Road Transport Accessibility and Its Effect on Tourism Economy of Lalibela Town,

Amhara Region, Ethiopia.

College of Urban Development and Engineering

Department of Urban Infrastructure Transport Planning and Management

Road Transport Accessibility And its Effect on the

Tourism Economy of Lalibela Town, Amhara Region,
Ethiopia.
By:
Tewodros Teshome
ID: ECSU2103516 ®

June, 2023
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
 Road Transport Accessibility and Its Effect on Tourism Economy of Lalibela Town
Amhara Region, Ethiopia

Ethiopian Civil Service University

College of Urban Development and Engineering
Department of Urban Infrastructure Transport Planning and
Management
Road Transport Accessibility and Its Effects of on
the Tourism Economy of Lalibela Town, Amhara
Region, Ethiopia.

By:
Tewodros Teshome
ID: ECSU2103516 ®

A Thesis Submitted to Urban Infrastructure Transport Planning and

Management department in partial fulfillment of the requirement
for the award of a Master Degree in Transport Planning and
Management

Advisor: Tafere Yalew

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Road Transport Accessibility and Its Effect on Tourism Economy of Lalibela Town
Amhara Region, Ethiopia

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 Road Transport Accessibility and Its Effect on Tourism Economy of Lalibela Town
Amhara Region, Ethiopia

DEDICATION
I dedicate this research work to my Almighty God, my strong pillar, my source of
inspiration, wisdom, knowledge, and understanding. He has been the source of my strength
throughout this program and on his wings only have I soared. I also dedicate this work to
my wife; Frehiwot Daniel who has encouraged me all the way and whose encouragement
has made sure that I give it all it takes to finish that which I have started. To my sweet
daughters Arsema and Ruth who have been affected in every way possible by this quest.
Thank you, My love, for you all can never be quantified. God bless you.

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 Road Transport Accessibility and Its Effect on Tourism Economy of Lalibela Town
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Above all, I would like to extend my heartfelt thanks to the almighty God,
without spiritual help and guidance it would have been impossible for me to
reach this point of my life. And, I would like to thank my Advisor Mr. Tafere
Yalew (MSC) for his valuable guidance and encouragement to do this research
study.

My deepest and sincere thank goes to my family (Frehiwot, Ruth and

Arsema). Your sacrifice for missing, patience & support have given me extra
strength and desire to succeed. My mother Asnakech Teshome (Etalem), you
are my hero. It is because of the beneficial results that you dedicated your
beautiful life to organizing the entirety of my life's mess that you were by my
side in every angel when I first decided to change from my destroyed life and
encouraged me to stand on my own two feet.

Finally, I would like to express my appreciation to ECSU, particularly the

Department of Urban Infrastructure Transport Planning and Management, for
providing me with excellent educational services. Additionally, I am grateful
to my organization ECAA for granting me scholarship opportunities.

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CONTENTS
DECLARATION................................................................................................................. ii
DEDICATION ................................................................................................................... iii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................................ vii
List of Tables ....................................................................................................................... x
List of Figures .................................................................................................................... xi
List of Acronyms and Abbreviations ................................................................................ xii
ABSTRACT..................................................................................................................... xiii
CHAPTER ONE ................................................................................................................. 1
1. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Background of the Study ...................................................................................... 2
1.2 Statement of the Problem ..................................................................................... 3
1.3 Research Question ................................................................................................ 4
1.4 Research Objectives ............................................................................................. 4
1.4.1 General Objective............................................................................................... 4
1.4.2 Specific Objectives ........................................................................................ 4
1.5 Significance of the Study ...................................................................................... 4
1.6 Scope of the Study ................................................................................................ 5
1.7 Limitation of the Study......................................................................................... 6
1.8 Operational Definition.......................................................................................... 6
1.9 Organization of the Paper ..................................................................................... 7
CHAPTER TWO ................................................................................................................ 8
2. LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................................ 8
Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 8
2.1 Theoretical Review............................................................................................... 8
2.1.1 Road networking Accessibility ..................................................................... 8
2.1.2 Accessibility in Tourism Perspective ............................................................ 9
2.3 Empirical Review ............................................................................................... 10
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2.3.1 Transport Accessibility in World Context ................................................... 10

2.3.2 Transport accessibility in African Context ...................................................11
2.3.3 Effect of Transport Accessibility on Tourism ............................................. 12
2.3.4 Transport Accessibility and Tourism Performance ..................................... 13
2.3.5 Effect of Road Transport on the Economy .................................................. 14
2.3.6 Road Network Accessibility........................................................................ 15
2.4 Research Gap ...................................................................................................... 15
2.5 Conceptual Frame Work ..................................................................................... 16
CHAPTER THREE........................................................................................................... 18
3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY.............................................................................. 18
Introduction ................................................................................................................... 18
3.1 Description of the Study Area ................................................................................. 18
3.2 Research Paradigm .................................................................................................. 19
3.3 Research Design ..................................................................................................... 19
3.3.1 Research Approach ........................................................................................ 20
3.3.2 Research Type and Time Dimension of the Study ........................................ 20
3.4 Sampling Design ................................................................................................ 20
3.4.1 Target Population ........................................................................................ 21
3.4.2 Sampling Frame .......................................................................................... 21
3.4.3 Sampling Unit ............................................................................................. 21
3.4.4 Sampling Technique .................................................................................... 21
3.4.5 Sampling Procedure .................................................................................... 22
3.5 Type and Source of Data .................................................................................... 23
3.6 Data Collection Methods .................................................................................... 24
3.7 Method of Data Analysis .................................................................................... 24
3.8 Validity, Reliability and normality of the Research............................................ 24
3.9 Operational Frame Work .................................................................................... 26
3.10 Ethical Consideration ...................................................................................... 27
CHAPTER FOUR............................................................................................................. 28
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS ............................................................................. 28
Introduction ................................................................................................................... 28
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4.1 Response Rate of Respondents ....................................................................... 28

4.1.1 Demographic Characteristics of Respondents ............................................ 28
4.2 Existing Status of Transportation Accessibility ................................................. 31
4.3 Status of Tourism Economy............................................................................ 32
4.4 Relationship Between Transport Accessibility and Tourism Economy .......... 33
4. 5 Effect of Road Transportation Accessibility on Tourism Economy................. 35
4.5.1 Assumptions of regression analysis ............................................................ 36
4.5.1.1 Multicollinearity ........................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.5.1.2 Collinearity Analysis..................................................................................... 36
4.5.1.3 Normality, Linearity, Homoscedasticity, and Autocorrelation ................ 38
4.5.1.4 Multiple Linear Regression Analysis ...................................................... 41
4.5.1.5 Simple Linear Regression Analysis ........................................................ 46
CHAPTER FIVE .............................................................................................................. 49
5. SUMMARY OF MAJOR FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, AND
RECOMMENDATIONS .................................................................................................. 49
Introduction ................................................................................................................... 49
5.1 Summary of Major Findings........................................................................... 49
5.2 Conclusions .................................................................................................... 50
5.3 Recommendations .......................................................................................... 51
5.5 Future Research Directions ..................................................................................... 54
References ......................................................................................................................... 55
Appendix ........................................................................................................................... 72

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List of Tables
Table 3.1 Sampling of residents ..................................................................................................... 23
Table 3.2 Reliability Statistics ...................................................................................................... 26
Table 3.3 operational frame work ................................................................................................. 27
Table 4.1 Response rate ................................................................................................................ 28
Table 4.2 Demographic characteristics of respondents ................................................................. 29
Table 4.3 A Descriptive Statistics Table ........................................................................................ 31
Table 4.4 Interpretations of the correlation coefficient ................................................................. 33
Table 4.5 Correlation analysis output ........................................................................................... 32
Table 4.6 The Collinearity Statistics for Tourism Economy in Lalibela Town ............................. 37
Table 4.7 Multiple Linear Regression ........................................................................................... 41
Table 4.8 ANOVA Summary of Regression Analysis ................................................................... 29
Table 4.9 Regression Coefficients................................................................................................. 43
Table 4.10 Simple Linear Regression ........................................................................................... 46

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List of Figures
Figure 2.1 Conceptual frame work of the study ............................................................................. 16
Figure 3.1 location map of the study area ..................................................................................... 19
Figure 4.1 Histogram as a test of normality ................................................................................... 38
Figure 4.2 Linearity Assumption Indicator .................................................................................... 39
Figure 4.3 Analysis output of Durbin Watson ................................................................................ 40

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List of Acronyms and Abbreviations

CRPD Convention of right of persons with disability
DW Durbin Watson
E Easting
ECAA Ethiopian Civil Aviation Authority
ETB Ethiopian Birr
GC Gregorian calendar
GIS Geographic information system
N Northing
NGO Non-Governmental Organization
MRT Mass Railway Transit
OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
RHCL Rock Hewn Church of Lalibela
SPSS Statistical Package for the Social Sciences
UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
VIF variance inflation factor

WHS World Historical Site

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ABSTRACT
This thesis examines the relationship between transportation accessibility and the tourism sector
in Lalibela, Ethiopia. The study investigates how road transport affects tourism in Lalibela and
proposes ways to improve transport accessibility through factors like convenience, inclusivity,
safety, road connectivity, walkability and timeliness of services. The research used quantitative
approach with an explanatory design to collect primary and secondary data from 397 respondents
using a convenience sampling mechanism. By analyzing primary and secondary data sources, this
research provides an in-depth understanding of the issues confronting the tourist sector in Lalibela.
The findings aim to address existing situation of road transport, relation between transport
accessibility and tourism economy, and the effect of transport accessibility on tourism that can
stimulate economic growth despite its remote location by enhancing transportation infrastructure
for tourists visiting this unique village known for its rock-hewn churches. In this study the analysis
has brought some findings which clearly shows the importance of walkability, safety, inclusiveness
and connectivity of roads for the advancement of tourism economy in Lalibela town.
The study found that improving road infrastructure, walkability, inclusiveness, connectivity to
service areas and residents, as well as safety would bring positive impacts to the tourism economy
of Lalibela. Additionally, there is a strong positive relationship between transport accessibility and
tourism economy in Lalibela town; improving transportation infrastructure accessibility could
potentially lead to an increase in tourist activity and economic growth for the area. Therefore,
policymakers, transport planners, and stakeholders involved in promoting tourism should consider
investing resources to improve these factors to attract more tourists to this historical site.
Keywords: Road transport, accessibility, Tourism, Economy, Lalibela.

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CHAPTER ONE

1. INTRODUCTION
Transportation accessibility is a critical aspect in the development and expansion of any
economy, especially in tourism-dependent areas. Lalibela, a tiny village in Ethiopia's
northern highlands, is a perfect example of this. Lalibela is known for its distinctive
rock-hewn church’s, which attracts thousands of tourists each year and it provide a
significant contribution to the country's economy. However, the town's distant location
and inadequate transportation infrastructure have long hampered tourist growth in the
area.
The purpose of this study is to look at the connection between transportation accessibility
and the tourism sector in Lalibela, Ethiopia. It was investigating the region's existing
status of road mobility and its influence on tourism, as well as prospective measures for
enhancing accessibility. Transport accessibility measured in terms of convenience,
reachability, inclusivity, road networking, walkability, and the timeliness with which
services are made available. It investigates the region's existing status of road mobility
and its influence on tourism, in addition to prospective methods for enhancing
accessibility and stimulating economic growth. This research gives a complete
knowledge of the issues and possibilities confronting the tourist sector in Lalibela
through an analysis of both primary and secondary data, as well as insights that may
drive policy choices and future development initiatives.
The study is significant because it provides an in-depth knowledge of the relationship
between transportation accessibility and tourism economy in a distant location like
Lalibela, which relies heavily on tourism economic growth. The tourist business relies
heavily on transportation. Tourism has grown in significant part due to improvements in
transportation. The research has carried out in the town of Lalibela, which is located in
the North Wollo administrative zone of the Amhara Regional State, roughly 700
kilometers north of Addis Ababa. Lalibela is located at 120 02'034"N latitude and 390
02'611" E longitude (Muluemebet S., 2022).
Through strong marketing of some far-off paradise with the availability of
transportation, tourist operations have introduced previously off-the-beaten-path
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locations to visitors. Through aggressive marketing of some far-off paradise with the
availability of transportation, accessibility and tourist activities have broken down
barriers and introduced previously off-the-beaten-path locations to guests (Eden
sorupira, 2005).
1.1 Background of the Study

Road transport accessibility plays a significant role in the development and sustainability
of tourism economies worldwide. Efficient and well-connected road networks enhance
tourist mobility, attract more visitors, and contribute to economic growth. Improved road
infrastructure and accessibility also lead to increased tourist spending, job creation, and the
overall development of tourism-related businesses (Więckowski, 2021).

