⬚ 2
For adiabatic flow, Q = 0 and steady conditions ∫ 𝑉 𝜌𝑑𝑉 =0
𝜕𝑡 𝐶𝑉
𝑉22 − 𝑉12
∴ 𝑊̇ = 𝑚̇ ( )
2
When 𝑚̇ = 𝜌2 𝑉2 𝐴2 = 1,22 × 180,93 × 1,484 = 197,22 𝑘𝑔/𝑚
2
𝑉 −𝑉 1 2
Thrus 𝑊̇ = 𝑚̇ ( 2 1 ) = × 197,22 × [108,932 − 18,92 ] = 1134.831 𝑊.
2 2
The power of the turboshaft engine W = 1134:8kW.
Problem 5 Figure 1 illustrates Bell 206 helicopter that is powered by Allison 250-C20B
turboshaft engine. Allison 250-C20 B is a two-spool turboshaft where the gas generator
is composed of a compressor driven by a gas turbine, while the power (free) turbine
drives the helicopter rotor. The engine data are as follows:
Fig. 1 Bell 206 helicopter
− Air mass flow rate is 1 kg/s.
− Compressor pressure ratio is 6.2.
− Turbine inlet temperature is 1258 K.
− Fuel heating value is 43 MJ/kg.
− Pressure drop in combustion chamber is 4 %.
− Modules efficiencies are ηc = 0,8, ηb = 0,96, ηgt = ηpt = 0,82, ηm = 0,98.
− For a ground operation
−
Calculate
1. Drawing T-s diagram
2. Power delivered to the helicopter rotor
3. Specific fuel consumption
Solution
1. Drawing T-s diagram
Figure 1 illustrates the layout for the two-spool turboshaft and its state numbering, We
have T-s diagram as below:
e
T-s diagram for a double-spool turboshaft
2. Power delivered to the helicopter rotor
For ground operation:
Intake (a–2):
Outlet conditions T02 = Ta = 288 K, P02 = Pa = 101 kPa
Compressor (2–3):
Outlet conditions P03 = πc x P02 = 6,2 x 101=622,2 kPa
𝛾𝑐
𝛾𝑐 −1
𝜋𝑐 −1 6,20,286 − 1
𝑇03 = 𝑇02 (1 + ) = 288 × (1 + ) = 535 𝐾
𝜂𝑐 0,8
Combustion chamber (3–4):
𝑃04 = (1 − ∆𝑃𝑐𝑐 ) × 𝑃03 = (1 − 0,4) × 622,2 = 601𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝐶𝑃𝑐𝑐 𝑇04 − 𝐶𝑃𝑐 𝑇03 1,148 × 1258 − 1005 × 535
𝑓= = = 0,0228
𝜂𝑏 𝑄𝑅 − 𝐶𝑃𝑐𝑐 𝑇04 0,96 × 43.000 − 1,148 × 1258
Gas Turbine (States 4–5):
𝐶𝑃𝑐 (𝑇03 − 𝑇02 ) = 𝜂𝑚 (1 + 𝑓)𝐶𝑃ℎ (𝑇04 − 𝑇05 )
𝐶𝑃𝑐
𝑇05 = 𝑇04 − (𝑇 − 𝑇𝑎 )
𝜂𝑚 (1 + 𝑓)𝐶𝑝ℎ 03
1,005
𝑇05 = 1258 − (535 − 288) = 1042 𝐾
0,98 × 1,0228 × 1,148
𝛾ℎ
𝑃05 1 𝑇05 𝛾ℎ −1 1 1042 4
= [1 − (1 − )] = [1 − (1 − )] = 0,3912
𝑃04 𝜂𝑔𝑡 𝑇04 0,82 1258
𝑃05 = 235,126 𝑘𝑃𝑎
Power Turbine (States 5–6):
𝑃6 = 𝑃𝑎 = 101 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝛾−1
𝑃𝑎 𝛾
𝑇6 = 𝑇05 [1 − 𝜂𝑓𝑡 {1 − ( ) }]
𝑃05
101 0,25
𝑇6 = 1042 × [1 − 0,82 {1 − ( ) }] = 897,3 𝐾
235,0
𝑤𝑓𝑡 = (1 + 𝑓)𝐶𝑝ℎ (𝑇05 − 𝑇06 ) = 1,0228 × 1,148 × (1042 − 897,3) = 191 𝑘𝑗/𝑘𝑔
Power delivered to rotor is
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 𝜂𝑚 𝑚̇𝑎 𝑤𝑓𝑡 = 0,98 × 1 × 191 = 187,2 𝑘𝑊
3. Specific fuel consumption
Specific fuel consumption
𝑓𝑚̇𝑎 0,0228 × 1 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
𝑆𝐹𝐶 = = = 1,2179 × 104 = 0,438
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 187,2 𝑘𝑊. ℎ𝑟 𝑘𝑊. ℎ𝑟
