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TRADOC Pam 525-2-1

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 TRADOC Pam 525-2-1

Foreword

From the Director

U.S. Army Capabilities Integration Center

The U.S. Army continues to answer the Nation’s call, as it has since its inception over 235
years ago. As we look to the future, our Army faces a complex and uncertain operational
environment that will challenge our Soldiers, leaders, and organizations in many ways. Future
enemies are likely to emulate the adaptations of recent opponents while taking advantage of
emerging technologies and growing instability to pursue their objectives and avoid what they
perceive as U.S. military strengths. The challenges of future armed conflict make it an
imperative for our Army to produce leaders and forces that exhibit a high degree of operational
adaptability.

TRADOC Pam 525-2-1, The U.S. Army Functional Concept for Intelligence, 2016-2028,
describes what the Army must do to develop forces capable of conducting intelligence collection,
analysis, and dissemination in support of commanders and facilitate understanding of the
operational environment, the enemy, terrain, and civil considerations in support of military
operations. This concept builds on TRADOC Pam 525-3-0, the ACC, and TRADOC Pam 525-
3-1, the AOC, and outlines the capabilities required to meet the demands of the operational
environment as described in the TRADOC Operational Environment 2009-2025. In this way,
TRADOC Pam 525-2-1 serves as a foundation for future force development pertaining to
intelligence and the intelligence warfighting function.

In addition to the warfighting challenges of the future, the Army also faces a number of
institutional challenges. The rapid pace of technological change, prolonged acquisition
timelines, and growing resource constraints make it necessary for the Army to adopt a more
responsive approach to capabilities development. Accordingly, TRADOC is shifting from a 5-
year to a 2-year cycle for concept development and revision. As a result, the Army Capabilities
Integration Center will update and revise the entire Army Concept Framework every 2 years.
This significant change will enable more effective input into the major budget and programming
decisions across our Army.

Concepts lead change for the Army and drive the development and integration of future
capabilities. They provide a framework for analysis, readiness assessments, prioritization, and
feedback. In addition, they serve as a foundation to help the Army maximize effectiveness and
minimize risk through both materiel and non-material capability trades. Thus, they enable the
Army to identify redundancies and determine which capabilities to pursue, both within and
across its warfighting functions, with a better understanding of how such decisions will impact
the overall combat effectiveness of future force.

TRADOC Pam 525-2-1 makes an important contribution to realizing the broad vision outlined
in both the ACC and AOC. It provides guidance on how to develop the intelligence capabilities
needed to succeed on future battlefields using innovative, critically thinking, and culturally
aware Soldiers and civilians who work effectively in the future operational environment and
possess a balance of technical acuity and collaborative communication skills necessary for
success. This concept also serves as a point of departure for wide-ranging discussions,
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wargames, and experimentation. It represents a significant step forward in an ongoing campaign

of learning and directly contributes toward achieving greater institutional adaptation across our
Army.

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Department of the Army *TRADOC Pam 525-2-1
Headquarters, United States Army
Training and Doctrine Command
Fort Monroe, VA 23651-1047

13 October 2010
Military Operations

U.S. ARMY FUNCTIONAL CONCEPT FOR INTELLIGENCE 2016-2028

FOR THE COMMANDER:

OFFICIAL: JOHN E. STERLING, JR.

Lieutenant General, U.S. Army
Deputy Commanding General/
Chief of Staff

History. This pamphlet (Pam) is a revision of Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC)
Pam 525-2-1, the U.S. Army Functional Concept for See 2015-2024. The portions affected by
this revision are listed in the summary of change. This revision changes the conceptual focus
from information management to intelligence in full-spectrum operations under conditions of
uncertainty and complexity.

Summary. The U.S. Army’s functional concepts provide overarching visualizations of how
future Army forces will fight during the 2016-2028 timeframe across the full spectrum of
conflict to achieve full spectrum dominance. TRADOC Pam 525-2-1 is the overarching
visualization of how future Army forces will acquire, transform, provide, and exploit data,
information, intelligence, and knowledge within joint operations. The ideas presented here are
fully integrated within the evolving context of the future operational environment, joint and
Army strategic guidance, and the joint framework.

Applicability. This concept is the foundation for future force development and the basis for
subsequent developments of supporting concepts, concept capability plans, and products within
the Joint Capabilities Integration and Development System capabilities-based assessment
process. It supports experimentation described in the Army Capabilities Integration Center
(ARCIC) Campaign Plan and functions as the conceptual basis for developing solutions related
to future Army (DA) forces within the doctrine, organizations, training, materiel, leadership and

*This publication supersedes TRADOC Pamphlet 525-2-1, dated 30 April 2007.

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education, personnel, and facilities (DOTMLPF) domains. This concept applies to all TRADOC,
Department of Army and Army Reserve component activities that develop DOTMLPF
requirements.

Proponent and supplementation authority. The proponent of this pamphlet is the TRADOC
Headquarters, Director, ARCIC. The proponent has the authority to approve exceptions or
waivers to this pamphlet that are consistent with controlling law and regulations. Do not
supplement this pamphlet without prior approval from Director, TRADOC ARCIC (ATFC-ED),
33 Ingalls Road, Fort Monroe, VA 23651-1061.

Suggested improvements. Users are invited to submit comments and suggested improvements
via The Army Suggestion Program online at https://armysuggestions.army.mil (Army
Knowledge Online account required) or via DA form 2028 (Recommended Changes to
Publications and Blank Forms) to Director, TRADOC ARCIC (ATFC-ED), 33 Ingalls Road,
Fort Monroe, VA 23651-1061. Suggested improvements may also be submitted using DA Form
1045 (Army Ideas for Excellence Program Proposal).

Distribution. This publication is available on the TRADOC homepage at

http://www.tradoc.army.mil/tpubs/regndx.htm.

Summary of Change

TRADOC Pam 525-2-1-

The Army Functional Concept for Intelligence 2016-2028

This revision, dated 13 October 2010-

o Changes the functional title from See to Intelligence and changes applicable dates to 2016-
2028.

o Supports the ideas and actions of TRADOC Pam 525-3-0 and TRADOC Pam 525-3-1.

o Addresses uncertainty and complexity as the new themes of the document.

o Addresses full-spectrum operations and adopts the AOC’s central idea of combined arms
maneuver and wide area security.

o Places greater emphasis on fighting for information vice assuming information superiority.

o Places greater emphasis on stability, sustainability, homeland defense, and civil support.

o Updates assumptions, implications, and required capabilities.

o Creates appendices to provide more comprehensive information.

