Bangladesh University of Business and Technology

Department of Electrical and Electronic

Engineering
Project Report
Water Level Indicating by LEDs and Buzzer

Course Code: Physics 104

Course Title: Physics Lab II

Submitted To: Kanij Fatema

Assistant Professor, Dept of EEE, BUBT

Submitted by: Team Qurak

Sakin Ahamed Rafeo (22235108048)

Md Abdullah Zishan (22235108049)

Md Abdullah Al Faruque Molla (22235108065)

Md Sabbir Hossain (22235108077)

 Outline

 Abstract

 Introduction

 Background

 Objective

 Literature Review

 Methodology

 Materials/Equipment

 Simulation

 Preliminary Result

 Result

 Discussion

 Socio-Economy impact

 Environmental impact and sustainability

 Conclusion and future work

 Acknowledgement

 References
 Abstract

The drinking water crisis in over worldwide is reaching alarming proportions. It might very soon attain
the nature of global crisis. Hence, it is of extreme importance to preserve water. In home based water
tank, the one problem is very common to us that the control of water level of overhead tank as a result
the wastage of water is increasing day by day. But we all know water is very precious to us. This
problem can be controlled by a simple electronic circuit consists with some cheap electronic
components, that circuit is called ‘Water Level Indicator’. The operation of water level controller works
upon the fact that water conducts electricity. So water can be used to open or close a circuit. As the
water level rises or falls, different circuits in the controller send different signals. These signals are used
to switch ON or switch OFF the motor pump as per our requirements.
Water Level Indicator is a simple low costs circuit. First we introduced this circuit from the web. There
the circuit is made with various components like transistors (BC547/BC548) Resistors, LEDs and etc.
After we discussed that how to make the circuit without transistors and after we calculate that we got the
result, beside we got help from our teacher about this circuit. At last we got a simple circuit without
transistor and it shows result. We removed the transistors to make the circuit cheap and easy installation
to all the other liquid control circuits, which we have seen those are very critical than this circuit.

Introduction

A Water Level Indicator may be defined as a system by which we can get the information of any water
reservoir. Water level indicator system is quite useful to reduce the wastage of water from any reservoir,
while filling such reservoir. Water is most essential thing on earth. Safe drinking water is essential to
human and other life forms even though it provides no calories or organic nutriants. The total amount of
water available on Earth has been estimated at 1.4 billion cubic kilometers, enough to cover the planet
with a layer of about 3 km. About 95% of the Earth's water is in the oceans, which is unfit for human
consumption. About 4% is locked in the polar ice caps, and the rest 1% constitutes all fresh water found
in rivers, streams and lakes which is suitable for our consumption. A study estimated that a person in
consumes an average of 135 liters per day. This consumption would rise by 40% by the year 2025. This
signifies the need to preserve our fresh water resources [1]. However, some observers have estimated
that by 2025 more than half of the world population will be faced water base vulnerability. The presence
of water level indicator in reservoir can help control wastage and water inadequacy in such reservoir.
Water level indicator is used to show level of water in an overhead tank, this keeps the user informed
about the water level at all time avoids the situation of water running out when it is most needed.
Indicators circuits have also alarm features. It not indicates amount of water present in overhead tank but
also gives an alarm when tank is full. Advantages of the proposed water level controller are, very less
maintenance, very low cost, very simple construction and the circuit involved is also relatively simpler.
It can be easily made at home [2]. After assembling the system, what remains is to observe its operation
and efficiency. This can be done by breaking down the activity of the controller from the detection of
water to the working of the pump. We go over the responses obtained when water reaches the sensors
and the logic employed behind it. We also try to justify how a system as simple as ours can compete
with those available commercially.

Objectives

The following objectives are likely to be focused and achieved at the end of the project.
1. To make the most commercial and reliable water level controller using as less resources as
possible.
2. To study the controller model and observe its characteristics.
3. To compare the controller with the conventional controllers available in market
4. To propose any ideas or improvements that can lead to future development of the controller.

