web: ProCon.

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GOLDEN IELTS – 275 NGUYEN TRAI, THANH XUAN, HANOI

INTRODUCTION ABOUT IELTS WRITING TASK 2

2. TYPES OF ESSAYS
1. Opinion (Agree or Disagree)
Example: Some people think that the only purpose of working hard is to earn
money. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this opinion?
2. Advantages and Disadvantages
Example: In some countries young people are encouraged to work or travel for
a year between finishing high school and starting university studies. Discuss
the advantages and disadvantages for young people who decided to do this.
3. Discussion
Example: Some people believe that punishment is the only purpose of prisons,
while others believe that prisons exist for various reasons. Discuss both views
and give your opinion.
4. Cause – Effect – Solution
Example: The number of plants and animals is declining. Explain this problem
and suggest some solutions.
5. Two-part Question
Example: Many people around the world are choosing to move to live in cities.
What problems do people experience in big cities? Should governments
encourage people to move to smaller towns?
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3. MỘT SỐ LƯU Ý QUAN TRỌNG

1. Không được viết tắt: isn’t, can’t,….
2. Không sử dụng ngôn ngữ quá xuồng xã: buddy, darling, mate,….
3. Không đươc chép lại đề bài.
4. Không được đạo văn.
5. Nên viết bài luận gồm 4 đoạn văn: introduction, body 1, body 2, conclusion.
6. Hạn chế sử dụng thành ngữ tục ngữ.
7. Bài luận viết để cho khán giả không chuyên. Chính vì vậy ngôn ngữ sử dụng trong
bàI luận không cần thiết phải quá chuyên sâu như bài luận ở đại học.
8. Chủ đề của kì thi viết IETLS thường về những chủ đề chung chung, không cần
thiết phải sử dụng những kiến thức chuyên ngành. Ví dụ các chủ để có thể bao
gồm du lịch, ăn ở, dịch vụ, sức khỏe và an toàn, giải trí, vấn đề xã hội, vấn đề môi
trường ...
9. Không chép lại cả câu chủ đề. Giám khảo sẽ không tính câu được chép lại là một
phần của bài viết.
4. TIÊU CHÍ CHẤM ĐIỂM
1. TR: Task Response
Trả lời heF t taF t cả cá c phaH n củ a đeH bà i.
Có luậ n đieM m rõ rà ng.
Đưa ra những ý và chi tieF t liê n quan và phá t trieM n đaH y đủ .
2. CC: Coherence & Cohesion
SaR p xeF p thô ng tin mộ t cá ch logic.
Sử dụ ng từ noF i chı́nh xá c và hiệ u quả .
Chia đoạ n vă n hợp lı́.
Đưa ra mộ t ý trọ ng tâ m trong moU i đoạ n, có sự tieF n trieM n xuyê n suoF t.
3. LR: Lexical Resource
Sử dụ ng voF n từ vựng phong phú theo cá ch tự nhiê n đeM truyeH n tả i thô ng điệ p chı́nh xá c.
Sử dụ ng những từ ı́t thô ng dụ ng với ı́t loU i sai.
Có ı́t loU i sai veH chı́nh tả và caF u tạ o từ
1. GRA: Grammatical Range & Accuracy
Sử dụ ng caF u trú c ngữ phá p mộ t cá ch đa dạ ng và chı́nh xá c
Có ı́t loU i sai veH ngữ phá p và daF u câ u, khô ng gâ y ả nh hưởng đeF n việ c đọ c hieM u

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WRITING TASK 2: PARAGRAPH STRUCTURE

I. WHAT IS A PARAGRAPH?
Component Function
Topic - To introduce and clearly state the main idea/point that you intend
sentence to develop
- To preview for the reader the kinds of information that the rest of
the paragraph is likely to contain
- To link back to your thesis or the immediately preceding argument
Supporting - To elaborate the new idea or point that you have introduced.
sentences - Elaboration may include analysis, exemplification and persuasion,
or any combination of these.
Concluding - To round off what you have said so far in your paragraph
sentence - To link the current paragraph to the next paragraph

