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X STD
MATHS - IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS & FORMULAE
STATE BOARD 2019 − 2020

1. RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

1. 𝐴 × 𝐵 = {𝑎 ∈ 𝑏, 𝑏 ∈ 𝐵}
2. If 𝑎 = 𝑏 then (𝑎, 𝑏) = (𝑏, 𝑎)
3. 𝐴 × 𝐵 ≠ 𝐵 × 𝐴 but 𝑛(𝐴 × 𝐵 ) = 𝑛(𝐵 × 𝐴)
4. 𝐴 × 𝐵 = ∅ if and only if 𝐴 = ∅ 𝑜𝑟 𝐵 = ∅
5. If 𝑛(𝐴) = 𝑝 and 𝑛(𝐵 ) = 𝑞 then 𝑛(𝐴 × 𝐵 ) = 𝑝 𝑞
6. For any three sets 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶
(i) 𝐴 × (𝐵 ∪ 𝐶 ) = (𝐴 × 𝐵) ∪ (𝐴 × 𝐶)
(ii) 𝐴 × (𝐵 ∩ 𝐶 ) = (𝐴 × 𝐵) ∩ (𝐴 × 𝐶)
7. A relation ℝ from 𝐴 to 𝐵 is always a subset of 𝐴 × 𝐵
i.e. ℝ ⊆ 𝐴 × 𝐵
8. If 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 is related to 𝑦 ∈ 𝐵 through ℝ then we write it as 𝑥 ℝ 𝑦.
𝑥 ℝ 𝑦 if and only if (𝑥, 𝑦)𝜖 ℝ
9. A relation which contains no element is called “Null relation”
10.A function 𝑓 from 𝑋 to 𝑌 is written as 𝑓: 𝑥 → 𝑦
11.A relation 𝑓 between two non-empty sets 𝑋 and 𝑌 is called a
function from 𝑋 to 𝑌 if, for each 𝑥 ∈ 𝑋 there exists only one
𝑦 ∈ 𝑌 such that (𝑥, 𝑦)𝜖 𝑓
i.e. 𝑓 = {(𝑥, 𝑦)| for all 𝑥 ∈ 𝑋, 𝑦 ∈ 𝑌}
12.If 𝑓: 𝑥 → 𝑦 is a function then
(i) The set 𝑋 is called the domain of the function 𝑓
(ii) The set 𝑌 is called its co-domain
(iii) If 𝑓(𝑎) = 𝑏 then 𝑏 is called ‘image’ of 𝑎 under 𝑓.
𝑎 is called a ‘pre image’ of 𝑏
 (iv) The set of all images of elements of 𝑋 under 𝑓 is called the
‘range’ of 𝑓
(v) Every element in the domain of 𝑓 has an image
(vi) The image is unique
13.The range of a function is a subset of its co-domain
14.A function may be represented by
(i) a set of ordered pairs
(ii) a table form
(iii) an arrow diagram
(iv) a graphical form
15.Vertical Line Test
A curve drawn in a graph represents a function, if every vertical lline
intersects the curve in at most one point.
16.Types of Functions:
(i) One-one function (or) injection
(ii) Many-one function
(iii) Onto function (or) Surjection
(iv) Into function
17.One-one function (or) injection
A function 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵 is called One-one function if distinct
elements of 𝐴 distinct images in 𝐵
If ∀𝑎1 , 𝑎2 ∈ 𝐴, 𝑓
18.Many-one function
A function 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵 is called Many-one function if two or
more elements of 𝐴 have same image in 𝐵

19.Onto function (or) Surjection

A function 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵 is called Onto one function if the
range of 𝑓 is equal to the co-domain of 𝑓 (OR)
every element in the co-domain 𝐵 has a pre image in the domain
𝐴
20.Into function
A function 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵 is called an Into function if there
exists atleast one element in 𝐵 which is not the image of any
element of 𝐴
21.Bijection
A function 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵 is both one-one and onto, then 𝑓 is
called a bijection from 𝐴 𝑡𝑜 𝐵
22.Horizontal Line Test
A function represented in a graph is one-one, if every horizontal
line intersects the curve in at most one point
23.Constant function
A function 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵 is called a constant function if the
range of 𝑓 contains only one element
24.Identity function
𝐴 be a non-empty set. Then the function 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐴 defined
by 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 , ∀ 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 is called an identity function on 𝐴
25.Real Valued function
A function 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵 is called a real valued function if the
range of 𝑓 is a subset of the set of all real numbers ℝ
i.e. 𝑓 (𝐴) ⊆ ℝ
26.For three non-empty sets 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶 if 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵 and 𝑔: 𝐵 → 𝐶
are two functions then the composition of 𝑓and 𝑔
is a function 𝑔 ∘ 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐶 will be defined as 𝑔 ∘ 𝑓 (𝑥 ) =
𝑔(𝑓(𝑥 )) ∀ 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴
27.Composition of function is not commutative
i.e. 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔 ≠ 𝑔 ∘ 𝑓
28.Composition of three functions is always associative
i.e. 𝑓 ∘ (𝑔 ∘ ℎ) = (𝑓 ∘ 𝑔) ∘ ℎ
 29.Linear function
A function 𝑓: 𝑅 → 𝑅 defined by 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐, 𝑚 ≠ 0 is
called a linear function.
30.Modulus function (OR) Absolute Valued Function
𝑓: 𝑅 → [0, ∞)𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = |𝑥 |
𝑥, 𝑥≥0
𝑓(𝑥 ) = {
−𝑥, 𝑥 < 0
31.Modulus function is not a linear function but it is composed of
two linear functions 𝑥 and – 𝑥
32.Linear functions are always one-one function
33.Linear functions are applicable in Cryptography as well as in several
branches of Science and Technology
34.Quadratic function
A function 𝑓: 𝑅 → 𝑅 defined by 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐
(𝑎 ≠ 0) is called a quadratic function
35.Cubic Function
A function 𝑓: 𝑅 → 𝑅 defined by 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑎𝑥 3 + 𝑏𝑥 2
+𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑 (𝑎 ≠ 0) is called a cubic function
36.Reciprocal Function
1
A function 𝑓: 𝑅 − {0} → 𝑅 defined by 𝑓 (𝑥 ) =
𝑥
is called a reciprocal function.

