Numerals

Cardinal numbers Ordinal numbers

0 = zero -
1= one 1st = FIRST = primul / prima [fărst]
2 = two 2nd = SECOND = al doilea / a doua [secănd]
3 = three 3rd = THIRD = al treilea / a treia [sărd]
4 = four 4 – 19  TH
5 = five 4th = fourth
6 = six *5th = FIFTH
7 = seven 6th = sixth
8 = eight 7th = seventh
9 = nine 8th = eighth
10 = ten 9th = nineth
11 = eleven 10th = tenth
12 = twelve 11th = eleventh
*12th = TWELFTH
 13 – 19  TEEN 13 – 19 TH
*13 = threeteen THIRTEEN [sărtin] 13th – thirteenth [sărtins]
14 = fourteen 14th – fourteenth
*15 = fiveteen FIFTEEN 15th – fifteenth
16 = sixteen 16th – sixteenth
17 = seventeen 17th – seventeenth
18 = eightteen eighteen 18th – eighteenth
19 = nineteen 19th – nineteenth
20 = twenty 20th - twenty  ie => TWENTIETH
* 21 = twenty - one 21st = twenty – first
22 = twenty - two 22nd = twenty – second
23 = twenty - three 23rd = twenty – third
24 = twenty – four 24th = twenty – fourth
30 = thirty 30th = thirtieth
*40 = fourty FORTY 40th = fortieth
50 = fifty 50th = fiftieth
60 = sixty 60 = sixtieth
70 = seventy 70 = seventieth
80 = eighty 80 = eightieth
90 = ninety 90 = ninetieth
100 = one HUNDRED [handrid]
1000 = one THOUSAND - the same rules are used here
[sauzănd]
10.000 = ten thousand
100.000 = one hundred thousand
1.000.000 = one million
[Link] = one billion (miliard)
CARDINAL NUMBERS
= they are the numbers that we use for counting or designating quantity
= English-speakers use them every day (one, two, three, four etc.)
In terms of grammar, they belong to the category of determining adjectives.

NUMBERS from 0 to 100 and 1000

NOTE!!!  The number 0 is variously expressed as:

- “nought” (in British English)
- “zero” (in all forms of English):
 in the middle of a series of digits, it may also be pronounced "oh".
- “null”  in technical areas
Eg. Everyone has heard of James Bond, also known as 007 => it is pronounced “oh-oh-seven” or “double-oh-seven”,
but never “nought-nought-seven” nor “zero-zero-seven”.

NOTE!!!  The word "hundred":

- is always followed by "and", both in spoken British English and in written English when long
numbers are written out as words.
 except as a round number (a number ending in 00)
 In the USA the word AND is normally omitted:
Eg. B.E. 250,000 => two hundred and fifty thousand
A.E. => two hundred fifty thousand
- a hyphen (-) is normally used in numbers between 21 and 99, whether these stand alone or are
part of a large number
- never takes an "s" as part of a cardinal number.
 as cardinal numbers, neither hundred nor thousand ever take a plural "s".

- for numbers between 100 and 199, one normally says "a hundred" and not "one hundred".
 the expression "one hundred" is used only to put emphasis on the figure one (i.e. one, not
two nor three), or to stress the word.
eg. I counted one hundred and twenty planes (and not 220 nor 320)

NOTE!!!  The word "hundred" in the plural form:

- the word hundred / thousand / million never take an “-s” in the plural as cardinal numbers (as
they are considered a form of adjective)
 they only take an “-s” when used as NOUNS designating an imprecise quantity of
hundreds or thousands + of (we cannot saw precisely how many hundreds or how many
thousands are in that context => “-s” is needed as it is the only mark of plurality)
Eg. There are hundreds of ducks on the lake.
Thousands of people crammed into the stadium.

NUMBERS from 1000 to 1,000,000 and greater than a million

= apart from round numbers (numbers ending in 00) long numbers above 1000 are normally
written in figures, not in words.

 In the USA the word AND is normally omitted:

Eg. B.E. 250,000 => two hundred and fifty thousand
A.E. => two hundred fifty thousand
- after 1000, if the word hundred does not occur in the number, it is the word thousand which is
followed by “AND”, otherwise the word thousand is not followed by “AND”, but the word
hundred is:

but
- in numbers from 1100 to 1199, the single hundred will be pronounced one and not a.
- Four-digit numbers below 2000 (and rarely above) may sometimes also be expressed starting
with "eleven hundred", "twelve hundred", etc.
- the word hundred is always followed by "and" once it is followed by another digit, and even if it
occurs more than once in the number.
- whether writing long numbers in English, whether in figures or in words, it is normal to put
a comma every three digits.
 the comma is optional with four-digit numbers.

