Notes:
1- Scanner method nextLine
Reads characters typed by the user until the newline
character is encountered.
Scanner method next
Reads individual words
2-Classes System and String are in package
java.lang.
Classes that are compiled in the same directory on disk
are in the same package—known
as the default package.
3-Attributes are represented as variables in a
class declaration.
Called fields.
Instance variable
When each object of a class maintains its own
copy of an attribute, the field is
an instance variable
4-Declaring instance private
is known as data hiding or information hiding.
5-it is elements are assigned the default value
for the numeric primitive data types 0,
'\u0000' for char types, and
false for boolean types.
0 int
0.0 double
null string, array, object class
6-Classes often provide public methods to
allow clients to set (i.e., assign
values to) or get (i.e., obtain the values of)
private instance variables
7-The primitive types are boolean , byte
, char , short , int , long ,
float and double .
•All nonprimitive types are reference types.
8 A constructor must have the same
-
name as the class.
9-By default, the compiler provides a default
constructor with no parameters in
any class that does not explicitly include a
constructor.
10-Sometimes there may be two or more possible matches for an invocation of a
method, but the compiler cannot determine the most specific match. This is
referred to as ambiguous invocation. Ambiguous invocation is a compilation
error.
11-A constant is declared with the keyword const—its value cannot be
changed after the constant is declared.
12-The Math class contains the following trigonometric methods and each
method has a single double parameter, and its return type is double.
13- The output from invoking Math.random() is random double value in
the range [0.0, 1.0).
14-a + Math.random() * b :
Returns a random number between
a and a + b, excluding a + b.
15-Array is a data structure that represents a collection of the same types of data
and the value of the variable is null, size is fixed.
16-The state of an object (also known as its properties or attributes) is
represented by data fields.
17-Constructors are a special kind of method
18-multiple constructors can have the
same name but different signatures.
19-A static variable is shared by all objects of the class.
20-Constants in a class are shared by all objects of the class. Thus, constants
should
be declared as final static. For example, the constant PIin the Mathclass .
21-Object-oriented programming allows you to define new classes from existing
classes. This is called inheritance.
22-The keyword super refers to the superclass of the class in which
super appears. It can be used in two ways:
■ To call a superclass constructor.
■ To call a superclass method.
23-A hidden instance variable can
be accessed by using the keyword this.
Use this to refer to the object that invokes the instance method.
Use this to refer to an instance data field.
Use this to invoke an overloaded constructor of the same class.
24-compiler automatically puts super() as the first
statement in the constructor.
25-To override a method, the method must be defined in the subclass using the
same signature and the same return type as in its superclass.
26-Overloading means to define multiple methods with the same name but
different signatures. Overriding means to provide a new implementation for a
method in the subclass
27-Private members can be accessed only from inside of the class, and public
members can be accessed from any other classes.
28-A final data field is a constant.
