132/1 – TOSA Examination - 2023

THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA

PRESIDENT’S OFFICE
REGIONAL ADMINISTRATION AND LOCAL GOVERNMENTS
TANZANIA OLD SCHOOLS ASSOCIATION (TOSA)

FORM SIX PRE - NATIONAL EXAMINATIONS – 2023

CHEMISTRY 1
CODE: 132/1
TIME: 3:00 HOURS MARCH, 2023

INSTRUCTIONS
1. This paper consists of sections A and B with a total of ten (10) questions.
2. Answer ALL questions in section A and any two (2) from section B.
3. Cellular phones and any unauthorized materials are not allowed in the examination room.
4. The use of non-programmable calculator is allowed.
5. Write your Examination Number (Name) on every page of your answer booklet(s).
6. Where necessary the following constants may be used:
(i) Atomic masses: H = 1, C = 12, N = 14, O = 16.
(ii) Planck’s constant, h = 6.626 × 10−34 Js.
(iii) Rydberg’s constant, RH = 1.09 678 x 107 m−1.

(iv) Speed of light in vacuum, 𝑐 = 3.0 × 108 m/s.

(v) Standard pressure = 1 atm or 1.01 × 105.
(vi) Standard temperature = 273 K.
(vii) Universal gas constant, R = 8.314 Jmol−1K−1 or 0.0821 atmdm3mol−1K−1.

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132/1 – TOSA Examination - 2023

SECTION A (70 Marks)

Answer ALL questions in this section.

1. (a) (i) Mention and state the principle which goes against the concept of Bohr’s fixed orbits.

(ii) Why does hydrogen spectrum have large number of lines despite the fact that hydrogen has only one
electron? (04 Marks)
(b) Arrange the electrons represented by the following set of quantum numbers in the decreasing order of
energy.
A: n = 4, l = 0, m = 0, s = +1/2

B: n = 3, l = 1, m = 1, s = −1/2

C: n = 3, l = 2, m = 0, s = +1/2

D: n = 3, l = 0, m = 0, s = −1/2 (02 Marks)

(c) Calculate the energy of spectral lines emitted when the electron in third bohr orbit of the hydrogen atom
de-excites to the ground state. (04 Marks)

2. (a) (i) What is hydrogen bond?

(ii) With examples, discuss any four effects of hydrogen bonding in the physical properties of the
compounds. (05 Marks)
(b) Arrange the following bonds in order of increasing bond length. Explain your answer

C – H , C – F, C – O and C – N (02 Marks)

(c) (i) Why is a molecule or ion in which six identical groups are bonded to a central atom said to have an
octahedral geometry.
(ii) Arrange the following compounds in the order of decreasing boiling points:

H2O, H2S and H2Se. (03 Marks)

3. (a) State Charles’ law and show how it may be derived from the kinetic gas equation. (04 Marks)

(b) Explain the following observations

(i) The size of weather balloon becomes larger and larger as it ascends into higher altitudes.
(ii) The bicycle tyre inflated when left on cold floor. (02 Marks)
(c) Through the two ends of a glass tube of length 200cm, hydrogen chloride and ammonia gases are
allowed to enter.
(i) At what distance ammonium chloride will first appear? (03 marks)
(ii) Give and state the law in 3 (c)(i) above. (01 mark)

4. (a) (i)What are colligative properties? (01 mark)

(ii) Give any two limitations of colligative properties (02 marks)

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(b) Give the difference between osmotic pressure and vapour pressure of a solution. (02 Marks)
(c) (i) Explain why osmotic pressure method is preferred over depression in freezing point method for the
determination of molar masses of macromolecules. (1.5 marks)
(ii) A solution of 3.795g sulphur in 100g carbon disulphide (boiling point 46.300C) boils at 46.660C.
What is the formula of sulphur molecule in the solution? Kb of carbon disulphide is 2.42 Kkgmol-1.
(3.5 Marks)
5. (a)(For Aluminium, the heat of atomisation of Al is 14Kj/mol, first ionization energy of Al is
26KJ/mol, second ionsation energy of Al is 45.7 Kj/mol and third ionization energy of Al is 66KJ/mol.
For fluorine, the atomization energy of F2 is 26.8 Kj/mol, lattice energy of AlF3 is -69.3Kj/mol and
standard heat of formation of AlF3 is -89.4 Kj/mol.
(i) Draw born haber cycle for AlF3. (03 marks)
(ii) Calculate the first electron affinity of F2 (02 marks)
(b) When 100cm3 of 1M KOH and 100cm3 of 1M HCl were mixed in a calorimeter, temperature rose by
6.25 K. Given that the heat capacity of calorimeter was 95J/K and specific heat capacity of the
solution mixture was 4.2 J/gK, calculate the standard enthalpy of neutralization. Assume that the
density of the solution is equal the density of water. (05 marks)

6. (a) In one laboratory experiment dilute nitric acid was added to a green solid J. A blue solution A and a gas
R that forms a white precipitate with lime water were formed. This was followed by evaporating the blue
solution to dryness and then heating strongly in a crucible. The following products were observed to be
formed: A black solid S, brown fumes of gas L and a gas that relights a glowing splint.
(i) Identify solids J and S.