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Contents
Page
Foreword ....................................................................................................................................... iii
Chapter 1 Introduction ...............................................................................................................5
1-1. Purpose ................................................................................................................................5
1-2. Background..........................................................................................................................5
1-3. The operational environment ...............................................................................................7
1-4. The intelligence warfighting function .................................................................................9
1-5. Assumptions ......................................................................................................................10
1-6. Linkage to the Army capstone concept .............................................................................11
1-7. Linkage to the AOC...........................................................................................................12
1-8. Linkage to the human dimension ......................................................................................12
1-9. References .........................................................................................................................13
1-10. Explanations of abbreviations and terms .........................................................................13
Chapter 2 Military Problem and Components of the Solution................................................13
2-1. Military problem ................................................................................................................13
2-2. Solution synopsis ...............................................................................................................13
2-3. Future force Army intelligence components of the solution .............................................17
Chapter 3 Core Operational Actions .......................................................................................17
3-1. Introduction .......................................................................................................................17
3-2. Conduct security force assistance ......................................................................................18
3-3. Shaping and entry operations ............................................................................................20
3-4. Intertheater and intratheater operational maneuver ...........................................................22
3-5. Full-spectrum operations ...................................................................................................24
3-6. Conduct overlapping protection operations.......................................................................26
3-7. Distributed support and sustainment .................................................................................27
3-8. Network-enabled mission command .................................................................................27
Chapter 4 Conclusion ................................................................................................................28
4-1. Summary............................................................................................................................28
4-2. Closing...............................................................................................................................30
Appendix A References .............................................................................................................31
Section I Required Publications ................................................................................................31
Section II Related Publications .................................................................................................31
Appendix B Required Capabilities ............................................................................................34
B-1. ACC intelligence required capabilities .............................................................................34
B-2. AOC intelligence required capabilities .............................................................................34
B-3. First order required capabilities (what intelligence needs to do) ......................................35
B-4. Second order: what intelligence needs from other warfighting functions ........................36
B-5. Other warfighting function dependencies on intelligence ................................................38
B-6. Required capabilities to support rule of law outside the continental U.S. (OCONUS) ....44
B-7. Support to IO required capabilities ...................................................................................45
B-8. Support to cyber operations required capabilities.............................................................46
B-9. Support to combating WMD required capabilities ...........................................................47
Appendix C Intelligence Echelons .............................................................................................48
C-1. Intelligence community ....................................................................................................48
C-2. Division and above intelligence organizations .................................................................49

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C-3. Army intelligence capabilities brigade and below ............................................................50

Appendix D ARSOF Intelligence...............................................................................................51
D-1. Introduction ......................................................................................................................51
D-2. Intelligence structure ........................................................................................................51
D-3. Military problem and intelligence ....................................................................................52
D-4. ARSOF lines of effort.......................................................................................................53
D-5. ARSOF intelligence required capabilities and dependencies ...........................................54
Appendix E Homeland Defense and Civil Support Intelligence.............................................55
E-1. Introduction .......................................................................................................................55
E-2. Background .......................................................................................................................55
E-3. Operational environment...................................................................................................57
E-4. Integrated theater Army intelligence enterprise mission ..................................................60
E-5. Concept of operations .......................................................................................................60
E-6. Required capabilities .........................................................................................................61
Appendix F Intelligence Future DOTMLPF Considerations .................................................62
F-1. Introduction .......................................................................................................................62
F-2. Doctrine .............................................................................................................................64
F-3. Organizational ...................................................................................................................64
F-4. Training .............................................................................................................................67
F-5. Materiel .............................................................................................................................71
F-6. Leadership and education ..................................................................................................73
F-7. Personnel ...........................................................................................................................74
F-8. Facilities ............................................................................................................................76
F-9. Homeland defense and civil support .................................................................................76
F-10. Intelligence sharing .........................................................................................................78
Glossary ........................................................................................................................................79
Section I Abbreviations ............................................................................................................79
Section II Terms........................................................................................................................80
Section III Special Terms .........................................................................................................86
Endnotes........................................................................................................................................88

Figure list
Figure 1-1. Core operational actions .................................................................................................12
Figure F-1. Functional core competencies for intelligence analysis.................................................67
Figure F-2. U.S. generations affecting the Army in 2016-2028 .......................................................75

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Chapter 1
Introduction

1-1. Purpose

a. TRADOC Pam 525-2-1 describes how future Army forces will conduct intelligence
operations in support of full-spectrum operations. It articulates in practical terms the abstract
ideas presented in the ACC and AOC, conceptualizes the operational and tactical employment of
intelligence units, guides future force development, and identifies the capabilities needed to
succeed at the operational and tactical levels. The ideas introduced in the ACC and AOC are
central to the way the Army will fight and win. The role of U.S. Army intelligence within the
conditions described in the ACC and AOC concepts is to mitigate uncertainty and support
commanders’ situational awareness in support of full-spectrum operations. Army intelligence
will accomplish these missions by providing organic intelligence capabilities at each echelon and
reinforce those capabilities as required from Generating Force and other nondeployed resources
while integrating all sources of information.

b. TRADOC Pam 525-2-1 provides the conceptual basis for development of the following
core intelligence disciplines: All-source intelligence, counterintelligence (CI), human
intelligence (HUMINT), geospatial intelligence (GEOINT), measurement and signature
intelligence (MASINT), open source intelligence (OSINT), signals intelligence (SIGINT), and
technical intelligence (TECHINT). For purposes of this concept, police intelligence (resident at
the Maneuver Support Center of Excellence) is also addressed. Collectively, this suite of
multidisciplined intelligence capabilities along with synchronization of intelligence, surveillance,
and reconnaissance establishes the foundation, across doctrine, organization, training, materiel,
leadership and education, personnel and facilities (DOTMLPF), for intelligence support to the
Army’s vision of how it will fight and operate in the future amid conditions of uncertainty in
complex environments.

c. These core disciplines and intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance synchronization

are integral to six driving capabilities. These are: full motion video; SIGINT (geo-location);
HUMINT (interrogations); document and media exploitation; HUMINT (source operations); and
SIGINT (internals).

d. These six driving capabilities are enabled by intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance
architecture and dissemination; analysis and exploitation; and communications.

1-2. Background

a. The operational environment of 2010 looks far different from what the Army envisioned at
the start of this century. Protracted conflicts in both Afghanistan and Iraq proved the fallacy of
concepts based on near-perfect intelligence, assured transport layers, lines of communication,
and over-reliance on precision guided munitions. Recent and ongoing conflicts highlighted the
limitations of technology and the paramount importance of the human dimensions of war. Wars
in Georgia, Lebanon, and Gaza confirmed trends observed in Afghanistan and Iraq. The Army
must reinforce the timeless principles of war and enduring ideas of earlier concepts while

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applying lessons learned over the last 9 years. Since the start of Operation Enduring Freedom
(OEF) and Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF), Army intelligence has made a massive and concerted
effort to reinvigorate tactical echelon HUMINT capabilities. By investing in significant force
structure changes, HUMINT capabilities that had atrophied after the Cold War and the
subsequent collapse of the former Soviet Union are now firmly in place and a significant
contributor to the successful prosecution of “war among the people.” The January 2010 paper,
Fixing Intel, A Blueprint for making Intelligence Relevant in Afghanistan, 1 served to broaden the
discussion about what intelligence activities should be doing in support of their commanders, and
expanded the traditional focus of intelligence collection and analytical efforts beyond the usual
emphasis on “red” activities. The projected future operating environment stresses that these
types of activities will remain a constant for the foreseeable future. Additionally, threats of spill
over violence along shared U.S. borders require the discovery of potential threats before they
reach the U.S.

b. Intelligence improvement strategies historically addressed the changing operational

environment by creating sensors and analytical systems designed to locate hierarchical centrally-
directed combat formations and predict their actions in high-intensity conflict. These strategies
assumed that intelligence forces, if properly refocused, would remain sufficiently relevant and
effective during stability operations and irregular warfare and not require major programmatic or
structural changes for these missions. Both the current operational environment and the future
operational environment describe decentralized threat networks, network-of-networks, or even
networks enabled to act as surrogates for nation-states. These networks necessitate resolution at
the identity level, temporal resolution (minutes or less), and geolocation resolution at the house
and/or vehicle level (or lower). The ongoing military intelligence rebalance efforts were created
to recommend solutions to the intelligence force structure that optimizes intelligence support to
Army full-spectrum operations.