Countries with well-developed road transport systems have seen substantial growth in
their tourism sectors, benefiting both local communities and national economies. In Africa,
tourism is recognized as a vital sector for economic development and poverty alleviation
(Mbaiwa, 2003). Many countries on the continent, including Ethiopia are actively
promoting tourism as a means to boost economic growth (Wondowossen et al., 2014).

Accessible and well-maintained road networks are critical for attracting tourists to popular
destinations and maximizing the tourism potential of these areas. Infrastructure
development projects and initiatives aimed at improving road transport accessibility in
African countries have shown positive impacts on tourism economies, resulting in
increased visitor numbers, longer stays, and greater expenditure (Anunobi & Egere, 2016).

Ethiopia, located in the Horn of Africa, possesses rich cultural and natural attractions that
have significant tourism potential. The Ethiopian government has recognized the
importance of the tourism sector and has implemented various strategies to promote
tourism development across the country. In recent years, there has been a particular focus
on improving road infrastructure and transport connectivity to enhance tourist accessibility
to key destinations. The government's initiatives, such as investment in road networks and
transportation facilities, aim to facilitate tourist movements and stimulate economic growth
through increased tourist arrivals and expenditure (Degarege Lovelock, 2019).

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Lalibela holds immense cultural and religious significance, attracting a large number of
domestic and international tourists each year. However, the road transport accessibility in
Lalibela town has faced challenges, with inadequate road infrastructure and limited
connectivity affecting the easy-to use access for tourists. Addressing these issues and
improving road transport accessibility in Lalibela town is crucial to fully unlock the tourism
potential of the area and promote sustainable economic growth (Robinson & Jonker, 2016).
By examining the effects of road transport accessibility on the tourism economy of Lalibela
town, this study aims to provide insights and recommendations that can contribute to the
overall development and success of the town as a tourist destination.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

Transportation infrastructure plays a significant role in stable tourism growth by enabling

visitors' choices on where to go while contributing to overall movement within nations
(Prideaux , 2000).The availability of different modes of transportation such as roads,
railroads, and airports enable tourists to access destinations. Transportation accessibility is
considered a crucial component for mobility that must be inclusive, convenient, livable and
sustainable. However, research on transport accessibility's impact on economies dependent
on tourism requires further inquiry. Lalibela, a town known for its historical and cultural
significance, heavily relies on tourism as a key economic driver. Besides, it’s one of the
world’s seven wonders registered as a world heritage site by UNESCO with its livelihood
depending heavily upon it being one of Ethiopia's best touristic areas; as a result, its
transport accessibility needs emphasis from government decision-makers for scientific
investigation into required infrastructure projects (Wondirad et al., 2021). However, the
existing status of road transport accessibility in Lalibela town and its impact on the tourism
economy have not been adequately examined. The lack of comprehensive understanding
regarding the effects of road transport accessibility on tourism hinders the formulation of
effective strategies for sustainable tourism development in Lalibela (Semaw et al., 2022).
Therefore, there is a need to assess the effects of road transport accessibility on the tourism
economy of Lalibela town, considering factors such as road infrastructure walkability,
inclusiveness, connectivity, safety, and comfortability which will help identify ways to

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increase transport accessibility through gathering quantitative data analysis ultimately

encouraging sustainable development & economic growth there.
Hence, this study aims to address these gaps by investigating the relationship between road
transport accessibility and the tourism economy in Lalibela town, ultimately providing
valuable insights for policymakers, local authorities, and tourism stakeholders to enhance
the overall tourism experience and economic growth in the region.
1.3 Research Question
To achieve the intended purpose as well as the research problem stated above, the
researcher has designed the following research questions.
1. What is the existing status of road transport accessibility in Lalibela town?
2. How do transport accessibility indicators such as walkability, inclusiveness,
connectivity, safety, and comfortability of roads related with the tourism economy
in Lalibela town?
3. What is the effect of transportation accessibility on tourism economy in Lalibela
town?
1.4 Research Objectives
1.4.1 General Objective
The general objective of this study is to asses transport accessibility and its effect on the
tourism economy of Lalibela town.
1.4.2 Specific Objectives
The specific objectives of this study are focused on the following list of essential points
that will be align throughout the study.
1. To analyze the exiting status of road transport accessibility in Lalibela town.
2. To examine the relationship between road transport accessibility and tourism
economy by taking selected indicators in Lalibela town.
3. To analyze the effect of transportation accessibility on tourism economy in Lalibela
town.
1.5 Significance of the Study
The study holds significance for the residents of Lalibela town as it focuses on assessing
the effects of road transport accessibility on the tourism economy. Improved road
infrastructure and accessibility can benefit the local community by creating employment
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opportunities, generating income through tourism-related businesses, and enhancing the

overall quality of life. The findings of this study can inform local authorities and
policymakers on the importance of investing in road infrastructure to stimulate economic
growth and improve living standards for residents. Understanding the impact of road
transport accessibility on the tourism economy can help identify potential areas for
improvement, ensuring that tourists have better access to the town's attractions and a more
enjoyable experience. Enhanced road networks, walkability, and connectivity can result in
smoother travel experiences, increased convenience, and improved safety, all of which
contribute to a positive and memorable tourist experience. Besides, the study provides
valuable insights into the relationship between road transport accessibility and the tourism
economy in Lalibela town. This information can guide policymakers in formulating
effective strategies and policies to enhance road infrastructure, connectivity, and safety,
leading to increased tourist arrivals, longer stays, and higher tourism revenue. Additionally,
the study can help justify and prioritize infrastructure investments for the government to
boost the overall tourism sector and support local economic development. On the other
hand, other researchers who are interested in conducting studies on road transport
accessibility and its impact on the tourism economy will find this study significant. It
provides a foundation and reference point for further research in similar contexts.
Researchers can build upon the findings of this study, explore additional factors, use
different methodologies, or expand the scope to include other destinations. The study's
insights and recommendations can serve as a basis for comparative analysis and contribute
to the existing body of knowledge on the subject.
1.6 Scope of the Study

The study was delimited spatially, conceptually and methodologically. Despite the fact that,
the researcher has recognized the need to cover all kebeles in the town; resource limitation
coupled with unmanageable population size forced the study to focus on the three kebeles
in Lalibela town only. Conceptually, this study concentrates on understanding the
relationship between road transport accessibility and the tourism economy in Lalibela
town. It explores various factors related to road infrastructure, walkability, inclusiveness,
connectivity, safety, and comfortability of roads and their influence on tourism outcomes.

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The study aims to provide insights into how improvements in road transport accessibility
can enhance the tourism experience, stimulate economic growth, and promote sustainable
tourism development. Methodologically, the study adopts a mixed approach with an
explanatory design to collect primary and secondary data. Besides, the study employs
quantitative analysis techniques to examine the correlations between road transport
accessibility factors and the tourism economy. Statistical analysis, such as correlation
analysis and regression analysis, is conducted to determine the strength and significance of
these relationships. Moreover, the study has employed cross sectional survey design.
1.7 Limitation of the Study

This study was carried out at Lalibela town, in this area there were a mass destruction
of public offices documents by a war between TPLF rebel with the national government
and this has brought unavailability of some secondary data which can be a good input
for this study success. The financial shortage was also the major limitation of the study.
The unwillingness of peoples for questionnaire and data supply with a demand of
money as a favor and improper filling of questionnaire and associating answers to
political affair were some of the limitations. Banned of internet connection by the
government has its own impact on this study.
1.8 Operational Definition

Transport: the movement of goods, services, and people from one location to another
utilizing a variety of vehicles including trucks, ships, airplanes, and trains (OECD, 2019).
This definition emphasizes the means by which transportation occurs and the purpose it
serves.

Accessibility: refers to the ease of reaching and utilizing transportation systems, services,
and infrastructure by individuals of diverse abilities, including those with disabilities,
elderly individuals, and others with mobility challenges. It focuses on removing barriers
and creating inclusive transportation environments that enable everyone to travel safely,
independently, and with dignity.

Tourism Economy: The tourism economy refers to the economic activities and impacts
generated by the tourism industry within a particular region or area. It encompasses various

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aspects, including but not limited to, tourist spending, employment opportunities, revenue
generation, investments, and the overall economic growth influenced by tourism-related
activities.

Effect: The effect, in the context of this research, refers to the influence or impact of road
accessibility on the tourism economy. It includes both direct and indirect effects.

Tourist Destinations: Tourist destinations are specific locations or areas that attract
tourists due to their cultural, natural, historical, or recreational significance. These can
include cities, towns, heritage sites, national parks, beaches, landmarks, or any other places
visited by tourists for leisure, business, or other purposes.

1.9 Organization of the Paper

This research study is divided into five major chapters. The first chapter is all about the
introduction, which includes the study's background, statement of the problem, research
problem, significance of the study and research question. The second chapter
incorporated reviewed various journals, research papers, and books on the subject. The
third chapter discuss the research methodology, sampling, data collection, while the
fourth chapters is about statical discourse the findings, analysis, and interpretation.
Lastly, the final fifth chapters include summary, conclusion, and recommendation.

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CHAPTER TWO

2. LITERATURE REVIEW
Introduction
On this chapter definition of concepts, and theories discussed step by step to make the
study understandable. Different scholars and researchers’ ideas and concepts mentioned
and reflected indepth to give broad awareness of transport accessibility and effects on
economic developments.
2.1 Theoretical Review

2.1.1 Road networking Accessibility

The destination accessibility theory focuses on the relationship between transportation
infrastructure and tourism development. It suggests that improved transportation
infrastructure and accessibility to a destination have a positive impact on the tourism
economy (Smith, 2018).

Network accessibility theory is a branch of network science that studies the degree to
which a given network node can be reached based on geographical, technical, and social
features. It is often used to evaluate the health and connectivity of networks, with the
aim of devising strategies to improve the accessibility of certain parts of a network,
(Steele, 2016). The theory is primarily concerned with understanding a specific node's
ability to participate in the network, which is stated in terms of the quantity or likelihood
of contacts or interactions between the node and the rest of the network.

Network accessibility analysis is useful for better understanding the conditions required
for a node to get network access, as well as for designing organizational structures
(Stikkelbroeck, 2020).

Accessibility is a critical metric for determining connection and assessing travel

prospects. Accessibility is a multifaceted notion that covers several metrics such as
network connection and node accessibility. Because of their strong connectedness,
places with high connectivity are considered as the finest location. Weaker connection
index values imply lower connectedness, and vice versa (Trishna Sarkar, & et al., 2021).

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2.1.2 Accessibility in Tourism Perspective

Sustainable mobility theory: This theory, rooted in the sustainable tourism discourse,
examines the relationship between transport accessibility and sustainable development.
It emphasizes the need for environmentally friendly and socially equitable transportation
options that minimize negative impacts on the environment and local communities while
ensuring accessibility for tourists as it cited by Hall, C. M. (2010).

Tourist information Theory: High quality tourist information has been identified as a key
factor for increased accessibility, as tourists need to know about their options for
transport and sights before they can plan an efficient trip. The availability of detailed
and up-to-date tourist information helps visitors toplan their trip and decreases their time
spent on search. Hence, tourists will be able to reach their target destinations more easily.
Transportation accessibility is regarded as an important factor in the tourism industry
because it can affect tourists' ease of travel and ability to access various tourist
destinations. Transportation is crucial in defining travel patterns and tourism patterns,
since it impacts the accessibility of places and the number of visitors that can visit them
(Javalgi, R.G., White, D.S., 1999).

Time-space convergence theory: This theory, proposed by Harvey (1989), suggests that
improvements in transportation technology and infrastructure lead to a reduction in the
perceived distance between places, effectively shrinking the world. As a result, travel
times decrease, making distant destinations more accessible and facilitating tourism
flows.

Similarly, (Gössling, S., Scott, & et al, 2005) argue that one of the most important
elements affecting the competitiveness of tourist destinations is transportation
accessibility, which can impact the destination's capacity to attract and retain tourists
over time. "Transportation accessibility is a significant factor of destination choice, as
it influences both the quantity of tourists who can visit a place and the appeal of a
destination to potential visitors," according to the findings of this study.

