032 Performance
032-01 General
T −D D−T
Climb Gradient= Descent Gradient=
W W
ROC ROD
Climb Gradient= Descent Gradient=
Speed (ft/min) Speed (ft/min)
TAS TAS
Specific Range= =
Total Fuel Flow SFC⋅Drag
climb: T =D+W⋅sin γ gradient (%)=tan γ Power=Thrust⋅TAS
T D
climb gradient = −
W L
specific range (jet) = nm / unit mass fuel
jet: max range = minimum SFC
tan(y) = D / L ROD = V * D / L
032-02 Performance Class B: Single-engine Aeroplanes
takeoff landing
50ft speed: ≥ 1.2 VS1 VREF = 1.3 VS0
1.25 TOD ≤ TORA, with stop/clearway: TOD ≤ TORA 1.43 LD ≤ LDA
& 1.3 TOD ≤ ASDA & 1.15 ≤ TODA
surface condition factor surface condition factor
grass (on firm soil) dry 1.2 grass (on firm soil) dry 1.15
up to 20 cm long wet 1.3 any wet 1.15
paved wet 1.0 downslope per 1% 1.05
upslope per 1% 1.05
NGM = NAM * GS / TAS
032-03 Performance Class B: Multi-engine Aeroplanes
Takeoff
50ft speed: ≥ 1.1 VMC, ≥ 1.2 VS1
Track Changes 0-15° Track Changes >15°
VMC 300 m 600 m
IMC 600 m 900 m
obstacle requirements
* from 50 ft to the cloud base, gradient needs to be all-engine gradient * 0.77
* when reaching clouds: OEI ROC
enroute
not above altitude exceeding that at which the ROC equals 300 ft/min with all engines max continuous power
032-04 Performance Class A: Aeroplanes Certificated Under CS25 Only
032-04-01 Takeoff
1st segment ends when gear is up
2nd segment minimum of 400 ft, flaps are not retracted
3rd segment transition or acceleration segment
change from takeoff config to clean
may be limited by take-off thrust time limit
max continuous thrust at the end
4th segment transition to enroute, at least 1500 ft
VR rotation speed, > 1.05 VMCA
VMC minimum control speed with critical engine inoperative
VMCA minimum control speed in take-off config
VMCG minimum control speed on the ground (determined by engine thrust & rudder deflection)
VMU minimum unstick speed
VMBE maximum break energy speed
V1 take-off decision speed
V2 take-off safety speed (free air safety speed) – minimum speed to be reached at screen height
usually lower than VX
V2MIN minimum take-off safety speed
>1.13 VSR turbojets, 2/3 engine turboprops
>1.08 VSR turbojets with provisions for significant VSR reduction during OEI, 4 engine turboprops
>1.1 VMCA
VSR stall reference speed (usually 1.06 VS)
VLOF lift off speed
VSR0 reference stall speed in landing config (usually 6% higher than V S0)
reduced take-off thrust engine life, reduce noise, same speeds, TODR & ASDR increase
derated take-off thrust reduced speeds, reduce of V1 if limited by VMCG, shorter ASDR, higher TOM if
limited by ASDA. TODR increases, ASDR decreases
obstacle clearance (increasing width):
for wingspan < 60 m: 60 m + ½ of wingspan + 0.125 * D
for wingspan > 60 m : 90 m + 0.125 * D
ACN < PCN (rigid * 1.05, flexible * 1.1)
032-04-02 Climb
cross over altitude – when IAS and Mach are same TAS
032-04-03 Cruise
CI = TIME / FUEL
032-04-06 Approach and Landing
VREF ≥ 1.23 VSR0
jets LDA * 1.67
props LDA * 1.43
weg LD * 1.15