II. STRUCTURE OF A PARAGRAPH

1. TOPIC SENTENCE: (TS)
1.1. What is a topic sentence
v Đây là câu đầu tiên của một đoạn.
v Câu mở đoạn khái quát ý chính và nội dung mà người viết muốn triển khai trong đoạn.
v Câu mở đoạn thường ngắn, đơn giản và đi thẳng vào vấn đề.
v 3 elements of a good topic sentence:
Ø A topic sentence is a complete sentence
Ø A topic sentence is the most general statement in the paragraph
Ø A topic sentence contains both a topic and a controlling idea

PRACTICE 1: Circle the topic and underline the controlling idea:

1. Driving on freeways requires nerves of steel.
2. Driving on freeways requires an aggressive attitude.
3. Spectacular beaches make Puerto Rico a tourist paradise.
4. Living in an American college dormitory' can be a stressful experience for newly
arrived international students.
5. In my opinion, many television commercials for cosmetics lie to women.
6. Owning an automobile is a necessity for me.
7. It is an expensive luxury to own an automobile in a large city.

PRACTICE 2: Write the topic sentence:

a. ADVANTAGE / ONLINE SHOPPING
An advantage of online shopping could be that it is very convenient, particularly for
people who are very busy.

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b. DISADVANTAGE / BEING FAMOUS

___________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
c. EFFECT / HIGH COST OF PETROL
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
d. SOLUTION / PROBLEM / HEAVY TRAFFIC IN CITIES
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________

PRACTICE 3: Read the following topic sentences and answer questions:

1. Manga use pictures and dialog to tell stories.
2. There are many different types of manga.
3. I think that manga are part of modern Japanese culture.
4. My friends and I all like manga so I will write about them.
5. I do not like politicians who criticize manga.
Questions:
(a)Will it be easy to develop a paragraph from this sentence? Why, or why not?
(b)Are there any ways in which the sentence can be improved?

1.2. Types of topic sentences

1.2.1. Direct topic sentence: If you only illustrate one point or idea, you should
state it straight away: (For Opinion Essay)
Example 1: In some countries young people are encouraged to work or travel for a
year between finishing high school and starting university studies and this is a
positive trend. Do you agree or disagree?
à TS1: Firstly, through travelling, students will be able to expand their horizons.
à TS2: Secondly, students who work will learn to appreciate the value of money.

Example 2: Some people think that mothers should spend most of their time raising
their children, and therefore the government should support them financially. Do you
agree or disagree?
à Topic sentence 1: One of the main reasons why the government should provide
financial support to mothers is because many mothers continue to work after they
have children.
à Topic sentence 2: Additionally, the laws in many countries require companies
to provide maternity leave to their female employees.

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1.2.2. Indirect topic sentence: If you illustrate two or three points or ideas, you
don’t usually mention them directly in the topic sentence (For Discussion, Cause-Effect-
Solution, Advantage-Disadvantage, Two-part question)
Example 1: In some countries young people are encouraged to work or travel for a
year between finishing high school and starting university studies. Discuss the
advantages and disadvantages for young people who decide to do this.
à TS1: There are two main benefits to students travelling or working before their
university education.
à TS2: On the other hand, various drawbacks of this trend should be noted.

v How to write an indirect topic sentence

ü There are three [reasons/solutions/effects…] ….
ü There are a variety of [reasons reasons/ solutions/ effects…]…
ü There are two major advantages/disadvantages of…/to….+V_ing
ü …….due to a number of reasons/ arguments/
ü It is + adjective + for + Sb + to V
ü It is + adjective that + Sb + V
ü Adjective: important, necessary, crucial,… = of importance, of necessity,…
Example:
There are many reasons why pollution in ABC Town is the worst in the world.
There are many possible contributing factors to global warming.
It is important for the government as well as the public to take actions against traffic
congestion.
= It is of great importance for the government as well as the public to take actions
against traffic congestion.

1.3. Cách viết câu chủ đề

ĐeM vieF t mộ t câ u chủ đeH , người họ c caH n xá c định được:
• Đối tượng / chủ đề chung trong bài văn là gì?
• Ý tưởng trung tâm của đoạn văn là gì?
Ví dụ: The tradition of families getting together to eat meals is disappearing.
What are the reasons?
• Chủ đề chung của bài văn: sự biến mất của truyền thống ăn uống cùng gia đình.
• Ý tưởng trung tâm của đoạn văn: các lý do dẫn đến vấn đề trên.
→ Câu chủ đề của đoạn văn: Members in modern families are having fewer meals
together due to several reasons.
PRACTICE 4: Write the topic sentences for IELTS topics below:
a. Nowadays, some employers think that formal academic qualifications are more
important than life experience or personal qualities when they look for new
employees. Is it a positive or negative development?

