Environmental

Management
SKAA3913
Air Pollution:
Types and Sources
 What is air pollution?
Air Pollution is the presence in the atmosphere
of substances put there by the acts of man in
concentrations sufficient to interfere with
health, comfort, safety, full use & enjoyment of
property
 Importance of Air
Three necessities of life
Need Daily amount Max. Deprivation
Food 1.36 kg 5 weeks
Water 2.26 kg 5 days
Air 22.67 kg 5 minutes

Air volume consumed by human activities

Activities liter/min liter/day kg/day
Resting 7.4 10600 12
Light activity 28 40400 45
Heavy activity 43 62000 69
 Types of Air Pollution Problems

Type I – Indoor, Type II - Regional, Type III –

Local, and Urban Continental Hemispheric, Global

➢ Isolated ➢ Transport or sulfur ➢ Climate change

factories and nitrogen oxides ➢ Global warming
➢ Power plants ➢ Regional transport ➢ Ozone depletion
➢ Waste disposal of ozone
sites ➢ Transport of
particulates from
forest fires and
slash burning
 Sources of Air Pollution
Industrial Facilities - Manufacturing products from raw materials
Transportation - Emissions per unit area, traffic density, speed,
1 emissions per vehicle
Urban and Industrial
Process emissions - Furnaces, fireplaces, stoves, grills, open
burning of leaves
Waste disposal - Landfills, incineration facilities, sewage
treatment plants, backyard compost pits
Construction activities - Land clearing, demolition, digging,
grinding, paving, painting

Dust Browning - Ploughing, tilling, and harvesting

2 Agricultural and Rural Slash Burning - Burning of forest, straw, wild grass, agricultural waste
Sources products
Soil Emissions - Fertilizers containing nitrates and phosphates
Pesticides - Spraying by aircraft may transport to residential areas
Decaying wastes - Release ammonia, methane, and noxious vapors

Wind erosion - SiO2 , Heavy metals

3 Forest fires - Smoke, HC, CO, CO2, and NOx
Natural Sources Volcanic eruptions - CO2, SO2, and PM
Biogenic emissions - HC (isoprene), CH4, NH3, pollen, spores
Sea spray and evaporation - Salt Particles, Trace gases
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BY: TS.DR.KOGILA VANI ANNAMMALA
 Classification of Air Pollutants

Primary- emitted directly,

do not undergo any
chemical or physical
transformation
Secondary- Formed as a
result of chemical
reactions among primary
pollutants and normally
present atmospheric
constituents 8
 Types of Air Pollutants
Gaseous - i.e. nitrogen
oxides (NOx), sulfur oxides
(SOx), carbon oxides (CO,
CO2), ozone (O3)

Particulates – i.e. TSP,

PM10, PM2.5
Hazardous Air Pollutants
(HAPs) - i.e. benzene,
perchlorethlyene,
10
methylene chloride
 Air Pollutant (Gas) :
Sulfur Compounds
Primary: Sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, carbonyl sulfide, carbon disulfide,
dimethyl sulphide
Secondary: Sulfur trioxide, sulfuric acid, sulphate ion, ammonium sulphate
Possible Sources:
Burning fuels containing sulfur (vehicle, power plant), roasting metal,
sulfide ores

Effects:
Acid rain, hampers the growth of plants, respiratory problems
A few notes on sulfur compounds:
• Sulfur dioxide is a colorless corrosive gas with a pungent, irritating odor
(major air pollutant)
• Hydrogen sulfide is a highly toxic, foul smelling gas, from volcanoes,
anaerobic biological decay, etc
 Air Pollutant (Gas) :
Nitrogen Compounds
Primary: Nitric Oxide, nitrous oxide, nitrogen dioxide, ammonia
Secondary: nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide, nitrate ion, ammonium ion
Possible Sources:
Motor vehicles, industry, power plant, open burning

Effects:
Acid rain, contributes to global warming, hampers the growth of plants,
precursors for photochemical ozone formation
A few notes on nitrogen compounds:
• NOx is a generic term for the various nitrogen oxides produced during
combustion
• Oxidized state- N2O, NO, NO2
• Nitrous oxide, colorless, nontoxic, low reactivity- not significant pollutan
• Nitrogen dioxide- reddish brown gas with pungent odor
• Nitrous acid (HNO2), nitric acid (HNO3) and nitrates- cause acidic clouds and
precipitation
 Air Pollutant (Gas) :
Carbon Compounds
Inorganic carbon Carbon monoxide
compounds
There are 2 types: Carbon dioxide
Organic carbon Primary: methane, terpenes,
compounds isoprenes, C1-C5 compounds
Possible Sources classified as paraffins, olefins and
CO & CO2: Burning fuels (vehicle ~70%), power aromatics
plant, industry, methane oxidation Secondary: organic nitrates,
Organic carbon compound: vehicles (raw peroxides, oxygenated
unburned fuel, fuel evaporation), Industry, hydrocarbons classified as
Refineries, Landfill, Solvent evaporation aldehydes, ketones and acids

