NORTHMEAD SECONDARY SCHOOL

GEOGRAPHY FIELD PROJECT

NAME : SIMON CHINYIMBA

SUBJECT : GEOGRAPHY

YEAR : 2022

EXAM NO :

TEACHER :

DUE DATE : 30TH APRIL 2022

SCHOOL : NORTHMEAD SECONDARY SCHOOL

QUESTION : Fishing farming in Lusaka

Objectives case study on fishing

I. Describe the type of fish ponds used jn Lusaka

II. Discuss the fish species grown in fish ponds in Lusaka
III. Establish the requirements for fish farming
IV. Discuss fish process in Lusaka
V. List advantages and disadvantages of fish farming
TABLE OF CONTENT
(i) Dedication
(ii) Acknowledgements

CHAPTER
1. Introduction
2. Background
3. Objectives
4. Problem Statement
5. Literature Review
6. Methodology
7. Findings
8. Conclusion and Recommendations
DEDICATION

I dedicate this filed project to my beloved parents Mr and Mrs Chinyimba for the love and support
rendered to me during my research.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This price of academic writing could not have been attained by not involving the participation and
commitment of my parents who have been very supportive throughout the study not forgetting my
sisters, brothers and fellow pupils at NorthMead Secondary School.

I therefore wish to greatly appreciate them all for their efforts made in the attachment of this project
and more importantly my special thanks goes to my Geography Teacher for the guidance and
encouragement given to accomplish this project.

Lastly but not the least, I wish to also thank Mr Chileshe J for having helped me through the study of this
project.
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Small-scale fish producers play a vital part in Zambia’s total aquaculture production. In 2014
production from small-scale farmers was estimated to be 10, 000 tonnes.However, the full
potential among smallholder aquaculture in the country has not been fully seized owing to
several challenges associated with the sub-sector most of which include: drought which leads to
drying of ponds in summer, lack of quality fingerlings, flooding, siltation of ponds, pond
maintenance, poor security, high cost of feed and / or low quality of feed It is imperative that
small-scale fish farmers have access to good quality feeds at reasonable prices in order to
ensure their yields are optimized. The diet offered to fish must be well balanced in order to meet
the different nutritional requirements of the cultured species. However, most small-scale farmers
were reluctant to use commercial diets, considering the high cost which was mostly above 70%
of the total production costs. In a study by Mainza and Musuka (2015), it was alleged that
commercial or complete feed was very expensive, such that most small-scale fish farmers only
feed their fish once a day, resulting in low fish productivity. On-farm feeds have been an
alternative but the major challenge to fish farmers across the Province and indeed the country at
large.
 BACKGROUND

The rationale for the culture and management of aquatic animals and plants has remained
unchanged for centuries. Fish farming has been a traditional means of producing food intended
for immediate consumption at the village level. This requirement for locally-produced animal
protein still persists in landlocked countries, or rural areas which do not have ready access to
fish supplies, and there is still considerable scope for further development of simple non-
industrial fish farming. Several countries (particularly in Africa and Latin America) have policies
which give high priority to the promotion of improved food supplies for the poorest segment of
the rural population.

The reasons for the recent and rapid development of aquaculture as a modern technology in the
last 40 years are numerous. Fish and other aquatic animals remain the cheapest sources of
animal protein. They do not necessarily provide the calories of meats but their high protein
content and nutritional efficiency make them in popular demand for general health. They are
widely recommended for basic nutrition, preventative medicine, and recuperative diets. Fish in
particular have the highest feed conversion rates of the animal groups. Weight for weight, fish
require fewer units of energy, demand less gross space, and have a higher productivity than all
domestic farm animals, including poultry. However, that being said, comparisons of aquaculture
with agriculture are not particularly relevant as these ecological, biological and technical
efficiencies are not closely related to economic efficiencies or advantages.

OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT

The project was designed to assist the Government of the Republic of Zambia in further
development of fish farming in the country, with special emphasis on training and extension
activities. The long term objective of the project was described as development of integrated
rural aquaculture in Zambia in order to increase fish production for food purposes and
generation of employment in the rural sector.

