EATING DISORDER
CONTENTS
Major types of eating
disorders: bulimia nervosa,
anorexia nervosa, binge
eating disorder, obesity;
INTRODUCTION
• About your daily routine and calorie intake?
• Most of us take our bodies for granted
• Focusing on the major psychological
perspective on eating.
• About your weight and BMI?
• Food tracking app?
TYPES OF EATING DISORDER
EATING DISORDER
• Mortality rate is high compared to other psychological disorder
• Anorexic are more vulnerable for loss of life
• From 20-30 percent of anorexic are suicide
• BULIMIA NERVOSA, out of control eating episodes, or binges, are
followed by self induced vomiting, excessive use of laxatives, other
attempts to purge the food,.
• BINGE EATING, Individuals may binge repeatedly and find it distressing,
but they do not attempt to purge the food.
• ANOREXIA NERVOSA- an eating disorder characterized by an
abnormally low body weight, an intense fear of gaining weight and a
distorted perception of weight.
CONT…
• More than 90% of the severe cases are young females who live in socially
competitive environment.
• According to a University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine study, young
adults who use social media are much more likely to develop negative body
images and eating disorders. Two examples of damaging social media that
encourage eating disorder behaviors are Pro-Ana and Pro-Mia sites
• Pro-Ana and Pro-Mia sites are informal, unofficial collections of blogs,
social media accounts, and other online forums promoting behaviors and
faulty thinking associated with eating disorders like anorexia and bulimia
ETIOLOGY
In eating disorder, Unlike most others, the strongest contributions to etiology
sociocultural rather than biological and Psychological factors
Obesity is not considered as an official disorder in the DSM. But its one of
the debilitating problem in eating.
We will discuss on the Bulimia, Anorexia and closely related disorder, Binge
eating disorder, Where the individuals binge on food as they do in bulimia but
they don’t compensate for the binging by purging
BULIMIA NERVOSA
Bulimia is an eating disorder in which a person has regular episodes of eating
a very large amount of food (bingeing) during which the person feels a loss of
control over their eating. The person then uses different ways, such as
vomiting or laxatives (purging), to prevent weight gain.
Eating larger amount of food, more junk foods more than fruits and veggies.
CONT
Individuals attempts to compensate for the binge eating and potential weight
gain almost by the purging techniques,
1. Self induced vomiting
2. Laxatives (Drugs that relieve constipation)
3. Diuretics (Drugs that increase the urination)
4. Punishment exercises
.
MEDICAL CONSEQUENCES
chemical imbalance of bodily fluids, sodium and potassium levels,
Electrolyte imbalance
Kidney failures
ASSOCIATED PSYCHOLOGICAL
DISORDERS
• Anxiety and mood disorder
• 80.6% of individuals with bulimia had an anxiety disorder at some point
during their lives.
• Depression is commonly associated with bulimia, Research indicates that
bulimia is the way of displacing the depression.
• Substance abuse. 27% of bulimia were also a substance abuse
BULIMIA NERVOSA :DSM
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) includes the following
diagnostic criteria for bulimia nervosa:
Recurrent episodes of binge eating. An episode of binge eating is characterized by both of
the following:
Eating, in a discrete period of time (e.g., within a two hour period), an amount of food that is definitely
larger than what most people would eat during a similar period of time and under similar circumstances.
Lack of control over eating during the episode (e.g., a feeling that you cannot stop eating, or control what or
how much you are eating).
Recurrent inappropriate compensatory behavior to prevent weight gain, such as self-
induced vomiting, misuse of laxatives, diuretics, or other medications, fasting, or excessive
exercise.
The binge eating and inappropriate compensatory behaviors both occur, on average, at least
once a week for three months.
Self-evaluation is unduly influenced by body shape and weight.
Binging or purging does not occur exclusively during episodes of behavior that would be
common in those with anorexia nervosa.
ANOREXIA NERVOSA
• Anorexia nervosa: Sir William Gull. The term anorexia is of Greek origin:
an- (ἀν-, prefix denoting negation) and orexis (ὄρεξις, "appetite"), thus
translating to "nervous absence of appetite".
CONT
• Both anorexia and bulimia are characterized by a morbid fear of gaining
weight and losing control over weight.
• The major differences seems to be whether the individual is
SUCCESSFUL at losing weight.
• Anorexia people are proud of their diets and extraordinary control
• Bulimia are ashamed of both their eating issues and lack of control.
CLINICAL DESCRIPTION
Anorexia is less common than bulimia
Many individuals with bulimia have a history of anorexia , that is, they once
used fasting to reduce their body weight below desirable level.
Decreased body weight is the most notable feature of anorexic but its is not
the core of the disorder.
It has intense fear of obesity and restlessly pursue thinness.
Onset is during the adolescents.
Punishing exercise is common
DSM AND ANOREXIA
CONT
• Individuals of anorexia are never satisfied with their weight loss
• Staying the same weight from one day to the next or gaining any weight is
likely to cause intense panic, anxiety, and depression.
• Marked disturbance in body image.
BINGE EATING DISORDER
The consumption of large quantities of food in a short period of time,
typically as part of an eating disorder.
Lack of compensatory behaviours therefore cannot be considered as bulimia
BED is full fledged disorder in DSM 5
Half of the individuals with BED try dieting before binge, and half start with
binging and then attempt to diet.
33% of the binge eating has a bad mood or negative affect.
THE BATTLE OF THE BULGE:
OBESITY
OBESITY
• Its not a formally considered eating disorder in DSM 5
• Anxiety and mood disorders are only somewhat elevated among the obese
people’s.
• Minimal influence of substance abuse.
• There are two forms of maladaptive eating patterns in people who are
obese
• 1. Binge eating
• 2. Night eating syndrome
Night eating syndrome (NES) is an eating disorder that occurs along with
frequent sleep interruptions. People with NES feel like they won’t be able to
get back to sleep without eating. They may wake up several times in one night,
and may feel ashamed or depressed. Providers treat NES with a combination
of antidepressant medications and therapy.
• NES occurs between 6 to 16 percent of obese individuals seeking weight
loss treatment.
• Extreme level of obesity seeking bariatric surgery
CAUSES OF OBESITY
• Spread of modernization
• Inactive and sedentary lifestyles.
• More advertisements
• Inexpensive fatty foods that have low
nutritional value
TREATMENT FOR OBESE
• Self directed weight loss programmes
• Several studies have compared the most popular diet programs such as the
• 1. Atkins ( carbs restriction)
• 2. Ornish (Fat restriction)
• 3. Zone ( macro nutrients balance)
• 4. Weight watchers ( Calorie restrictions)
• Behaviour modification techniques
• Those who are most obese – Very low calorie diet, Possible drug combines
with behaviour modifications therpies
COMMON TREATMENTS FOR
EATING DISORDER
• CBT
• Health Counselling
• Psychological guidance on mental health managements (Stress, Depression,
Anxiety, Mood relapses)
• Life style modifications
• Diet and Psychological counselling
• Biological treatments
• Combinations of drug therapy and PPI.