(ii) Identify gases R and L.

(iii) Write a chemical equation for the reaction between solid J and dilute nitric acid.

(iv) Write a chemical equation for the formation of solid S.

(v) With the aid of a chemical equation, briefly describe a suitable method you would use to prepare solid
J in the laboratory. (06 Marks)
(b) (i) Mention four uses of metal carbonates.

(ii) Define the term deliquesce and explain what makes a hydrated salt to be deliquescece. (04 marks)

7. (a) You are given three alkane compounds: pentane, 2-methylbutane and 2,2-dimethylpropane.
(i) What effect does branching of an alkane chain has on its boiling point?
(ii) Arrange the compounds in order of increasing their melting point. (03 Marks)

(b) Write the structural formula and IUPAC names of all possible of and indicate which of these is
nonpolar. Give a reason. (04 Marks)
(c) (i) Acetylene is acidic in character. Discuss.
(ii) Why do alkynes not show geometrical isomerism? (03 Marks)

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 132/1 – TOSA Examination - 2023

SECTION B (30 Marks)

Answer any two (2) questions from this section.

8. (a) State what is meant by:

(i) Dynamic equilibrium.

(ii) Law of mass action. (02 Marks)

(b) Bromine water is brown in colour and weakly acidic. In solution, Br2 (aq) is brown, Br- (aq) is
colourless and HBrO(aq) is colourless as denoted by the following equation;

Br2 (aq) + 2H2 O(l) ⇌ HBrO(aq) + H3 O+ (aq) + Br- (aq)

Brown colorless colorless
Explain the following in term of colour change of the solution;
(i) When sodium hydroxide was added to the solution.
(ii) When hydrochloric acid was added the solution. (04 Marks)
(c) Hydrogen gas used in Haber process is produced by reacting methane fromm natural gas with high
temperature steam. The first stage of the two stage reaction involves the formation of CO and H 2. In second
stage CO formed in first stage is reacted with more steam in water gas shift reaction.

CO(g) + H2 O(g) ⇌ CO2 (g) + H2 (g)

If reaction vessel at 4000C is charged with equimolar mixture of CO and steam (H2O) with a partial pressure
of 4.0 atm and 4.0 atm respectively. Calculate partial pressure of CO2 at 4000C if kp is 13.4.

(05 Marks)
(d) The following equilibrium constants have been determined for Hydrosulphuric acid at 250C.
H2S(aq) ⇌ H+(aq) + HS-1(aq) Kc= 7.5 x 10-15
HS-1(aq) ⇌ H+(aq) + S2-(aq) Kc= 2.4 x 10-17
Calculate the equilibrium constant for the following reaction at the same temperature and
pressure. H2S(aq) ⇌ 2H+(aq) + S2-(aq) (04 Marks)
9. (a) A solution has PBS of 60% containing 8meq of exchangeable hydrogen per 100g of dry soil.
Calculate the total cation exchange capacity of the soil sample. (04 Marks)

(b) In the upper atmosphere, ozone is very important to healthy environment where it acts as a primary
ultraviolet radiation shield. However, when it is at lower atmosphere, ozone has harmful effects on many
living things because it is toxic.

(i) With help of chemical equation, show how ozone is formed in lower atmosphere through electrical
discharge.
(ii) Explain how ozone prevents harmful ultraviolet light to reach earth’s surface and explain why these
harmful radiations cannot be prevented by oxygen gas which is more abundant than ozone in the
atmosphere.

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(iii) Mention at least four harmful effects of ground-level ozone. (09 Marks)
(c) Mention two institutions which deal with the environmental issues in Tanzania. (02 Marks)

10. (a) Benzene is said to contain a delocalized system of electrons. What do you understand by the term
‘delocalized’? Give two pieces of evidence that benzene does in fact contain such a system. (04 Marks)
(b) Arrange the following set of compounds in order of their decreasing relative reactivity with an
electrophile, E+. Give a reason for the trend.
Chlorobenzene, 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene, and p-nitrochlorobenzene. (02 Marks)

(c) Electrophilic substitution reactions (SE) are considered to proceed through three steps. Without showing
the mechanisms, describe all the three steps. (03 Marks)
(d) An organic compound A, C8H6, on treatment with dilute sulphuric acid containing mercuric sulphate
gives a compound B, which can also be obtained from a reaction of benzene with an acid chloride in the
presence of anhydrous aluminium chloride. The compound B, when treated with iodine in aqueous
KOH, yields C and a yellow compound D. Identify A, B, C and D with
Justification. Show how B is formed from A. (06 Marks)

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