c. In December 2009, the Army published the ACC followed in August 2010 by the AOC.
These documents describe the broad capabilities the Army and Army intelligence will require to
overcome a combination of adaptive threats and adaptive adversaries in complex operating
environments. Within the Army concept framework, the ACC and AOC provide the conceptual
foundation and background for TRADOC Pam 525-2-1 and follow-on capability based
assessments needed to develop new Army intelligence capabilities.

d. To operate effectively under conditions of uncertainty and complexity in an era of

persistent conflict, future forces and leaders must strive to mitigate uncertainty through
understanding the situation in depth, developing the situation through action, fighting for
information, and reassessing the situation to keep pace with the dynamic nature of conflict.
Future intelligence forces gain and maintain contact with the enemy; collect signatures and
observables to identify, locate, and provide intentions of threat forces and threat networks to
facilitate a greater understanding of the terrain and civil considerations within an area of
operations. Further, intelligence must anticipate the spillover of violence and threats of spillover
of violence along shared borders requiring the discovery of potential threats before they reach the
U.S. homeland. However, commanders must still make decisions based on incomplete,
inaccurate, or contradictory information. Accomplishing challenging intelligence missions and
responding to a broad range of adaptive threats under conditions of uncertainty will require

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multifunctional Army intelligence capabilities that exhibit a high degree of operational

adaptability and flexibility. The future force must be able to conduct effective intelligence
collection, analysis, and dissemination in support of combined arms operations in the area of
operations (AO). Building on the foundation of existing intelligence capabilities and capacity,
Army intelligence must hone its ability to gain, sustain, and exploit those capabilities and
capacity to support future Army forces combined arms operations. The central idea, supporting
ideas, and core operational actions of the ACC, AOC, and the components of the solution of
TRADOC PAM 525-2-1 promote such a mindset and provide the conceptual foundation for an
Army intelligence force that can support the commander in full-spectrum operations.

e. TRADOC Pam 525-2-1 describes the operational environment, how Army intelligence
forces will conduct collection and analysis by applying the lessons learned during the last 9 years
of conflict, and discussing requirements Army intelligence may need across DOTMLPF to field
a force able to meet future challenges. TRADOC Pam 525-2-1 consists of four chapters.
Chapter 1 introduces the Army concept framework and Army operational concept which
provides the assumptions that guide TRADOC Pam 525-2-1. Chapter 2 presents the Army
intelligence problem, central idea, and solution, along with a number of supporting ideas.
Chapter 3 discusses intelligence support to ACC core operational actions, and chapter 4 provides
the pamphlet’s conclusion.

1-3. The operational environment

a. The operational environment (OE) summary below, drawn from the TRADOC Operational
Environment, 2009-2025, is intended to set the stage for the sections that follow by providing
context for discussing TRADOC Pam 525-2-1 and the resulting required capabilities. The future
OE will present the Army with complex and challenging conditions. It will remain difficult to
predict and is subject to radical changes and singularities. It may encompass hybrid threats that
create multiple dilemmas for our maneuver forces by simultaneous employment of regular and
irregular forces, and criminal elements, using an ever-changing variety of conventional and
unconventional tactics. Future adversaries will possess weapons of mass destruction (WMD)
and technology allowing them to be disruptive over widespread areas.

b. Future adversaries are expected to attack U.S. operational patterns and predictability; take
advantage of U.S. operational constraints; avoid perceived U.S. strengths; and exploit perceived
lack of cultural understanding.

c. Adversaries will seek conventional and irregular capabilities; employ a range of

technologies; utilize information warfare as a key weapon system; and employ complex battle
positions.

d. Just as U.S. forces have learned and adapted, adversaries have as well. Their lessons
learned include the following:

(1) High-tech weapons and communications systems can be countered with low-tech
responses and high-tech threat capabilities.

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(2) The U.S. military is slow to react to information operations (IO) so adversaries will seek
to control the message and the fight.

(3) Army maneuver forces are often predictable in their operations.

(4) U.S. operations can be derailed over time through a strategy of exhaustion.

(5) U.S. forces distributed over wide areas can be successfully attacked and casualties
inflicted which may impact U.S. resolve.

(6) Antiaccess, access denial, and tactical shielding are effective means of influencing U.S.
response and controlling the ability of U.S. forces to react in theater.

e. What does this future operational environment mean for U.S. adversaries?

(1) Adversaries are not required to counter U.S. military power symmetrically; instead, they
will employ a combination of unconventional, irregular, and blended forces. The enemy will use
the total war construct, achieving success by attacking across all the dimensions of power—
political, military, economic, social, infrastructure, information physical environment, and time
(PMESII-PT).

(2) Adversaries will blend in with the environment and attack the U.S. communication
architecture, intelligence gathering systems, and sustainment lines of communication. They will
target U.S. reliance on contractors and private security forces to create unfavorable conditions
and discourage further contract support.

(3) Adversaries will attempt to exploit U.S. forces’ lack of cultural understanding to
alienate the local populace.

(4) Adversaries will create alliances between nations and including nonstate actors that
support access denial that will hinder U.S. staging efforts and will force U.S. forces to seek
alternative, less desirable, and time consuming methods of entry.

(5) Adversaries will conduct tactical actions directed towards achieving information
warfare objectives rather than purely military ones. Information, communications, and
technology will continue to proliferate. A wide variety of actors with access to and operating
outside the control of the military will be part of any future OE. Information cyber attacks can
cause widespread disruption.

f. What does this future operational environment mean for U.S. Army leaders?

(1) Army leaders will need to embrace the concept of complexity and understand that they
will operate and function with some level of uncertainty.

(2) Army leaders will often operate over wide areas.

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(3) Army leaders will operate under near continuous media scrutiny, potentially giving
local events global significance.

(4) To achieve speed of action, identify and exploit opportunities, and protect against
unanticipated dangers, Army leaders apply an expanded concept of combined arms and operate
decentralized consistent with the tenets of mission command.

(5) Army leaders must be operationally adaptable.

(6) Army leaders must be prepared to operate in environments where WMD are likely to be
used.

g. For the foreseeable future, Army intelligence Soldiers, leaders, and units will remain
globally engaged – called on to execute missions across the spectrum of conflict.

1-4. The intelligence warfighting function

a. The intelligence warfighting function is the related tasks and systems that facilitate
understanding of the operational environment, enemy, terrain, and civil consideration. 2 It
includes tasks associated with intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance operations and is
driven by the commander. Intelligence is more than just collection. It is a continuous process
that involves analyzing information from all sources and conducting operations to develop the
situation.

b. Intelligence is not passive; it is an active foundational function of the Army. Intelligence

operations are the variety of intelligence and counterintelligence tasks that are carried out by
various intelligence organizations and activities within the intelligence process. Intelligence
operations include planning and direction, collection, processing and exploitation, analysis and
production, dissemination and integration, and evaluation and feedback. Intelligence operations
gain and maintain contact with threat forces; collect signatures and observables to identify,
locate, and provide intentions of threat forces and threat networks. Intelligence operations are
not solely accomplished from airborne platforms or standoff surveillance sites. They are often
executed in and amongst local populations and in close proximity to threat forces and/or groups.
Intelligence operations also facilitate understanding of the terrain and civil considerations within
an area of operations.

c. Intelligence operations are conducted to provide intelligence in support of all missions.