Effects
CO2 primary greenhouse gas
CO is poisonous, colourless, tasteless and odourless. Reduce the capacity of the blood
to carry oxygen.
CH4 greenhouse gas
Hydrocarbons react in the presence of NOx and UV to form ozone (smog). Ozone
irritates the eyes, damages the lungs, and cause respiratory problems.
Aromatic carcinogenic, reproductive problems
 Air Pollutant (Gas) :
Carbon Compounds
A few notes on Inorganic Carbon Compounds
Carbon monoxide: - Colorless, odorless, nonirritating, but highly toxic gas
that is considered a dangerous asphyxiate.
- Combines with the hemoglobin of the blood and
reduces bloods ability to carry oxygen to cell tissues.
Carbon dioxide: - Non toxic, essential ingredient of plant and animal life cycles.
- 0.5% increase/year due to wide consumption of fossil fuels.
- Possibly contribute to climate change.

A few notes on Organic Carbon Compounds

Methane: - Relatively nonreactive, considered important in photochemical
reactions
- Possible climate warming
Non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC): Important ingredients of photochemical
chain reactions with nitrogen oxides
(especially VOCs)
Air Pollutant (Gas) :
Ozone
Found in two different layers of the
atmosphere - troposphere and stratosphere
• Secondary pollutant - not emitted
directly into atmosphere
• Complex photochemical reaction
involving
• NOx ,VOCs and requires UV energy
from sunlight
• Effects:
- Elevated levels above may cause lung
and respiratory disorders
- Short term exposure can result in
shortness of breath, coughing, chest
tightness or irritation of nose and
throat
 Ground-level ozone is a colorless and highly irritating gas that forms just above the earth's
surface. It is called a "secondary" pollutant because it is produced when two primary
pollutants react in sunlight and stagnant air. These two primary pollutants are nitrogen oxides
(NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs).
 Air Pollutant (Particulates)
Significant air pollutant which acknowledged harmful to
human health – respiratory illness, bronchitis even
deaths
due to the increasing of mortality associated
with acute (daily) and chronic (decades)
exposures
caused adverse health effects - proven
consistently throughout the world
Particulate
Commonly classified based on size fraction - coarse
Matter particle (PM10) and fine particle (PM2.5)
(PM) PM10 - particles with aerodynamic diameters
less than 10 μm
PM2.5 - Particle with aerodynamic diameters
less than 2.5 μm
a complex and varying
mixture of many Main source of both coarse and fine particle are
different components
that suspended in the generally different
air, which vary in size Coarse particle - primarily produced by
and composition mechanical processes
Fine particle - generated mainly from
combustion sources
 Air Pollutant (Particulates)
Coarse Particles
Fine Particles (PM2.5)
(PM10)
• smoke, dirt and dust
from factories, • toxic organic
What farming, and roads compounds
• mold, spores, and • heavy metals
pollen
• crushing and • driving automobiles
grinding rocks and • burning plants
soil blown by wind (brush fires and
• burning plants forest fires or yard
Source
(brush fires and waste)
forest fires or yard • smelting (purifying)
waste) and processing
metals
 Air Pollutant (Particulates)

Image by Jisaac9

Size distribution in micrometres (µm) of various types of airborne particles

 Air Pollutant (Particulates)

Hair cross section (60µm)

PM10 PM2.5
(10µm) (2.5µm) Image courtesy of U.S EPA

Relative size of particulate matter

Factors Affecting Air Pollution
Level

WIND

ATMOSPHERIC TYPES OF
STABILITY PLUMES

TOPOGRAPHY
 Factors Affecting Air Pollution Level
(Wind)
Wind carries air contaminants away from their source, causing them to disperse
 Factors Affecting Air Pollution Level
(Wind)
air in natural motion, as that moving horizontally at
any velocity along the earth's surface

moves based on differences in pressure in the

atmosphere where the weight of the atmosphere at a
given point
WIND
horizontal dispersion of air pollutants depends upon
wind speed and direction

concentration of pollutants decreases with increasing

wind speed

buildings in cities can also obstruct wind flow thus

further aggravating air pollution problems
 Factors Affecting Air Pollution Level
ATMOSPHERIC (Atmospheric Stability)

the tendency of the atmosphere to resist or enhance vertical

motion is termed stability
STABILITY

atmospheric stability depends upon the relationship between

air, temperature and altitude that occurs at a particular time
and place

atmospheric stability affects vertical movements of air

 Factors Affecting Air Pollution Level
(Atmospheric Stability - Unstable)
Cool air