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b. Some people believe that it is more important to teach children the literature of
their own country than other countries. Do you agree or disagree?
c. The best way to ensure the growth of children is to make parents take parenting
courses. Do you agree or disagree?
d. Some people think that developing countries need financial help from interna-
tional organizations. Others think that it is practical aid and advice that is needed.
Discuss these views and give your own opinion.
e. People have little understanding of the importance of the natural world. What are
the reasons and how can people learn more about the natural world?

2. SUPPORTING SENTENCES (SS)

2.1. Arguments of Causality
Basic structures:
a. That is to say…. (linking)
b. In other words,… (linking)
c. This is because… (giving reasons) + Clause ( S + V)
d. The reason is that…. (giving reasons)
e. As a consequence,….. (giving result)
f. Consequently,….. (giving result)
g. As a results,…… (giving result)
h. Eventually, + (S+V) (nói về kết quả xảy ra sau một khoảng thời gian, không phải kết
quả tức thì)

v Advanced structures:
a. One possible reason for this is that + Clause
b. This means that + Clause
c. In order to do sth/ in order for sb to do sth (effect), S+ V (cause)
d. As + Clause 1 (cause), Clause 2 (effect)
e. Since + Clause 1 (cause), Clause 2 (effect)
f. As a result/ Therefore/ Hence, + (S+V);
g. This results in/ leads to + N/ N + V_ing
h. …....., which results in/ leads to + N/ N + V_ing
i. Thanks to this..., (S+V).
j. Clause, which (thereby/ therefore/ thus/hence) Verb
k. Clause, (thereby/ therefore/ thus/hence) V_ing
l. Clause + and this has resulted/will possibly result in Noun/ V_ing/ N + V_ing
(RESULT)

Example:
• People nowadays have many things to take care of apart from family, such as their

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career and their social relationships. As a result,/Therefore,/ Hence, they tend to

neglect other family members, which eventually weaken the family ties.
• One solution to air pollution is filtering the air to remove pollutants. Singapore, for
example, has successfully developed an industrial air purifier system which take in
smokes and toxic fumes from factories and release filtered, fresh air into the
atmosphere. Thanks to this process, Singaporeans can enjoy clean air while still
being able to carry out industrial activities.
• Firstly, through travelling, students will be able to expand their horizons. (SS)
When students go overseas, they will be exposed to different cultures and customs.
As a result, they will gain a deeper understanding of the world.
• Firstly, through travelling, students will be able to expand their horizons. (SS)
When students go overseas, they will be exposed to different cultures and customs
and this will possibly result in them gaining a deeper understanding of the
world.
• Students who work will learn to appreciate the value of money. This is because/
One possible reason for this is that/ This means that they will realize the hard
work involved in earning money. Consequently, they would think more before
purchasing anything they desire and may become less impulsive in their spending.
• Since some teenagers are not allowed to drive even when they are in need, they
would choose to break the law instead, which might put = putting other drivers in
jeopardy.

2.2. Arguments of Example/Evidence (Đưa ví dụ chứng minh thông tin

trong câu chủ đề):
a. For example, Clause. which + V (Which mở đầu cho câu dẫn Result cuối cùng của
việc này (NÊN có RESULT để làm câu liên quan đến chủ đề bài viết)
b. For instance,/ As an illustration, Clause, which + V (Which mở đầu cho câu dẫn
Result cuối cùng của việc này (NÊN có RESULT để làm câu liên quan đến chủ đề bài viết)
c. A(n) obvious/ striking/ notable example (of Noun/V_ing) is Noun/ is that +
Clause, which + V (Which mở đầu cho câu dẫn Result cuối cùng của việc này (NÊN có
RESULT để làm câu liên quan đến chủ đề bài viết)
d. To provide/give/take an example, Clause, which + V (Which mở đầu cho câu dẫn
Result cuối cùng của việc này (NÊN có RESULT để làm câu liên quan đến chủ đề bài viết)
e. This is shown/illustrated/ exemplified by Noun/ V_ing/ the fact that + Clause.
Therefore, Clause. (NÊN có RESULT để làm câu liên quan đến chủ đề bài viết)
f. Such as.......
g. Good examples include + Noun.
Example 1:
• One solution to air pollution is filtering the air to remove pollutants. Singapore, for
example,/For instance,/As an illustration, has successfully developed an industrial
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GOLDEN IELTS – 275 NGUYEN TRAI, THANH XUAN, HANOI