Tourist area life cycle (TALC) model: The TALC model, introduced by Butler (1980),
focuses on the evolution of tourist destinations over time. It suggests that destinations
go through a series of stages, including exploration, involvement, development,
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consolidation, stagnation, and decline. Transport accessibility plays a vital role in each
stage, enabling tourists to reach the destination and supporting its growth or decline.
2.3 Empirical Review

2.3.1 Transport Accessibility in World Context

According to (Ziemke & Dominik, 2016), the term "accessibility" can be used to
describe at least three different ideas in the field of transport science and planning. First,
accessibility can refer to how easily a particular piece of transportation infrastructure can
be used by users in general, including those with disabilities. In this sense, accessibility
instructs engineers and planners on how to build various aspects of the transportation
infrastructure, such as public transportation facilities, to make them useable for all
travelers. Second, accessibility can be used to illustrate how simple or practical a given
land use facility's strategy is. States parties are required by the Convention on the Rights
of Persons with Impairments (CRPD) to guarantee equal access to transportation for
people with disabilities (Article 9). Their obligation to "provide personal mobility with
the maximum possible freedom for persons with disabilities," including the availability
of timely and reasonably priced solutions, is emphasized in Article 20 on Personal
Mobility: The purpose of 20(b) is to make it easier for people with disabilities to obtain
high-quality mobility aids, accessories, assistive technology, forms of live support, and
intermediates, including by making them reasonably priced. The purpose of 20(d) is to
promote consideration of all aspects of mobility for people with disabilities by
organizations that create mobility aids, gadgets, and assistive technology, (Bank,
2022).

Accessible tourism has been identified as a developing market on a global scale that
might pave the way for social inclusion as well as bring financial rewards to the sector
and increase destination competitiveness. Despite the rise in the number of travelers who
have access needs, the industry still does not fully comprehend the needs and experiences
of access tourists. Accessible tourism caters to a wide range of disabilities, including
those that limit mobility, visual impairments, invisible disabilities, parents pushing
strollers, and elders, (McIntosh, & et al, 2020).

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2.3.2 Transport accessibility in African Context

The transportation network gives access to a variety of activity zones, such as
workplaces, retail centers, and recreational locations. It is also concerned with the
supply of infrastructure (such as pedestrian walkways that promote healthy urbanism
and increase urban functionality). Unfortunately, there is currently no information
available on the connection between accessibility and desired residential sites for
households. Three factors make up accessibility: (1) individuals based at home, (2) the
connection between an individual and an activity, and (3) desired activities at
destinations. Numerous factors, such as available modes of transportation, the all nature
of the destination, the cost and duration of the trip, car ownership, and others, have an
impact on these encounters. The accessibility's broad implications for residential
development are regularly highlighted by experts in urban planning and transportation.
People occasionally think that a neighborhood will develop more quickly. Urban
planning and transportation professionals usually emphasize the broad implications of
accessibility for residential construction. It's a common misconception that
neighborhoods with better street connectivity, mobility, and accessibility to other urban
activity areas will expand more quickly.

According to agency authorities, uncontrolled home development and inadequate

accessibility may be caused by fast demographic change and low land values. The
results of the study, however, seem to imply that the poor and restricted accessibility
maybe caused by the lack of a legal framework for monitoring and coordinating
physical development, (Patrick Brandful Cobbinah & et a.l, 2017).

More work is needed to create and execute people-oriented transport, which focuses on
the needs of people rather than the requirements of cars, and that Africa is still falling
behind in terms of inclusive transport design (Vanderschuren & Nnene 2021) as cited
by (Duri, B. & Luke, R, 2022). Even though access to transportation should be
considered a fundamental right for all citizens, this is not often the case for those who
have disabilities, particularly in many low-income nations where they frequently face
difficulties to obtaining transportation.

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 Road Transport Accessibility and Its Effect on Tourism Economy of Lalibela Town
Amhara Region, Ethiopia

2.3.3 Effect of Transport Accessibility on Tourism

Accessible tourism has been identified as a developing market on a global scale that
might pave the way for social inclusion as well as bring financial rewards to the sector
and increase destination competitiveness. More than 500 million people worldwide are
thought to self-identify as having a disability or access requirement. Additionally,
anyone over 65 years old has a 59% probability of experiencing some sort of
impairment that restricts their daily activities. Removal of institutional and
environmental barriers in society is necessary for the implementation of accessible
tourism in businesses, which includes accessibility in the built environment, in
transportation, and in other facilities and services, (McIntosh, & et al, 2020).

Accessibility is regarded as a major factor in the competitiveness of national tourist

systems; it is one of the most important factors for tourists' location preferences. It has
been demonstrated that the easier a place is to get to, the more people visit it. The Plan
aims to promote "digital" accessibility through sophisticated traveler information
systems that offer effective, dependable, and seamless travel solutions, to improve
tourists' experiences even before the travel begins. This will relieve pressure on major
destinations and allow for full utilization of the cultural and tourist heritage, including
minor sites and low-demand attractions, (Coppola, P., Carbone, A., Aveta, C. et al.,
2020). Transportation has direct relation with tourism development. And at operational
level, two modes transportation; air transport and road transport play vital role for the
expansion of both international and domestic tourism. In this regard, the advent of air
flight has narrowed the gap between countries and made travelling from origin country
to destinations in other countries fast and very easy, (Hadush, 2018).

In addition to this, (Ziemke & Dominik, 2016), has Point out that the term
"accessibility" in transportation science and planning relates to at least three distinct
ideas. First, accessibility refers to how easily users, particularly those with disabilities,
can use a particular component of a transportation system. The second definition of
accessibility is the ease with which a location can be reached via amenities. Thirdly,
the term "accessibility" refers to the distributional quality and availability of

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 Road Transport Accessibility and Its Effect on Tourism Economy of Lalibela Town
Amhara Region, Ethiopia

transportation.

As a result, this research area must test an inclusive or holistic strategy for every type
of tourist who must visit and use the study area's transportation components, where it
is intended to provide a service for the global community with a variety of physiological
and psychological conditions as a world heritage site. Transport accessibility is
particularly important since it allows visitors to get to the area where attractions are
situated. Any form of domestic tourism attraction would be of limited value to
participate in domestic tourism travel if its sites are inaccessible by conventional modes
of transportation accessibility, (Ye'Abyo, 2020).

Accessibility has been stressed and identified as the primary relationship between
transportation and tourism in numerous studies, therefore transportation is seen as a vital
link between places that produce tourist and those that receive it, (Dinu, 2018).

2.3.4 Transport Accessibility and Tourism Performance

Accessible transport has a large positive economic impact on the travel industry and
beyond, and by enhancing accessibility in the future; additional economic benefits may
be realized. Because transportation has more potential uses based on passenger and
freight traffic, it is more reliant on tourism than the other way around, (Rebstock,
Markus, 2017). The growth of tourism and the economy as a whole is greatly
influenced by transportation. In the tourism industry, transportation is crucial. The
accessibility of tourist destinations can also be increased by expanding the network of
transportation infrastructure or by enhancing connectivity between the network and
tourist facilities, (Nguyen Van Truonga,Tetsuo Shimizu, 2017). The coordinated
development of regional tourism is especially suited to multipolar patterns of transport
development. In order for the tourism industry to flourish in each region, it is crucial
to strike a balance between transportation efficiency and accessibility at the level of
the regional tourism system, the physical structure of the regional transportation
system, and the input status of tourism components, (Wang, Y.; Wang, & et al., 2021).

The transportation industry has a significant impact on the tourism industry.

Transportation improvements are largely responsible for the expansion of tourism. In
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 Road Transport Accessibility and Its Effect on Tourism Economy of Lalibela Town
Amhara Region, Ethiopia

order for tourism to grow, a region's transportation infrastructure must be developed. It

is critical to comprehend how visitors use the local transportation network for a
location to become more competitive. Travelers' experiences and general enjoyment
are influenced by the caliber and availability of the transportation alternatives available
at the destination. Lack of transit choices always have an impact on how popular a
destination is, which lessons the likelihood that visitors will come again. A key
component of the cooperative efforts made by different services to make the location
more competitive is the flow of tourists inside the destination's attractions.
Accessibility is a key factor in attracting visitors, (Anjali R. Virkar & Prita
D.Mallya, 2018). Every tourist needs transportation to get to their destinations;
without it, the tourism sector cannot prosper. It is easy to see how tourists travel, how
satisfied they are with their trip experiences, how transportation and tourism are related.
Better designs, policies, plans for resource management, and marketing strategies are
developed by transportation and tourist planners, which enhance the reputation of the
destination and speeds up sustainable growth, (Ismail, 2020).

2.3.5 Effect of Road Transport on the Economy

Perhaps one tourist businesses are a wealthy destination; yet, tourism may provide a
very rapid return on investment. Since tourists consider both cost and time, the
availability of adequate transportation facilities that are safe, convenient, fast, and
reasonably priced is a prerequisite for development of tourism. Choose the mode of
access to tourism locations and offer transportation because these two elements have
an impact on the system, (Morteza Azimi, Malek Hoseini, Alireza Ildormi , et al, 2013).

It is essential for promoting economic progress, especially in emerging nations. By

enhancing service accessibility, boosting individual mobility, and reducing
transportation costs, the improvement of transportation infrastructure is anticipated to
directly reduce poverty as well as indirectly through its effects on economic growth,
productivity, and job creation. Transport infrastructure upgrades enhance living
standards since wellbeing depends heavily on having access to fundamental
infrastructure services like health and education. Additionally, the majority of
programs that directly address the basic needs of the poor rely on transportation as an
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 Road Transport Accessibility and Its Effect on Tourism Economy of Lalibela Town
Amhara Region, Ethiopia

additional input for efficient delivery. The inability of the impoverished to access
necessary social services and job opportunities is caused by a lack of accessible
transportation. Additionally, a good transportation system lowers the risk of famine by
easing the transfer of food from areas of surplus to deficiency, (Yohannes, 2021).

2.3.6 Road Network Accessibility

Tourists would be unable to easily visit tourist sites in destination if the roads are in
poor condition (Archer et al., 2005), as cited by, (Kola O. Odeku, 2020). This will
surely have an impact on those whose primary source of income is from the employment
and cash produced by tourism.
A good road network to tourist destinations is essential because the more people that
visit areas of interest for pleasure and relaxation, the more income is created for tourism
growth and development.To that aim, sustainable tourism is heavily reliant on a well-
developed road network and efficient transportation networks. These are
infrastructural assets and facilities needed to keep tourists coming back, (Kola O.
Odeku, 2020). Road network connectivity in tourism is frequently viewed as a subset
of tourism transport system in charge of bringing tourists to tourist destinations,
providing a means of getting around the place, and departing once the duration of the
trip is over, (Tijani Nasiru Olawale, Kukoyi Ibraheem Adesina, 2013) A well-
developed transportation network is essential for increasing tourism in Nigeria.
Although Nigeria has extensive road networks, they are in disrepair due to the level of
damage and lack of maintenance, and are mainly unsuitable for motor vehicles, (Kola
O. Odeku, 2020).
2.4 Research Gap

Despite the growing importance of tourism in the Ethiopian economy, there is a

research gap in the literature regarding the impact of road transport accessibility on the
tourism economy of Lalibela. There has been little research on how accessibility of
road transportation affects tourism, despite prior studies exploring the impact of
infrastructure and air transportation on the industry. There is a lack of knowledge,
specifically about how accessibility to the town of Lalibela using parameters such as
walkability, connectivity, inclusiveness, safety, and comfortability have been identified
15
 Road Transport Accessibility and Its Effect on Tourism Economy of Lalibela Town
Amhara Region, Ethiopia

as important indicators of road transport accessibility in other contexts, their specific

relevance to Lalibela remains unexplored. Therefore, further research is needed to
assess the impact of road transport accessibility on tourism in Lalibela by considering
these parameters and identifying strategies for improving transportation infrastructure
to support sustainable tourism development.
2.5 Conceptual Frame Work

Figure 2.1 Conceptual frame work

(source: computed by the researcher 2023)

The conceptual framework illustrates the relationship between transport accessibility,
which includes walkability, connectivity, inclusiveness, safety, and comfortability, and its
impact on the tourism economy, specifically in terms of time and cost proportion. It
highlights the key factors and their interconnections that influence the tourism economy
through the lens of transport accessibility.