Warm air

Cool air sinks

Warm air rises

Air masses move naturally in a vertical direction, and carry pollutants upward, away from
the ground
 Factors Affecting Air Pollution Level
(Atmospheric Stability – Type of Plume)

Stack and plume

plume • Emission of waste gases,
fumes, vapours and smokes
to the atmosphere are
usually by the use of a smoke
stack or chimney.
• Stack emission becomes a
plume in the atmosphere.
stack or chimney • The plume is an area of
concentrated waste
emissions that slowly
become diluted with the
other atmospheric gases.
 Factors Affecting Air Pollution Level
(Atmospheric Stability – Type of Plume)

Plume Effects
Mixing or dispersion of the waste gases and products into the
atmosphere = plume behaviour/effect.
 Factors Affecting Air Pollution Level
(Atmospheric Stability – Type of Plume)
• Plume types are important because they help us understand
under what conditions there will be higher concentrations of
contaminants at ground level.
– Looping plume
– Coning plume
– Fanning plume
– Lofting plume
– Fumigation plume
 Factors Affecting Air Pollution Level
(Atmospheric Stability – Type of Plume)
Looping Plume

High degree of convective turbulence

Super-adiabatic lapse rate-- strong instabilities
Associated with clear daytime conditions
accompanied by strong solar heating & light
winds
High probability of high concentrations
sporadically at ground level close to stack.
Occurs in unstable atmospheric conditions.
 Factors Affecting Air Pollution Level
(Atmospheric Stability – Type of Plume)

Coning Plume

•Stable with small-scale turbulence

•Associated with overcast moderate to strong winds
•Pollutants travel fairly long distances before reaching
ground level in significant amounts
•Occurs in neutral atmospheric conditions
 Factors Affecting Air Pollution Level
(Atmospheric Stability – Type of Plume)

Fanning Plume

Occurs under large negative lapse rate

Strong inversion at a considerable distance above the
stack
Extremely stable atmosphere
Little turbulence
 Lapse Rate
• lapse rate, rate of change in temperature
observed while moving upward through the
Earth’s atmosphere.
• Positive when the temperature decreases with
elevation,
• zero when the temperature is constant with
elevation, and
• negative when the temperature increases with
elevation (temperature inversion).
 Factors Affecting Air Pollution Level
(Atmospheric Stability – Type of Plume)

Lofting Plume

Favorable in the sense that fewer

impacts at ground level.
Pollutants go up into environment.
They are created when atmospheric
conditions are unstable above the plume
and stable below.
 Factors Affecting Air Pollution Level
(Atmospheric Stability – Type of Plume)

Fumigation Plume

Most dangerous plume: contaminants are all coming

down to ground level.
They are created when atmospheric conditions are
stable above the plume and unstable below.
This happens most often after the daylight sun has
warmed the atmosphere, which turns a night time
fanning plume into fumigation for about a half an hour.
 Factors Affecting Air Pollution Level
(Topography)

Certain topographical and

TOPOGRAPHY atmospheric stability
conditions may also aggravate
air pollution problems

Warm air

Cold air
 Factors Affecting Air Pollution Level
(Topography)

Warm air

Cold air
wind
 Impact of Air Pollution

Acid Deposition
Photochemical Smog
Haze
Ozone Depletion
Greenhouse/Global Warming

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 Impact of Air Pollution

Acid deposition Phenomenon

Photochemical smog Effects

Outdoor
Haze air pollution State

Ozone Cause

Greenhouse effects Indoor

Effects
air pollution
State
 Impact of Air Pollution:
Acid Deposition - Phenomenon
o Emissions of sulphur oxides and nitrogen oxides, when
combined with sunlight and water vapor, results in mild
sulphuric or nitric acid.

o Acid deposition occurs when pH levels falls below 5. Some

references indicate pH level below 5.6 as acid rain.
 Impact of Air Pollution:
Acid Deposition - Phenomenon
Wet precipitation Dry precipitation
o rain, snow, or fog o dust, smoke, or other aerosols
(microscopic particles in the air)

