FLOW CHART OF BRAIN AND CEREBRUM -SHEET -2
Dr.Sanjiv Saxena Dept. Of Rachana Sharir GAC Handia Prayagraj
Embryological development.
Entire nervous system develops from ectoderm germinal layer.
According to early development of brain ,it is made up of three hollow vesicles.
1- Prosencephalon,2- Mesencephalon, 3- Rhombencephalon
Prosencephalon develops in to cerebrum and diencephalon.
Mesencephalon gives rise to midbrain.
Rhombencephalon forms the hind brain i.e. Pons, Cerebellum and Medulla oblongata.
General Anatomical Features of Brain
Various Sections of Brain
Brain is semisolid structure enclosed in a bony cavity called ‘cranial cavity’
Internally it is hollow having cavities called ventricles of brain.
Cerbro spinal fluid (CSF)circulates in ventricles
Brain is cevered by Meninges i.e duramater , arachnoid and piamater.
12 pairs of cranial nerves originate from brain.
Anatomically brain can be divided in to three parts.
Fore brain : it includes i) Cerebrum ,ii) Diencephalon
Midbrain
Hind brain : It includes i) Cerebellum ,ii) Pons, iii) Medulla Oblongata
Brain Stem : Mid brain ,pons and medulla oblongata are collectively called as brain stem.
BRIEF STUDY ABOUT CEREBRUM
The cerebrum is part of forebrain and consists of two cerebral hemispheres.
Righ and left Cerebral Hemispheres.
Both hemispheres are partially separated by median longitudinal fissure.
Three pointed ends can be recognized in cerebrum i.e. frontal pole, occipital pole and temporal
pole.
In coronal section each hemisphere shows three surfaces .
Lateral surface (convex &uneven),Medial surface (flat) & Inferior surface(irregular)
Each hemispheres contains ;
An outer layer of gray matter called cerebral cortex.
Inner part of white matter called cerebral medulla.
for convenience each hemispheres can be divided in to 4 lobes.
Frontal , Parietal, Temporal and occipital lobe.
The surface of cerebral hemisphere is uneven due to depressions and elevations called sulci and
gyri respectively. It increases the surface area of cerebrum.
A central sulcus divides the frontal and parietal lobe.
Frontal lobe lies anterior to central sulcus & parietal lobe behind the central sulcus.
Anterior to central sulcus is the ‘precentral gyrus ’.It is ‘ Primary motor area’.
Posterior to central sulcus is ‘postcentral gyrus’. It is ‘Primary sensory area’.
Areas of cerebral cortex are assigned for specific functions called “Brodmann areas”. These are
approximately 52 according to recent references.
Area 44 and 45 are area of speech. Injury causes inability to speech (aphasia).
Lateral ventricle:
Each cerebral hemisphere encloses a cavity called ‘lateral ventricle’.
These cavities are connected to 3rd ventricle by two oval openings called ‘interventricular
foramen or foramen of Monro’
Corpus Callosum
On the medial surface both hemispheres are connected by a arch shaped band of white matter
called ‘Corpus callosum’.
It consists of an anterior end i.e. genu, posterior end i.e.splenium & central part i.e. trunk.
Little below the corpus callosum is 3rd ventricle of the brain.
Nucleus of
Cranial Nerve I Olfactory Nerve and
Cranial Nerve II Optic Nerve are located in cerebrum
Functions of cerebrum : Cerebral cortex performs sensory and motor functions.
There are specific sensory and motor areas in cerebral cortex.
Various voluntary activities are controlled by cerebrum.
It is an important area of voluntary sensory and motor neurons coordination.
