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Surveying Lecture Notes

civil engineering (National University)

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Introduction to surveying f. Prepare charts of our and planets b. Topographic Surveys

HISTORY OF SURVEYING CLASSIFICATION OF SURVEYING i. Made for locating objects using the three-dimensional
1. Surveying 1. Plane Surveying variations of the earth
a. Define as the science, art, and technology of determining the a. Used for small areas c. Route Surveys
relative positions of points above, on, or beneath the earth’s b. Represents horizontal projection of the actual field i. Involved the determination of he location of objects
surface. measurements along aa proposed route
b. Measuring and marking boundaries of property ownership c. Different Types of Plane Surveying: d. Municipal Surveys
c. Mark boundaries and divide lands i. Chain Surveying i. Made within a given municipality for the purpose of
2. Egyptians 1. The simplest type of surveying laying out streets, preparing maps, and so on.
a. Oldest historical record in existence today about subject of 2. The area to be surveyed is divided into a e. Construction Surveys
surveying number of triangles i. Made for locating structures and providing required
b. HERODUTUS recorded that the king of Egypt, Sesostris, divided ii. Traverse surveying elevation points during construction
the land of Egypt for taxation. 1. The plot of the land to be surveyed is enclosed f. Hydrographic Surveys
c. They were called ROPE STRECHERS, since their measurements by a series of straight lines making angles with i. Mapping of shorelines and the bottom of bodies of
were made with ropes with markers at unit distance. one another water
3. Greeks 2. Can be an open or closed traverse g. Mine Surveys
a. They develop the science of geometry iii. Plane Table Surveying i. Made to obtain the relative positions and elevation of
b. HERON applied science to surveying in 120 BC. 1. A graphical method of surveying in which the underground shafts, geological formations, and so on.
i. He authored The Dioptra which related the methods of field works and the plotting are done h. Photogrammetric Surveys
surveying a field simultaneously. i. Utilizing data obtained by camera carried in airplane or
4. Romans iv. Ordinary Leveling satellites.
a. Their engineering abilities were demonstrated by their 1. The relative elevation of different points on the i. Control Surveys
extensive construction work throughout the empire surface of the earth are determined i. Used to establish network of horizontal and vertical
b. An organization called SURVEYOR’S BUILD was founded. 2. Geodetic Surveying monuments that serve as reference framework for
c. Igneous instruments were developed. Some of these are; a. Used in large areas other survey projects.
i. GROMA (used for sighting), LABELLA (frame used for b. The curvature of the earth is taken into account
leveling), and CHOROBATES (horizontal straightedge for c. Different Types of Geodetic Surveying
leveling). i. Triangulation
5. Erastosthenes 1. Utilizes a network of well-defined triangles on
a. First Greek to compute the dimension of the earth by proving it the plot of the land to be surveyed.
to be round and not flat using a shadow. ii. Reciprocal Leveling
6. 18th and 19th Century 1. Determines the difference in levels between the
a. The needs of maps and location of national boundaries existed two sites of obstructions
in England and France requiring accurate triangulation iii. Tacheometry or Stadia Leveling
b. Large construction and numerous land subdivision entailed an 1. A method where telescoping sight instrument is
augmented surveying program used to measure the distances.
c. Surveying also contributed to the space program that provides iv. Astronomical Leveling
control in mapping and charting portions of the moon and 1. A method in which the meridian, azimuth,
nearby planets latitude, longitude, etc. of the plot to be
BASIC PRINCIPLES OF SURVEYING surveyed is determined with the help of
1. The results of todays surveys are used to: celestial bodies
a. Map the earth above and below the sea level v. Photographing Leveling
b. Prepare navigational charts for used in the air, land, and at the 1. A method where the maps are prepared from
sea photographs taken from suitable camera
c. Establish property boundaries of private and public lands stations.
d. Develop data banks of land use and natura; resource 3. According to Purpose
information a. Land Surveys
e. Determine facts on size, shape, gravity, and magnetic fields of i. Providing information involving transfer of land from
the earth one owner to another.