Dry deposition can then

be converted into acids
when these deposited
chemicals meet water
BY: TS.DR.KOGILA VANI ANNAMMALA
 Impact of Air Pollution:
Acid Deposition - Effects
EFFECTS OF ACID DEPOSITION
Damage materials (buildings, metals, car paints)
Destroys aquatic life
Damages and kills plants
Releases ions of aluminum, lead, mercury and cadmium from
soil and bottom sediments
Leaching of soil nutrients
Leaching of toxic metals such as copper and lead from pipes
into drinking water
Aggravates respiratory illness
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 Impact of Air Pollution:
Acid Deposition - Effects
Effects on buildings : acid dissolves limestone and marble
 Impact of Air Pollution:
Acid Deposition - Effects
Effects on statue : Build in year 1702 in Germany

Taken in 1908 Taken in 1968

 Impact of Air Pollution:
Acid Deposition - Effects
Effects on forests: nutrient cycles
 Impact of Air Pollution:
Acid Deposition - Effects
Effects on aquatic life: caused the destruction of phytoplankton
 Impact of Air Pollution:
Acid Deposition - Effects
Effects on health: health-related component of the acid rain phenomenon is the
aspect of acidic aerosols
 Impact of Air Pollution:
Photochemical Smog – Phenomenon
Photochemical smog is a mixture of pollutants that are formed when
nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) react to sunlight,
creating a brown haze above cities.

Image by Rotatebot

Aerial View of Photochemical Smog Pollution Over Mexico City

 Impact of Air Pollution:
Photochemical Smog – Phenomenon
o SMOG = SMOKE + FOG ; can be of two types – industrial or
winter smog and photochemical or summer smog

o Under certain meteorological conditions, the smoke and

sulfur dioxide produced from the burning of coal can
combine with fog to create industrial smog. But today, the
use of cleaner (than coal) fuels has greatly reduced the
occurrence of industrial smog in the industrialized areas.

o However, the massive burning of fuels in mobile devices in

urban areas can create another atmospheric pollution
problem known as photochemical smog.
 Impact of Air Pollution:
Photochemical Smog – Phenomenon

o Industrial smog or gray smog occurs where coal is burned and

the atmosphere is humid

o Photochemical smog or brown haze occurs where sunlight

acts on vehicle pollutants
 Impact of Air Pollution:
Photochemical Smog – Phenomenon
 Impact of Air Pollution:
Photochemical Smog – Effects

Effects on human health

o Low concentrations of ground-level ozone can

irritate the eyes, nose and throat. As smog increases,
it can trigger more serious health problems,
including:
o Asthma, bronchitis, coughing and chest pain;
o Increased susceptibility to respiratory infections;
o Decreased lung function and physical performance.
 Impact of Air Pollution:
Photochemical Smog – Effects
Effects on vegetation and materials

o Sensitive crops, trees and other vegetation are harmed at

lower ozone concentrations
o Ground-level ozone can damage leaves, and reduce
growth, productivity and reproduction. It can cause
vulnerability to insects and disease, and even plant death.
o When ozone levels are fairly high over a long period,
agricultural crops can suffer significant harm.
o Smog can also accelerate the deterioration of rubber,
plastics, paints and dyes.
 Impact of Air Pollution:
Photochemical Smog – Effects

The enhanced greenhouse effect and acid rain

o The pollutants emitted into atmosphere are implicated in

numerous environmental problems.
o Ozone, for example, is not only a major component of
smog; it also contributes to the enhanced greenhouse
effect, which is predicted to lead to global climate change.
o Similarly, NOx - one of the building blocks of ground-level
ozone - plays a major role in formation of acid rains.
 Impact of Air Pollution:
Haze - Phenomenon
Haze is a form of air pollution which
is exacerbated at certain times of the
year under specific weather
conditions.

It is caused by the presence of a

large number of minute particles
suspended in the atmosphere. These
particles can be natural in origin or
from human activities.

Haze occurs particularly when there

are high levels of air pollutants (esp.
Image by Thomas Galvez particulates), combined with dry,
stable atmospheric conditions.
View of Kuala Lumpur during Southeast Asian
haze episode
 Impact of Air Pollution:
Haze - Phenomenon
Particulate matter (PM)
was identified as
dominant air pollutant
parameter during the
worst haze episode
During haze days, the Exposure to particulate
concentration of PM, pollution (alone or with
SO2, CO, NO2, and other air pollutants)-
ground level ozone (O3) premature death, difficult
was found to be
significantly higher as
compared to non-haze
day
HAZE breathing, aggravated
asthma, and increased
respiratory symptoms in
children
What are
Economic losses from travel other adverse Several gaseous compounds
disruptions - steep declines impacts of in the haze - affects global
in tourist arrivals environment and climate
HAZE?
Transport - severely Closures of airports and
disrupted by haze cancellation of flights were
common in the region
 Impact of Air Pollution:
Haze - Effects

o Particulate matter less than 10 µm in size, including fine

particles less than 2.5 µm, can penetrate deep into the lungs.