2. NUMBERS AND SEQUENCES

1. Lemma is an auxiliary result used for proving an important theorem. It is
usually considered as a mini theorem
2. Euclid’s Division Lemma
Let 𝑎 and 𝑏 (𝑎 < 𝑏) be any two positive integers. Then, their exist unique
integers 𝑞 and 𝑟 such that 𝑎 = 𝑏 𝑞 + 𝑟 ; 0 ≤ 𝑟 < 𝑏
3. Generalised form of Euclid’s Division Lemma
If 𝑎 and 𝑏 are any two integers then, their exist unique integers 𝑞 and 𝑟 such
that 𝑎 = 𝑏 𝑞 + 𝑟 ; 0 ≤ 𝑟 < |𝑏|
4. Euclid’s Division Algorithm
To find HCF of two positive integer 𝑎 and 𝑏
Step :1 : Using Euclid’s Division Lemma 𝑎 = 𝑏 𝑞 + 𝑟
If 𝑟 = 0 the 𝑏 is the HCF
Step: 2: Otherwise applying Euclid’s Division Lemma 𝑏 by 𝑟 to get
𝑏 = 𝑟 𝑞1 + 𝑟1 ; 0 ≤ 𝑟1 < 𝑟
Step:3: If 𝑟1 = 0 then 𝑟 is the HCF
Step:4: Otherwise using Euclid’s Division Lemma, repeat the process until to
get the remainder zero. The corresponding divisor is the HCF.
5. Another method of finding HCF of two given positive integers
Step :1 : From the given numbers, subtract the smaller from the
larger number
Step :2 : From the remaining numbers subtract smaller from the larger
Step :3 : Repeat the subtraction process by subtracting smaller from the larger
Step :4 : Stop the process, when the numbers become equal
Step :5 : The number representing equal numbers obtained in Step :4 will be
the HCF of the given numbers.
6. Two positive integers are said to be relatively prime or co prime if their
HCF is 1
7. Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic: Every composite number can be written
uniquely as the product of power of primes.
8. When a positive integer is divided by 𝑛, then the possible remainders are
0, 1, 2, … 𝑛 − 1
9. Two integers 𝑎 and 𝑏 are congruent modula 𝑚, i.e. 𝑎 ≡ 𝑏
(𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑚), if they leave the same remainder when divided by 𝑚.
10.𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑛 A.P. 𝑎, 𝑎 + 𝑑, 𝑎 + 2𝑑, …
11.The difference between two consecutive terms of an AP is always constant.
That constant value is called the common difference.
12.If there are finite numbers of terms in an AP then it is called Finite AP
13.If there are infinitely many terms in an AP then it is called Infinite AP.
14.𝑛𝑡ℎ term of an AP
𝑡𝑛 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑
15.An AP having a common difference of zero is called a constant AP
16.The number of terms of an AP
𝑙−𝑎
𝑛= +1
𝑑
𝑎 − first term 𝑙 − last term 𝑑 −common difference
17. If every term of an AP is added or subtracted by a constant then the
resulting sequence is also an AP
18.If every term of an AP is multiplied or divided by non-zero number then the
resulting sequence is also an AP
19.The three consecutive terms of an A P 𝑎 − 𝑑, 𝑎, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎 + 𝑑
20.The four consecutive terms of an A P 𝑎 − 3𝑑, 𝑎 − 𝑑,
𝑎 + 𝑑, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎 + 3𝑑
21.Three non-zero numbers 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 are in AP if and only if 2𝑏 = 𝑎 + 𝑐
22.Sum to 𝑛 terms of an AP
𝑛
(i) 𝑆𝑛 = [2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑]
2
𝑎 − first term 𝑑 −common difference
𝑛
(ii) 𝑆𝑛 = [𝑎 + 𝑙]
2
𝑎 − first term 𝑙 − last term
23.𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 G.P. 𝑎, 𝑎 𝑟, 𝑎 𝑟 2 , …
24.The general term of a G.P. 𝑡𝑛 = 𝑎 𝑟 𝑛−1
𝑎 − first term 𝑟 −common ratio
𝑎
25.Three consecutive terms of a GP , 𝑎, 𝑎 𝑟
𝑟
𝑎 𝑎
26.Four consecutive terms of a GP , , 𝑎 𝑟, 𝑎 𝑟 3
𝑟3 𝑟
27.When each term of a GP is multiplied or divided by a nonzero constant then
the resulting sequence is also a GP
28.Sum to 𝑛 terms of an G P
𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 −1)
(i) 𝑆𝑛 = ; 𝑟 ≠ 1; 𝑟 > 1
𝑟−1
𝑎(1−𝑟 𝑛 )
(ii) 𝑆𝑛 = ; 𝑟<1
1−𝑟
(iii) 𝑆𝑛 = 𝑛𝑎, 𝑟 = 1
29.Sum to infinite terms of an G P 𝑎 + 𝑎 𝑟 + 𝑎 𝑟 2 + 𝑎 𝑟 3 + ⋯
𝑎
𝑆𝑛 = ; −1 < 𝑟 < 1
1−𝑟
30.Sum of first 𝑛 natural numbers
 𝑛(𝑛+1)
1+ 2 + 3 + ⋯+ 𝑛 = ∑𝑛 =
2
31.Sum of first 𝑛 odd natural numbers
1 + 3 + 5 + ⋯ + (2𝑛 − 1) = 𝑛2
32.Sum of the squares of first 𝑛 natural numbers
𝑛(𝑛+1)(2𝑛+1)
12 + 22 + 3 2 + ⋯ + 𝑛 2 = ∑ 𝑛 2 =
6
33.Sum of the cubes of first 𝑛 natural numbers
𝑛(𝑛+1) 2
1 + 2 + 3 + ⋯ + 𝑛 = ∑ 𝑛3 = [
3 3 3 3
]
2