The primary focus of Army intelligence operations is generating tactical intelligence such as,
intelligence that supports the planning and conduct of operations. Although the focus is on
tactical intelligence, the Army draws on both strategic and operational intelligence resources and,
in certain circumstances, conducts intelligence operations at the operational and even strategic
level.

d. The intelligence warfighting function is a flexible force of personnel, organizations, and

equipment that, individually or collectively, provide commanders with the timely, relevant,
accurate, predictive, and tailored intelligence required to visualize the AO, assess the situation,

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and direct military actions. Additionally, the intelligence warfighting function is a complex
system that operates worldwide, from below ground to space, in support of an operation, to
include the ability to leverage theater and national capabilities. It requires cooperation and
division of intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance and analysis efforts internally, higher,
lower, adjacent, and across components and multinational forces.

e. Planning and executing military operations will require intelligence regarding the threat
(traditional, irregular, catastrophic, and disruptive), civil considerations, and the AO. The
intelligence warfighting function generates intelligence and intelligence products that portray the
enemy and aspects of the environment. These intelligence products enable the commander to
identify potential courses of action, plan operations, employ forces effectively, employ effective
tactics and techniques, and implement protection.

f. The intelligence warfighting function is always engaged in offensive, defensive, stability,

and when directed, civil support operations. Intelligence supports decisionmaking. Hard
training, thorough planning, meticulous preparation, and aggressive execution posture the Army
for success. In the current and future environment, the Army must maintain intelligence
readiness to support operations. This support reaches across full-spectrum operations and levels
of war to produce the intelligence required to accomplish the mission successfully through a
combination of space, aerial, seaborne, and ground-based systems to provide the most
comprehensive intelligence possible. During force projection operations, the intelligence
warfighting function supports the commander with accurate and responsive intelligence from
predeployment through redeployment.

g. Within the framework of the intelligence warfighting function, the intelligence tasks and
the intelligence process, intelligence personnel further focus on conducting intelligence from a
fundamental enterprise perspective. The Army intelligence enterprise is the sum total of the
networked and federated systems, and efforts of the military intelligence personnel (to include
collectors and analysts), sensors, organizations, information, and processes that allow the focus
necessary to use the power of the entire intelligence community (IC). The purpose of the Army
intelligence enterprise is to provide technical support and guidance as well as an information and
intelligence architecture that efficiently and effectively synchronize intelligence, surveillance,
and reconnaissance operations and intelligence analysis and production to drive intelligence
production in support of the commander’s situational awareness and understanding.

1-5. Assumptions

a. These intelligence assumptions connect the ACC to AOC to TRADOC Pam 525-2-1
(strategic, operational, and tactical context). The following assumptions for 2016-2028 require a
reassessment of the functional intelligence concept through experimentation, verification, and
validation. The assumptions are organized into three focus areas: operational environment,
organizational, and technological.

b. Operational environment.

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(1) National, joint, and Army intelligence collection will be conducted in complex and
urban terrain.

(2) The enemy will use the “span of technology” ranging from tactical radios to fiber optics
and beyond to frustrate U.S. collection and exploitation efforts.

(3) The U.S. will maintain the capability to employ collection and analysis assets (ground,
air, cyberspace, and maritime) in any theater against all intelligence discipline targets.

(4) Required Army policies (authorizations and restrictions) will be specified for
intelligence operations in support of homeland security.

c. Organizational. The human resources required are available and are trained, technically
well informed, and culturally astute and language qualified across the intelligence disciplines.

d. Technological.

(1) The technological base is sustained and adequate research and development funding is
available. Long-term focus is sustained for each intelligence discipline in the key areas of
computing hardware, communication, and software development.

(2) The Army is cognizant of and can match the rate of technological change largely driven
by the commercial sector.

(3) The Army extends the lives of existing technical sensors by developing better
processing capabilities to discover and exploit data that we did not know was present.

(4) The Army initiates a concerted effort to develop new and enable existing technical
sensors to strip away the concealment provided to our enemies by the urban and complex terrain
environment.

e. To develop TRADOC Pam 525-2-1, subject matter experts in all intelligence disciplines
from the Intelligence Center of Excellence and TRADOC developed and staffed drafts of this
concept. The writers examined eight types of operations to set the context for discussion of
organizational and functional roles, challenges, and interdependencies. The writers also
considered how the Army would execute the core operational actions in the context of specific
scenarios and what commensurate intelligence support would be required. The sections that
follow include the linkage to the ACC and AOC.

1-6. Linkage to the Army capstone concept

a. The ACC identifies six supporting ideas that contribute to the future forces’ ability to apply
operational adaptability in future operations. They are develop the situation through action;
conduct combined arms operations; employ a combination of defeat and stability mechanisms;
integrate joint capabilities; cooperate with partners; and exert psychological and technical
influence.

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b. The ACC also identifies a set of core operational actions to meet future security challenges.
The core operational actions range from engagement of allies and indigenous forces, such as
security force assistance and the conduct of full-spectrum operations, to defeat the enemy and
ensure progress toward achieving strategic objectives.

c. TRADOC Pam 525-2-1 is linked to the ACC by acknowledging the need for intelligence to
develop operational adaptability and to broaden analysis beyond military-focused intelligence
preparation of the battlefield to intelligence preparation of the OE.

1-7. Linkage to the AOC

a. The AOC links to a future force set of ACC core operational actions to meet future security
challenges (see figure 1-1). The seven core operational actions of the ACC address broadly the
nature and type of operations the Army will conduct as part of a joint force. The core
operational actions provide the common conceptual threads of continuity between the ACC, the
AOC, and TRADOC Pam 525-2-1.

Core Operational Actions

Conduct security force assistance
Shaping and entry operations
Intertheater and intratheater operational maneuver
Full-spectrum operations
Conduct overlapping protection operations
Distributed support and sustainment
Network-enabled mission command
Figure 1-1. Core operational actions

b. The AOC further specifies six supporting ideas that contribute to the Army’s ability to
conduct combined arms maneuver and security operations: conduct decentralized operations,
integrate intelligence and operations, conduct air-ground operations, expand capabilities at
brigade level, inform and influence populations, conduct effective transitions, and enhance unit
cohesion.

c. TRADOC Pam 525-2-1 is linked to the AOC by acknowledging the need to improve
operations intelligence interface; provide flexible organizational designs; improve capability to
operate in complex and urban terrain; enhance critical thinking skills; strengthen integration with
joint and interagency partners; develop better collectors and/or sensors tied to signatures of
interest; and development better and more efficient use and analysis of data.

1-8. Linkage to the human dimension

The human dimension emphasizes optimization of the cognitive, physical, and social
components of every Soldier with the objective to improve the acquisition and selection of
personnel; maximize leader and organizational development; establish the ability to rapidly
adjust, deliver, and provide accessibility of training and education ultimately balancing Soldier
knowledge, skills, and abilities with full-spectrum operation mission requirements.

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1-9. References
Required and related publications are in appendix A.

1-10. Explanations of abbreviations and terms

Abbreviations and special terms used in this pamphlet are explained in the glossary.