o Premature death, difficult breathing, aggravated asthma, and

increased respiratory symptoms in children.

o People most at risk from exposure to fine particulate matter

are children, the elderly, and people with chronic respiratory
problems.
 Impact of Air Pollution:
Haze - Phenomenon

o Several gaseous compounds in the haze are likely to affect

global environment and climate.

o Transport was also severely disrupted by haze. Closures of

airports and cancellation of flights were common in the
region.

o Economic losses from travel disruptions, were compounded

by steep declines in tourist arrivals
 How To Differentiate?
Haze Photochemical Smog
Forms when fine particles of dust or • Happens when the gasses mix with
salt disperse through the water vapor in the atmosphere,
atmosphere then react with sunlight, creating
nasty form of "haze.“
Color : typically white, gray or even
blue…some types of particles such • Color: white or brownish haze,
as sulfates, scatter more light, usually noticeable during morning
particularly during humid hours.
conditions.
• Typically starts in warm, windless
Occurred distance from emission cities with heavy traffic, but
sources→ some particles directly because travels with wind, can also
emitted to the air; others are appear in rural areas
formed when gases carried many
miles from the source of pollutants.
 Impact of Air Pollution :
Ozone Depletion - Phenomenon
Exits both in the troposphere and stratosphere

Ozone in stratosphere protects life on earth by absorbing harmful ultraviolet (UV)

radiation (99%)
may
causes
skin cancer; eye cataracts; severe sunburn; suppression of human
immune system; decreased yields in food crops; reduction in growth of
marine phytoplankton; increase global warming (greenhouse effect)

Ozone in troposphere is a photochemical oxidant (major concern in air pollution).

may
causes
Nausea; headaches; coughing; respiratory problems;
damages plants - damage to chromosomes & will cause
damage to plants; Ozone in the troposphere is a greenhouse
gas
 Impact of Air Pollution :
Ozone Depletion - Phenomenon

o Ozone (O3) is a naturally occurring gas in the

stratosphere
o It is created when ultraviolet radiation (sunlight)
strikes the stratosphere, dissociating (or "splitting")
oxygen molecules (O2) to atomic oxygen (O). The
atomic oxygen quickly combines with further oxygen
molecules to form ozone.
o In the stratosphere, it serves to absorb harmful solar
UV rays.
 Impact of Air Pollution :
Ozone Depletion - Effects
Stratospheric ozone
o Protects life on earth by absorbing harmful ultraviolet
radiation

Tropospheric ozone
o Nausea
o Headaches
o Coughing
o Respiratory problems
o Damages plants
o Ozone in the troposphere is a greenhouse gas
 Ground-level ozone is a colorless and highly irritating gas that forms just above the earth's
surface. It is called a "secondary" pollutant because it is produced when two primary
pollutants react in sunlight and stagnant air. These two primary pollutants are nitrogen oxides
(NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs).
 Impact of Air Pollution :
Ozone Depletion - Effects
Depletion of ozone in the stratosphere is caused by:
o CFC ; Halon ; Methyl bromide ;Methyl chloroform; Carbon
tetrachloride
 Impact of Air Pollution :
Ozone Photochemistry
o Ozone is constantly produced and destroyed in a natural cycle
o Ozone production and destruction are balanced, ozone levels
remain stable.
O2 + O + M --> O3 + M
O2 + hc/ --> O + O
•Photon of light
•The M represents any
other molecule
(most probably N2 or
O2 comprise 99% of
the atmosphere)

O3+ hc/ --> O2 + O

This was the situation until past several decades.

 Impact of Air Pollution :
Ozone Depletion - Effects
Effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation

o Skin cancer
o Eye cataracts (blurred vision & eventual blindness)
o Severe sunburn
o Suppression of human immune system
o Decreased yields in food crops (rice, corn etc.)
o Reduction in growth of marine phytoplankton
o Increase global warming (greenhouse effect)
 Impact of Air Pollution :
Ozone Depletion - Effects
Preventing Ozone Depletion (Montreal Protocol 1990)

o Banning the use of CFC, halons, carbon

tetrachloride and methyl chloroform

o Substitute coolants in refrigerators and air

conditioning with other cooling agents such as
HFC (hydroflurocarbon) and HCFC
(hydrochlorofluorocarbon) which are decomposed
more rapidly in the atmosphere
 Impact of Air Pollution :
Greenhouse Effects- Phenomenon
Gases:
1.Carbon dioxide (CO2)
o Main causes
• Burning of fossil fuel (automobiles, industries etc.)
• Deforestation

2. Chloroflurocarbons (CFC)
o Main causes
• Leaking of old air conditioners & refrigerators
• Production of plastic foams
• Propellants in spray cans
 Impact of Air Pollution :
Greenhouse Effects- Phenomenon
3. Methane (CH4)
o Main causes
• Solid waste dumping grounds & landfills
• Burning of forest & grasslands
• Agricultural waste

4. Nitrous oxide (N2O)

o Main causes
• Nylon production
• Decomposition of nitrogen fertilizers
• Burning of fossil fuels

5. Tropospheric ozone
o Main cause
• Photochemical smog
BY: TS.DR.KOGILA VANI ANNAMMALA
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 Impact of Air Pollution :
Greenhouse Effects – Global Warming

o To prevent:

• Reducing current fossil fuel use.