LITERATURE REVIEW

In [3], the author's paper presented the design of an automatic water level controller. The design system
uses a mercury flow switch. The system incorporates two contactors which are energized to provide a
direct online start of the motor. An over-load relay senses the presence of excess current and disconnects
the supply while the mercury flow switch uses the Archimedes principle of flotation to provide electrical
contact to switch ON and OFF supply to the motor when the tank is empty or full, respectively. This
system is relatively cheap, affordable, and durable. The use of the mercury switch is the main
disadvantage of this system Mercury switches have a relatively slow operating rate due to the inertia of
mercury, but they are also highly toxic and accumulate in any food chain. A water level sensor with
voltage output readings was designed using a digital logic processing circuit or integrated circuit, a 7-
segment display unit, a JK flip flop sequential circuit, and a motor drive circuit controlled by a relay-
based driver [4]. The water level sensors were electrode resistive sensors that depended on the water’s
conductivity. At the desired points of level detection, it will conduct electricity between two fixed probe
locations or between a probe and the tank wall. The water will complete the circuit, and the sensor
output can be used in different ways, such as opening or closing an electronic switch or turning on or off
a water pump. An electric water pump controller and level indicator have been designed, making use of
metallic conductors or probe sensors, each positioned at different levels along the height of the tank
height to act as sensors. Similarly to the aforementioned literature, The electrical conductivity of water is
exploited. The additional components used are the comparators to monitor the presence of water at the
probes and microcontrollers, and to drive digital outputs that turn on visual display leds that indicate
various water levels in the tank [5]. The automatic water level control has been applied practically in the
water-replenishing tank of central air conditioning [6], and in the computerized water level control
system for the system generator of Qinshan nuclear power plant [7]. The manual method involves the
switching ON and OFF of the power supply to the pump motor manually by an operator when the tank is
either empty or full. This method is common with domestic water supply systems where water is
pumped from a well to an overhead tank, e.g., borehole water supply. The limitation of this method is
that it is prone to overflows and cavitation, resulting in wastage of resources. This is a result of human
error due to time wasted in opening and closing valves. So, there is a need for an automatic or “human-
less” system to increase efficiency. The objective of this study is to design and construct a portable
automatic water level control switch capable of switching on the pump when the water level in the
overhead tank goes Global J Res Eng Computer Sci. 2022; 2(3), 13-17@2022 | published by gjr
publication, india low and switching it off as soon as the water level reaches a pre-determined level to
prevent dry-run of the pump in the event the level in the underground tank goes below the suction level
[8]. This research paper describes the better ways of software and hardware architecture that blend for
interfacing purposes, which includes designing and developing an automated water level control system.
To detect the water level, the device uses advanced sensing technology. It controls the motor with an
Arduino and a relay. At the beaker's various junctions, separate wires are connected. When we fill the
beaker with water. The water makes contact with the wire, which indicates the tank's water level. As a
result, the level of water has been reflected on an LCD. The motor is turned on and off with the aid of a
relay [9]. Hemant Lenka and his team based their research on the importance of water level controllers
in irrigation in agriculture. According to the article, each crop needs a particular amount of water, which
can be achieved by using an automated water level controller, which would also help to reduce water
waste. They employ a technique to determine the rate of water flow in irrigation pipelines. It measures
the rate of flow with a Hall Effect Sensor. The G1/2 Hall Effect water flow sensor is a sensing device
that contains a turbine rotor whose speed varies depending on the rate of water flow [10]. Anuj Pathak
and his colleagues present an automated water level controller with SMS notification in this research
paper. Maintenance of water can be done by users during load shedding thanks to the addition of SMS
notifications to the automatic controller system. The automatic level controller and the SMS system
function together in a synergistic way. The software was created in the Arduino programming
environment and then transferred to the microcontroller. The system's water level is automatically
maintained. Battery power is used to run the controller. The user receives an SMS notification whenever
the device detects an empty level and the status of load shedding. The process will be automated by
installing a single sensor device in the tank that will take water level measurements regularly and power
the motor automatically. This device removes the need for people to fill the tank regularly and monitors
for leakage [11]. An ATMEGA328, ultrasonic sensor, buzzer, and Xilinx were used to design the
device. Three tanks, each with its own set of ultrasonic sensors, were used in the experiment. The
controller was an Arduino board. When the machine was turned on, water flowed through tank 1,
indicating that tank 2 had been filled and the buzzer had been activated to show that two or more tanks
had been filled. Following that, tank 3 was filled before the level indicator controller detected it, at
which point the water supply was turned off. As a result, there was no water waste. Xilinx ISE was used
to build and implement the same on an FPGA. In comparison to microcontrollers, FPGA has proved to
be more beneficial for automating multiple water tanks [12]. An Arduino UNO, an ultrasonic sensor,
and a pump are included in the proposed model. An ultrasonic sensor was used to determine the water
level. There was a link between the Arduino and the Labview software. The Arduino turned on and off
the pump based on the sensor readings, and the water was filled into the tank, as shown on the
LABVIEW front screen. If there is no water in the lower tank and the pump is turned on, the pump will
be disabled and energy will be lost. This is because the ultrasonic sensor is only mounted in the upper
tank and not the lower tank [13]. The water level sensor, buzzer, and water pump were used to create the
prototype. The controller received the water level sensed by the sensor, which was then passed to the
Bluetooth module, which then transmitted the information to the registered mobile. Additionally, a
buzzer was used as a signal. When exposed to a damp atmosphere, the sensor takes the form of a touch
sensor, with a measurement range of just 4 cm and a short lifetime. Having power applied to the probe
continuously speeds up the rate of corrosion dramatically [14]. An Arduino microcontroller, a water
level sensor, and a cell phone were used to create the prototype. The controller received the level of
water sensed by the water level sensor and updated the information on the server. The cell phone
receives the information stored on the server by working the buttons on the mobile. The user decides
whether to turn on or off the motor. A contact-type sensor is used. When exposed to moisture, the
measurement range is small and the lifetime is short. Intervention by humans is needed [15]. The float
switches, the 89S52 microcontroller, and the ESP8266 Wi-Fi module were used to build the prototype.
Four tanks were taken in this operation. The sensing factor was afloat. The information was transmitted
to the ESP8266 Wi-Fi module, which will upload it to the server. Water level sensors and motor driver
circuits were controlled by the microcontroller. A total of 16 float switches are used in the system. The
contact type float switches are easily stuck and do not move; they have poor accuracy and precision, and
they require regular maintenance. The most recent solution, as explained, is to use an image sensor to
measure water levels. Unlike other types of sensors, it can provide information about the environment
around the sensor as well as the water level, allowing the measured data to be verified. It also has the
benefit of not being influenced by the weather. Commenting on his encounters with the radar sensor and
the surrounding area, According to Rikk Smith [16], we've been really happy with this sensor because it
was simple and easy to mount, and we haven't had to touch it in over five months, according to Rikk
Smith [17]. The module consists of hardware and software to control the operation of pumping water in
an overhead tank storage system. It can determine the presence of water in the tank, turn on and off the
pump, and view the status on an LCD screen. Through using a calibrated circuit to show the water level
and using DC instead of AC power, this research has successfully enhanced existing water level
controls, reducing the risk of static shock [18]. The system proposed in this paper is a basic water level
monitoring system with multiple stages indicated. It also indicates when the water level falls below or
rises above the required level. This method allowed us to better understand how Bluetooth modules
work and how they can be used to create a portable device [19]. This paper describes a device that uses
ultrasonic sensors to determine the depth of water. A water level indicator, a water level sensor, a water
pump control system, and a microcontroller are all included in the system. The ultrasonic sensor detects
the presence of water, sends a signal to the microcontroller, and the pulses begin to echo [20]. The
intended device's goal or aims are to create an automatic water level management system with automatic
control. In this project, sensors are Global J Res Eng Comput Sci. 2022; 2(3), 13-17 @ 2022 | published
by gjr publication, india 16 placed at various levels of the tank, and the integrated circuit uses these
sensors to monitor the level of the liquid at any given time [21].

