Unit 1 Gerund or Infinitive

Verbs that can be followed by a gerund

like involve
love keep
enjoy mention
dislike mind
hate stop
don't mind waste time/money
can't stand imagine
can't bear involve
admit keep (on)
appreciate mention
allow miss
avoid postpone
advise permit
consider practice
deny suggest
delay resist
understand reject
finish risk
fancy can't help
go (in go swimming) can't stand
it's no use ... it's no good ... there's no interested in ... instead of ... good at
point in ... I can't help... I don't ... before ... after ...
mind... I can't stand/bear...

Verbs that can be followed by an infinitive without TO

can/could – shall/should – will/would – may/might – have to – must – had
better – help – hear – let – let’s – make – would rather/sooner , rather than/ –
used to – watch

Unit 2 Modals
1. can
Use Examples

ability to do sth. in the present (substitute

I can speak English.
form: to be able to)
 Use Examples

permission to do sth. in the present

Can I go to the cinema?
(substitute form: to be allowed to)

Can you wait a moment,

request
please?

I can lend you my car till

offer
tomorrow.

Can we visit Grandma at the

suggestion
weekend?

possibility It can get very hot in Arizona.

2. could
Use Examples

ability to do sth. in the past (substitute

I could speak English.
form: to be able to)

permission to do sth. in the past

I could go to the cinema.
(substitute form: to be allowed to)

Could I go to the cinema,

polite question *
please?

Could you wait a moment,

polite request *
please?

I could lend you my car till

polite offer *
tomorrow.

Could we visit Grandma at the

polite suggestion *
weekend?

It could get very hot in

possibility *
Montana.
3. may
Use Examples

possibility It may rain today.

permission to do sth. in the present (substitute May I go to the

form: to be allowed to) cinema?

polite suggestion May I help you?

4. might
Use Exapmples

possibility (less possible than may) * It might rain today.

hesitant offer * Might I help you?

5. must
Use Examples

force, necessity I must go to the supermarket today.

possibility You must be tired.

advice, recommendation You must see the new film with Brad Pitt.
6. must not/may not
Use Examples

You mustn't work on dad's

computer.
prohibition (must is a little
stronger)
You may not work on dad's
computer.
7. need not
Use Examples

sth. is not I needn't go to the supermarket, we're going to the

necessary restaurant tonight.
8. ought to
simliar to should – ought to sounds a little less subjective
Use Examples

advice You ought to drive carefully in bad weather.

obligation You ought to switch off the light when you leave the room.
9. shall
used instead of will in the 1st person
Use Examples

suggestion Shall I carry your bag?

10. should
Use Examples

advice You should drive carefully in bad weather.

obligation You should switch off the light when you leave the room.

11. will
Use Examples

wish, request, demand, order (less

Will you please shut the door?
polite than would)

prediction, assumption I think it will rain on Friday.

Promise I will stop smoking.

Can somebody drive me to the

spontaneous decision
station? - I will.
 Use Examples

She's strange, she'll sit for hours

Habits
without talking.
12. would
Use Examples

wish, request (more polite

Would you shut the door, please?
than will)

Sometimes he would bring me some

habits in the past
flowers.

Unit 3 The past perfect

Subject + Had + past participle+……..
Subject + hadn't + p.p
Wh-word + had + subject + p.p+…..?

Time expressions used with past perfect

Past perfect Simple past

as soon as , never ,
When
already
Until ,just , since By the time
After Before

Unit 4: The future perfect

Form: [subject + will have + past participle +………

By , by then , by that time , by the 24th , by 2023

 Unit 5 Passive voice
The passive voice is an easy lesson as long as we understand two things :
Object +BE + Past participle + ……

Tenses Passive BE

Simple present Am – is – are

Present continuous Am being – is being – are
being
Present perfect Has been – have been
Simple past Was – were
Past continuous Was being – were being
Past perfect Had been
Modal verbs Mobal be

Unit 6 Phrasal Verbs Reference List

FILL THE BLANKS WITH THE APPROPRIATE PHRASAL VERB (Samples from the
national exams )

look up - turn down - hand out – take off – take care - set up
1. Mrs Baker couldn’t find someone to of her grandmother
during her absence.
2. Because of the heavy rain, the plane couldn’t
3. In my view, you shouldn’t such a well paid job.
set up – come back – calm down – loo up – fill in – apply for
I need to this application form. I want to a visa in
Canada. I’m going to study management there and I hope to a
new business when I to Morocco
Unit 7 Reported speech

1- Statement sentence
- Name or pronoun
- Said or told
- That
- Change pronouns
I ………. He or She We ……….. They
You …….I My……. His or Her Our …… Their
 - Change Tenses
Present….. Past……
Past ……. Past Perfect ( S + had + P.P)
Can….. Could Shall…… Should
May ….. Might Must…….Had to
Will …… Would
2- Question Sentences
- Name or Pronoun
- Asked or wanted to know
- WH word or IF if there is no wh word
- Change pronouns
I ………. He or She We ……….. They
You …….I My……. His or Her Our …… Their
- Change Tenses
Present….. Past……
Past ……. Past Perfect ( S + had + P.P)
Can….. Could Shall…… Should
May ….. Might Must…….Had to
Will …… Would
3- Command Sentences
- Name or Pronoun
- Ordered – Suggested – Begged – told – Advised -….
- To + Infinitive or not to + infinitive

The verbs could, should, would, might, must, needn't, ought to, used to do not
normally change. Example: He said, “She might be right.” – He said that she
might be right.

Unit 8 Linking Words

1. REVIEW
Linking words are cohesive or transitional devices which are used to express
and join ideas.
1. Expressing addition
To add information, use: in addition, - as well as - moreover - what is more - not
only...but also... - furthermore - besides - also - too - and...

2. Expressing contrast and concession

To express contrast, use: although - even though - in spite of / despite - however - yet -
nevertheless - nonetheless - on the contrary - whereas - on the one hand ...but on the
other hand... - conversely - but...
 Note: Although /even subject + verb Although he is rich, he never
though helps the poor.
In spite of / despite 1. Noun 2. verb +ing 1. In spite of all his money,
he never helps the poor 2. In
spite of being rich, he never
helps the poor

3. Expressing cause and effect

To express cause and effect,

consequently - as a consequence - as a result - therefore - because of this - for this

reason - because - since - as - for - due to - owing to

Due to Because of - Owing to - Thanks to + Noun

because - since - as - for Subject + Verb

4. Expressing purpose
To express purpose, use:
in order to - in order not to - sa as to - so as not to - to - not to – so that
So that + modal

5. Summarizing
To summarize, use: in conclusion - to conclude - to sum up - in a nutshell - in brief -
in short - all in all - everything considered..

Unit 9 Conditional Sentences

CONDITIONAL
If + past perfect would +have + past participial
S+had+p.p
I wish
If only + past simple wishes
If only + past perfect regret
 Unit 10 Relative Clauses

Relative Pronouns
who - subject or object pronoun for people
They arrested the man who broke into the bank.
which - subject or object pronoun
I read the book which is you had told me about.
which - referring to a whole sentence
They offered me help which I appreciated a lot.
whom - used for object pronoun for people, especially in non-restrictive
relative clauses (in restrictive relative clauses use who)
The girl whom you showed me yesterday joined our club.
that - subject or object pronoun for people, animals and things in restrictive
relative clauses (who or which are also possible)
I like the poem that you wrote
Relative adverbs
where - referring to a place
The café where I usually go is nice.
when - referring to a time
Valentine’s Day is a day when lovers exchange gifts.
why - referring to a reason
This is why I wrote this book.