• Improving energy efficiency.
• Shifting to perpetual and renewable energy resources that
do not emit CO2
• Stopping deforestation
• Stopping marine pollution that kills phytoplankton
 Impact of Air Pollution :
Greenhouse Effects – Global Warming

SHIFTING TO PERPETUAL AND RENEWABLE

ENERGY RESOURCES
 Impact of Air Pollution :
Greenhouse Effects – Global Warming

•S
Solar panel
 Impact of Air Pollution :
Greenhouse Effects – Global Warming

Wave and tidal energy

 Impact of Air Pollution :
Greenhouse Effects – Global Warming

Wave and Wind

 Impact of Air Pollution :
Greenhouse Effects – Global Warming

Prevent logging activities &start with

REFORESTATION
 Impact of Air Pollution :
Indoor Pollution – Cause

o Most of human will spend 80-90% of their live

indoors

o Pollution exposure at home and work place is often

greater than outdoors

o Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) refers to the nature of the

conditioned (heat/cool) air that circulates
throughout space or area where we work and live.
 Impact of Air Pollution :
Indoor Pollution – Cause
o Indoor air pollution comprises a mixture of contaminants
penetrating from outdoors and those generated indoors

o It is estimated that indoor air pollutants levels are 25-62%

greater than outside levels and can posed serious health
problems (The California Air Resources Board)

o Primary source of indoor air quality problems:

• Outdoor air
• Building and construction material & furnishings
• Building occupants and activities
• Inadequate building design and maintenance
 Impact of Air Pollution :
Indoor Pollution – Cause

Occupants activities Outdoor air

Building design Construction material

 Impact of Air Pollution :
Indoor Pollution – Cause
 Impact of Air Pollution :
Indoor Pollution – Source
How can we categorized these contaminants?
Combustion Respirable
VOC
products particulates
•Tobacco smoke •Pesticide &
•Carbon monoxide fungicide
•Water vapor
•Carbon dioxide •Alcohols
•Carbon Dioxide
•Nitrogen dioxide •Benzene
•Sulphur dioxide •Chloroform

Biologics & Odors

Radionuclides
bioaerosols
•Molds & fungi
•Bacteria •Odors associated
•Radon with any of the
•Viruses
•Radon progeny above
•Nonviable
microbial
 Impact of Air Pollution :
Indoor Pollution – Cause
o Factor effects indoor air pollution levels:
• Inadequate ventilation can increase indoor pollutant levels
➢by not bringing in enough outdoor air to dilute emissions
from indoor sources
➢by not carrying indoor air pollutants out of the home.
• High temperature
• Humidity levels and lighting
 Impact of Air Pollution :
Indoor Pollution – Effect
o The World Health Organization states that “indoor air pollution
from solid fuel use is responsible for more than 1.6 million
annual deaths and 2.7% of the global burden of disease

o This makes this risk factor the second biggest environmental

contributor to ill health, behind unsafe water and sanitation.

o Radon and Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) are the two

indoor air pollutants of greatest concern from a health
perspective.
 Impact of Air Pollution :
Indoor Pollution – Effect
o Radon
• Naturally occurring gas that is odorless, colorless, and
radioactive comes from soil under basements
• Long term exposure can cause lung cancer

o Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS)

• Smoke emitted from the burning of a cigarette, pipe, or
cigar, and smoke inhaled by a smoker.
• It is a complex mix of more than 4,000 chemical
compounds, containing many known or suspected
carcinogens and toxic agents, including particles, carbon
monoxide, and formaldehyde.
• Deadliest indoor air pollutant
 Impact of Air Pollution :
Indoor Pollution – Effect
o Mold
• Moisture in vents, carpets
• Allergy sympthoms, breathing
problems, headache, fatique

o Carbon monoxide
• Malfunctioning furnace, gas
appliances, cars
• Blood cannot carry oxygen
• Feel sleepy, nausea, dizzy, cause
death
 Impact of Air Pollution :
o Asbestos Indoor Pollution – Effect
• Roofing, flooring, insulation,
brakes
• Negative effect if deteriorates
• Can cause asbestosis (scarring
of lungs) and mesothelioma
(type of lung cancer)

o Lead
• Old homes, toys, lead crystal
dishes
• Causes behavior & learning
problems, slow growth, hearing
problems, headaches
 o Immediate effects show
up after a
single/repeated
exposure
• irritation of eyes,
nose, and throat,
headaches,
dizziness, and fatigue

o Long term effects

include some
respiratory diseases,
heart disease, and
cancer…
Sources and potential health effects

