10/9/2019 Surface roughness - Wikipedia
Surface roughness
Surface roughness often shortened to roughness, is a component of surface texture. It is quantified by the
deviations in the direction of the normal vector of a real surface from its ideal form. If these deviations are large, the
surface is rough; if they are small, the surface is smooth. In surface metrology, roughness is typically considered to be
the high-frequency, short-wavelength component of a measured surface. However, in practice it is often necessary to
know both the amplitude and frequency to ensure that a surface is fit for a purpose.
Roughness plays an important role in determining how a real object will interact with its environment. In tribology,
rough surfaces usually wear more quickly and have higher friction coefficients than smooth surfaces. Roughness is often
a good predictor of the performance of a mechanical component, since irregularities on the surface may form nucleation
sites for cracks or corrosion. On the other hand, roughness may promote adhesion. Generally speaking, rather than
scale specific descriptors, cross-scale descriptors such as surface fractality provide more meaningful predictions of
mechanical interactions at surfaces including contact stiffness [1] and static friction.[2]
Although a high roughness value is often undesirable, it can be difficult and expensive to control in manufacturing. For
example, it is difficult and expensive to control surface roughness of fused deposition modelling (FDM) manufactured
parts.[3] Decreasing the roughness of a surface usually increases its manufacturing cost. This often results in a trade-off
between the manufacturing cost of a component and its performance in application.
Roughness can be measured by manual comparison against a "surface roughness comparator" (a sample of known
surface roughness), but more generally a surface profile measurement is made with a profilometer. These can be of the
contact variety (typically a diamond stylus) or optical (e.g.: a white light interferometer or laser scanning confocal
microscope).
However, controlled roughness can often be desirable. For example, a gloss surface can be too shiny to the eye and too A pocket type surface profile gauge
slippery to the finger (a touchpad is a good example) so a controlled roughness is required. This is a case where both
amplitude and frequency are very important.
Contents
Parameters
Profile roughness parameters[4]
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Amplitude parameters
Slope, spacing, and counting parameters
Bearing ratio curve parameters
Fractal theory
Areal roughness parameters
Soil-surface roughness
Practical effects
See also
References
External links
The basic symbol of surface
roughness
Parameters
A roughness value can either be calculated on a profile (line) or on a surface (area). The profile roughness parameter
(Ra, Rq,...) are more common. The area roughness parameters (Sa, Sq,...) give more significant values.
Profile roughness parameters[4]
The profile roughness parameters are included in BS EN ISO 4287:2000 British standard, identical with the ISO
4287:1997 standard.[5] The standard is based on the ″M″ (mean line) system.
There are many different roughness parameters in use, but is by far the most common, though this is often for
historical reasons and not for particular merit, as the early roughness meters could only measure . Other common
parameters include , , and . Some parameters are used only in certain industries or within certain countries.
Digital Holographic Microscope
For example, the family of parameters is used mainly for cylinder bore linings, and the Motif parameters are used
measuring hip prosthesis roughness
primarily in the French automotive industry.[6] The MOTIF method provides a graphical evaluation of a surface profile
without filtering waviness from roughness. A motif consists of the portion of a profile between two peaks and the final
combinations of these motifs eliminate ″insignificant″ peaks and retains ″significant″ ones. Please note that is a dimensional unit that can be micrometer or
microinch.
Since these parameters reduce all of the information in a profile to a single number, great care must be taken in applying and interpreting them. Small changes in
how the raw profile data is filtered, how the mean line is calculated, and the physics of the measurement can greatly affect the calculated parameter. With modern
digital equipment, the scan can be evaluated to make sure there are no obvious glitches that skew the values.
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Because it may not be obvious to many users what each
of the measurements really mean, a simulation tool
allows a user to adjust key parameters, visualizing how
surfaces which are obviously different to the human
eye are differentiated by the measurements. For
example, fails to distinguish between two surfaces
where one is composed of peaks on an otherwise
smooth surface and the other is composed of troughs
of the same amplitude. Such tools can be found in app
format.[7]
By convention every 2D roughness parameter is a
capital R followed by additional characters in the
subscript. The subscript identifies the formula that was
used, and the R means that the formula was applied to a 2D roughness profile. Different capital letters imply that the formula was applied to a different profile. For
example, Ra is the arithmetic average of the roughness profile, Pa is the arithmetic average of the unfiltered raw profile, and Sa is the arithmetic average of the 3D
roughness.