NOTE!!!  figures (numbers) can be expressed differently when they refer to dates and
telephone numbers or when they are after a decimal point.
ORDINAL NUMBERS
= they are adjectives formed from cardinal numbers and followed by an abbreviated ending
corresponding to the ending of the written word.
= English-speakers use them every day (first, second, third, fourth etc.)
= they are used to indicate the position of an entity in a stated or implied series.

- in most cases the ending is th; but not for 1, 2 and 3 (see the chart).
- ordinals are also used to express fractions and dates.
 in the case of fractions, the endings are not written when the fractions are expressed in figures.

NOTE!!!  ordinal numbers can be preceded by a range of different articles or determiners:

NOTE!!!  when translating the ordinals in your mother tongue use the following rules:
1. translate using words when the original ordinal is written in words.
2. Translate using figures (numbers) when the original uses numbers
The first anniversary => prima aniversare Three hundredths of a second => trei sutimi de secunda
My 21st birthday => a 21 -a aniversare a meaHis 203rd attempt => a 203-a lui incercare
FRACTIONS AND DECIMALS
= fractions express quantities less than one; decimals indicate with precision quantities that are
not a complete number.
= except for the most common fractions ¼ / ½ / ¾, fractions are made up of a cardinal number
followed by an ordinal number:
- a cardinal number (one, two, three etc.)
- an ordinal , usually in the plural (thirds, fifths, sixths etc.)
= after the decimal point, figures are expressed digit by digit
- the words hundred and thousand are never used after a decimal point
- the decimal point is precisely that; a point, never a comma. 1
= fractions and decimals are used in all styles of language, including scientific and technical English

NOTE!!!  North Americans (the USA) have not fully adopted the decimal system like most
of the rest of the world, and still use non-metric measurements such as FEET /INCHES
MILES and fractions of these:

NOTE!!!  except on very rare occasions, figures with decimals are never written out in
words, but always written in figures. The following examples are expressed in words as a
representation of the way they are expressed in spoken English.
NOTE!!!  The number 0 is variously expressed as:
 before a decimal point, for a quantity less than 1 = > begins the “nought” (in British English) /
“zero” (in all forms of English) point
 after a decimal point, the 0 is expressed as "oh"/ “nought” / “zero”.

EXPRESSING DATES IN ENGLISH

= written dates in British English differ from American English: => when writing dates in figures it can be
vital to know whether one is writing for British (or European) readers or American readers

British English American English

Day > Month > Year Month > Day > Year
th
5 December May 12th

=> the confusion is possible with the dates between 1 st and 12th of each month as the rest of the
days are clear for obvious reasons

eg. 04/05/2021
- it means “the fourth of May 2021” in British English
- but it means “April fifth 2021” in American English

BUT
 America's national holiday, The Independence Day, is commonly known as:
'"The fourth of July" or "July Fourth";

 British speakers may also use the American form as in "May the twentieth", but when writing, the
logical order Day > Month > Year is always used.
 when dates are expressed in words, this is not a problem, as the use of full words will identify
the date with no possible ambiguity

 any date can be written or spoken in several different ways, using figures or a combination of
figures and words.
It is important to note that in spoken English, dates normally include the words THE and OF :
these are not normally written.

YEARS
= in both British and American English, years are generally expressed in spoken English as two
two-digit numbers (exceptions are years ending in -00 to -09)

NOTE!!!  The use of “two thousand and…” for years following 2000 was common at the
beginning of the millennium, but in modern English it has almost been lost in British English, and
is fading in American English too, as Americans return to the more traditional format.
COMMONLY CONFUSED WORDS:
a couple = 2; two or a few things that are similar or the same, or two or a
few people who are in some way connected:

The doctor said my leg should be better in a couple of days.

A couple of people objected to the proposal, but the vast majority approved of it.
We'll have to wait another couple of hours for the paint to dry.
She'll be retiring in a couple more years.
The weather's been terrible for the last couple of days.
Many economists expect unemployment to fall over the next couple of months.
I'm sorry I didn't call you, but I've been very busy over the past couple of weeks.

a few = it used to mean 3, but in modern English =>” a small number of something”

NOTE!!!  used in expressions such as "quite a few" it mean "quite a large number":
I know quite a few people who have had the same problem.
Lots of people at the club are under 20, but there are quite a few who aren't.
I've been to Paris quite a few times.
She was quite few years older than her husband.
I spent a good few minutes just staring at the scene, unable to speak

some = an amount or number of something that is not stated or not known; a part of
something

There's some cake in the kitchen if you'd like it.

Here's some news you might be interested in.
We've been having some problems with our TV over the last few weeks.
Could you give me some idea of when the construction work will finish?
I've got to do some more work before I can go out.

Several = more than two and fewer than many; some; so, a few but not a couple
I've seen "Gone with the Wind" several times.
Several people have complained about the plans.
Several of my friends are learning English.

half-dozen = a set of six things or a group of six people

dozen = 12
score = 20
He lived to be three score years and ten (= until he was 70 years old).

half a century = 50
century = 100