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2ND MEETIING ONLINE (1ST LESSON) 2ND MEETING ONLINE (2ND LESSON) a. Defines as the number of times something will probably occur
SURVEYING INSTRUMENTS THEORY OF ERRORS IN OBSERVATION over the range of possible occurrences
1. INSTRUMENT FOR TAPING 1. Human skills and mechanical equipment along with utmost judgement 2. General Laws of Probability
g. Steel Tape are critical in good observation a. Small errors occur more frequently than larger ones
i. Laid out to get linear measurements 2. Observation will never be exact and will always contain errors b. Positive and negative errors of the same magnitude occur with
ii. Hindi accurate since nagagalaw ng hangin or any 3. Difference between Precision and Accuracy equal frequency.
obstruction a. Precision c. Large errors are probably mistakes than small errors
h. Range poles i. “closeness” of one measurement to another MOST PROBABLE VALUE (MPV)
i. Used as guide or markers when sighting points b. Accuracy 1. Also known as the arithmetic mean or average value
i. Chaining pins i. Degree of perfection 2. Can be calculated if redundant observation has been made
i. Used for marking the ends of tapes during taping a. precise but not accurate 3. Simply computation lang ng average
ii. Also called Taping Arrows b. Neither precise nor accurate
iii. Ginagamit usually kapag long distance measuring c. Precise and accurate
j. Plumb Bob
i. Use to project a point on the tape to the ground 4. Different Types of Observation
k. Wooden hubs/pegs a. Direct Observation
i. Used to establish points in the ground i. Physical measurement
l. Spring Scale ii. Using ruler, protractor, etc.
i. Used at the end of a tape for reading the full applied to b. Indirect Observation
the tape during the measurement i. Calculation
2. INSTRUMENTS FOR LEVELING ii. Secure when it is not possible to apply a measuring
a. Dumpy Level instrument RESIDUALS
i. Consisted of a telescope which fixes the direction of the ERRORS IN MEASUREMENT 1. Simply the difference between the most probably value and any
line of sight. 1. Error observed value of a quantity
ii. Can be rotated 360 along x axis lang or horizotal a. Difference between an observed value for a quantity and its 2. Residuals can be calculated whereas errors cannot be.
b. Wye Level true value 3. Also known as deviation
i. Has a telescopic tube supported by two y-shaped b. The true value is determined statistically to calculate error
uprights fixed to a horizontal bar SOURCES OF ERRORS
ii. Can be rotated 360 along x and y axis 1. Normal Errors
c. Automatic Level a. Caused by environmental conditions such as wind, temperature,
i. Has a self-leveling feature. humidity, etc.
d. Hand Level 2. Instrumental Errors STANDARD DEVIATION
i. Consist of a tube through which the observer sights a. Errors due to the limitation of the instruments 1. Provides a practical means of indicating the reliability of a set of
with a small bubble for leveling. 3. Personal Errors repeated measurement.
e. Engineer’s Transit a. Errors due to limitation of human senses 2. Also known as standard errors.
i. Design for measuring horizontal and vertical angles TYPES OF ERRORS
ii. The most versatile but also the most complicated 1. Systematic/Cumulative
f. Theodolite a. Errors that occur each time a measurement is made
i. A precise instrument for measuring angles b. Mga errors na pwede pa itama o baguhin
g. Total Station 2. Accidental/Random
i. An electronic transit theodolite integrated with a. Caused by factors beyond the control of the observer
electronic distance measurement (EDM) b. No changes can be made
3. Establishes the limits to fall 70%/68.3% to be exact
ii. Measure horizontal and vertical angle and the slope MISTAKES
PROBABLE ERROR (PE)
distance from the instrument to a particular point 1. Cause by misunderstanding the problem, carelessness, fatigue,
1. Establishes the limit within 50% all the time
h. Level Rod miscommunication, or poor judgement.
2. Sometimes called the 50% error
i. Used in conjunction to determine distances or 2. Must be detected by systematic checking and eliminated by repeating
differences in elevation. some or all measurements
THEORY OF PROBABILITY
1. Probability

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ERROR OF A SERIES
1. Used for determining percent error from similar quantities (like
measurements)

Example problem

ERROR OF A PRODUCT
3. Used for determining expected error in an area

ERROR OF A SUM
4. Used when determining the percent error from independently observed
observations

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