Chapter 2
Military Problem and Components of the Solution

2-1. Military problem

a. Intelligence must provide commanders at all echelons, in all operational environments, the
information and intelligence to enable operational adaptability as described in the ACC.

b. To meet the ACC requirement for operational adaptability in a constantly changing

intelligence environment, intelligence must enhance existing and develop new capabilities to
optimize intelligence support to “center of gravity” formations, defined as brigade combat teams
(BCT) for irregular warfare and division and corps for major combat operations. Intelligence
organizational enhancement must provide embedded, modular, full spectrum intelligence
operations capabilities at every echelon, sustainable throughout the readiness cycle. The
unprecedented increase in certification, licensing, and new equipment training generated by the
expansion of biometrics, forensics, document and media exploitation, as well as SIGINT and
HUMINT functions conducted at the company level requires significant training and equipment
management expertise (not necessarily available at the BCT level).

c. TRADOC PAM 525-2-1 problem statement: How does the Army conduct synchronized,
proactive intelligence operations to collect, analyze, continually reassess, and disseminate
relevant information and actionable intelligence to help the future force understand adaptive
threats in a complex operating environment in width, depth, and breadth and mitigate strategic,
operational, and tactical uncertainty while supporting distributed, decentralized, full-spectrum
operations and commander’s decisionmaking?

2-2. Solution synopsis

a. TRADOC Pam 525-2-1 central idea. Develop adaptive Soldiers and leaders, within
multifunctional organizations sustainable during persistent conflict, capable of conducting
synchronized, proactive intelligence operations focused on BCT, division, and corps-level
requirements to support planning and execution of distributed and decentralized full-spectrum
operations.

b. Create versatile, expeditionary, agile, sustainable, and interoperable intelligence

organizations capable of conducting synchronized, proactive intelligence operations. A
campaign-capable expeditionary force is vital to meeting the demands of an environment of
persistent conflict involving any combination of hierarchical, networked, and hybrid threats. In
the near future, the Army will conduct continuous operations in this environment with a

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continuous demand for intelligence and information from collectors operating in the space,
aerial, terrestrial, and foundational layer. These multifunctional organizations must be agile, able
to be tailored as the tactical situation dictates. They must also be sustainable during persistent
conflict.

(1) Establish and refine intelligence organizations to support situation development, provide
targeting support and information superiority at the tactical level (for example, company
intelligence support teams (CoIST)). The CoIST mission is to harvest local information and
refine intelligence products provided by higher echelons to support company operations,
disseminate and exchange information across all Army echelons and with joint, interagency,
intergovernmental, multinational, nongovernmental, and host nation organizations to enable
collaboration and unity of effort.

(2) Provide commanders the ability to pursue networked threat forces that emerge from
reduced hierarchical military organizations. This requires task organization of intelligence,
surveillance, and reconnaissance organizations to meet the commanders’ future information
collection and analysis needs. This flexibility is paramount to support the find, fix, finish,
exploit, analyze, and disseminate (F3EAD) methodology.

c. Develop Soldiers and leaders. Future intelligence leaders will be required to support
offensive, defensive, and stability or civil support operations simultaneously against both
conventional and unconventional enemies. The future requires Soldiers and leaders with flexible
mindsets who can work through ambiguity, and have the ability to conceptualize information and
employ skills gained through lifelong learning. They must be capable of planning and
conducting intelligence operations in accordance with the commander’s intent in changing and
ambiguous situations. Leaders will require the capability to recognize when operational and
tactical situations require nonstandard solutions derived from assessment and creative thinking.

(1) Education. Intelligence analysts and leaders must possess a balance of cognitive,
behavioral, and social skills. The future OE demands a clear set of leader development criteria
for training, operational assignments, and self-development.

(2) Critical thinking. Intelligence analysts and leaders must be trained to possess the key
abilities, characteristics, knowledge, and skills to perform complex critical thinking and analysis
to provide commanders detailed analysis.

(3) Cultural Sophistication. Intelligence analysts and leaders must move from being
culturally aware to cultural understanding to overcome “mirror imaging” (viewing the adversary
through one’s own eyes), and must gain or improve understanding on cultural differences,
geography, patterns of thought, and mind sets.

d. Improve operations and intelligence synergy. Synchronized operations between operators

and their intelligence personnel promote shared understanding, intent, and anticipatory
intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance activities and limits collection and analysis of
superfluous information. To produce a holistic, coordinated approach to intelligence,
surveillance, and reconnaissance, the warfighting functions must be inextricably linked through

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the common responsibility to describe the environment (context) based on the commander’s
decisionmaking and information requirements.

(1) Co-creation of context. To develop the situation through action, commanders employ
intelligence collectors, analysts, and associated systems as part of combined arms maneuver and
wide area security. Co-creation of context is a continuous process in which commanders direct
intelligence priorities to drive operations, and the intelligence that these operations produce
causes commanders to refine operations based on an improved understanding of the situation. 3
Continuous interplay between the various intelligence disciplines and units conducting
operations requires intelligence professionals and operators to collaborate at the lowest level. 4
This continuous dialogue creates timely, relevant, and clear information upon which
commanders base their plans, decisions, and orders.

(2) The commander provides the guidance and focus through commander’s critical
information requirements (CCIRs) that drive the operations and intelligence processes. The
intelligence process operates continuously during all phases of the operations process to provide
the constant intelligence essential to the operations process. The information collection process
must be synchronized, as are all other operational events; the selection and application of
collection systems to meet the commander’s information requirements are definitive operational
concerns during the planning and conduct of any operation. The integrating processes of
intelligence preparation of the battlefield (IPB) and intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance
are fundamental to the operation.

(3) Broader intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance synchronization is required.

Intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance synchronization is the task that accomplishes the
following: analyzes information requirements and intelligence gaps; evaluates available assets
internal and external to the organization; determines gaps in the use of those assets;
recommends intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance assets controlled by the organization
to collect on the CCIR; and submits requests for information for adjacent and higher collection
support. 5 Intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance integration and synchronization must
address the full range of PMESII-PT elements across all knowledge sources. Leaders and
planners must recognize that there is a troops-to-task limitation involved with emphasis or
increased information requirements concerning economics and governance intelligence to
support stability operations. Analytical production is a zero sum game; when collectors and
analysts are working on economics and governance, the commander will have less information
concerning the conventional and/or insurgent threat, and less information to support kinetic
targeting. When the operational focus is directed toward economic and governance activity, the
collection and analysis of information from every soldier as a sensor must be focused on
economic and governance activity; it is not enough to direct the traditional intelligence systems
to collect and analyze data concerning the PMESII-PT factors. Rather, all elements of an
organization must be considered coequal cohorts in the co-creation of context.

e. Develop collection, processing, exploitation, and dissemination capabilities to “see into”

complex and urban environments. Future Army forces will conduct operations within a more
complex environment. The Army must develop sensors to collect against signatures of threat
and or interest in complex and urban terrain environments. Additionally the processing,

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exploitation, and dissemination of intelligence information is required to limit the latency in

providing answers to the CCIRs.

f. Develop analytical capacity and capability. The Army’s increased ability to detect threats
from multiple sources requires an increased capability to receive, analyze, store, retrieve,
manipulate, display, share, and communicate enormous volumes of information and intelligence
within a secure and adaptable network. Likewise, data required for intelligence to support
operations concerning stability, economic and governance (PMESII-PT) come from multiple
sources not traditionally used by the intelligence systems. The ability to fuse all of the
environmental factors into a single product is a multidisciplined process in which all the
warfighting functions share responsibility; the combined effort in the co-creation of context is a
commander-centric holistic endeavor that spans the entire spectrum of information management.
The Army must train and develop intelligence analysts throughout the intelligence enterprise to
ensure that they possess the key abilities, characteristics, knowledge, and skills to perform
complex critical thinking necessary to provide commanders detailed analysis.

g. Leverage and extend the intelligence enterprise. The Army should not seek to replicate
intelligence capabilities better resourced and executed by joint combat support agencies, and
interagency counterparts. During deployment and redeployment, intelligence Soldiers, leaders,
and units can remain connected to the intelligence enterprise through the Generating Force,
national agencies (DOD and non-DOD) and theater capabilities. Knowledge centers provide the
operational and tactical intelligence forces an interface and exchange of intelligence data and
products with national, state, local, joint, Army, and partner nation databases and products.
These architectures enable collaboration among strategic, operational, and tactical intelligence
organizations in the following areas: intelligence reach; collaborative analysis; data storage,
processing, and analysis; and intelligence production. Lessons learned from recent military
operations have highlighted the need for increased intelligence capabilities within BCTs,
maneuver battalions, and the maneuver company echelon. The extension of the intelligence
enterprise to the lowest tactical echelon provides the capability to harvest local information and
share it with adjacent and higher echelons.