Source: Frost & Sullivan

 Impact of Air Pollution :
Indoor Pollution – Effect
o Sick building syndrome (SBS)
• The feeling of illness among majority
of occupants of a conditioned space

• Cause:
• Building closed up to save
energy….no air circulation
• Effects of fumes intensified

o Symptoms:
• Headache, eye or throat irritation,
cough, itchy skin, dizziness
• Feel better when get fresh air
Air Pollution Controls

Methods and Devices

 Air Pollution Control
• Definition
– Air pollution control refer to steps taken to maintain a
standard of purity of air for good public health; for
protection of plant and animal life, and property; for
visibility; and for safe ground and air transportation
(OECD, 1997)

• Air pollution control of removal mechanism can

be divided into:
– Control of gaseous emission
– Control of particulates emission
 What is air pollution?
Air Pollution is the presence in the atmosphere
of substances put there by the acts of man in
concentrations sufficient to interfere with
health, comfort, safety, full use & enjoyment of
property
 Air Pollutant Control :
Gaseous Emission

• The major collection mechanism for gaseous

pollutants are:
– Absorption
– Adsorption
– Combustion
– Condensation

• The applicability of each technique depends on

the physical and chemical properties of the
gaseous pollutant and the gas stream
 Air Pollutant Control :
Particulate Emission

• Particulates pollutants are collected using applied

force

• Particle removal mechanisms include separation

by:
– Gravity
– Centrifugal force
– Impaction
– Diffusion
– Electrostatic precipitation
 Air Pollutant Control :
Device
• The best way to reduce the emission of pollutants is by changing to
cleaner fuels and processers

• However, pollutants that not eliminated in this way must be collected

or trapped by appropriate air cleaning devices; as they are generated
and before it release into the atmosphere.

• Air quality management sets the tools to control air pollutant

emissions. Control measurements describes the equipment,
processes or actions used to reduce air pollution.

• The extent of pollution reduction varies among technologies and

measures.
 Air Pollutant Control :
Device – Cyclone Separator
 Air Pollutant Control :
Device – Cyclone Separator
• Advantages of cyclone
separator
– Low capital cost
– Easy operation and
maintenance
– Efficient for particle size
greater than 10µm

• Disadvantages of cyclone
separator
– Not very efficient for
particles less than 10µm
– Not adequate to meet
stringent air pollution
regulations
 Air Pollutant Control :
Device – Baghouse Filter
 Air Pollutant Control :
Device – Baghouse Filter
• Advantages of baghouse filter
– High collection efficiencies even for
very small particles (< 5µm)
– Can operate on a wide variety of
dust types
– Modular design and can be pre-
assembled at the factory

• Disadvantages of baghouse filter

– Require large floor areas
– Fabrics can be harmed by high
temperatures or corrosive chemicals
– Cannot operate in moist
environments; reduce efficiencies
– Potential for fire & explosion
– High capital cost
 Air Pollutant Control :
Device – Electrostatic Precipitator
 Air Pollutant Control :
Device – Electrostatic Precipitator

• Advantages of electrostatic precipitator

– Very high efficiencies, even for small
particles
– Can handle large volume of dusts
– Can be designed for a wide range of gas
temperature

• Disadvantages of electrostatic precipitator

– High capital cost
– Cannot control gaseous emissions
– Once installed the unit is not very flexible
to changes in operating conditions
– Requires large floor areas
– Might not work on particulates with very
high electrical resistivity
 Air Pollutant Control :
Device – Wet Scrubber
 Air Pollutant Control :
Device – Wet Scrubber
• Advantages of wet scrubber
– Can handle flammable and explosive
dust with little risk
– Provide gas absorption and dust
collection in a single unit
– Can handle mist or moist type
pollutants
– Provide cooling of hot gases
– Acidic gases and dust can be
neutralized