Methodology

Theory
The circuit is designed to indicate three levels of water stored in the tank: low but not empty, half and
full but not overflowing. When there is no water in the tank, all the LEDs are off as an indication that the
tank is completely empty. When water level increases and touches the sensor, the Red LED will glow
indicating that there is water within the tank. As the water level continues to rise and reaches half the
tank, Yellow LED will glow. When the water in the tank rises to full an alarm is made by the buzzer as
an indication that the tank is full. Project Procedures.
Components: 1. Arduino Uno 2. Water level sensor module 3. Light-emitting diode (LED's) 4.1-Buzzer
5. Connecting wires 6. Breadboard
Step 1: Assemble LED on Breadboard Red: (indicating extremely low level) Yellow: (indicating half
water level) Green: (indicating full water level)
● Connect the cathode of each led to power rail (blue rail) on breadboard which would be the ground
supply.
●Connect the anode of LED to different nodes.
●Connect 220 ohms resistor in series with each LED.
Step 2: Make Connections with Arduino and LED Make connections for LED with digital pins on
Arduino as follows ● Red LED wired to Digital to pin 13 ● Yellow LED wired to Digital to pin 12 ●
Green LED Wired to Digital to pin 11
Step 3: Connect the Water Sensor with Arduino Connect the water level sensor to Arduino as follows:
With the Water Sensor pins you need to connect to the Arduino pins The Negative (-) pin will need
connect to the GND on the Arduino with a wire The Positive (+) pin is needed to connect to the VCC on
the Arduino and the (S) pin needs to be connected to A0 on the Arduino with the wires provided
Step 4: Connect Buzzer Connect the buzzer the positive to Digital pin 8 of Arduino and the negative to
ground on the board on the negative. Here is a video for further instruction and
visuals: https://youtu.be/Bp89M4tnIPYAfter putting all components on the breadboard connected to the
Arduino and making sure all components are connected students will now place the water sensor in the
tank empty and then pour the water slowly into tank.