(1) During predeployment preparations, intelligence Soldiers, leaders, and units increase
their intelligence operations capabilities by leveraging the core analytical enterprise and the core
processing, exploitation, and dissemination enterprise, enabled by cloud computing, to enhance
readiness and add capacity by operating in support of deployed units. This is referred to as the
exercise of tactical over watch.

(2) During deployment, units use reach to stay connected to Generating Force intelligence
assets such as national agencies (DOD and non-DOD), and theater capabilities. These
architectures enable collaboration among strategic, operational, and tactical intelligence
organizations in the following areas: collaborative analysis; data storage, processing, and
analysis; and intelligence production.

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2-3. Future force Army intelligence components of the solution

a. The future Army intelligence force must be organized, trained, and equipped to be
tactically, operationally, and strategically mobile. Acknowledging that intelligence serves to
improve the commander’s understanding of the situation to make decisions, intelligence
Soldiers, leaders, and units must be able to support commanders from the joint task force to
company level. Successful mission command requires operational adaptability. Operational
adaptability is essential for developing situational understanding and seizing, retaining, and
exploiting the initiative. Intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance are indispensable in
achieving operational adaptability. In some situations, sufficient current intelligence exists to
plan and execute operations. In other situations, the conduct of reconnaissance is required to
define the environment with sufficient resolution to plan and conduct operations. This is the
essence of the operations and intelligence cycle.

b. The Army intelligence force, as part of the intelligence enterprise, must operate across the
full spectrum of operations in complex environments against hierarchical, networked, and hybrid
threats. It must have the ability to operate in both multinational and multiple classification
environments.

Chapter 3
Core Operational Actions

3-1. Introduction

a. The ACC and AOC underscore the importance of intelligence in developing the
commander’s situational awareness and understanding. To develop the situation through action,
commanders employ intelligence collectors, analysts, and associated systems as part of
combined arms maneuver and wide area security. Continuous interplay between the various
intelligence disciplines and units conducting operations requires intelligence professionals and
operators to collaborate at the lowest level. 6 Intelligence Soldiers, access to data and analysis,
and organizational agility (higher, lower, lateral) are critical to mitigating uncertainty and to
improving the commander’s situational understanding. The goal of intelligence is to provide
commanders with critical information (such as, PMESII-PT) to support decisionmaking. This
goal is achieved by providing intelligence about the adversary and the operational environment
prior to engaging in operations and in all subsequent operations to execute missions effectively
across full-spectrum operations and continuously during the operation.

b. This construct of intelligence operation is very well within the scope of “fighting for
information” and “developing the situation through action.” Fighting for information is not
synonymous with lethal or direct fire operations. Fighting for information begins with effective
reconnaissance and intelligence collection to fill in the gaps in commanders’ understanding of
the situation. Fighting for information will require combined arms capabilities, access to joint
capabilities, specialized training, and the employment of appropriate combinations of manned
and unmanned air and ground systems. Understanding the enemy and the environment will

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require forces to see, fight, and learn across the depth and breadth of the AO. Changes in the OE
are recorded to develop a predictive assessment.

c. Intelligence assists the commander in visualizing the operational environment, organizing

forces, and controlling operations to achieve the desired objectives or end-state(s). Intelligence
supports situational understanding throughout operations by continuously assessing reactions of
the adversary and changes in the OE as well as the end-state results of operations. Intelligence
also assists the commander in conducting other specialized missions such as incident awareness
and assessment, site exploitation, attacking the transport layer, countering WMD, electronic
warfare, cyber warfare, indications and warning, and security operations. Intelligence support is
critical to target development and the targeting process and enables friendly forces the freedom
of maneuver, to occupy or protect key terrain and engage the full range of target sets from enemy
formations to key individuals.

d. Signal units support intelligence units by extending established transport layers to connect
intelligence staffs and collection assets at various stages of the operations to enable access to
actionable intelligence across all intelligence disciplines. Where necessary, signal elements
establish new communications paths to meet unique demands of the mission. The intelligence
enterprise approach integrates organizations, people, processes, and information from multiple
entities and functions into a unified and highly dynamic activity. Each organization’s
intelligence capabilities (collection, processing, and analysis) support its internal members, but
can support subordinate, lateral, and higher members. Enterprise interdependencies exist for
integration and synchronization of intelligence collection, collaboration, analysis, processing,
dissemination, and transport layering. Effective management of the enterprise capabilities
enable every enterprise member from National, state, local, joint, Army, allied, tribal, and
coalition to contribute to intelligence enterprise support to the commander(s).

e. Meeting operating environment challenges requires a foundational set of intelligence

disciplines. These required disciplines are; CI, HUMINT, GEOINT, MASINT, OSINT,
SIGINT, TECHINT, all-source intelligence and intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance
synchronization. For purposes of this concept and current operations, police intelligence is also
addressed. The Army may not be able to provide every identified capability requirement due to
resource constraints and the physical environment in which future Army forces may operate.
Therefore, prioritization is given to those capabilities which are paramount to successful
intelligence operations. The selection of dedicated collection systems must reflect the enemy
situation and support the commander’s information requirements. Asset management is a task
organization and operational decision. Intelligence forces at echelons BCT through Army
service component command (ASCC), in both the active and reserve components, require the
capabilities outlined below. Appendixes B through D provide a detailed listing of all required
future Army forces capabilities by intelligence discipline.

3-2. Conduct security force assistance

a. The operational environment will be extremely fluid, with continually changing coalitions,
alliances, partnerships, and actors. U.S. national security and defense strategies will depend on
strong foreign and local ties. Through these interagency and foreign defense relationships, the

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U.S. not only helps avert crises, but also improves its effectiveness in responding to these crises.
Building trust and relationships will be keys to responding to future crises, but the U.S. cannot
simply “surge” trust and relationship on demand; these must be developed and maintained over
time. Intelligence units will provide unique support to Army commanders to partner with
foreign security forces, homeland defense (state, local, and tribal), Federal, allied, and coalition
entities. This support will include both indirect (such as, multinational exercises, exchange
programs, selected joint exercises, and others) and direct (intelligence support to U.S.
commanders).

b. The focus of intelligence support to security force assistance is to develop trained, resilient,
and legitimate foreign intelligence security forces that are able to maintain a secure environment.
Within the range of security cooperation activities, the most dynamic in the coming years will be
security force assistance missions: “hands on” efforts conducted primarily in host countries, to
train, equip, advise, and assist those countries forces in becoming more proficient at providing
security. These security force assistance activities can help enable host nation participation in
coalition stability operations and multilateral peacekeeping operations that improve regional
security. Building partner capacity by increasing future Army forces security force assistance
capabilities, including linguistic, regional, and cultural expertise, will help prevent conflict and
reduce the demands on U.S. forces over the long term. Intelligence support will focus on the
capabilities specified below to support security force assistance missions.