air purifier system which take in smokes and toxic fumes from factories and release
filtered, fresh air into the atmosphere. Thanks to this process, Singaporeans can
enjoy clean air while still being able to carry out industrial activities.
• One solution to air pollution is filtering the air to remove pollutants. A(n) obvious/
striking/ notable example is that Singapore has successfully developed an
industrial air purifier system which take in smokes and toxic fumes from factories and
release filtered, fresh air into the atmosphere. Thanks to this process, Singaporeans
can enjoy clean air while still being able to carry out industrial activities.
• This is shown/illustrated/ exemplified by the fact that Singapore has successfully
developed an industrial air purifier system which take in smokes and toxic fumes
from factories and release filtered, fresh air into the atmosphere. Therefore,
Singaporeans can enjoy clean air while still being able to carry out industrial
activities.

Example 2: In some countries the average weight of people is increasing and their
levels of health and fitness are decreasing. What do you think are the causes of
these problems and what measures could be taken to solve them?
One of the main causes of obesity and poor health is unhealthy diets. In many parts
of the world, processed food, which contains high levels of sugar and salt is readily
available. This situation is made worse because this food is supported by large
advertising campaigns, which are increasingly aimed at children. This results
in young people developing bad habits at an early age, which continue into
adulthood. Good examples include soft drinks such as Coke, as well as fast food e.g.
pizza and burgers. This has been confirmed by a recent study in the USA which
showed that the majority of obese people had a poor diet containing high levels of
junk food.
v FOOD FOR THOUGHT: Should you include fake evidence? You can see from the
above paragraph, that the final supporting idea includes scientific evidence. However,
you should be careful not to be too specific as some examiners might mark you down
if it’s really obvious that you’re just making it up. Compare the following two
examples:
General (good!):
This has been confirmed by a recent study in the USA which showed that the
majority of obese people had a poor diet containing high levels of junk food.
Firstly, there are physiological differences between men and women. Men are
stronger which means that have an advantage when doing jobs which involve intense
physical work men. For instance, it is well known that THE MAJORITY of
construction work is done by men.

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Too specific (bad!):

This has been confirmed by a recent study from the University of Michigan which
showed that 87% of obese people ate junk food more than four times a week.
Firstly, there are physiological differences between men and women. Men are
stronger which means that they have an advantage when doing jobs which involve
intense physical work men. For instance, recent research by the University of
Cambridge shows that 90% of construction work is done by men.

v How to give a valid example?

Ø Bước 1: Paraphrase lại câu mà bạn cần đưa ra ví dụ.
Ø Bước 2: Cụ thể hóa thông tin bằng cách chỉ ra một số liệu, một địa danh
hay một đối tượng cụ thể được nhắc đến trước nó.
Example:
Multinational companies create more job opportunities for local people, which helps
improve their living standards.
ü Multinational companies → KFC [Cụ thể là công ty đa quốc gia nào? – KFC]
ü create more job opportunities → provide thousands of jobs [tạo được khoảng bao
nhiêu việc làm? – hàng ngàn]
ü for local people → for people in many cities [dân địa phương ở đâu? – ở nhiều
thành phố lớn]
ü helps improve their living standards → helps them to earn a living and live more
comfortably. [cải thiện cuộc sống là cải thiện khía cạnh nào? – thu nhập]
=> Multinational companies create more job opportunities for local people,
which helps improve their living standards. KFC, for example, has provided
thousands of jobs for people in my city, which helps them increase their income
and live more comfortably.
Since many subjects in high school are quite boring, students tend to have a negative
attitude towards learning. For example, children in Vietnam usually dislike studying
History since they do not find it interesting enough.
Big cities often provide more job opportunities, so people increasingly move to those
places. For instance, in Hanoi – the capital of Vietnam, there are a large number of
individuals migrating from rural areas for career purposes.

2.3. Arguments of Definition:

Definition arguments are often about how we classify something: what category does
this belong to? And why does this classification matter?
How to form arguments of definition?
Sử dụng các cách diễn đạt như: Something is/ means/ is known as/ is understood as +
Noun/V_ing để định nghĩa đối tượng
Example 1: Adverstising makes people shop better. Advertising is/ means/ is known
as/ is understood as a form of commercial communication that tells consumers
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about the products or services.