3. ALGEBRA
1. General form of linear equation in two variables 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 is
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 where at-least one of 𝑎, 𝑏 is non-zero and 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 are
real numbers.
2. A linear equation in two variables represent a straight line in 𝑥 𝑦 plane.
3. General form of linear equation in three variable
𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑦 + 𝑐1 𝑧 + 𝑑1 = 0
𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑦 + 𝑐2 𝑧 + 𝑑2 = 0
𝑎3 𝑥 + 𝑏3 𝑦 + 𝑐3 𝑧 + 𝑑3 = 0
4. Solving of linear equations in three variables
Step : 1: By taking any two equations from the given three, first multiply by
some suitable non-zero constant to make the co-efficient of the one
variable (either x or y or z) numerically equal.
Step : 2: Eliminate one of the variables whose co-efficients are numerically
equal from the equations.
Step : 3: Eliminate the same variable from another pair
Step :4 : Now we have two equations in two variables.
Step :5 : Solve them using any method (Eliminating method, substitution
method, cross multiplication method)
Step :6 : The remaining variable is then found by substituting in any one of the
given equations.
5. A system of linear equations in three variables will be according to the
following cases:
(i) Unique solution
(ii) Infinitely many solution
(iii) No solution
6. If you obtain a false equation such as 0 = 1 in any of the steps then the
system has no solution.
7. If you do not obtain a false solution but obtain an identity such as 0 = 0
then the system has infinitely many solutions.
8. To find G C D of two given polynomials 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑔(𝑥)
Step : 1 : First divide 𝑓(𝑥) by 𝑔(𝑥) to obtain 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑥)𝑞(𝑥) + 𝑟(𝑥)
deg |𝑟(𝑥)| < deg |𝑔(𝑥)|
Step : 2: If the remainder 𝑟(𝑥) is non-zero divide 𝑔(𝑥) by 𝑟(𝑥) to obtain
𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑟(𝑥)𝑞(𝑥) + 𝑟1 (𝑥)
deg |𝑟1 (𝑥)| < deg |𝑟(𝑥)|
If the remainder 𝑟1 (𝑥) is zero, the 𝑟(𝑥) is the required G C D.
Step :3 : If 𝑟1 (𝑥) is non-zero then continue the process until we get zero as
remainder.
The divisor will be the G C D.
9. 𝐿 𝐶 𝑀
The L C M of two or more algebraic expressions is the expression of lowest
degree (or power) such that the expressions exactly divide it
10. 𝐿 𝐶 𝑀 × 𝐺 𝐶 𝐷 = the product of two given numbers.
11. Rational Expressions
𝑝(𝑥)
An expression is called a rational expression if it is of the form
𝑞(𝑥)
where 𝑝(𝑥) and 𝑞(𝑥) are polynomials and 𝑞(𝑥) ≠ 0
12. A rational expression is the ration of two polynomials.
13. Excluded Value
A value that makes a rational expression (in its lowest form) undefined is
called an Excluded Value
14. To find excluded value
𝑝(𝑥)
The rational expression in its lowest form say Consider the
𝑞(𝑥)
denominator 𝑞(𝑥) = 0
15. The roots of the quadratic Equation 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏 𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 (𝑎 ≠ 0) are given
−𝑏±√𝑏 2 −4𝑎𝑐
𝑥= 2𝑎

16. If 𝛼 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛽 are the roots of the quadratic Equation 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏 𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0