• Disadvantages of wet scrubber

– High potential for corrosive problems
– High capital cost
– Effluent liquid can create water
pollution problems
STANDARDS AND
REGULATIONS
 AIR POLLUTANT INDEX (API)
• API- reporting the quality of air or level of air
pollution at any particular area
• Developed in easily understood ranges of values,
instead of using the actual concentrations of air
pollutants.
• It is calculated based on 5 major air pollutants :
– Sulphur Dioxide (SO2)
– Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)
– Carbon Monoxide (CO)
– Suspended particulate matter of less than 10microns
size (PM10)
– Ground Level Ozone (O3)
Measured in ppm (parts per million) or µg/m3
(micrograms per cubic meter)
 AIR POLLUTANT INDEX: HEALTH
EFFECT
API Status Health Effect Health Advice
Low pollution without any No restriction for outdoor
0-50 Good bad effect on health activities to the public.
Maintain healthy lifestyle

Moderate pollution that No restriction for outdoor

51-100 Moderate does not pose any bad effect activities to the public.
on health Maintain healthy lifestyle

101-200 Unhealthy Worsen the health condition Limited outdoor activities for
of high risk people who is the high risk people. Public
the people with heart and need to reduce the extreme
lung complications outdoor activities
 AIR POLLUTANT INDEX: HEALTH
EFFECT
API Status Health Effect Health Advice
Worsen the health condition Old and high risk people are
201-300 Very and low tolerance of physical advised to stay indoor and
Unhealthy exercises to people with reduce physical activities.
heart and lung complications. People with health
Affect public health. complications are advised to
see doctor
Hazardous to high risk people Old and high risk people are
>300 Hazardous and public health prohibited for outdoor
activities. Public are advised to
prevent from outdoor activities

>500 Emergency Hazardous to high risk people Public are advised to follow
and public health orders from National Security
Council and always follow the
announcement in mass media
 ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY ACT 1974
OBJECTIVE
➢ Prevent, Remove, Control pollution and Improve the
environment

RELATED SECTION
➢ SECTION 22 : Restrictions on Pollution of the
Atmosphere
➢ SECTION 29A : Prohibition on Open Burning
➢ SECTION 29AA : Exclusion from “Open Burning”
➢ SECTION 29B : Owner / Occupier of Premises Liable for
Open Burning
 ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY (CLEAN
AIR) REGULATIONS 1978
• Came into force on the 1st October 1978
• Apply to :
– any premises used for any industrial or trade
purposes,
– any facility or process that discharged or is
capable of discharging air impurities into open air;
– every chimney;
– every industrial plant; and
– every fuel burning equipment.
 ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY
(PRESCRIBED ACTIVITIES) (OPEN
BURNING) ORDER 2000
 ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY
(PRESCRIBED ACTIVITIES) (OPEN
BURNING) ORDER 2000
List of PRESCRIBED ACTIVITIES for open burning :

✓ Burning of any diseased plants

✓ Burning of carcasses of infected animal, bird
✓ Burning of solid or liquid fuels in the course of carrying
out research into the causes and control of fires
✓ Burning of plant from a land clearing for the cultivation
of food crops
✓ Burning of paddy stalks prior to replant
✓ Burning of sugar cane leaves prior to harvest in an area
< 20 hectares
 List of PRESCRIBED ACTIVITIES for open burning
: (CONT’)

✓ Burning of plants for land clearing for the purpose of

planting or replanting plant crops in area < 2 ha/day
✓ Burning of pineapple stumps prior to replant, which is
dry prior to burning, in area < 6 ha/day
✓ Burning of any articles as part of religious rites or
worshipping activities
✓ Cremation
✓ Camp fire which is not carried out at any peat soil
(tanah gambut) area
✓ Outdoor grilles, barbecues which is not carried out at
any peat soil area
 List of PRESCRIBED ACTIVITIES for open burning :
(CONT’)
✓ Burning of agricultural plant for land clearing for
the purpose of planting or replanting of plant
crops by subsistence farmers in rural areas which
is not carried out at any peat soil area
✓ Burning of leaves, tree branches and yard
trimmings in villages in rural areas which is not
carried out at any peat soil area
✓ Burning of flammable gases where the industrial
flare is properly operated
AKTA KUALITI ALAM SEKELILING 1974
Peraturan Kualiti Alam Sekeliling (Udara Bersih), 1978
NEW
EQ (Clean Air) Reg. 2014
 NEW #
Measures to reduce emission
An owner or occupier of a premises involved in any activity
or industry listed in the First Schedule shall incorporate
measures to reduce the emission of air pollutants to the
atmosphere in accordance with the Best Available
Techniques Economically Achievable determined by the
Director General.
BEST AVAILABLE TECHNIQUES GUIDANCE DOCUMENT
FOR NON-FERROUS METAL INDUSTRY –Issued by DOE
Application of
Sustainable
Development
Goals (SDGs) to
Air Pollution
 Related
Goals to Air
Pollution
Thank You