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 Road Transport Accessibility and Its Effect on Tourism Economy of Lalibela Town
Amhara Region, Ethiopia

Transport Accessibility:
Walkability: The easy and convenience of walking within the destination, including the
presence of pedestrian-friendly infrastructure, sidewalks, and pedestrian crossings (Moura
et al., 2017).
Connectivity: The degree to which the destination is connected to various transportation
modes, such as roads, public transportation, airports, and seaports, enabling smooth and
efficient movement for tourists (Lohmann & Duval, 2011).
Inclusiveness: The extent to which transport infrastructure and services cater to the needs
of diverse groups, including people with disabilities, the elderly, and families with children
(Alsnih & Hensher, 2003).
Safety: The level of security and protection provided to tourists during transportation,
encompassing measures to prevent accidents, crime, and ensuring a safe travel environment
(Tarlow, 2014).
Comfortability: The level of comfort experienced by tourists during transportation,
considering factors such as seating, cleanliness, air quality, and noise levels (Birago et al.,
2017).
Tourism Experience: This variable represents the quality of tourists' experiences,
including factors such as enjoyment, satisfaction, and positive perception of the
destination. The mediating variables contribute to shaping the tourism experience, which,
in turn, affects the overall tourism economy.

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 Road Transport Accessibility and Its Effect on Tourism Economy of Lalibela Town
Amhara Region, Ethiopia

CHAPTER THREE

3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Introduction

This chapter outlines the methodology utilized in the study, starting with the research
design, target population, sampling method, sample size, data source, and instrument to
gather the necessary data. It is also structured to demonstrate the approach taken for
data presentation and analysis, as well as problems with reliability and validity and
ethical considerations in conducting this study.
3.1 Description of the Study Area

This study was conducted in one of the historically known and believed to be origin of
architectural design of buildings from earthed gigantic rock. The area located in northern
part of Ethiopia under the region of Amhara with in the administrative category of
North Wollo, Lalibela town municipality. Located latitude of 12°01'55.9"N
39°02'51.4"E, or about 2,500 meters (8,200 feet) above sea level, with a population
estimated 42975 by a forecast of 2014 E.C (Muluemebet S., 2022). The area town
historically known by its name called Roha which was home of the oldest kingdom of
Zagew succeeded from kingdom of Axum. According to historical records the town
serves over 333 years as home of the kings and priest. Its amazing architectural church
were built during the era of the famous among the king’s named King and priest
Lalibela.

According to the UNESCO report in (2011), mountainous region in the heart of

Ethiopia, some 645 km from Addis Ababa, eleven medieval monolithic churches were
carved out of rock. Their building is attributed to King Lalibela who set out to construct
in the 12th century a ‘New Jerusalem’, after Muslim conquests halted Christian
pilgrimages to the holy Land. Lalibela flourished after the declineof the Aksum Empire.

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 Road Transport Accessibility and Its Effect on Tourism Economy of Lalibela Town
Amhara Region, Ethiopia

Figure 3.1. location map of the study area

(source: computed by the researcher, 2023)

3.2 Research Paradigm
This study choses positivism research paradigm because of the use of positivism as a
research paradigm can provide a clear and objective way of understanding a phenomenon
and can help to establish cause- and-effect relationships. This suggests that anything that
cannot be observed and thus in some way measured (that is quantified), is of little or no
importance. Positivism is closely associated with quantitative methods of data collection.
3.3 Research Design
The plan or approach for carrying out a research study is referred to as the research
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Amhara Region, Ethiopia

design. It comprises data collection and analysis techniques and procedures, as well as
the general framework of the study. The research design helps ensuring that the study is
rigorous and methodical, and that the results are valid and dependable. It is a key part
of the research process and has a considerable influence on the study's conclusion. The
study comprises research approach, paradigm, research type, time dimension, target
population, sample and sampling technique and data collection mechanisms.
3.3.1 Research Approach

This study uses a quantitative research approach. Quantitative research approach is a

research method that uses numerical data and statistical analysis to measure, quantify
and analyze data. This approach involves collecting data through structured surveys,
experiments, or observations, and then analyzing the data using statistical techniques
to identify patterns, relationships, and correlations. The goal of quantitative research is
to identify cause-and-effect relationships between variables and to generalize findings
to larger populations.
3.3.2 Research Type and Time Dimension of the Study
The study used explanatory and descriptive research type based on purpose. The primary
benefit of this form of study is that it allows for the creation of hypotheses as well as the
capacity to anticipate future occurrences or actions. Explanatory research is also
frequently used to uncover cause-and-effect correlations, which may be helpful in
making decisions and devising solutions.

Based on time dimensions, this research chooses to use cross-sectional research. Cross-
sectional research is a study design that looks at a specific population at a single moment
in time. It allows researchers to swiftly and efficiently collect data on a large number of
people. Cross-sectional research can also be useful in identifying potential risk factors
or early indicators of a particular phenomena.
3.4 Sampling Design

This study uses raw data from a data collection tool that was collected using a
convenience sampling method which is a non-probability sampling. Residents of
Lalibela town make up the study's population, and samples from where connivence

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 Road Transport Accessibility and Its Effect on Tourism Economy of Lalibela Town
Amhara Region, Ethiopia

chosen. The study chooses three kebeles were many service areas and tourist
destinations and movement regularly observed.
3.4.1 Target Population

The study was relied on the town of Lalibela in north Wollo, Amhara region, Ethiopia.
It has a five kebeles, purposefully the target population of the three kebeles has 55, 911
which is male 27, 253 & women 28, 658 based on the forecast which is available and
supplied from the municipality documents. Among this the target population was taken
from three kebeles that has selected purposively and can be computed using statically
calculations from the whole population. Additionally, to acquire basic datum, guides
and tourists are the target population.
3.4.2 Sampling Frame

The population representative sample for this study is drawn from those who are residents
and tourists. It is represented in the sampling frame. In order to gather the necessary
data, the study purposefully includes travelers and guides who frequently provide
services to tourists. For the purpose of this study, a sample of the population is selected
from those who are residents of three kebeles deliberate chosen based on high mobility
factors and included in the sampling frame. In the entire study, questionnaire analyzed
in the topics in order to address the issues related to assessing the accessibility of the
transportation system and the tourism industry of Lalibela.
3.4.3 Sampling Unit
A sample unit is a group of fully recognized and specified humans, objects, or stuff. The
things or observations that researchers will analyze are known as sampling units. Thus,
the sampling unit is defined as the individual samples retrieved from the target
population and utilized as a source of raw data by computation to represent the complete
population. They will be found among the locals, guides, visitors who have willingly
identified themselves for sufficient data enquiry.
3.4.4 Sampling Technique

This study use convenience and purposeful sampling strategies. Convenience sampling
is typically low-cost and simple, with readily available subjects. Convenience sampling

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 Road Transport Accessibility and Its Effect on Tourism Economy of Lalibela Town
Amhara Region, Ethiopia

allows researchers to collect data that would not have been possible otherwise in the
absence of a sampling frame. Convenience sampling can assist you in gathering data
that can be used to generate a strong hypothesis or research question when conducting
exploratory research.

When a researcher is searching for specific information that will give insight into a
certain circumstance or group, they will typically utilize purposeful sampling. This
sample method enables the researcher to quickly gather the data they want, resulting
in cheaper expenditures and less time spent collecting data. There are five kebeles in
the town from these five kebeles the study was taken three kebeles purposively for the
sample survey. From the three chosen kebeles, 397 residents taken as a frame of
reference based on the fraction of each kebele's population size. As a result, the first
stage was to choose the kebeles, and the second stage was to select the respondent in
conveniently.

3.4.5 Sampling Procedure

In order to collect necessary data through questionnaire, the target populations of the
study were residents of the three kebeles purposely selected in Lalibela town.
Respondents were selected from the three kebeles: Roha, Debrezeyt and Debresina. The
total population for this study was 55,911 (including 20,050 18,107 and 17,754 people
from Roha, Debrezeyt and Debresina kebeles respectively). The sample size was
determined based on the following simplified formula proposed by Yamane (1967) (as
cited in Israel 2003).
𝑁
𝑛=
1+𝑁(𝑒)2

Where, n is sample size, N is the population size and e is the level of precision. A 95%
confidence level and e = 0.05, were assumed for the purpose of determining sample size
for this study. Accordingly, the sample size for the study were calculated as follows.
55,911
𝑛= n= 397
1+55,911(0.05)2

The proportionate convenience sampling was utilized to select sample respondents from
each kebeles. To select sample respondents, first the total population of residents in the
town were selected in to three kebeles based on the number of selected kebeles sample
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 Road Transport Accessibility and Its Effect on Tourism Economy of Lalibela Town
Amhara Region, Ethiopia

size computed.

Proportional sample size from each stratum were calculated by the following formula:
𝑛∗𝑁𝑖
𝑛𝑖 =
𝑁

Where: ni (i=1, 2, 3…k) is the sample residents in respective kebele; Ni (i=1, 2, 3…k)
is the total number of residents in each kebele; n and N are the sample size and the total
population size at the selected kebele level. Accordingly, the following table depicts the
number of sample residents selected from respective kebele.

Table 3.1 Sampling of residents

Number of
Total Number
S.No Weredas Sample
of residents (Ni)
residents (ni)
1. Roha 20,050 142
2. Debrezeyt 18,107 129
3. Debresina 17,754 126
Total 55,911 397
Source: Lalibela municipality office, 2023

After the number of sample respondents from each stratum determined, convenience
sampling technique will be used to arrive at individual sample respondents. The reason
why this sampling technique employed was because some respondents will be reluctant to
complete questionnaires and that the only option available for the researcher is to find
volunteers in filling the questionnaires. Furthermore, the study has determined that
contemplating the usefulness of guides and visitors' feelings and pleasure with the area's
transportation accessibility would produce vital suggestions.

3.5 Type and Source of Data

The data type are qualitative and quantitative data were used. This data was fetched
from two major data source which namely called primary and secondary data. The
primary data was collected from selected representative sample through interview and
questionnaires. The secondary data was taken from published and unpublished
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 Road Transport Accessibility and Its Effect on Tourism Economy of Lalibela Town
Amhara Region, Ethiopia

documents that were available from offices in the town and from internet, blogs,
journals, magazines etc.
3.6 Data Collection Methods

Data collection is the essential part of a research. This study used two techniques to
collect data either primary or secondary data. Primary data has acquired from a
representative sample of the target population using tools such as questionnaires and
interviews. Secondary data has gathered from published papers, office reports and
review by travelers on digital sites. Secondary data saved on government institutions
and online sources were used as fundamental supportive proof of the study's
effectiveness.
3.7 Method of Data Analysis

The study was making a crystal-clear analysis of the acquired data using both quantitative
data analysis employed in the study. The data collected through the questionnaire were
processed using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) and analyzed using
descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage, standard deviation, and mean analysis),
correlation, multiple and linear regression analysis. Furthermore, secondary data
examined using thematic analysis. Tables, figures, map and graphs were used to display
the descriptive statistical findings. Descriptive statistics are used to summarize and
describe a dataset's primary aspects, such as the mean, median, standard deviation, and
frequency of distinct values. They are used to offer a basic overview of the data and to
aid in the identification of patterns and trends that may be helpful for future
investigation. Correlation analysis is used to determine the strength and direction of a
linear relationship between two variables. Multiple linear regressions are used to model
the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables.
It is used to predict the value of the dependent variable based on the values of the
independent variables.

3.8 Validity, Reliability and normality of the Research

Validity and reliability are two essential ideas related to the quality and dependability of
research. It is critical to ensure that research is both valid and trustworthy in order to
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 Road Transport Accessibility and Its Effect on Tourism Economy of Lalibela Town
Amhara Region, Ethiopia

derive accurate and relevant conclusions from the data. Several methods were adopted
in this thesis study to assure validity and reliability. Validity was done to define the
accuracy and meaningfulness of the inferences which are based on the research results.

A pilot study was conducted to refine the methodology and test instrument such as
questionnaire before administering the final phase. The questionnaire adopted from a
previous standardized study by institution and individual researcher and amended and
was tested on potential respondents to make the data collecting instrument’s objective,
relevant, suitable to the problem and reliable as recommended by John Adams et al.
(2007:136). Issues raised by respondents was corrected and questionnaires was refined.
Besides, proper detection by an advisor was also be taken to ensure validity of the
instruments. Finally, the improved version of the questionnaires was printed, duplicated
and dispatched to the targeted respondents

Overall, the steps employed in this thesis study to guarantee validity and reliability
contributed to increased trust in the study's outcomes. Cronbach’s alpha used in the
study to assess internal consistency.

Cronbach’s alpha is a statistic used to assess the internal consistency or reliability of a

group of test items. It quantifies how well the items on a test or survey are connected. It
is commonly used in educational and psychological research to evaluate the reliability
of tests and questionnaires. It ranges between 0 and 1, with higher values indicating
greater reliability.