Each of the formulas listed in the tables assume that the roughness profile has been filtered from the raw profile data and the mean line has been calculated. The
roughness profile contains ordered, equally spaced points along the trace, and is the vertical distance from the mean line to the data point. Height is
assumed to be positive in the up direction, away from the bulk material.
Amplitude parameters
Amplitude parameters characterize the surface based on the vertical deviations of the roughness profile from the mean line. Many of them are closely related to the
parameters found in statistics for characterizing population samples. For example, is the arithmetic average value of filtered roughness profile determined from
deviations about the center line within the evaluation length and is the range of the collected roughness data points.
The arithmetic average roughness, , is the most widely used one-dimensional roughness parameter.
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Parameter Description Formula
Ra,[8] Raa, Arithmetical mean deviation of the assessed profile [8]
Ryni
[8]
Rq, Rms[8] Root mean squared
Rv Maximum valley depth
Rp Maximum peak height
Rt, Ry Maximum Height of the Profile
Rsk Skewness
Rku Kurtosis
RzDIN, Average distance between the highest peak and lowest valley in each sampling , where is the number of sampling
Rtm length, ASME Y14.36M - 1996 Surface Texture Symbols
lengths, and is for the sampling length.
Japanese Industrial Standard for , based on the five highest peaks and , where and are the
RzJIS
lowest valleys over the entire sampling length.
highest peak, and lowest valley respectively.
Here is a common conversion table with also roughness grade numbers:
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Roughness, N Roughness values, Ra Center line avg., CLA Roughness, Rt
RMS
ISO grade numbers micrometers (µm) microinches (µin.) (µin.) (µm)
N12 50 2000 2200 2000 200
N11 25 1000 1100 1000 100
N10 12.5 500 550 500 50
N9 6.3 250 275 250 25
N8 3.2 125 137.5 125 13
N7 1.6 63 69.3 63 8
N6 0.8 32 35.2 32 4
N5 0.4 16 17.6 16 2
N4 0.2 8 8.8 8 1.2
N3 0.1 4 4.4 4 0.8
N2 0.05 2 2.2 2 0.5
N1 0.025 1 1.1 1 0.3
Slope, spacing, and counting parameters
Slope parameters describe characteristics of the slope of the roughness profile. Spacing and counting parameters describe how often the profile crosses certain
thresholds. These parameters are often used to describe repetitive roughness profiles, such as those produced by turning on a lathe.
Parameter Description Formula
the RMS of the profile within the sampling length
the average absolute slope of the profile within the sampling length
where delta i is calculated according to ASME B46.1 and is a 5th order
Savitzky–Golay smoothing filter
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Other "frequency" parameters are Sm, a and q. Sm is the mean spacing between peaks. Just as with real mountains it is important to define a "peak". For Sm the
surface must have dipped below the mean surface before rising again to a new peak. The average wavelength a and the root mean square wavelength q are
derived from a. When trying to understand a surface that depends on both amplitude and frequency it is not obvious which pair of metrics optimally describes
the balance, so a statistical analysis of pairs of measurements can be performed (e.g.: Rz and a or Ra and Sm) to find the strongest correlation.
Common conversions:
Bearing ratio curve parameters
These parameters are based on the bearing ratio curve (also known as the Abbott-Firestone curve.) This includes the Rk family of parameters.
Fractal theory
The mathematician Benoît Mandelbrot has pointed out the connection between surface roughness and fractal
dimension.[9] The description provided by a fractal at the microroughness level may allow the control of the material
properties and the type of the occurring chip formation. But fractals cannot provide a full-scale representation of a
typical machined surface affected by tool feed marks, it ignores the geometry of the cutting edge. (J. Paulo Davim, 2010,
op.cit.). Fractal descriptors of surfaces have an important role to play in correlating physical surface properties with Sketches depicting surfaces with
negative and positive skew. The
surface structure. Across multiple fields, connecting physical, electrical and mechanical behavior with conventional
roughness trace is on the left, the
surface descriptors of roughness or slope has been challenging. By employing measures of surface fractality together amplitude distribution curve is in the
with measures of roughness or surface shape, certain interfacial phenomena including contact mechanics, friction and middle, and the bearing area curve
electrical contact resistance,can be better interpreted with respect to surface structure. [10] (Abbott-Firestone curve) is on the
right.