Example 2:
Topic: Some people think news has no connection to people’s lives. So then it is a waste
of time to read the newspaper and watch television news programs. To what extent do
you agree or disagree?
à The news is information about important current events and is often categorized
into different topics, each of which will attract a certain type of audience. For example,
sports-minded people will be interested in reading sports news, while businessmen
will be more concerned with economic news. In other words, people’s interest in
various fields will always be the glue that links news with people’s lives no matter
what.

2.4. Arguments of Fact

You are entering an argument of fact when you:
1. Make a claim about a fact that is known to many people
In the long run, dieting may be more harmful than moderate eating.
2. Correct an error of fact
Even though many believe that women no longer need to fight for equal rights,
women still make only about 80% of what men do for the same job.
3. Change societal myths
America was founded on the ideas of justice and equality for all humans.
Examples:
Example 1: Advertising helps us shop better. In fact, consumers can see all kinds of
adverts, from flyers to banners, in every shopping mall and supermarket to give them
information about the products that are being sold.
Example 2: Internet allows more convenience for learners. As a matter of fact, with
a device connected to the Internet, a person can attend virtual classrooms and learn
remotely instead of having to travel a long way to school.

2.5. Arguments of Evaluation

Whenever you argue that something is good or bad, right or wrong, fair or unfair,
effective or ineffective, you are making an evaluation argument.
To make an evaluation argument, you must first establish the criteria of evaluation:
the standards you are using to judge the topic under consideration.
Example: School Safety Measures
Effectiveness: to what extend do they actually keep students safe? Are they better
than the old ones?
Costs: Are the measures affordable? Is there something else we could spend the
money on that would work just as well?

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v a. Comparison and contrast:

You can compare two places (developed countries >< developing countries), two time
periods (past and present), 2 distinct subjects (traditional learning >< online learning,
men ><women, the rich >< the poor…)
Sử dụng các cách diễn đạt:
a. Sentence 1. However, by contrast, meanwhile, Sentence 2.
b. While, whereas (connect 2 clauses)
c. In the past = Traditionally,/ Previously, + Clause 1. Meanwhile, at present/
for the time being, + Clause 2
d. Compared with/to + N, S + V
Example:
• In the past, people could not know anything about what they were going to buy and
were more likely to make bad decisions. Meanwhile, in the modern world of
advertising, consumers are able to know exactly what they need to buy before going
to shopping malls or supermarkets.
• Cycling is beneficial to our health. Compared with users of other forms of
transports, cyclists are less prone to various cancers.
• Learners in offline classrooms are better supported. Upon attending class, learners
can receive immediate responses from teachers when they encounter learning
difficulties, while it takes them much longer time and more effort to seek help
on an online platform.

v b. Proposing a Hypothesis: Sử dụng câu điều kiện loại I và II để đưa ra các

giả định. Đặt các câu hỏi như: “What would happen if we didn’t have/do
this?” “what happens if we don’t have/do this?”
Example:
• Advertising makes people shop better. Unless customers have advertising to keep
the, well-informed, they will be more likely to buy things they do not really need.
• Parental guidance is key to the development of a child. Without such guidance,
children will not be able to tell right from wrong or have basic manners.
• Job satisfaction is an important factor in job choosing. If an employee is unsatisfied
with their working condition, perks, and other elements of career fulfilment, they
will lose interest in their work and eventually perform tasks less efficiently.

3. Concluding Sentence (Optional)

A concluding sentence is used to signal the end of the paragraph. It serves 3 main
purposes:
ü It signals the end of the paragraph.
ü It summarizes the main points of the paragraph.
ü It gives a final comment on the topic and leaves the reader with the most
important ideas to about.
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Use one of the following end-of-paragraph signals to begin the concluding sentence:
Indeed,/All in all,…
It can be seen that... + Clause
It is clear that...

Topic: Studying Abroad has both advantages and disadvantages. Discuss?

Sample: Studying abroad has two main benefits. Firstly, people who study abroad can
get a better job when they return to their home country. This is because their
qualifications and experience mean that they tend to get jobs that are higher paid, and
they can also gain promotion quickly. Another advantage of studying abroad is the
independence students can gain. For example, students have to cope with the
challenges of living alone and meeting new people from different cultures. As a
consequence, they will become more confident in their life and in their
relationships with others.