The two most significant and fundamental criteria in the evaluation of any measurement
instrument or tool for successful research are reliability and validity. The validity of an
instrument is concerned with what it measures and how successfully it does so.
Reliability refers to one's confidence in the data acquired through the use of an
instrument, or the extent to which any measuring equipment compensates for random
error (Mohajan, Haradhan, 2017).

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 Road Transport Accessibility and Its Effect on Tourism Economy of Lalibela Town
Amhara Region, Ethiopia

Table 3.2 Reliability Statistics

Variables Number of items Cronbach’s alpha

Walkability 3 .999

Inclusiveness 3 .931

Connectivity 3 .997

Safety 3 .993

Comfortability 3 .941

Time & cost of 3 .950

transportation

Tourism economy 16 .978

Source: Researcher own analysis 2023
As stated above about the Cronbach’s alpha is a statistic used to assess the internal
consistency or reliability of a group of test items with a range between 0& 1. As the value
greater from 0.7 and extends to 1 it shows the greater consistency of variables. On table
3.2 here above depicts the analysis of Cronbach alpha values for variables of the study. It
shows walkability .999, inclusiveness .931, connectivity .997, safety .993, comfortability
.941, time & cost of transportation .95 and tourism economy .978 which values in generally
good consistency of variables on Cronbach alpha score.
3.9 Operational Frame Work

Stage Tasks Outputs

Research question
Identify the research question and objectives
& objectives
Conduct a literature review to identify key concepts and theories Literature review
1. Planning
related to road transport accessibility and tourism economy report
Research design &
Develop a research design and methodology
methodology

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 Road Transport Accessibility and Its Effect on Tourism Economy of Lalibela Town
Amhara Region, Ethiopia

Identify and engage with relevant stakeholders, including local

Stakeholder
government officials, tourism industry representatives, and transport
engagement log
providers
2. Data
Conduct a survey of tourists and local residents to assess their
Collection Survey data
perceptions and experiences of road transport accessibility
Conduct field visits and site observations to assess the physical
Field visit report
accessibility of road transport infrastructure
Analyze survey data using statistical methods to identify patterns and
Statistical analysis
trends in tourists' and locals' perceptions and experiences of road
report
3. Data transport accessibility
Analysis Conduct a qualitative analysis of stakeholder interviews to identify
Qualitative
key themes and issues related to road transport accessibility and the
analysis report
tourism economy
Write a final report summarizing the research findings, including
recommendations for improving road transport accessibility and its Final report
effect on the tourism economy
Present the research findings to relevant stakeholders, including local
Presentation to
4. Reporting government officials, tourism industry representatives, and transport
stakeholders
providers
Publication in
Publish research findings in academic journals and other relevant
academic journals
outlets
and other outlets

Table 3.3: operational frame work

3.10 Ethical Consideration

Ethical considerations in this thesis study were designed to ensure that the rights and
dignity of participants were protected. Data was collected anonymously, and all
individual identifying information was removed from the data before analysis. The
study's findings were use for academic, and recommendations for future research were
clearly stated. The research has conduct in an ethical and responsible manner.

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 Road Transport Accessibility and Its Effect on Tourism Economy of Lalibela Town
Amhara Region, Ethiopia

CHAPTER FOUR
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Introduction
The findings of the study that provided information on Lalibela's transportation
accessibility and its impact on tourism discussed in this chapter. Results also showed how
well the variable explained the link between transportation accessibility parameters and
their impact on tourism. Inferential statistics were applied throughout the research and data
analyzed. The data was also examined using regression, correlation, and descriptive
statistics. With SPSS version 24, data analysis was carried out.
4.1 Response Rate of Respondents
A total of 397 questionnaires were distributed to the residents of three selected kebeles in
Lalibela town, and the response rate is indicated in the table below.
Table 4.1: Response rate
Items Response rate
No. percent
Sample size 397 100%
Collected 373 93.95%
Remain uncollected 24 6.05%
Source: Researchers Survey Result, 2023
In the above table, the response rate refers to the percentage of questionnaires that were
collected and properly completed by residents of three selected kebeles (neighborhoods) in
Lalibela town. Out of the 397 questionnaires distributed, a total of 373 were collected and
considered valid for analysis, resulting in a response rate of 93.95%, while 24 or (6.0%) of
the questionnaires remained uncollected. This means that almost all participants who
received the questionnaire responded to it, indicating a high level of engagement with the
study among residents.
4.1.1 Demographic Characteristics of Respondents
A small amount of information about the respondents' personal and professional
characteristics was requested in this section of the questionnaire. Accordingly, the gender,
professional background, position, age, and income of the respondents, all of which are

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 Road Transport Accessibility and Its Effect on Tourism Economy of Lalibela Town
Amhara Region, Ethiopia

listed in the table below, were the demographic characteristics of the respondents discussed
in this section.

Table 4.2: Demographic characteristics of respondents

Item Option frequency Percent

Gender Male 237 63.5
Female 136 36.5
Total 373 100
Age < 18 yrs 53 14.2
18-25 yrs 63 16.9
26 -30 yrs 73 19.6
31- 40 yrs 88 23.6
41 -50 yrs 54 14.5
> 51 yrs 42 11.3
Total 373 100
Marital status Married 186 49.9
Single 136 35.1
Separated 13 3.5
Divorced 26 7.0
Widowed 17 4.6
Total 373 100
Education Elementary 57 15.3
High school 89 23.9
Certificate 129 34.7
Degree 86 23.1
Masters or PhD 11 2.9
Total 372 99.7
Missing items 1 .3
Total 373 100
Occupation Employed 183 49.1

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 Road Transport Accessibility and Its Effect on Tourism Economy of Lalibela Town
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Unemployed 94 25.2
Businessmen 68 17.2
Other 27 2.2
Missed 1 .3
Total 373 100
Income in ETB <1500 45 12.1
1500-3500 47 12.6
3501-5500 124 33.2
>5500 157 42.1
Total 373 100
Source: Researcher Survey Result, 2023
The table provides information about the demographic characteristics of the survey
respondents. Here's a breakdown of each category: - Gender: The table shows that out of
the 373 respondents, 237 (or about two-thirds) were male and 136 (or about one-third) were
female.
Age: The age categories are broken down as follows: - <18 years old: There were 53
respondents in this category, which represents about 14.2% of the total sample. - 18-25
years old: This group had a slightly higher number of respondents at 63 or 16 ·9 %. -26–
30 years old :73(19 .6 %) –31–40 years old :88 (23 .6 %) –41–50 years old :54 (14 ·5%) -
>year-old :42 (1·3%) The largest age group was those aged between 31 and 40 with a
frequency count of 88 or 23·6%.
Marital status: The marital status data shows that almost half (49.9%) of all surveyed
individuals reported being married; single people made up around one-third at 35.1%.
Separated individuals represented only a small percentage at 3.5%, while divorced and
widowed individuals accounted for 7 and 4.
Education: The table shows that out of 373 respondents: - 57 (15.3%) had an elementary
level of education - 89 (23.9%) had a high school level of education - 129 (34.7%) held a
certificate -86 (23·1 %) had a degree and only 11 (2·9 %) held a Masters or PhD.
Occupations: Out of all surveyed individuals, employed people accounted for almost half
at 183 or 49·1% Unemployed people made up around one-quarter at 94 or 25.2%
Businessmen represented about 17% with 68 respondents. Other occupations were only

30
 Road Transport Accessibility and Its Effect on Tourism Economy of Lalibela Town
Amhara Region, Ethiopia

represented by 27 individuals accounting for about 2%. Again, there was one missed item
in this category as well which is noted as being equal to .3%.
Income: The table shows that out of all the survey participants: ·12.1% earned less than
ETB 1500 per month; ·12.6%.
Based on the information provided in the table, it is clear to conclude that the survey
respondents were diverse in terms of their demographic characteristics. The majority of
respondents were male and employed, with a high school or certificate level education.
Respondents' ages ranged from under 18 to over 51 years old, with those aged between 31-
40 being the largest age group. In terms of marital status, almost half reported being
married while one-third reported being single. Finally, income levels varied widely among
respondents; around two-fifths earned more than ETB 5500 per month while just over one-
tenth earned less than ETB 1500 per month.
4.2 Existing Status of Transportation Accessibility
Based on the descriptive statistics of table 4.3 below, Lalibela town appears to have a
moderate level of transportation accessibility. The town's walkability, inclusiveness,
connectivity, safety, comfortability, and the time and cost of transportation are generally
perceived positive by the respondents, although there may be some variations in opinions.
These findings provide valuable insights into the current state of transportation accessibility
in Lalibela town, which can be utilized for further analysis and improvement initiatives.

Table 4.3: A Descriptive Statistics Table

Descriptive Statistics
N Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation
Walkability 373 2.86 5.00 3.7894 .36142
Inclusiveness 373 2.75 4.88 3.6729 .34012
Connectivity 373 2.00 5.00 3.6950 .47270
Safety 373 2.60 5.00 3.9576 .34271
Comfortability 373 3.17 5.00 4.0442 .30364
Time and Cost of Transportation 373 2.75 5.00 3.8234 .36549
Valid N (Listwise) 373
Source: Researcher analysis result, 2023

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 Road Transport Accessibility and Its Effect on Tourism Economy of Lalibela Town
Amhara Region, Ethiopia

According to the analysis in Table 4.3, respondents rate comfortability as having a mean
of 4.0442, safety as having a mean of 3.9576, time and cost of transportation as having a
mean of 3.8234, walkability as having a mean of 3.7894, connectivity as having a mean of
3.6950, and inclusiveness of roads as having a mean of 3.6729.
The respondents forwarded the status of transport accessibility using the parameters as key
indicators. In contrast to the other variables, it highlights the poor connectivity and poor
inclusiveness of the roads in Lalibela town.
Even if the mean values for all of these variables are above 3.0, which suggests that Lalibela
town has relatively good transportation accessibility and infrastructure in terms of
walkability, connectivity, inclusiveness, safety, and comfort. It is important to note that
there is still some variability within each variable as indicated by their standard deviations.
For example, the standard deviation for "connectivity" (0.47270) indicates a higher degree
of variability compared to other variables such as "comfortabilities" (0.30364). This means
that while overall connectivity may be good in Lalibela town according to this study's
findings, there may be certain areas or times where it could be improved.
4.3 Status of Tourism Economy
Lalibela, a small town in Ethiopia, is known for its rock-hewn churches and attracts a
significant number of tourists every year. The tourism economy of Lalibela has been
growing steadily over the years and has become an important source of income for the local
community. According to a recent study based on a sample of 373 observations, the mean
value of the variable "tourism economy" in Lalibela is 3.8234, with a minimum value of
2.75 and a maximum value of 5.00. This indicates that the tourism economy in Lalibela is
moderately developed and has room for further growth.

The standard deviation of 3.6549 suggests that there is some variability in the data, which
could be due to factors such as seasonality, infrastructure limitations, or competition from
other destinations. However, it is important to note that all 373 observations were used in
the analysis and there were no missing data in this sample.

Overall, the findings suggest that Lalibela's tourism economy has potential for further
development and can contribute significantly to the local economy if appropriate measures
are taken to address any challenges that may hinder its growth. Although most Lalibela

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 Road Transport Accessibility and Its Effect on Tourism Economy of Lalibela Town
Amhara Region, Ethiopia

residents have no complaints with the speed and cost of transit, there may be issues with
accessibility and expensive charges. The data also indicates that increasing road
connectivity and transportation options may increase the town's tourist population and thus
increase economic output. Additionally, Lalibela has probably benefited from the presence
of tourism services through the growth of schools, hospitals, hotels, and airports.

4.4 Relationship Between Transport Accessibility and Tourism Economy

An inferential statistical measure called correlation shows how much two or more variables
fluctuate with one another. When two variables increase or decrease simultaneously, there
is a positive correlation; when there is a negative correlation, one variable increases as the
other decreases. A correlation coefficient is a statistical indicator of how well changes in
one variable's value predict changes in another. There is a common tendency to assume
that a change in one variable must be the result of a change in the other when the fluctuation
of one variable predicts a similar fluctuation of another variable with high accuracy.
Table 4.4: Interpretations of the correlation coefficient
Value of coefficient Relation between
0.00-0.30 Weak
0.3-0.5 Moderate
0.5-0.7 Strong correlation
0.7-1.00 Very strong correlation
Source: Sekaran (2003) as cited by Zena A/Mariyam, (June, 2020).
Correlation coefficients were provided, showing the strength and direction of the
relationship. The fact that the relationship is significant was also indicated by the p-value.