Areal roughness parameters
Areal roughness parameters are defined in the ISO 25178 series. The resulting values are Sa, Sq, Sz,... Many optical measurement instruments are able to measure
the surface roughness over an area. Area measurements are also possible with contact measurement systems. Multiple, closely spaced 2D scans are taken of the
target area. These are then digitally stitched together using relevant software, resulting in a 3D image and accompanying areal roughness parameters.
Soil-surface roughness
Soil-surface roughness (SSR) refers to the vertical variations present in the micro- and macro-relief of a soil surface, as well as their stochastic distribution. There
are four distinct classes of SSR, each one of them representing a characteristic vertical length scale; the first class includes microrelief variations from individual
soil grains to aggregates on the order of 0.053–2.0 mm; the second class consists of variations due to soil clods ranging between 2 and 100 mm; the third class of
soil surface roughness is systematic elevation differences due to tillage, referred to as oriented roughness (OR), ranging between 100 and 300 mm; the fourth class
includes planar curvature, or macro-scale topographic features[11].
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The two first classes account for the so-called microroughness, which has been shown to be largely influenced on an event and seasonal timescale by rainfall and
tillage, respectively. Microroughness is most commonly quantified by means of the Random Roughness, which is essentially the standard deviation of bed surface
elevation data around the mean elevation, after correction for slope using the best-fit plane and removal of tillage effects in the individual height readings.[12]
Rainfall impact can lead to either a decay or increase in microroughnesss, depending upon initial microroughness conditions and soil properties.[13] On rough soil
surfaces, the action of rainsplash detachment tends to smoothen the edges of soil surface roughness, leading to an overall decrease in RR. However, a recent study
which examined the response of smooth soil surfaces on rainfall showed that RR can considerably increase for low initial microroughness length scales in the order
of 0 - 5 mm. It was also shown that the increase or decrease is consistent among various SSR indices [14].
Practical effects
Surface structure plays a key role in governing contact mechanics,[1] that is to say the mechanical behavior exhibited at an interface between two solid objects as
they approach each other and transition from conditions of non-contact to full contact. In particular, normal contact stiffness is governed predominantly by
asperity structures (roughness, surface slope and fractality) and material properties.
In terms of engineering surfaces, roughness is considered to be detrimental to part performance. As a consequence, most manufacturing prints establish an upper
limit on roughness, but not a lower limit. An exception is in cylinder bores where oil is retained in the surface profile and a minimum roughness is required.[15]
Surface structure is often closely related to the friction and wear properties of a surface.[2] A surface with a higher fractal dimension, large value, or a positive
, will usually have somewhat higher friction and wear quickly. The peaks in the roughness profile are not always the points of contact. The form and waviness
(i.e. both amplitude and frequency) must also be considered.
See also
Discontinuity (Geotechnical engineering)
Rugosity
Normal contact stiffness
Surface finish
Surface metrology
Surface roughness measurement ISO 25178
Waviness
Asperity (materials science)
References
1. Zhai, C.; Gan, Y.; Hanaor, D.; Proust, G.; Retraint, D. (2016). "The Role of Surface Structure in Normal Contact Stiffness" (https://www.researchgate.net/public
ation/283158084). Experimental Mechanics. 56 (3): 359–368. doi:10.1007/s11340-015-0107-0 (https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11340-015-0107-0).
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10/9/2019 Surface roughness - Wikipedia
2. Hanaor, D.; Gan, Y.; Einav, I. (2016). "Static friction at fractal interfaces" (https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283675011). Tribology International. 93:
229–238. doi:10.1016/j.triboint.2015.09.016 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.triboint.2015.09.016).
3. http://manufacturingscience.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/article.aspx?articleid=2475087
4. Whitehouse, David (2012). Surfaces and their Measurement. Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0080972015.