(1) Providing advisors to plan and conduct intelligence training for security force
assistance.

(2) Providing assistance to the counterpart in developing a local intelligence collection

program.

(3) Providing assistance in evaluating the foreign intelligence staff, its standard operating
procedures, its chain of command, intelligence projects, and reference material available from
other intelligence agencies.

(4) Establishing combined cells for intelligence, operations, planning, and sustainment.

(5) Providing intelligence support to security force assistance to host nation and U.S. Army
commanders.

(6) Providing assistance on criminal activities intelligence.

(7) Providing intelligence to commanders at the “tactical edge” conducting decentralized

operations.

(8) Disseminating, sharing, and exchanging intelligence across all Army echelons and joint,
interagency, intergovernmental, multinational, nongovernmental, and host nation organizations
to enable collaboration and unity of effort.

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(9) Establishing information and aggressive intelligence sharing between partners using
existing transport layers.

(10) Establishing and/or continuing foreign officer training at U.S. Army schools.

3-3. Shaping and entry operations

a. Shaping operations. Shaping operations create and preserve conditions for the successful
planning and execution of decisive operations. Shaping operations include fires activities
conducted throughout the AO. They support the decisive operation by affecting adversary
capabilities and forces, or by influencing adversary decisions (such as, through support to the
deception plan). Intelligence analysis and intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance activities
support the development and execution of shaping operations through the following.

(1) Identifying threat centers of gravity and decisive points on the battlefield.

(2) Providing the commander with economic, cultural, and political context of the AO.

(3) Providing likely response of the adversary and local populace to U.S. operations.

(4) Providing intelligence staffs (analysis) and supporting units (collection and analysis) at
joint, corps, division and BCT also ensure the intelligence process focuses on the CCIRs to
include priority intelligence requirements (PIR) and friendly force information requirements
(FFIR).

(5) Providing predictive intelligence to give commanders time to understand how the
adversary will react to U.S. courses of action (COAs) so that appropriate shaping operations can
be implemented.

(6) Anticipating, identify, considering, and evaluating all threats to the entire unit.

(7) Providing accurate, timely, and detailed geographic information to include gaps,
possible obstacles, and other terrain information that can restrict or affect the shaping operation.

(8) Providing intelligence to commanders at the “tactical edge” conducting decentralized

operations.

(9) Disseminating, sharing, and exchanging intelligence across all Army echelons and joint,
interagency, intergovernmental, multinational, nongovernmental, and host nation organizations
to enable collaboration and unity of effort.

b. These factors are critical during the deployment and entry operations stages of force
projection. During these stages, the unit is particularly vulnerable to adversary actions because
of its limited combat power and knowledge of the AO. Intelligence personnel must, therefore,
emphasize the delivery of combat information and intelligence products that indicate changes to
the threat or AO developed during predeployment IPB.

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c. Entry operations. Enemies often possess the motives and means to interrupt the
deployment flow of Army forces. Threats to deploying forces may include advanced
conventional weaponry (missiles, air defense, mines, and others), cyber attacks, and the use of
WMD. Sea ports and air ports of embarkation and debarkation should be regarded as adversary
high payoff targets because they are the entry points for forces and equipment. Ports of
embarkation and/or debarkation are vulnerable because they are fixed targets with significant
machinery and equipment that are vulnerable to attack. Military forces and materiel, host nation
support personnel, contractors, and other civilians are more vulnerable at these locations.

d. Additionally, criminals sabotage critical materiel and supplies or steal them and try to sell
them on the black market. In some cases, allied criminal elements may give stolen supplies to
adversary forces. An adversary attack (physical or cyber) or even the threat of an adversary
attack on a port of embarkation and/or debarkation can have a major impact on force projection
momentum. Commanders at all levels require predictive and operational intelligence so that they
may focus attention on security actions that reduce vulnerabilities. To avoid, neutralize, or
counter threats to entry operations, commanders rely on the ability of intelligence forces to
support future operations through the following:

(1) Identifying accurately adversary reactions to U.S. actions, anticipating their response to
our counteractions, and predicting additional enemy COAs.

(2) Detecting and locating enemy antiaccess and area denial capabilities and identify enemy
vulnerabilities that can be exploited by the maneuver.

(3) Providing the size, composition, structure, and deployment sequence of the enemy force
to create the conditions for success.

(4) Identifying potential adversary decisions before the actual event.

(5) Providing en route intelligence access to the commander to address change significantly
before execution.

(6) Providing intelligence to commanders at the tactical edge conducting decentralized

operations.

(7) Disseminating, sharing, and exchanging intelligence across all Army echelons and joint,
interagency, intergovernmental, multinational, nongovernmental, and host nation organizations
to enable collaboration and unity of effort.

e. Intelligence must provide timely, accurate, and predictive intelligence to ensure the
commander can retain the initiative to implement the plan or make decisions before losing the
opportunity. Situational awareness and understanding derived from joint, interagency,
intergovernmental, and multinational intelligence sources are critical during all phases but
particularly during Phase 0 (shape) and Phase 1 (deter) as operational and tactical forces deploy,
since organic collectors are not in range or have just recently arrived in theater. Army
Generating Force intelligence capabilities depend on joint, interagency, intergovernmental, and

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multinational intelligence capabilities to develop and understand the OE and support operational
and tactical forces.

3-4. Intertheater and intratheater operational maneuver

a. Intelligence support to intertheater and intratheater operational maneuver is provided by

generating, operational, and tactical forces and includes establishing intelligence
communications architecture; knowledge management to enable intelligence reach; collaborative
analysis; data storage, processing, and analysis; and intelligence production between the strategic
and operational parts of the IC.

b. Intelligence products portray the enemy and aspects of the environment and enable the
commander to identify potential COAs, plan operations, employ forces and develop targeting
guidance effectively in support of the movement and maneuver warfighting function.

c. In the conduct of shaping and follow-on entry operations, Army intelligence relies heavily
on national, joint, allied, and coalition intelligence support until such time as Army forces
actually establish a physical presence on the ground. At this point in the operation, the
deployment and employment of the Army’s close tactical collection capabilities begins to
influence the conduct of subsequent operations. There will be instances where the nation has not
made a significant investment in HUMINT assets in low priority countries or regions that
suddenly become high priority. Collection efforts will rely primarily on whatever sources are
available within country and on external technical collection capabilities the force can bring to
bear until such time as Army forces close on the sea and air ports of debarkation. Collection and
analytical assets in transit are of limited capability. Future maritime and airlift platforms should
ideally be configured to support continued collection and analysis while in transit.

d. Intertheater maneuver is the maneuver over extended distances of aerial, ground, sea, high
altitude, and space capabilities, to achieve a positional advantage over enemies. The goal of
future intertheater maneuver is to enable the movement of sufficient combat power and
sustainment from garrisons, through intermediate staging base if necessary, directly into action.
The goals of Army intelligence as applied to intertheater operational maneuver are the following:

(1) Detecting and locating enemy antiaccess and area denial capabilities and identify enemy
vulnerabilities that can be exploited through maneuver.