− 𝐶𝑜 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 𝑏
𝛼+ 𝛽= = −𝑎
𝐶𝑜 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 2
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 𝑐
𝛼 𝛽 = 𝐶𝑜 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 2 = 𝑎
17. General form of the quadratic Equation when the roots are given
𝑥 2 − (𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠)𝑥 + (𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠 ) = 0
18. Nature of Roots of a quadratic Equation
Values of Discriminant
Nature of roots
∆ = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
∆> 0 Real and unequal
∆=0 Real and equal
∆> 0 No Real root
19. Matrix
A matrix is a rectangular array of elements. The horizontal arrangements
are called rows and vertical arrangements are called columns.
20. Order of Matrix
If a matrix A has 𝑚 number of rows and 𝑛 number of columns, then the
order of matrix A is (Number of rows) X (Number of columns)
i.e. 𝑚 × 𝑛
21. General form of a matrix A with 𝑚 rows and 𝑛 columns
𝑎11 𝑎12 … 𝑎1𝑗 … . 𝑎1𝑛
𝐴 = ( 𝑎21 𝑎22 … 𝑎2𝑗 … 𝑎2𝑛 )
𝑎𝑚1 𝑎𝑚2 … . 𝑎𝑚𝑗 … . . 𝑎𝑚𝑛
22. Row Matrix (row vector)
A matrix is said to be a row matrix if it has only one row and any number
of columns.
In general 𝐴 = (𝑎11 𝑎12 … . . 𝑎1𝑛 ) is a row matrix of order 1 × 𝑛
23. Column Matrix
A matrix is said to be a column matrix if it has only one column and any
number of rows.
𝑎11
𝑎21
In general 𝐴 = ( . ) is a column matrix of order 𝑚 × 1
.
𝑎𝑚1
24. Square Matrix
A matrix in which the number of rows is equal to the number of columns is
called a square matrix
𝑎11 𝑎12
In general (𝑎 ) is a square matrix of order 2 × 2
21 𝑎22
25. In a square matrix, the elements of the form 𝑎11 , 𝑎22 , 𝑎33 … i.e. 𝑎𝑖𝑗 are
called leading diagonal elements.
1 3
Eg: ( ) 1 and 5 are leading elements.
4 5
26. Diagonal Matrix
A square matrix, all of whose elements, except those in the leading diagonal
are zero is called a diagonal matrix
7 0 0
Eg: (0 −2 0)
0 0 5
27. Scalar Matrix
A diagonal matrix in which all the leading diagonal elements are equal is
called scalar matrix
𝑘 0 0
2 0
Eg: ( ) ( 0 𝑘 0)
0 2
0 0 𝑘
28. Identity (or) Unit matrix
A square matrix in which elements in the leading diagonal are all “1” and
rest are all zero is called an identity matrix (or) Unit matrix
1 0 0
1 0
Eg: 𝐼2 = ( ) 𝐼3 = (0 1 0)
0 1
0 0 1
29. Zero matrix (or) Null matrix
A matrix is said to the a zero matrix or null matrix if all its elements are zero
1 0 0 0 0
Eg: ( ) ( )
0 1 2×2 0 0 0 2×3
30. Transpose of a matrix
The matrix which is obtained by interchanging the elements in rows and
columns of a given matrix A is called transpose of A
It is denoted by 𝐴𝑇
5 3
0 0 0
Eg: 𝐴 = ( 2 8) 𝐴𝑇 = ( )
0 0 0 2×3
−4 1 3×2
31. If order of A is 𝑚 × 𝑛 then order of 𝐴𝑇 is 𝑛 × 𝑚
32. (𝐴𝑇 )𝑇 = 𝐴
33. Triangular Matrix
a) Lower Triangular Matrix
A square matrix in which all the entries above the leading diagonal are
zero is called a lower triangular matrix
4 0 0
Eg: (5 −7 0)
9 2 3
b) Upper Triangular Matrix
A square matrix in which all the entries below the leading diagonal are
zero is called a upper triangular matrix
3 −5 4
Eg: (0 2 8)
0 0 9
34. Equal Matrices
Two matrices A and B are said to be equal if and only if they have the same
order and each element of matrix A is equal to the corresponding element of
matrix B
i.e. 𝑎𝑖 𝑗 = 𝑏𝑖 𝑗 , ∀ 𝑖, 𝑗
35. The negative of a matrix
The negative of a matrix 𝐴𝑚×𝑛 denoted by −𝐴𝑚×𝑛 is the matrix formed by
replacing each element in the matrix 𝐴𝑚×𝑛 with its additive invewrse.
36. Addition and Subtraction of Matrices
Two matrices can be added or subtracted if they have the same order. To
add or subtract two matrices simply add or subtract the corresponding
elements.
37. Multiplication of Matrix by a Scalar
We can multiply the elements of the given matrix A by a non-zero number 𝑘
to obtain a new matrix 𝑘𝐴 whose elements are multiplied by 𝑘
The matrix 𝑘𝐴 is called Scalar multiplication of A
i.e. 𝐴 = (𝑎𝑖 𝑗 )𝑚×𝑛 ∀ 𝑖 = 1,2,3, … 𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑗 = 1,2,3, … 𝑛
𝑘𝐴 = (𝑘 𝑎𝑖 𝑗 )𝑚×𝑛
38. Commutative property of matrix addition 𝐴+𝐵 =𝐵+𝐴
39. Associative property of matrix addition 𝐴 + (𝐵 + 𝐶) = (𝐴 + 𝐵) + 𝐶
40. Associative property of scalar multiplication (𝑝𝑞)𝐴 = 𝑝(𝑞𝐴)
41. Scalar Identity property where 𝐼 is the unit matrix 𝐼 𝐴 = 𝐴
42. Distributive property of scalar and two matrices
𝑝(𝐴 + 𝐵) = 𝑝𝐴 + 𝑝𝐵
43. Distributive property of two scalars with a matrix
(𝑝 + 𝑞)𝐴 = 𝑝𝐴 + 𝑞𝐴
44. Additive Identity 𝐴 + 0 = 0 + 𝐴 = 𝐴
‘0” is the additive identity
45. Additive Inverse 𝐴 + (−𝐴) = (−𝐴) + 𝐴 = 0
(−𝐴) is the additive inverse of A
46. Matrix multiplication is not commutative 𝐴𝐵 ≠ 𝐵𝐴
47. Matrix multiplication is distributive over matrix addition
(i) 𝐴(𝐵 + 𝐶) = 𝐴𝐵 + 𝐴𝐶
(ii) (𝐴 + 𝐵)𝐶 = 𝐴𝐶 + 𝐵𝐶
48. Matrix multiplication is always associative (𝐴𝐵)𝐶 = 𝐴(𝐵𝐶)
49. Multiplication of a matrix by a unit matrix 𝐴𝐼 = 𝐼 𝐴 = 𝐴