PRACTICE 5: Studying Abroad has both advantages and disadvantages. Discuss?

Requirement: Write a body paragraph concerning the drawbacks of studying
abroad.
Disadvantage:
v Cultural shock (1st idea)
à students are likely to experience unexpected surprises when students are actually
living and studying overseas.
àThey might feel excluded in the new country
àThey don’t have the social network yet that can give them support and strength.
v the costs (2nd idea)
à students need to have enough money before your study abroad semester/year
à many countries do not allow a foreign student to work

III. HOMEWORK:
Homework 1: Write supporting sentences for these topic sentences:
1. Topic sentence: The lack of family meals may take its toll on family relationships.
Analysis: Cá c lý lẽ và daU n chứng cho topic sentence trê n phả i chứng minh được ả nh
hưởng xaF u củ a “sự thieF u hụ t bữa ă n gia đı̀nh” và “moF i quan hệ gia đı̀nh”.
Planning:
• Đưa ra mộ t sự thậ t đeM cho thaF y thời gian gặ p mặ t gia đı̀nh là hieF m hoi.
• Đưa ra giả thuyeF t đeM cho thaF y sự tai hạ i củ a việ c khô ng có bữa ă n gia đı̀nh đoF i với
thà nh viê n trong gia đı̀nh. (là m giả m sự gaR n keF t tình cả m)
• Là m rõ hơn ả nh hưởng củ a việ c “khô ng có bữa ă n gia đı̀nh” với “moF i quan hệ ”.
(khieF n người trong nhà khô ng quan tâ m nhau hoặ c gâ y xung độ t)

2. Topic sentence: Recruiters tend to favour academic degrees because such

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GOLDEN IELTS – 275 NGUYEN TRAI, THANH XUAN, HANOI

qualifications are considered to be a tool to measure the level of knowledge that

students possess.
Analysis: Cá c lý lẽ và daU n chứng phả i là m rõ được cho topic sentence là các nhà tuyển
dụng ưu tiên những người có bằng cấp vì đó là thước đo kiến thức sinh viên.
Planning:
• Đưa ra mộ t sự thậ t đeM cho thaF y những thử thá ch khó khă n mà sinh viê n phả i trả I qua
đeM đạ t baŒ ng caF p. (vượt qua nhieH u kı̀ thi và nhieH u á p lực)
• Đưa ra mộ t sự thậ t đeM cho thaF y nhậ n định veH giá trị củ a baŒ ng caF p trong việ c đá nh giá
thực lực củ a sinh viê n. (cho thaF y họ có kieF n thức vững chaR c, cho thaF y họ có khả nă ng
choF ng chọ i á p lực)

3. Topic sentence: On the one hand, locally written works are beneficial for students as
these pieces of art can enrich student’s skills to use their own language.
Analysis: Cá c lý lẽ và daU n chứng phả i và chứng minh cá c tá c phaM m văn học trong nước
mang lạ i lợi ı́ch baŒ ng cá ch cung caF p các kỹ năng để sinh viên có thể sử dụng tiếng mẹ
đẻ.
Planning:
• Đưa ra cá c vı́ dụ veH những kieF n thức tieF ng mẹ đẻ mà trẻ em có theM họ c được thô ng
qua việ c đọ c cá c tá c phaM m vă n họ c trong nước (vı́ dụ như cú phá p câ u, cá ch dieU n đạ t
linh hoạ t).
• Đưa ra mộ t tá c dụ ng (keF t quả ) củ a việ c giỏ i ngô n ngữ mẹ đẻ . (ý tưởng sẽ trở nê n
thuyeF t phụ c neF u có tá c dụ ng thực tieU n)

4. Topic sentence: Parenting courses could equip parents with necessary skills and
knowledge to help them deal with raising their children.
Analysis:
Planning:
LaF y vı́ dụ veH mộ t đoF I tượng cha mẹ cụ theM (VD: laH n đaH u tiê n là m cha mẹ ) và đưa ra vaF n
đeH họ gặ p phả i khi nuô i con.
• Từ đó , đưa ra tá c dụ ng củ a cá c khó a họ c dạ y là m cha mẹ .

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