The immediate objectives were:

I. Describe the type of fish ponds used jn Lusaka

II. Discuss the fish species grown in fish ponds in Lusaka
III. Establish the requirements for fish farming
IV. Discuss fish process in Lusaka
V. List advantages and disadvantages of fish farming

The project aimed at implementing in the new farms of Mwekera and Chipata, the
methodologies developed in the Chilanga fish farm. Expansion and technology standardization
was an integral part of the project programme with the specific view of testing necessary 6 to
best suit the different conditions in the two regions.
The strategy for development of fish farming in the country is centred around four basic

Features of a fish pond

1. Although there are many kinds of fish ponds, the following are the main features and
structures associated with them in general:

 pond walls or dikes, which hold in the water;

 pipes or channels, which carry water into or away from the ponds;
 water controls, which control the level of water, the flow of water through the pond, or both;
 tracks and roadways along the pond wall, for access to the pond;
 harvesting facilities and other equipment for the management of water and fish.

Note: in this manual, a fish pond is defined as an artificial structure used for the farming
of fish. It is filled with fresh water, is fairly shallow and is usually non-flowing. Tidal
ponds, reservoirs, storage tanks, raceways and fish farm tanks are not included.

1.2 Different kinds of pond

1. Freshwater fish ponds differ according to their source of water, the way in which
water can be drained from the pond, the material and method used for construction and
the method of use for fish farming. Their characteristics are usually defined by the
features of the landscape in which they are built. Ponds can be described as follows.
According to the water source

2. Ponds can be fed by groundwater:

(a) Spring-water ponds are supplied from

a spring either in the pond or very close to
it. The water supply may vary throughout
the year but the quality of the water is
usually constant.

(b) Seepage ponds are supplied from the

water-table by seepage into the pond.
The water level in the pond will vary with
the level of the water-table.

3. Rain-fed ponds are supplied from

rainfall and surface runoff. No water is
supplied during the dry season. These
ponds are often small depressions in
impermeable soil, with a dike built at the
lower side to retain more water.

4. Ponds can be fed from a water body such as a stream, a lake, a reservoir or an irrigation
canal. These may be fed directly (e.g. barrage ponds), by water running straight out from
the water body to the ponds, or indirectly (e.g. diversion ponds), by water entering a
channel from which controlled amounts can be fed to the ponds.
5. Pump-fed ponds are normally higher than
the water level and can be supplied from a
well, spring, lake, reservoir or irrigation canal,
by pumping.

According to the means of drainage

6. Undrainable ponds cannot be drained by gravity*. They are generally fed

by groundwater and/or surface runoff, and their water level may vary seasonally. Such
ponds have two main origins.

(a) They may be dug in swampy areas where (b) They may result from the extraction of soil
there is no source of water other than materials such as gravel, sand or clay.
groundwater.
7. Drainable ponds are set higher than the level
to which the water is drained and can easily be
drained by gravity*. They are generally fed by
surface water such as runoff*, a spring or
stream, or are pump-fed.

8. Pump-drained ponds may be drainable by

gravity to a certain level, and then the water
has to be pumped out. Other ponds, similar to
undrainable ponds, must be pumped out
completely. These ponds are only used where
groundwater does not seep back in to any
extent.
 GENERAL CONCLUSION

Most farmers expressed surprise on the streams which they said never dried up before. In view
of this, Many have taken individual blocking of the streams which does not serve the purpose as
when there will be a lot of rains, the barrage dams which are not well constructed will be
washed away. Hence the Water Affairs people could be called in to advise most on the streams
and their catchment area. Also advise communal dams to serve for the people.

The areas which has sandy and rock places the only thing to build is the concrete ponds. To
those who have boreholes, they must make sure the borehole will sustain the pond also.

To those who have ponds and fish already, they should try to keep them nicel and being fed.
And when they crop it, the should try to sell to the community around them so that others could
be encouraged.

To those who have both enough water and good soil, it is advisable for them to start as soon as
possible so that others could take example from them.

We would like to take this opportunity to thank the Ward for keeping us nicely. Special thanks to
Mr. Simuya who endured together walking around the farm and keeping company. Thanks for a
wonderful organization of the Ward.