Table 4.5: Correlation analysis output

The table shows the results of a correlation analysis between different variables related to
the tourism economy. The analysis found a significant and positive correlation between
road transport and the tourism economy. Walkability, inclusiveness, connectivity, safety,
and comfortability also showed correlations with the tourism economy, but to a lesser
extent.

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 Road Transport Accessibility and Its Effect on Tourism Economy of Lalibela Town
Amhara Region, Ethiopia

Correlation Correlations

Tourism
Walkability Inclusiveness Connectivity Safety Comfortability Economy
Walkability Pearson 1 .357** .629** .098 .036 .742**
Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 .058 .486 .000
N 373 373 373 373 373 373
Inclusiveness Pearson .357** 1 .529** .363** .111* .641**
Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 .000 .033 .000
N 373 373 373 373 373 373
Connectivity’s Pearson .629** .529** 1 .136** .052 .844**
Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 .009 .316 .000

N 373 373 373 373 373 373

Safety’s Pearson .098 .363** .136** 1 .555** .243**
Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed) .058 .000 .009 .000 .000
N 373 373 373 373 373 373
Comfortablity Pearson .036 .111* .052 .555** 1 .023
Correlation
Sig. (2- .486 .033 .316 .000 .663
tailed)
N 373 373 373 373 373 373
Tourism Pearson .742** .641** .844** .243** .023 1
economy Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 .000 .000 .663
N 373 373 373 373 373 373
Source: Researcher SPSS analysis Result, 2023

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 Road Transport Accessibility and Its Effect on Tourism Economy of Lalibela Town
Amhara Region, Ethiopia

According to the above analysis of SPSS output in Table 4.5, a significant and positive
correlational relation existed between the dependent variable (the tourism economy) and
the independent variable (road transport) with a confidence interval of 99%. The table
shows the results of a correlation analysis between different variables related to Lalibela
transportation accessibility and its impact on tourism. The Pearson correlation coefficient
measures how strong the linear relationship is between two variables (with values ranging
from -1 to 1). A value closer to 1 indicates a positive correlation (as one variable increases,
so does the other), while a value closer to -1 indicates an inverse or negative correlation
(as one variable increases, the other decreases). In this case, we can see that there is a
significant and positive correlation between road transport connectivity and the tourism
economy with a Pearson correlation coefficient of .844**, which means that as road
transport and connectivity improve in Lalibela town, they have an impact on increasing
tourist activity in terms of economic benefits. Similarly, walkability (.742**), inclusiveness
(.641**), safety (.243), and comfortability (.023) also showed correlations with the tourism
economy but were not as strongly correlated compared with connectivity and road
transport. Overall, these findings suggest that improving transportation infrastructure
accessibility have significant impacts on promoting local economic development by
facilitate the tourist and resident activities. Additional to that, transport accessibility has
positive impact on the tourism economy of Lalibela town. Treatment on transport
accessibility has its economic advancement based on the data analysis here above.
4. 5 Effect of Road Transportation Accessibility on Tourism Economy
Regression analysis enables you to confidently identify the most important factors, those
that can be ignored, and the relationships between factors. This regression analysis was
conducted to determine how much the independent variable explains the dependent
variable. The dependent variable is the tourism economy, and the independent variables
are walkability, inclusiveness, safety, connectivity, and comfortability of the road. Using
this analysis, the third objective of the study impact of road transportation accessibility on
tourism met as followed by the preconditions of regression:

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 Road Transport Accessibility and Its Effect on Tourism Economy of Lalibela Town
Amhara Region, Ethiopia

4.5.1 Assumptions of regression analysis

4.5.1.1 Multicollinearity
The idea that the independent variables are uncorrelated is known as multicollinearity.
When collinearity is low, the researcher can interpret regression coefficients as the effects
of the independent variables on the dependent variables. As a result, it can be confidently
concluding the causes and effects of variables. Multicollinearity occurs when multiple
independent variables exhibit a strong correlation with one another or when one
independent variable is a nearly linear combination of multiple independent variables.
Researchers are less able to distinguish between the effects of different variables the more
variables overlap (correlate). A widely used technique for identifying the existence of
multicollinearity is calculating the variance inflation factor (VIF) between all independent
variables. The VIF is an index of the amount that the variance of each regression coefficient
is increased over that with uncorrelated independent variables (shieh, 2010).

4.5.1.2 Collinearity Analysis

The table 4.6 below shows collinearity statistics for a model that examines the relationship
between five independent variables (Walkability, Inclusiveness, Connectivity, Safety, and
Comfortability) and a dependent variable (Tourism economy). Collinearity occurs when
the independent variables are strongly correlated with each other, making it difficult to
distinguish their individual effects. The table calculates two measures, tolerance and
variance inflation factor (VIF), to assess whether multicollinearity is a problem. The VIF
values are all less than 10, which suggests that there is no issue with multicollinearity. The
statistical tolerance is greater than 0.1, which also supports this conclusion.

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 Road Transport Accessibility and Its Effect on Tourism Economy of Lalibela Town
Amhara Region, Ethiopia

Table 4.6: The Collinearity Statistics for Tourism Economy in Lalibela Town.

Collinearity Statistics

Model Tolerance VIF

1 (Constant)

Walkability .604 1.656

Inclusiveness .624 1.602
Connectivity .496 2.017

Safety .597 1.676

Comfortability .682 1.466
a. Dependent Variable: Tourism Economy

Source: Researcher analysis Result, 2023

The results of the collinearity statistics table suggest that there is no issue with
multicollinearity among the five independent variables (walkability, inclusiveness,
connectivity, safety, and comfortability) with the study of transportation accessibility and
its effect on tourism economy in Lalibela town's. This means that each variable has a
unique contribution to make in explaining variation in the tourism economy without being
strongly correlated with one another. The high tolerance values ranging from 0.496 to
0.682 indicate low levels of correlation between each variable and others included in our
model, while all VIF values are less than 2.017, which also supports this conclusion.
Overall, these findings suggest that it is possible to analyze each independent variable
independently without worrying about confounding or overlapping effects on our outcome
measure on the tourism economy. It allows to better understand how different factors
contribute towards its growth or decline over time. Based on the above table of collinearity,
the VIF is less than or equal to 10, which meets the assumption that there are no problems
with multicollinearity. Whereas the statistical tolerance is not less than 0.1, which meets
the standard assumptions to affirm no problem of multicollinearity of the independent
variables.

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 Road Transport Accessibility and Its Effect on Tourism Economy of Lalibela Town
Amhara Region, Ethiopia

4.5.1.3 Normality, Linearity, Homoscedasticity, and Autocorrelation

Normality test
Regression analysis's fundamental presumption is that the dependent variable should be
examined for normal distribution. A symmetrical, bell-shaped curve with the highest
frequency of scores in the middle and lower frequencies toward the extremes is referred to
as ‘normal’ (Pallant, 2007). If the dependent variable is not normally distributed, there is
little point in performing regression analysis because a major assumption of the model is
violated.

Figure 4.1: Histogram as a test of normality

Source: Researcher analysis result, 2023

The curve of the histogram depicts the bell shape of the curve, which is an indicator of the
normality of dependent variables. Hence the second assumption is meet there is no problem
with data normality. Regression is affirmative to do on this data.
Linearity Test
Using the normal P-Plot test, the linearity assumption of multiple regressions was
examined, and it was discovered that the relationships between the independent and
dependent variables are linear. The distribution of residuals is close to the mean zero, as
shown by the linearity result on below figure 4.2.

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 Road Transport Accessibility and Its Effect on Tourism Economy of Lalibela Town
Amhara Region, Ethiopia

Figure 4.2: Linearity Assumption Indicator

Source: Researcher analysis result, 2023

Homoscedasticity
The residual term's variance ought to remain constant. Following Field's recommendations,
the assumption of homoscedasticity was evaluated by plotting standardized residuals
against standardized predicted values (Field, 2005). As we can see in the figure, there is no
evidence of a funnel-shaped distribution of points on one side compared to the other,
indicating that the points are random and evenly distributed throughout the scattered
diagram and that the data does not exhibit heteroscedasticity. The following P-Plot in this
study can be used to verify the homoscedasticity of the independent variables (road
walkability, road inclusiveness, road connectivity, road safety, and road comfortability) for
the tourism economy.

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 Road Transport Accessibility and Its Effect on Tourism Economy of Lalibela Town
Amhara Region, Ethiopia

Figure 4.3: Analysis output of Durbin Watson

Source: Researcher analysis result, 2023

Autocorrelations
The other assumption is that the value of the residual should be independent, which can be
checked by the result of Durbin-Watson. The Durbin Watson (DW) statistic is a test
for autocorrelation in the residuals from a statistical model or regression analysis. The
Durbin-Watson statistic will always have a value ranging between 0 and 4. A value of 2.0
indicates there is no autocorrelation detected in the sample. Values from 0 to less than 2
points positive autocorrelation, and values from 2 to 4 mean negative autocorrelation. The
analysis output of Durbin Watson in this research is 1.797, which implies positive
autocorrelation, so the assumption is met.

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 Road Transport Accessibility and Its Effect on Tourism Economy of Lalibela Town
Amhara Region, Ethiopia

4.5.1.4 Multiple Linear Regression Analysis

Multiple regression is a statistical technique that can be used to analyze the relationship
between a single dependent variable and several independent variables. The objective of
multiple regression analysis is to use the independent variables whose values are known to
predict the value of the single dependent value. Each predictor value is weighed, with the
weights denoting its relative contribution to the overall prediction.
Y = a+b1X1+b2X3+…+bnXn
Table 4.7: Multiple Linear Regression
Model summary
The Model summary provides statistical information about multiple linear regression
analysis.
Model R R square Adjusted R Standard error of the Durbin
square estimate Watson
1 .919a .844 .842 .14519 1.797
Source: Owen Survey Result, 2023
a. Predictors: (Constant), walkability, inclusiveness, connectivity, safety,
comfortability.
b. Dependent Variable: Tourism economy (time and cost of transportation)
The table describes a multiple linear regression analysis that was conducted to examine the
relationship between several independent variables (walkability, inclusiveness,
connectivity, safety, and comfortability) and a dependent variable (the tourism economy).
The R-squared value of 0.844 indicates that approximately 84% of the variation in the
tourism economy can be explained by these independent variables collectively. This
suggests that these factors are important predictors for understanding how transportation
accessibility impacts tourism in Lalibela. Additionally, the adjusted R-squared value is
only slightly lower than the original R-squared value of 0.844, which means there is not
much difference between them, indicating that this model fits well with the data used to
create it. However, it's also worth noting that there may be other factors beyond those
included in this model that could impact the tourism economy as well but was not
accounted for here since they were not included as predictors or independent variables.
Overall, though based on this information, conclude from the statistical evidence provided

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 Road Transport Accessibility and Its Effect on Tourism Economy of Lalibela Town
Amhara Region, Ethiopia

by the regression analysis results that walkability, inclusiveness, connectivity, safety, and
comfortability have a significant effect on the tourism economy of Lalibela town.

Table 4.8: ANOVA Summary of Regression Analysis

The table shows the results of an analysis that tested how well a model using different
variables (walkability, inclusiveness, connectivity, safety, and comfortability) could predict
the impact on the tourism economy in a town called Lalibela. The ANOVA model showed
a highly significant result, indicating that these variables could significantly affect the
tourism economy of Lalibela Town. The table also shows the sum of squares, degrees of
freedom, mean square, F-value, and significance level of the regression and residual. An
analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed whether the regression model was significantly
better at explaining tourism economy (dependent variable) than using the mean as the best
predictor. Statistically, in the ANOVA model, if the value of F > 1 and p< 0.05, then one
can say that the model fits to guess the effect of independent variables i.e., the dimensions
of transport accessibility (walkability, inclusiveness, connectivity, safety, and
comfortability) on the dependent variable, tourism economy.
Model Sum of df Mean f Sig.
square square
1 Regression 41.958 5 8.392 398.104 .000b
Residual 7.736 367 .021
Total 49.694 372
Source: Researcher SPSS result, 2023
a. Dependent Variable: Tourism economy
b. Predictors: (Constant), walkability, inclusiveness, connectivity, safety,
comfortability.
The analysis presented in table 4.9 is a regression analysis that tests how well a model
using different variables (walkability, inclusiveness, connectivity, safety, and
comfortability) could predict the impact on the tourism economy in Lalibela Town. The
ANOVA model showed a highly significant result with an F-value of 398.104 and p-value
of .000b indicating that these variables significantly affect the tourism economy of Lalibela
Town. The sum of squares for regression was found to be 41.958 while the residual sum of

42
 Road Transport Accessibility and Its Effect on Tourism Economy of Lalibela Town
Amhara Region, Ethiopia

squares was found to be 7.736 which gives us the total sum of the square as 49.694 with
degrees freedom (df) values being five for predictors and 367. This means that there is
strong evidence to suggest that walkability, inclusiveness, connectivity, safety, and
comfortability are important factors affecting the tourism industry in Lalibela town based
on this study's findings through inferential statistics such as ANOVA test used here along
with research sites connected by roads surveyed during data collection process from
residents who responded at a high rate (93%).