5. BS EN ISO 4287:2000, Geometrical product specification (GPS). Surface texture. Profile method. Terms, definitions and surface texture parameters
6. Dietzsch M., Papenfluss K., Hartmann, T. The MOTIF method (ISO 12085: 1996)- A suitable description for functional, manufactural and metrological
requirements, International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture, 1998, 38, No 5-6, pp. 625-632
7. Abbott, Steven. "SPE (Surface Profile Explorer)" (http://www.stevenabbott.co.uk/AbbottApps/SPE/index.html). AbbottApps. Steven Abbott TCNF Ltd.
Retrieved January 13, 2014.
8. Degarmo, E. Paul; Black, J.; Kohser, Ronald A. (2003), Materials and Processes in Manufacturing (9th ed.), Wiley, p. 223, ISBN 0-471-65653-4.
9. Den Outer, A.; Kaashoek, J.F.; Hack, H.R.G.K. (1995). "Difficulties of using continuous fractal theory for discontinuity surfaces". International Journal of Rock
Mechanics and Mining Science & Geomechanics Abstracts. 32 (1): 3–9. doi:10.1016/0148-9062(94)00025-X (https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0148-9062%2894%2
900025-X).
10. Stress-Dependent Electrical Contact Resistance at Fractal Rough Surfaces (https://ascelibrary.org/doi/full/10.1061/%28ASCE%29EM.1943-7889.0000967)
Journal of Engineering Mechanics 143
11. Römkens, M.J.M; Helming, K; Prasad, S.N (2002). "Soil erosion under different rainfall intensities, surface roughness, and soil water regimes". CATENA. 46
(2–3): 103–123. doi:10.1016/s0341-8162(01)00161-8 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0341-8162%2801%2900161-8).
12. Allmaras, R. R. (1966). Total Porosity and Random Roughness of the Interrow Zone as Influenced by Tillage (https://books.google.com/books/about/Total_Por
osity_and_Random_Roughness_of_t.html?id=ipMYogEACAAJ). Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
13. K. N. Potter; Potter, K. N. (1990). "SOIL PROPERTIES EFFECT ON RANDOM ROUGHNESS DECAY BY RAINFALL". Transactions of the ASAE. 33 (6):
1889–1892. doi:10.13031/2013.31554 (https://doi.org/10.13031%2F2013.31554).
14. Abban, B. K. B.; Papanicolaou, A. N. (.; Giannopoulos, C. P.; Dermisis, D. C.; Wacha, K. M.; Wilson, C. G.; Elhakeem, M. (2017-09-28). "Quantifying the
changes of soil surface microroughness due to rainfall impact on a smooth surface". Nonlin. Processes Geophys. 24 (3): 569–579. doi:10.5194/npg-24-569-
2017 (https://doi.org/10.5194%2Fnpg-24-569-2017). ISSN 1607-7946 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1607-7946).
15. http://www.enginebuildermag.com/2000/09/cylinder-bore-surface-finishes/
External links
Surface Metrology Guide (https://guide.digitalsurf.com/en/guide.html)
Roughness terminology (http://www.mfg.mtu.edu/cyberman/quality/sfinish/terminology.html)
Ra and Rz description (http://www.mitsubishicarbide.net/contents/mhg/enuk/html/product/technical_information/information/hyoumenarasa.html)
Surface Roughness (Finish) Review and Equations (http://www.engineersedge.com/surface_finish.htm)
SPE (Surface Profile Explorer) (http://www.stevenabbott.co.uk/AbbottApps/SPE/index.html)
Enache, Ştefănuţă,La qualité des surfaces usinées (Transl.: Quality of machined surfaces).Dunod, Paris,1972, 343 pp.
Husu, A.P., Vitenberg, Iu.,R., Palmov, V. A., Sherohovatost poverhnostei (Teoretiko-veroiatnostnii podhod) (Transl.: Surface roughness (theoretical-
probabilistic approach)), Izdatelstvo "Nauka", Moskva, 1975, 342 pp.
Davim, J. Paulo, Surface Integrity in Machining, Springer-Verlag London Limited 2010, ISBN 978-1-84882-873-5
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Whitehouse, D. Handbook of Surface Metrology, Institute of Physics Publishing for Rank Taylor-Hobson Co.,Bristol 1996
Strength of materials RS.kurmi
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