50. If 𝑥 and 𝑦 are two real number such that 𝑥𝑦 = 0 then either 𝑥 = 0 or
𝑦 = 0 But this condition may not be true with respect to two matrices .
51. 𝐴𝐵 = 0 does not necessarily imply that 𝐴 = 0 or 𝐵 = 0 or both
𝐴, 𝐵 = 0
52. If 𝐴𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 are any two non-zero matrices, then
(𝐴 + 𝐵)2 ≠ 𝐴2 + 2 𝐴 𝐵 + 𝐵2
53. If 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐵𝐴 then (𝐴 + 𝐵)2 = 𝐴2 + 2 𝐴 𝐵 + 𝐵2

4. GEOMETRY
1. Two triangles are said to be similar if their corresponding sides are
proportional.
2. The triangles are equiangular if the corresponding angles are equal.
3. A perpendicular line drawn from the vertex of a right angled triangle divides
the triangle into two triangles similar to each other and also to original triangle.
4. If two triangles are similar, then the ratio of the corresponding sides are equal
to the ratio of their corresponding altitudes.
5. If two triangles are similar, then the ratio of the corresponding sides are equal
to the ratio of their corresponding perimeters
6. The ratio of the area of two similar triangles are equal to the ration of the
squares of their corresponding sides
7. If two triangles have common vertex and their bases are on the straight line,
the ration between their areas is equal to the ratio between the length of their
bases.
8. Any congruent triangles are similar but the converse is not true
9. AA Criterion of Similarity
AA similarity criterion is same as the AAA similarity criterion
10. SAS Criterion of Similarity
If one angle of a triangle ios equal to one angle of another triangle and if the
sides including these angles are in the same ratio then the triangles are similar.
11. SSS Criterion of Similarity
If three sides of a triangle are proportional to the three corresponding sides of
another triangle, then the two triangles are similar
12. Basic Proportionality Theorem (BPT) (or) Thales Theorem
A straight line drawn parallel to a side of a triangle intersecting the other two
sides divides the sides in the same ratio.
13. Converse of BPT
If a straight line divides any two sides of a triangle in the same ratio, then the
line is parallel to the third side.
14. Angle Bisector Theorem (ABT)
The internal bisector of an angle of a triangle divides the opposite side
internally in the ratio of the corresponding sides containing the angle.
15. Converse of ABT
If a straight line through one vertex of a triangle divides the opposite side
internally in the ratio of the other two sides, then the line bisects the angle
internally at the vertex.
16. Pythagoras Theorem (or) Baudhyana Theorem
In a right angle triangle, the square on the hypotenuse is equal to the sum
on the other two sides.
17. Converse of Pythagoras Theorem
If the square of the longest side of a triangle is equal to sums of squares of
other two sides, then the triangle is a right angle triangle.
18. If a line touches a given circle at only one point, then it is called tangent to the
circle.
19. A tangent at any point on a circle and the radius through the point are
perpendicular to each other.
20. No tangent can be drawn from an interior point of the circle.
21. Only one tangent can be drawn at any point on a circle.
22. Two tangents can be drawn from any exterior point of a circle.
23. The lengths of the two tangents drawn from an exterior point to a circle are
equal.
24. If two circles touch externally the distance between their centres is equal to
the sum of their radii i.e. 𝑟1 + 𝑟2
25. If two circles touch internally the distance between their centres is equal to
the different of their radii i.e. 𝑟1 − 𝑟2
26. The two direct common tangents drawn to the circles are equal in length.