Apparatus
1. One Printed Circuit Board Small size
2. 3 Led Lights (Green, Yellow, Red) 1-2 volts
3. Dc voltage source (battery) 9 volts
4. One switch 1-10 volt
5. Power Connector (Here Using USB) 3 – 5 volts
6. 3 resistors 1000 ohm
7. Wires as requires
8. One Buzzer

Working Principle

Process of manufacture
simple water level indicator can be made using resistors, LEDs, etc. For this it may be designed a
water sensor by using conducting wires. In this paper we have designed the sensor to measure
water up to four levels. Take 4 segments of insulated conducting wires. Tore out the ends of
these wires, ap- proximately 1cm. Adjust the length of the wire segments according to the
water levels. In the following diagram it has been displayed with 4 different colors. The wire
with Black color is connected to buzzer. The wires with colors Yellow, Red, & Green are
adjusted to check Level1, Level2, Level3 and Level4 respectively.
Water level indicator works through the following circuit diagram. Here this circuit is connected
to 9volt dc voltage source. The positive end of the dc source is connected to the overhead water
tank and the negative end of the dc source is connected the diode leads and the buzzer
accordingly.
The other end of the leads are connected to the 1k ohm resistors and the resistor ends are
connected to the separately to the overhead water tank. The buzzer’s other end is connected to the
overhead water tank here the resistor is not connected. One switch is connected between the
positive voltage source of the circuit and the battery.

Circuit Diagram

Fig: 1

When the water stared filling to the overhead water tank then the green led glows, next when the
level reaches up to the midlevel of the overhead water tank then yellow led glows after that the
red led glows that the tank is going to be full or full at last the buzzer sounds when tank is going
to be over flow.
 Fig: 2

Result and Discussion

The water level indicator is the best electronic starter device indicating the water level and saves water
correspondingly. The led blinks according to their level of water reaches to them and indicates the
buzzing sound to stop pouring when it reaches its final limit.
Water Level Indicator Advantages:

 Power Saver
 Money Saver
 Automatic
 Water Maximization
 Reliable Electronic Design
Water Level Indicator Disadvantages:

 Water level controls need to be replaced every 3 years.

 The rust, foul and deteriorate
 Electronics are usually built separately.
 More difficult installation
 Most float switches are outdated
 No LED indicator lights
 No Warranty or Guarantee

Environmental impact &

Sustainability
The water level indicator circuits are used in factories, chemical plants, and electrical substations and in
other liquid storage systems. There are many possible uses for this simple system, examples include
monitoring a sump pit (to control pump activation), rainfall detection, and leakage detection. Electronic
water level circuits have the capability of alerting if there is a water leak somewhere in the factory.
When the water level is too high or too low or exceeds the higher limit, it can detect the water level
easily by hearing an alarm sound or from different colors of a light bulb. We can also measure the fuel
level in motor vehicles and the liquid level containers which are huge in the companies.

Conclusion & Future work

The water level Indicator employs a simple mechanism to detect and indicate the water level in an
overhead tank or any other water container. The sensing is done by using a set of four probes
which are placed at four different levels.
We can conclude that this system is very beneficial in rural as well as urban areas. It helps in the
efficient utilization of available water sources.
If used on a large scale, it can provide a major contribution in the conservation of water for us and
the future generations.
In these days, when the Earth's reserve of consumable water is decreasing every moment, every
drop has its value. Water level controller is a simple yet effective way to prevent wastage of water.
Its simplicity in design and lowcost components make it an ideal piece of technology for the
common man
In future, we want upgrade this circuit with some sensor which can automatically stop the power
supply of the driving pump or motor. As a result the future circuit is not very cheaper the present
one, but we try our best to
1. Make it simple
2. Easy to use
3. Easy to install
4. To make Available for all

Acknowledgement

It is a pleasant task to express our gratitude to all those who have accompanied and helped us in this
work. First and foremost, we take this opportunity to express deep sense of gratitude to our guide Kanij
Fatema, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, Bangladesh University of Business
& Technology (BUBT) for her invaluable suggestions and encouragement throughout the project which
helped us a lot to improve this project work. Our sincere thanks to all our family members for their
moral support and encouragement, without which, the work would not have been possible. Last but not
least, we extend our thanks and appreciation to our friends, batch-mates and everyone who have helped
us directly or indirectly to get this work done. “Excellence is not a destination; it is a continuous journey
that never ends”

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