Programming Fundamentals

(SWE – 102)

Selections
 Boolean Data Types
Often in a program you need to compare two values,
such as whether i is greater than j. There are six
comparison operators (also known as relational
operators) that can be used to compare two values.
The result of the comparison is a Boolean value: True
or False.

b = (1 > 2)

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 Comparison Operators
Operator Name
< less than
<= less than or equal to
> greater than
>= greater than or equal to
== equal to
!= not equal to
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Comparison Operators

x=5
y=8
Output
print("x == y:", x == y) x == y: False
print("x != y:", x != y) x != y: True
print("x < y:", x < y) x < y: True
print("x > y:", x > y) x > y: False
print("x <= y:", x <= y) x <= y: True
print("x >= y:", x >= y) x >= y: False

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 if Statements
 Python has several types of selection
statements:
 one-way if statements,
 two-way if-else statements,
 multi-way if-elif-else statements and
 nested if statements,
 conditional expressions

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 One-way if Statements
if radius >= 0:
if boolean-expression: area = radius * radius * 3.14159
statement(s)
print("The area for the circle of radius“,
radius, "is“, area)

A one-way if
False
radius >= 0?
False statement
boolean-expression
executes the
True True statements if
Statement(s) area = radius * radius * 3.14159
print("The area for the circle of ",
the condition
"radius", radius, "is", area) is true.

(a) (b)

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 Note

if i > 0: if i > 0:
print("i is positive") print("i is positive")

(a) Wrong (b) Correct

• The statement(s) must be

indented at least one space to the
right of the if keyword and each
statement must be indented using
the same number of spaces.
• For consistency, we indent it four
spaces in this book.
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The Two-way if Statement
if boolean-expression:
statement(s)-for-the-true-case
else:
statement(s)-for-the-false-case

True False
boolean-expression

Statement(s) for the true case Statement(s) for the false case

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 if...else Example
if radius >= 0:
area = radius * radius * math.pi
print("The area for the circle of radius", radius, "is", area)
else:
print("Negative input")

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 Practice Question
Write a Python program to user integer value
from the user at runtime. The programs
prints whether the given input number is
Odd or Even Number?

Output
Enter an Integer Number = 6
>> Number 6 is Even
Enter an Integer Number = 45
>> Number 45 is Odd
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 Multiway if-elif-else statement
Suppose score is 70.0 The condition is false

if score >= 90.0:

grade = 'A'
elif score >= 80.0:
grade = 'B'
elif score >= 70.0:
grade = 'C'
elif score >= 60.0:
grade = 'D'
else:
grade = 'F'

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 Multiway if-elif-else statement
Suppose score is 70.0 The condition is false

if score >= 90.0:

grade = 'A'
elif score >= 80.0:
grade = 'B'
elif score >= 70.0:
grade = 'C'
elif score >= 60.0:
grade = 'D'
else:
grade = 'F'

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 Multiway if-elif-else statement
Suppose score is 70.0 The condition is true

if score >= 90.0:

grade = 'A'
elif score >= 80.0:
grade = 'B'
elif score >= 70.0:
grade = 'C'
elif score >= 60.0:
grade = 'D'
else:
grade = 'F'

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 Multiway if-elif-else statement
Suppose score is 70.0 grade is C

if score >= 90.0:

grade = 'A'
elif score >= 80.0:
grade = 'B'
elif score >= 70.0:
grade = 'C'
elif score >= 60.0:
grade = 'D'
else:
grade = 'F'

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 Multiway if-elif-else statement
Suppose score is 70.0 Exit the if statement

if score >= 90.0:

grade = 'A'
elif score >= 80.0:
grade = 'B'
elif score >= 70.0:
grade = 'C'
elif score >= 60.0:
grade = 'D'
else:
grade = 'F'

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 Multiway if-elif-else statement
Day = int(input(“Enter a number between 1 to 7 to display weekday=“))
If (Day==1):
print(“Monday”)
elif (Day==2):
print(“Tuesday”)
elif (Day==3):
print(“Wednesday”)
elif (Day==4):
print(“Thursday”)
elif (Day==5):
print(“Friday”)
elif (Day==6):
print(“Saturday”)
elif (Day==7):
print(“Sunday”)
else:
print(“Invalid Day Entered!!!”) 16
 Common Errors
Most common errors in selection statements
are caused by incorrect indentation. Consider
the following code in (a) and (b).

radius = -20 radius = -20

if radius >= 0: if radius >= 0:

area = radius * radius * 3.14 area = radius * radius * 3.14
print("The area is", area) print("The area is", area)
(a) Wrong (b) Correct

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Logical Operators
Operator Description

not logical negation

and logical conjunction
or logical disjunction

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 Truth Table for Operator not
p not p Example (assume age = 24, gender = 'F')

True False not (age > 18) is False, because (age > 18) is True.
False True not (gender == 'M') is True, because (grade == 'M') is False.

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 Truth Table for Operator and
p1 p2 p1 and p2 Example (assume age = 24, gender = 'F')

False False False (age > 18) and (gender == 'F') is True, because (age
False True False > 18) and (gender == 'F') are both True.

True False False (age > 18) and (gender != 'F') is False, because
(gender != 'F') is False.
True True True

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 Truth Table for Operator or
p1 p2 p1 or p2 Example (assume age = 24, gender = 'F')

False False False (age > 34) or (gender == 'F') is true, because (gender
False True True == 'F') is True.

True False True (age > 34) or (gender == 'M') is False, because (age >
True True True 34) and (gender == 'M') are both Talse.

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Boolean/Relational/Logical Expressions

a=6
b=7 Output
c = 42
print(1, a == 6) 1 True
print(2, a == 7) 2 False
print(3, (a == 6 and b == 7)) 3 True
print(4, (a == 7 and b == 7)) 4 False
print(5, not (a == 7 and b == 7)) 5 True
print(6, (a == 7 or b == 7)) 6 True
print(7, a == 7 or b == 6) 7 False
print(8, not (a == 7 and b == 6)) 8 True
print(9, not (a == 7 and b == 6)) 9 False

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 Logical and operator
number = 5
If ((number>0) and (number<11)):
print(“Number between 1 – 10”)
elif((number>10) and (number<21)):
print(“Number between 11– 20”)
elif((number>20) and (number<31)):
print(“Number between 21– 30”)
else:
print(“Number greater than 30”)

Output
>> Number between 1 - 10
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 Logical or operator
a = 10
b = -10

if((a > 0) or (b > 0)):

print("Either of the number is greater than 0")
else:
print("No number is greater than 0")

Output
>> Either of the number is greater than 0

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 Practice Question
Write a python program to take a character
input from the user using input() function. The
program then determines whether the given
character Is VOWEL or CONSONANT

Output
Enter a character : A
>> It is a Vowel
Enter a character : D
>> It is a Consonent
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 Conditional Operator
if x > 0:
y=1
else:
y = -1

is equivalent to

y = 1 if x > 0 else -1

expression1 if boolean-expression else expression2

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 Conditional Operator
if num % 2 == 0:
print(str(num) + “is even”)
else:
print(str(num) + “is odd”);

print("number is even" if (number % 2 == 0)

else "number is odd")

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