27. Alternate Segment Theorem

If a line touches a circle and from the point of contact a chord is drawn, the
angles between the tangent and the chord are respectively equal to the
angles in the corrospo9nding alternate segments
28. Ceva’s Theorem
Let ABC be a triangle and let 𝐷, 𝐸, 𝐹 be the points on the lines
𝐵𝐶, 𝐶𝐴, 𝐴𝐵 respectively. then the cerians 𝐴𝐷, 𝐵𝐸, 𝐶𝐹 are concurrent if and
𝐵𝐷 𝐶𝐸 𝐴𝐹
only if × × = 1 where the lengths are directed. This also works
𝐷𝐶 𝐸𝐴 𝐹𝐵
for the reciprocal of each of the ratios as the re4ciprocal of 1 is 1
29. Menelaus Theorem
A necessary and sufficient condition for points 𝑃, 𝑄, 𝑅 on the respective
sides 𝐵𝐶, 𝐶𝐴, 𝐴𝐵 (or their extension) of the triangle 𝐴𝐵𝐶 to be collinear is
𝐵𝑃 𝐶𝑄 𝐴𝑅
that × × = −1 where all segments in the formula are directed
𝑃𝐶 𝑄𝐴 𝑅𝐵
segments.
30. Menelaus theorem proves that spheres are made up of spherical triangles.
 5. CO ORDINATE GEOMETRY
1. Distance between two points 𝑑 = √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2
𝑥1 +𝑥2 𝑦1 +𝑦2
2. Mid- point of the line segment ( , )
2 2
3. Section Formula
𝑚 𝑥2 +𝑛𝑥1 𝑚 𝑦2 +𝑛𝑦1
a) Internal division [ , 𝑚+𝑛 ]
𝑚+𝑛
𝑚 𝑥2 −𝑛𝑥1 𝑚 𝑦2 −𝑛𝑦1
b) External division [ , ]
𝑚−𝑛 𝑚−𝑛
𝑥1 +𝑥2 +𝑥3 𝑦1 +𝑦2 +𝑦3
4. Centroid of a triangle ( , )
3 3
5. Heron’s Formula (sides are given )
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
Area of a triangle = √𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐) where 𝑠 =
2
6. Area of the triangle (vertices are given )
1
𝐴 = {𝑥1 (𝑦2 − 𝑦3 ) + 𝑥2 (𝑦3 − 𝑦1 ) + 𝑥3 (𝑦1 − 𝑦2 )} sq. units
2
or
1 𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥1
= {𝑦 𝑦2 𝑦3 𝑦1 }
2 1
1
= {(𝑥1 𝑦2 + 𝑥2 𝑦3 + 𝑥3 𝑦1 ) − (𝑥2 𝑦1 + 𝑥3 𝑦2 + 𝑥1 𝑦3 )} sq. units
2
7. Area of a triangle can never be negative
8. Area of a triangle must take the absolute value in case area happens to be
negative.
9. Condition for Collinearity
𝑥1 (𝑦2 − 𝑦3 ) + 𝑥2 (𝑦3 − 𝑦1 ) + 𝑥3 (𝑦1 − 𝑦2 ) = 0
or
𝑥1 𝑦2 + 𝑥2 𝑦3 + 𝑥3 𝑦1 = +𝑥1 𝑦3 + 𝑥2 𝑦1 + 𝑥3 𝑦2

10.Area of a Quadrilateral
1
𝐴 = {(𝑥1 − 𝑥3 )(𝑦2 − 𝑦1 ) − (𝑥2 − 𝑥4 )(𝑦1 − 𝑦3 )} sq. units
2
or
1 𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥4 𝑥1
= {𝑦 𝑦2 𝑦3 𝑦4 𝑦1 }
2 1
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1
= {(𝑥1 𝑦2 + 𝑥2 𝑦3 + 𝑥3 𝑦4 + 𝑥4 𝑦1 ) − (𝑥2 𝑦1 + 𝑥3 𝑦2 + 𝑥4 𝑦3 + 𝑥1 𝑦4 )}
2
sq. units
11.The inclination of 𝑋 axis and every line parallel to 𝑋 axis is 0°
12.The inclination of 𝑌 axis and every line parallel to 𝑌 axis is 90°
13.Slope of the straight line 𝑚 = tan 𝜃 , 0 ≤ 𝜃 < 180°, 𝜃 ≠ 90°
𝑦 −𝑦
14.The slope of the line (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) = 𝑥2 −𝑥1
2 1
−𝑎 − 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑥
15.The slope of the line 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 is 𝑚= =
𝑏 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑦
16.Slope of the vertical line is undefined.
17.Two non-vertical lines are parallel if and only if their slopes are equal
i.e. 𝑚1 = 𝑚2
18.Two non-vertical lines with slopes 𝑚1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑚2 are perpendicular if and only if
𝑚1 × 𝑚2 = −1
19.In any triangle, exterior angle is equal to sum of the opposite interior angles
20.If the slopes of both the pairs of opposite sides are equal then the
quadrilateral is a parallelogram
21.The equation of 𝑌 axis is 𝑋 = 0
22.The equation of 𝑋 axis is 𝑌 = 0
23.The equation of a straight line parallel to 𝑋 axis is 𝑦 = 𝑏
24.The equation of a straight line parallel to 𝑌 axis is 𝑥 = 𝑐
25.If 𝑐 > 0, then the line 𝑥 = 𝑐 lies right to the side of the 𝑌 axis
26.If 𝑐 < 0, then the line 𝑥 = 𝑐 lies left to the side of the 𝑌 axis
27.If 𝑐 = 0, then the line 𝑥 = 𝑐 is the 𝑌 axis itself
28.Slope Intercept form
𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐 𝑚 − slope 𝑐 − 𝑦 intercept
29.If a line with slope 𝑚, 𝑚 ≠ 0 makes 𝑥 intercept 𝑑 then the equation of the
straight line is 𝑦 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑑)
30. If a line with slope 𝑚 and passing through the origin, then the equation of
the straight line is 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥
31.For, the point (𝑥, 𝑦) in a 𝑥𝑦 plane, the 𝑥 coordinate 𝑥 is called “Abscissae”.
and the 𝑦 coordinate 𝑦 is called “Ordinate”
 9
32.For converting Celsius to Fahrenheit is 𝐹 = 𝐶 + 32
5
33.Point-Slope Form
The equation of the straight line passing through a given point (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) and
having a slope 𝑚 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
34. Two Point Form
The equation of the straight line passing through (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) and (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 )
𝑦−𝑦1 𝑥−𝑥1
=
𝑦2 −𝑦1 𝑥2 −𝑥1
35.Intercept Form

𝑥 𝑦
+ =1
𝑎 𝑏

36.Equation of a line parallel to the line 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 is 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑘 = 0

37.Equation of a line perpendicular to the line 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 is
𝑏𝑥 − 𝑎𝑦 + 𝑘 = 0
38.Two straight lines 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑦 + 𝑐1 = 0 and 𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑦 + 𝑐2 = 0 where the
coefficients are non-zero are
𝑎1 𝑏1
(i) parallel if and only if = i.e. 𝑎1 𝑏2 − 𝑎2 𝑏1 = 0
𝑎2 𝑏2
(ii) perpendicular if and only if 𝑎1 𝑎2 + 𝑏1 𝑏2 = 0