Table 4.9: Regression Coefficients

This is a table showing the regression coefficients for different dimensions of transport
accessibility and their impact on the tourism economy. The coefficients represent the
degree to which each dimension explains the tourism economy. If the p-value is less than
0.05, the independent variable has a significant effect on the dependent variable.
Walkability, inclusiveness, connectivity, and safety had a significant and positive effect on
the tourism economy, while comfortability had a negative effect but was still significant.
Connectivity had the strongest positive effect on the tourism economy compared to other
independent variables. The table also shows constant values and standard errors.
Model Unstandardized Standardized T Sig.
coefficient coefficient
B Std. Error Beta
1 Constant .226 .135 1.671 .096
Workability .342 .027 .338 12.763 .000
Inclusiveness .239 .028 .223 8.541 .000
Connectivity .338 .023 .502 17.175 .000
Safety .128 .028 .120 4.517 .000
comfortability -.129 .30 -.107 -4.298 .000
Source: Researcher analysis result, 2023.
The information in table 4.9 shows the regression coefficients for different dimensions of
transport accessibility and their impact on the tourism economy in Lalibela town. The
coefficients represent how much each dimension explains the tourism economy, and if the
p-value is less than 0.05, it means that the independent variable has a significant effect on

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 Road Transport Accessibility and Its Effect on Tourism Economy of Lalibela Town
Amhara Region, Ethiopia

the dependent variable. The table shows that walkability, inclusiveness, connectivity, and
safety had a significant positive effect on the tourism economy while comfortability had a
negative but still significant effect. Connectivity had the strongest positive impact
compared to other independent variables. Additionally, there are constant values and
standard errors shown in this table as well which can be used to calculate confidence
intervals or test hypotheses about these regression coefficients with statistical significance
tests.
Besides this, the above table revealed that the five dimensions of transport accessibility
vary in the degree to which they explained the Tourism economy. In this case, if the p-
value is less than the significance level of one percent the researcher rejects the null
hypothesis that all slope coefficients are equal to zero which implies the overall model is
significant and vice versa. In other words, the independent variable is said to be a
significantly affected dependent variable when p/sig<.05. If p/sig>.05, the independent
variable has no significant effect on the dependent variable. Thus, table 4.9 displayed the
regression coefficient of each dimension (B=.338, P/sig=0.000), (B=.223,
P/sig=0.000),(B=.502, P/sig=.000),(B=-.102, P/sig=.000),(B=-.107, P/sig=.000) for
workability, inclusiveness, connectivity, safety, and comfortability respectively. This
indicates that walkability, inclusiveness, connectivity, and the safety of roads had a
significant and positive effect on the Tourism economy, whereas comfortability had a
negative effect but significant. From all the independent variables that had a significant
positive effect on tourism economy, the connectivity of roads had a highly significant result
of (B=.502, p/sig = .000). it had a strong influence on the tourism economy than other
independent variables.
In addition to the regression coefficient of the independent variables, table 4.9 showed
constant values and standard error. The constant α represents the coefficient value of .226
with a standard error of .135 and the value is significant since Sig<0.01, which means when
all other independent variables are held at zero the rate of performance will be .135.
Whereas, the ‘t’ statistics value in the coefficients model indicated the magnitudes of the
effects of walkability, inclusiveness, connectivity, safety, and comfortability of road
transport accessibility on the Tourism economy. Hence, the t statistics value could be
interpreted as follow:

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 Road Transport Accessibility and Its Effect on Tourism Economy of Lalibela Town
Amhara Region, Ethiopia

➢ If the perceived level of road walkability in the transport accessibility of Lalibela

town increased by one percent would cause a 12.763% increase in the level of the
tourism economy.
➢ If the perceived level of road inclusiveness in transport accessibility of Lalibela
Town increased by one percent would cause an 8.541% increase in the level of the
tourism economy.
➢ If the perceived level of road connectivity in transport accessibility of Lalibela town
increase by one percent would cause a 17.175 % increase in the level of the Tourism
economy.
➢ If the perceived level of road safety of transportation increases by one percent
would cause a 4.517 % increase in the level of the tourism economy.
➢ If the perceived level of road comfortability in transport accessibility of Lalibela
town increase by one percent would cause a -4.298% decrease in the level of
tourism economy of Lalibela town.
Based on the table displaying the coefficient model, a multiple regression equation
was formulated from the Beta value under the standardized coefficient: -
Y = a+b1X1+b2X3+…+bnXn
Tourism economy = a + b1 (walkability) + b2 (inclusiveness) + b3 (connectivity) +
b4 (safety) + b 5(comfortability) + ε
Where a is constant which is .226
b1= Walkability coefficient =.338
b2 = Inclusiveness coefficient = .223
b3 = Connectivity coefficient =. 502
b4 = Safety coefficient = .120
b5 = Comfortability coefficient =-.107
b1, b2, b3, b4, b5 coefficient of each independent variable. hence, the estimated
regression model is: .226 + .338 (walkability) +.223 (inclusiveness) + .502
(connectivity) +.120 (safety) +(-.107) (comfortability) + ε
Furthermore, in table 4.9 above, a positive beta sign of the independent variables proved
that predictor variables have a positive effect on the predicting dependent variable. This
means any increase in the value of road transport accessibility leads to a corresponding

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 Road Transport Accessibility and Its Effect on Tourism Economy of Lalibela Town
Amhara Region, Ethiopia

increase in the value of the tourism economy proportionally except road comfortability
with a beta value negative sign indicating that the reverse effect but significant. This
analysis has a clear impact of the independent variables on dependent variables.
4.5.1.5 Simple Linear Regression Analysis
This analysis has computed to address the effect of transport accessibility on the tourism
economy which help to support answers of the third objective in the study.

Table 4.10: Simple Linear Regression

Model summary b
Model R R square Adjusted R Std. error of the
square estimates
1 .805 a .648 .649 .21698
Source: Owen Survey Result, 2023
a. Predicator (constant) transport accessibility
b. Dependent variable Tourism Economy
The analysis presented in this table 4.10 is a simple linear regression that examines the
relationship between transport accessibility and the tourism economy. The R square value
of .648 indicates that 64.8% of the variation observed in the dependent variable (tourism
economy) can be explained by changes in the independent variable (transport
accessibility). This suggests that there is a moderately strong positive correlation between
transport accessibility and the tourism economy, meaning that as transportation access
increases, so does tourism activity. Additionally, an adjusted R square value of .649
indicates that this model fits well with the data collected from Lalibela town's residents
regarding their perceptions of transportation access and its impact on the local tourism
industry.
ANOVA a
Model Sum of squares df Mean square f Sig.
1 Regression 32.227 1 32.227 84.497 .000 b
Residual 17.467 372 .407
Total 49.694 372
Source: Owen Survey Result, 2023

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 Road Transport Accessibility and Its Effect on Tourism Economy of Lalibela Town
Amhara Region, Ethiopia

a. Dependent variable tourism economy

b. Predicator, (constant) Transport Accessibility
The ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) table was used to analyze the relationship between
transport accessibility and the tourism economy. The regression model used in this analysis
explains 64.9% of the variation in the tourism economy using transport accessibility as an
independent variable. The F-statistic value (84.497) indicates that this regression model is
significant at a p-value less than 0.001, meaning there is strong evidence to suggest that
there is a relationship between these two variables. The residual mean square value (0.407)
represents the unexplained variance in the model, which means there are other factors
beyond transportation accessibility that may also impact the tourism economy but were not
included or measured in this study's analysis.
As stated in the previous discussion in multiple linear regression, statistically in the
ANOVA model if the value of F > 1 and p< 0.05, then one can say that the model fits to
predict the effect of independent variables (transport accessibility) on the dependent
variable (Tourism economy). Thus, the ANOVA model showed a highly significant result
(F = 84.497, p/sig = .000), which indicated that overall transport accessibility had a strongly
significant effect.
Coefficients a
Model Unstandardized Standardized t Sig.
coefficient coefficient beta
B Std. Error
1 Constant -.834 .187 -4.675 .000
Transport 1.215 .046 .805 26.163 .000
Accessibility
Dependent variable Tourism economy, Source: Researcher analysis result, 2023
This part shows the results of a linear regression analysis that looked at the impact of
transport accessibility on the tourism economy of a town called Lalibela. The analysis
found that there was a strong positive relationship between transport accessibility and the
tourism economy, meaning that as transport accessibility increased, so did the level of
tourism. The coefficients table shows the values for the standardized coefficient (beta), t-
statistic, and significance level (p-value) for the constant and transport accessibility

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Amhara Region, Ethiopia

variables in the model. The coefficients table above displayed a value of (B= 0.805, p/sig
= .000), which was a highly significant result. Thereby indicated overall Transport
Accessibility had a significant positive effect on the tourism economy. Whereas, the ‘t’
statistics value in coefficients was (t = 26.163, p/sig<.001) this indicated that, if the
perceived level of transport accessibility in the town of Lalibela increased by one percent
would cause a 26.163 % increase in the level of the tourism economy. Therefore, improving
transport accessibility can lead to a significant boost in the tourism economy.
The above linear regression analysis has shown clearly that transport accessibility has a
positive and significant effect on the tourism economy of Lalibela town. This analysis is
answered the third objective of the study. This analysis has also been supported by the
interviewers’ replay to the question that a rose to explain the importance of transport
accessibility for tourism.

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CHAPTER FIVE
5. SUMMARY OF MAJOR FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
Introduction
In this chapter, the overall results of this study's analysis are summarized, along with major
findings and conclusions. The effect of transport accessibility on the tourism economy of
Lalibela town was assessed, and recommendations for future further study have been
indicated.
5.1 Summary of Major Findings
This study investigated road transport accessibility and its effect on the tourism economy
of Lalibela. The study investigated the impact of transportation accessibility on tourism in
Lalibela town. The research used a mixed approach with an explanatory design to collect
primary and secondary data from 397 respondents using a convenience sampling
mechanism. The study found that the majority of respondents were male, married,
certificate holders, employed, and earned more than 5500 birrs per month.
Based on the descriptive statistics, Lalibela town appears to have a moderate level of
transportation accessibility interims of walkability, safety and comfortability, however, as
the same time it indicates the poor connectivity and poor inclusiveness of the roads in
Lalibela town.
The study found that the town's transport accessibility is poor and needs improvement. In
addition to that using correlation analysis this study confirmed that walkability,
inclusiveness, connectivity, and safety had strong positive significant correlations with the
tourism economy while comfortability had weak correlation insignificance. Therefore,
improving road infrastructure walkability, inclusiveness & connectivity to service areas
residents and safety will bring positive impacts to the tourism economy of Lalibela Town.
The researcher conducted regression analysis and found that walkability, inclusiveness,
connectivity, and safety of roads had a significant and positive effect on the tourism
economy, whereas comfortability had a negative effect but significant. On the other hand,
the regression analysis result shows that all necessary assumptions such as linearity,
normality, multicollinearity, homogeneity variance in the regression analysis were meet by
checking them before conducting multiple regressions which explained the relationship

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Amhara Region, Ethiopia

between the dependent variable (tourism economy) independent variables (road transport).
The corrected R Square was 84.2%, indicating that the relationship between the dependent
variable and the independent factors could be adequately explained. Other variables not
considered in this study were taken into account, with their related minimal error effects.
Walkability, inclusivity, connection, safety, and comfortability were all highly significant
ANOVA model results (F=398. 104 p/sig=.000). Therefore, enhancing the walkability,
inclusivity, connectedness to service areas and people, and safety of roadways will have a
good effect on Lalibela's tourism industry.
5.2 Conclusions
The present research focused on investigating the transport accessibility of Lalibela town
and its impact on the tourism economy. Through the utilization of five parameters namely
walkability, connectivity, inclusiveness, safety, and comfortability, the study aimed to
understand the relationship between transport accessibility and its influence on the
economic aspect of tourism.

The descriptive statistics also shed light on the transport accessibility of Lalibela town.
Overall, the town exhibited relatively good infrastructure and accessibility in terms of
walkability, connectivity, inclusiveness, safety, and comfort. However, it is important to
acknowledge the existence of variability within each variable, as indicated by their
respective standard deviations. This suggests that further improvement to enhance the
overall transportation experience for tourists visiting Lalibela town required.

Furthermore, the correlation analysis revealed significant relationships between transport

accessibility and the tourism economy of Lalibela town. Particularly, road transport and
connectivity exhibited a strong positive correlation with the tourism economy. This implies
that enhancing transportation infrastructure, particularly roads connectivity has the
potential to stimulate increased tourist activity and generate economic benefits for the local
community. Other factors, including walkability, inclusiveness, safety, and comfortability,
also showed correlations with the tourism economy, albeit not as strong as connectivity and
road transport.

The multiple linear regression analysis further elucidated the impact of transportation
accessibility on the tourism economy in Lalibela town. The results demonstrated that

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Amhara Region, Ethiopia

walkability, inclusiveness, connectivity, safety, and comfortability are crucial predictors for
understanding this relationship. The high adjusted R-squared value indicates that the
variation in the tourism economy can be explained by these independent variables
collectively. It is important to acknowledge that other factors beyond the scope of this study
might also influence the tourism economy, and further research is warranted to incorporate
these factors into the analysis.

The ANOVA model supported the significance of walkability, inclusiveness, connectivity,

safety, and comfortability as predictors of the tourism economy in Lalibela town. The
highly significant F-value and p-value further emphasized the influential role of these
variables in shaping the tourism economy. The regression coefficients indicated that
walkability, inclusiveness, connectivity, and safety had a significant positive effect on the
tourism economy, while comfortability exhibited a negative but still significant effect.
Among these variables, connectivity was found to have the strongest positive impact.

From this one can understand that, the findings of this study underline the significance of
improved transport accessibility, encompassing walkability, connectivity, inclusiveness,
safety, and comfortability, in driving the tourism economy of Lalibela town. By reducing
travel time and costs, attracting more tourists, increasing their expenditure, and enhancing
their overall experience, a well-planned and visitor-friendly transportation system can
contribute to the sustainable growth of the tourism sector. Addressing the identified
deficiencies and investing in infrastructure development aligned with the key factors of
transport accessibility can yield positive outcomes for both the tourism economy and the
local community.

5.3 Recommendations
The following three issues are mentioned in response to the study's three objectives, one,
two, and three, respectively in the bulletin.

Based on the findings regarding the existing status of road transport accessibility, the
relationship between transport accessibility and the tourism economy, as well as the effect
of transport accessibility in tourism, the following recommendations can be made:

➢ Improving Connectivity and Inclusiveness:

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Amhara Region, Ethiopia

While the existing status of transport accessibility in Lalibela town is generally good, it is
important to focus on enhancing connectivity and inclusiveness. This can be achieved by
implementing measures such as:

- Developing and maintaining well-connected road networks: Invest in road infrastructure

to improve connectivity between different attractions, hotels, and tourist destinations
within Lalibela town. This will ensure that visitors can easily access various points of
interest and move around the town conveniently.

- Enhancing public transportation services: Introduce or improve public transportation

options, such as buses or shuttles, that cater specifically to tourists. These services should
be designed to connect key tourist sites and provide affordable and convenient
transportation for visitors.

- Addressing accessibility challenges: Identify and address any barriers or challenges that
may hinder the mobility of people with disabilities or limited mobility. Implement
infrastructure improvements, such as ramps and accessible pathways, to ensure that all
individuals can access and enjoy the town's attractions.

➢ Understanding the Relationship Between Transport Accessibility Parameters and

Tourism Economy:

The positive and significant relationship between transport accessibility parameters (e.g.,
walkability, connectivity, inclusiveness, and safety) and the tourism economy indicates that
improvements in these areas can have a positive impact on tourism development. However,
it is crucial to also consider the negative and significant relationship with comfortability.
To optimize the relationship between transport accessibility and the tourism economy, the
following recommendations are suggested:

- Balancing comfort with other parameters: While it is important to focus on enhancing

convenience and efficiency, it is equally crucial to ensure that tourists have a comfortable
experience. Implement measures to improve the comfortability of transportation options,
such as maintaining comfortable vehicles and providing amenities for tourists during their
journey.

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 Road Transport Accessibility and Its Effect on Tourism Economy of Lalibela Town
Amhara Region, Ethiopia

- Visitor feedback and satisfaction surveys: Regularly collect feedback from tourists
regarding their transportation experiences in Lalibela town. Use this feedback to identify
areas for improvement and make necessary adjustments to enhance the overall comfort and
satisfaction of visitors.

➢ Maximizing the effect of Transport Accessibility on Tourism:

Given that transport accessibility explains 84% of the variation in the multivariate
regression and 26% in the linear regression models, it is evident that transport accessibility
plays a significant role in tourism development. To capitalize on these impacts, consider
the following recommendations:

- Marketing and promotion: Highlight the excellent transport accessibility in Lalibela town
as a key selling point in tourism marketing efforts. Emphasize the convenience, safety, and
inclusiveness of transportation options when promoting the town as a tourist destination.

- Collaboration with stakeholders: Foster strong partnerships and collaboration with

transport providers, local businesses, and tourism organizations to collectively work
towards enhancing transport accessibility in Lalibela. Engage in regular dialogues and
coordination to ensure that transport services are aligned with the needs and expectations
of tourists.

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 Road Transport Accessibility and Its Effect on Tourism Economy of Lalibela Town
Amhara Region, Ethiopia

5.5 Future Research Directions

Considering road accessibility and its impact on tourism industry of Lalibela's, the
following are some potential future research topics to be consider:

1. Analyzing the impact of regional tourism development on transportation policy:

The subject of inquiry might look at how regional transportation plans and policies
affect the growth of tourism and what regulations would be necessary to enhance
transportation options and connections in Lalibela in order to boost tourism.
2. Assessing the economic and social advantages of introducing new modes of
transportation: This line of inquiry could look at the effects of introducing new
transportation options, such as bicycles and electric vehicles, on enhancing
accessibility to transportation in Lalibela as well as the potential effects on the local
economy and environment.
3. Examining the COVID-19 pandemic's effects on the tourism industry in the context
of transportation: This line of inquiry could look into how the COVID-19 epidemic
has impacted the accessibility, needs, and future plans for transportation in Lalibela
and how these might be modified to improve recovery. The impact of digitalization
on transportation and how the travel and transportation sectors might adapt to the
new normal in the post-COVID-19 age are possible topics for consideration.
4. Examining the implications of civil conflict on the transport sector and tourist
movement in Lalibela.

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Amhara Region, Ethiopia

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destination competitiveness indicators to Ethiopia. Journal of Sustainable Development
Studies, 6(1)
Ye'Abyo, A. H. (2020). Assessing the Participation of Public Sector Employees in Domestic

Tourism Practices: The Case of Civil Servants in Gullele Sub City, Addis Abab.

Ziemke, Dominik. (2016). Accessibility. In: Horni, A, Nagel, K and Axhausen, K W. (eds. The

Multi-Agent Transport Simulation MATSim, 237–246. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.5334/

baw.35

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Amhara Region, Ethiopia

Research flow diagrammatic show

source:- Computed by Researchers, 2023

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 Road Transport Accessibility and Its Effect on Tourism Economy of Lalibela Town
Amhara Region, Ethiopia

Source: - Computed by Researchers, 2023

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 Road Transport Accessibility and Its Effect on Tourism Economy of Lalibela Town
Amhara Region, Ethiopia

source:- Computed by Researchers, 2023

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 Road Transport Accessibility and Its Effect on Tourism Economy of Lalibela Town
Amhara Region, Ethiopia

source: - Computed by Researchers, 2023

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 Road Transport Accessibility and Its Effect on Tourism Economy of Lalibela Town
Amhara Region, Ethiopia

Source: - Computed by Researchers 2023

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 Road Transport Accessibility and Its Effect on Tourism Economy of Lalibela Town
Amhara Region, Ethiopia

A picture that depicted Impediments on walkway at lalibela town

source:- Researchers field survey ,2023

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 Road Transport Accessibility and Its Effect on Tourism Economy of Lalibela Town
Amhara Region, Ethiopia

Picture that depicted none inclusivity of accessible roads to the church gets of western
groups of Lalibela

. Field survey , 2023

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 Road Transport Accessibility and Its Effect on Tourism Economy of Lalibela Town
Amhara Region, Ethiopia

Picture that depicted discomfortable roads to the tourist destination in Lalibea town.
Field survey , 202

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 Road Transport Accessibility and Its Effect on Tourism Economy of Lalibela Town
Amhara Region, Ethiopia

Appendix
Ethiopian Civil Service University
College of Urban Development and Engineering
Department of Urban Infrastructure Transport Planning and Management

Survey Questionnaire
Dear sir/madam,
This questionnaire is prepared for purposes of acquiring information to conduct master
thesis in transport planning and management paper on Assessing Road transport
accessibility and its effect on the tourism economy of Lalibela. I am master's student at
ECSU in Addis Ababa. Participation in this study is on a volunteer basis and you can
withdraw at any time. Information you provide regarding to this study, does not harm your
personal life by any means and it is solely used for this research only and confidential. So,
giving accurate information is most helpful to assess the effect of road accessibility on the
tourism economy of Lalibela. Thus, your information is an input for this study. Feel free
to forward opinions and knowledges about the issues rose under the questions and highly
appreciated your cooperation for the fulfillment of this research objective.
I. Demographic information
Mark on (√) symbol on the boxes.
1. Sex Male Female
2. Age <18 years 18 - 25 year 26 -30 year
31 - 40 year 41-50 >50
3. Marital Status Married Single Divorced
4. Education Qualification
Elementary High School
Certificate Some Degree
Masters/PhD
6. Occupation Employed Unemployed Business man
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Amhara Region, Ethiopia

Other specify ______________________

7. Monthly Income in birr < 1500 1501-3500 3501- 5500 >5501

II. Infrastructure and service questions for residents.

Direction: - The following statements are related to the road infrastructures of Lalibela
town. Based on that rate the following statements
5=Strongly Agree 4=Agree 3= Uncertain 2=Disagree 1=Strongly Disagree
No Questions Rate
5 4 3 2 1
Walkability
1 Roads have enough distance from major service areas.
2 Road infrastructure is sufficient to walk and drive.
3 The walkways are pleasant and clean.
Inclusiveness
4 Roads are usable for all kinds of people from kids to elders.
5 Roads are challenging for disabled persons.
6 Aged elder residents of Lalibela town walk freely to churches
and the entire town without road physical barriers.
Connectivity
7 Distance time to reach the destination is convenient in the
town.
8 Roads are well integrated and planned.
9 Road connectivity has economic impacts on the tourism
industry.
Safety
10 Road has street lights helpful for safe mobility at night.
11 Road junctions and alignments have not any safety factors.

12 Safety of transportation is guaranteed.

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Amhara Region, Ethiopia

Comfort ability
13 Travelling and driving all around the town is convenient.
14 Comfortable transportation has impacts on economic
movements.
15 Transport users don’t worry about convenience and it has not
any change on economy.
Time and Cost proportion

16 The transport fare that you pay to travel in the town is fairly
enough with its distance.
17 Transport is available any time in the town.
18 The cost of transportation is fair in the town.
19 Residents are satisfied with the time and cost of transportation
service

16. Do you have any economic benefit associated to transport infrastructure service?
Yes No
17. Do you know inaccessible blocks in your surroundings? Yes No
18. Transport accessibility has positive impact for tourism or mobility in general?
Yes No
19. What is the level of transport service economic impacts on the livelihood of the
community?
Very highly High Medium Low Very low

20. Does your job related to Tourism? Yes No

21. Inaccessibility of roads has effect on the social-economic issue of residents in Lalibela?
Yes No
22. Have you ever participate in transport infrastructure and service improvement
program in the Town of Lalibela?
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Amhara Region, Ethiopia

Have you ever participated in the town of Lalibela's transportation infrastructure and
service improvement program? Yes No
23. Do you have willingness to participate and assist transportation projects?
Do you want to help with transportation projects, if the government wants to improve the
quality and expand the surfacing of roads in the town? Yes No
24. Do you question transport infrastructure and service improvement failure in private or
in group for concerned body’s?
Did you ask the concerned bodies about the failure of transportation infrastructure and
service improvement in private or in a group setting? Yes No
25. Have you ever seen over price in the town transportation services fare?
Do you believe that the overpriced transportation costs are reasonable when compared to
the road infrastructure? Yes No

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Amhara Region, Ethiopia

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