6. TRIGONOMETRY

𝑂𝑝𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒
1. sin 𝜃 =
𝐻𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒
𝐴𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒
2. cos 𝜃 =
𝐻𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒
𝑂𝑝𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 sin 𝜃
3. tan 𝜃 = =
𝐴𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 cos 𝜃
𝐴𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 cos 𝜃
4. cot 𝜃 = =
𝑂𝑝𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 sin 𝜃
𝐻𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 1
5. cosec 𝜃 = =
𝑂𝑝𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 sin 𝜃
𝐻𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 1
6. sec 𝜃 = =
𝐴𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 cos 𝜃
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7. sin(90° − 𝜃) = cos 𝜃
8. cos (90° − 𝜃) = sin 𝜃
9. tan (90° − 𝜃) = cot 𝜃
10.cot (90° − 𝜃) = tan 𝜃
11.cosec(90° − 𝜃) = sec 𝜃
12.sec(90° − 𝜃) = cosec 𝜃

Trigonometric 0° 30° 45° 60° 90°

ratios
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 0 1 1 √3 1
2 √2 2
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 1 √3 1 1 0
2 √2 2
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 0 1 1 √3 ∞
√3
𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝜃 ∞ √3 1 1 0
√3
𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃 1 2 √2 2 ∞
√3
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃 ∞ 2 √2 2 1
√3
13.sin2 𝜃 + cos 2 𝜃 = 1
14.1 + tan2 𝜃 = sec 2 𝜃
15. 1 + 𝑐𝑜t 2 𝜃 = cosec 2 𝜃
 7. MENSURATION
1. Right Circular Cylinder
(a) CSA (Or) LSA = 2 𝜋 𝑟 ℎ sq. units
(b) TSA = 2 𝜋 𝑟( ℎ + 𝑟) sq. units
22
2. We always consider 𝜋 = , unless otherwise stated.
7
3. The term “surface area:” refers to TSA
4. Hollow Cylinder
TSA = 2 𝜋 (𝑅 + 𝑟)( 𝑅 − 𝑟 + ℎ) sq. units
5. Right Circular Cone
(a) CSA (Or) LSA = 𝜋 𝑟 𝑙 sq. units
(b) TSA = 𝜋 𝑟( 𝑙 + 𝑟) sq. units
(c) 𝑙 = √ℎ2 + 𝑟 2
(d) ℎ = √𝑙 2 − 𝑟 2
(e) 𝑟 = √𝑙 2 − ℎ2
6. Sphere
Surface area = 4 𝜋 𝑟 2 sq. units
7. Hemi Sphere
(i) CSA (Or) LSA = 2 𝜋 𝑟 2 sq. units
(ii) TSA = 3 𝜋 𝑟 2 sq. units
8. Hollow Hemi sphere
(i) CSA (Or) LSA = 2 𝜋 (𝑅2 + 𝑟 2 ) sq. units
(ii) TSA = 𝜋 (3𝑅2 + 𝑟 2 ) sq. units
9. Frustum
(i) CSA (Or) LSA = 𝜋 (𝑅 + 𝑟) 𝑙 sq. units
𝑙 = √ℎ2 + (𝑅 − 𝑟)2
(ii) TSA = 𝜋 (𝑅 + 𝑟)𝑙 + 𝜋𝑅2 + 𝜋 𝑟 2 sq. units
10. Volume of a solid right circular cylinder = 𝜋 𝑟 2 ℎ cu. units
11.Volume of a hollow cylinder = 𝜋(𝑅2 − 𝑟 2 ) ℎ cu. units
1
12.Volume of a right circular cone = 𝜋 𝑟 2 ℎ cu. units
3
4
13.Volume of a sphere = 𝜋 𝑟 3 cu. units
3
4
14.Volume of a hollow sphere/spherical shell = 𝜋(𝑅3 − 𝑟 3 ) cu. units
3
 2
15.Volume of a solid hemi sphere = 𝜋 𝑟 3 cu. units
3
2
16.Volume of a hollow hemi sphere/spherical shell = 𝜋(𝑅3 − 𝑟 3 ) cu. units
3
𝜋 ℎ
17.Volume of a frustum = (𝑅2 + 𝑅 𝑟 + 𝑟 2 ) cu. units
3

8. STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

1. Data
The numerical representation of facts is called data
2. Observation:
Each entry in the data is called observation.
3. Variable :
The quantities which are being considered in a survey are called variables.
It is denoted by 𝑥𝑖 , 𝑖 = 1,2,3, … 𝑛
4. Frequencies:
The number of times, a variable occurs in a given data is called the
frequency of that variable.
It is denoted by 𝑓𝑖 , 𝑖 = 1,2,3, … 𝑛
𝑛
∑ 𝑥
5. Mean (ungrouped data) 𝑋̅ = 𝑖=1 𝑖
𝑛
6. Mean (grouped data)
𝑛
̅ = ∑𝑖=1𝑛 𝑥𝑖 𝑓𝑖
a) Direct Method 𝑋
∑ 𝑖=1 𝑓𝑖
𝑛
̅ = 𝐴 + ∑𝑖=1𝑛 𝑓𝑖 𝑑𝑖 ; 𝑑𝑖 = 𝑥𝑖 − 𝐴
b) Assumed Mean Method 𝑋
∑ 𝑖=1 𝑓𝑖
∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑓𝑖 𝑑𝑖 𝑥𝑖 −𝐴
c) Step Deviation Method 𝑋̅ = 𝐴 + 𝑐 × ∑𝑛
; 𝑑𝑖 =
𝑖=1 𝑓𝑖 𝑐
7. Dispersion:
Dispersion is a measure which gives an idea about the scatteredness of
the values.
8. Different Measures of Dispersion:
a) Range
b) Mean deviation
c) Quartile deviation
9. Range 𝑅 = 𝐿 − 𝑆
𝐿−𝑆
10.Coefficient of range =
𝐿+𝑆
11.If the frequency initial class is zero, then the next class will be considered for
the calculation of range.
∑𝑛
𝑖=1(𝑥𝑖 −𝑥̅ )
2
12.Variance 𝜎2 =
𝑛
13.Standard Deviation for ungrouped data
∑(𝑥𝑖 )2 ∑ 𝑥𝑖 2
a) Direct method 𝜎 = √ −( )
𝑛 𝑛
∑(𝑑𝑖 )2
b) Mean Method 𝜎 = √ ; 𝑑𝑖 = 𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥̅
𝑛

∑(𝑑 ) ∑𝑑 2 2
c) Assumed Mean Method 𝜎 = √ 𝑖 − ( 𝑖 )
𝑛 𝑛

∑(𝑑 ) ∑𝑑 2 2
d) Step Deviation Method 𝜎 = 𝑐 × √ 𝑖 − ( 𝑖 )
𝑛 𝑛
𝑛+1
14. Mean of the first 𝑛 natural natural numbers 𝑥̅ =
2
𝑛2 −1
15.Variance 𝜎 2 =
12
16.Standard Deviation for grouped data
∑ 𝑓𝑖 (𝑑𝑖 )2
a) Mean Method 𝜎 = √ ; 𝑁 = ∑ 𝑓𝑖
𝑁

∑𝑓 (𝑑𝑖 )2 ∑ 𝑓𝑖 𝑑𝑖 2
b) Assumed Mean Method 𝜎 = √ 𝑖 −( )
𝑁 𝑁
c) Shortcut Method (or) Step Deviation Method
∑ 𝑓𝑖 (𝑑𝑖 )2 ∑ 𝑓𝑖 𝑑𝑖 2
𝜎 =𝑐 ×√ −( )
𝑁 𝑁
𝜎
17.Co0efficient of variation 𝐶. 𝑉. = × 100%
𝑥̅
18.Random Experiment
A random experiment is an experiment in which (i) The set of all possible
outcomes are known (ii) Exact outcome is not known

Example : 1. Tossing a coin

2. Rolling a die
3. Selecting a card from a pack of 52 cards
19.Sample Space:
The set of all possible outcomes in a random experiment is called a sample
space. It is denoted by S
20.Sample point:
Each element of a sample space is called sample point.
21.Tree diagram:
Tree diagram allow us to see visually all possible outcomes of a random
experiment. Each branch in a tree diagram represent a possible outcome.
22.Event :
In a random experiment each possible outcome is called an event.
23.Trial :
Performing an experiment once is called a trail.
24. Equally likely events :
Two are more events are said to be equally likely if each one of them has an
equal chance of occurring.
25.Certain event :
In an experiment, the event which surely occur is called certain event.
26.Impossible event :
In an experiment if an event has no scope to occur then it is called an
impossible event.
27.Mutually exclusive events:
Two or more events are said to be mutually exclusive if they don’t have
common sample points.
i.e., events A, B are said to be mutually exclusive if 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = ∅
28. Exhaustive events:
 The collection of events whose union is the whole sample space are called
exhaustive events.
29. Complementary events:
The complement of an event A is the event representing collection of sample
points not in A.
It is denoted by 𝐴′ (𝑜𝑟)𝐴𝑐 (𝑜𝑟) ̅̅̅
𝐴
The event A and its complement 𝐴′ are mutually exclusive and exhaustive.
𝑛(𝐸)
30. 𝑃(𝐸) =
𝑛(𝑆)
31.The probability of sure event is 1
32.The probability of impossible event is 0
33. The probability value always lies from 0 𝑡𝑜 1 i.e. 0 ≤ 𝑃(𝐸) ≤ 1
34. 𝑃(𝐸) + 𝑃(𝐸 ̅̅̅̅) = 1
35. 𝑃(𝐸 ̅̅̅̅) = 1 − 𝑃)𝐸)
36. Ina card
Spade 13 Clavor 13 Heart 13 Diamond 13
Joker 4 King 4 Queen 4
′ ′
37. 𝐴 ∩ 𝐴 = ∅ 𝐴∪𝐴 =𝑆
38. If A, B are mutually exclusive events, then 𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵)
39. 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵̅ ) = 𝑃(𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦 𝐴) = 𝑃(𝐴) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)
40.𝑃(𝐴 ̅̅̅ ∩ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐵) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)
41. If A and B are any two event 𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)
42. If A, B and C are any three events
𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 ∪ 𝐶) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) + 𝑃(𝐶) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) − 𝑃(𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐶)
+𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶)

Prepared by

K.G.RANGARAJAN M.Sc, B.Ed.,

SRIHARI MATHEMATICS ACADEMY (COACHING CENTER),
2/276-G, K.G.NAGAR, KALANGAL(P.O), (VIA) SULUR (T.K),
COIMBATORE(D.T) – 641402
MOBILE NO: 9944196663, 8270939607 E-mail: [email protected]
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