(2) Providing Generating Force intelligence capabilities and drawing on intelligence

organizations within and outside the DOD to understand the OE and support operational and
tactical forces.

(3) Providing timely, actionable intelligence which enables friendly forces to occupy or
protect key terrain and facilities.

(4) Identifying areas from which friendly forces can repel enemy forces or secure
populations and continue the flow of follow-on forces.

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(5) Providing intelligence to commanders at the “tactical edge” conducting decentralized

operations.

(6) Disseminating, sharing, and exchanging intelligence across all Army echelons and joint,
interagency, intergovernmental, multinational, nongovernmental, and host nation organizations
to enable collaboration and unity of effort.

(7) Detecting, identifying, and locating enemy supporting space-based intelligence,

surveillance, and reconnaissance and communications capabilities and identifying their
vulnerabilities that can be exploited.

e. Continuity and understanding is critical during all phases, but particularly during Phase 0
and Phase 1 as it is the principal source from which deploying (shaping and entry operations)
operational and tactical forces initially rely, since organic collectors are not in range or are
recently arrived.

f. Intratheater maneuver is the movement within a theater of aerial, ground, sea, high altitude,
and space capabilities to achieve a positional advantage over enemies. Intratheater maneuver
using platforms with sufficient speed and ability to land at unimproved, degraded, or less than
optimal locations will mitigate risks posed by enemy antiaccess and area denial operations. The
goals of Army intelligence as applied to intratheater operational maneuver are the following:

(1) Detecting, identifying, and locating enemy antiaccess and area denial capabilities.

(2) Providing intelligence on terrain and gaps.

(3) Identifying enemy vulnerabilities that may be exploited by the maneuver force.

(4) Providing intelligence to commanders at the tactical edge conducting decentralized

operations.

(5) Disseminating, sharing, and exchanging intelligence across all Army echelons and joint,
interagency, intergovernmental, multinational, nongovernmental, and host nation organizations
to enable collaboration and unity of effort.

(6) Detecting, identifying, and locating enemy supporting space-based intelligence,

surveillance, and reconnaissance and communications capabilities.

g. Future Army forces will also conduct intratheater maneuver to seize key terrain, secure
populations, and to destroy enemy forces and capabilities in depth. To support these anticipated
operations intelligence collection capabilities, both technical and human will need to evolve so
that the enemy’s ability to hide in urban or complex terrain is severely curtailed or even
eliminated. Just as the military developed and fielded new night fighting capabilities in the early
1980s to “own the night,” it must now develop the capabilities to “own the terrain” above and
below ground.

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3-5. Full-spectrum operations

a. Commanders use combined arms to increase the effects of combat power through
complementary and reinforcing capabilities. Combined arms merge leadership, information, and
each of the warfighting functions and their supporting systems. Used destructively, combined
arms integrate different capabilities so that counteracting one makes the enemy vulnerable to
another. Used constructively, combined arms multiply the effectiveness and the efficiency of
Army capabilities used in stability or civil support operations. The nature of combined arms
operations is changing or broadening beyond the construct in which the Army normally thinks of
what makes combined arms operations. Historically, combined arms operations were regarded
as those involving primarily infantry, armor, artillery, and aviation assets. The modern construct
requires that the Army think in a much broader context and include force multipliers such as
space and cyber operations in the conduct of combined arms operations. Future combined arms
operations could be conducted by specialty brigades as well as BCTs, and employ soft or
nonlethal capabilities that may never result in a single shot being fired during a successful
engagement. Intelligence is involved in either the conduct of or support of these types of soft,
nonlethal engagements on a continual basis globally in support of national agencies and
combatant commanders. These types of combined arms activities serve to support long-term
strategic shaping activities as well as support ongoing tactical level operations in the current
fight.

b. Intelligence is a continuous full spectrum combined arms activity led by the intelligence
staffs and is always engaged in supporting the commander in full-spectrum operations at joint,
corps and division, BCT, battalion, and maneuver company levels to ensure the intelligence
process focuses on the CCIRs (PIRs and FFIRs). For instance, the corps and division
headquarters (HQ) would receive its collection support from a supporting battlefield surveillance
brigade and other theater MI brigade (which also supports the ASCC). The BCT through
company would receive their primary support through organic intelligence staffs and units. In
the future, environment intelligence must maintain the capability to perform the following:

(1) Provide products that are timely, relevant, accurate, and predictive.

(2) Provide intelligence to full-spectrum operations on no or limited notice.

(3) Conduct realistic training, thorough planning, meticulous preparation, and aggressive
execution posture.

(4) Provide intelligence to commanders at the tactical edge conducting decentralized

operations.

(5) Disseminate, share, and exchange intelligence across all Army echelons and joint,
interagency, intergovernmental, multinational, nongovernmental, and host nation organizations
to enable collaboration and unity of effort.

c. This support is comprehensive and reaches across full-spectrum operations and levels of
war to produce the intelligence required to accomplish the mission successfully. A combination

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of space, aerial (low, mid, and high altitude), seaborne, ground-based systems, and HUMINT
capabilities provide the most comprehensive intelligence picture possible. During force
projection operations, intelligence supports the commander with accurate and responsive
intelligence from predeployment through redeployment.

d. The intelligence architecture provides specific intelligence and communications structures

at each echelon from the strategic level through the tactical level. These structures include
intelligence organizations, systems, and procedures for collecting, processing, analyzing, and
disseminating intelligence and other critical information in a useable form to those in need, when
in need. Effective communications connectivity, multilevel security, and automation are
essential components of this architecture. Additionally, future Army forces require the capability
to continue intelligence operations when the network is degraded or compromised. All military
forces, including Army and Army special operations forces (ARSOF), have benefited from the
increase in intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance capabilities, most notably unmanned
aircraft systems (UAS). However, platforms alone are not sufficient. To be effective,
information obtained from the “unblinking eye” (that is, persistent surveillance) must be
processed, exploited, and disseminated, which requires intelligence analysts and communications
systems (a dedicated, multidisciplined, all-source intelligence effort), including sufficient
bandwidth, to disseminate the intelligence.

e. Irregular warfare, including counterinsurgency, as a part of whole-of-government effort,

requires a combined arms approach emphasizing small unit capabilities and coordination with
ongoing ARSOF operations in cooperation with host nation and interagency organizations.
There are principally five activities or operations undertaken in campaigns to address irregular
threats: counterterrorism, unconventional warfare, foreign internal defense, counterinsurgency,
and stability operations. In addition to these five core activities, there are a host of key related
activities including strategic communication, IO of all kinds, psychological operations, civil-
military operations, and support to law enforcement, intelligence, and counterintelligence
operations in which the Army may engage to counter irregular threats.

f. To maximize the prospect of success, the intelligence warfighting function must incorporate
an understanding of the population and operating environment, including the complex historical,
political, sociocultural, religious, economic, and other causes of violent conflict. The Army must
adopt collaborative frameworks to understand, plan, act, assess, and adapt in concert with U.S.
Government interagency and multinational partners and the host nation. Furthermore,
requirements that characterize counterinsurgency in general, and civil security and civil control
in particular, vary significantly among tactical-level areas of operations. This situation requires
releasing intelligence, civil affairs, and information assets typically held at higher HQ to BCTs
and often to battalion task forces.

g. The top priority of the DOD is to protect and defend the homeland. Homeland defense and
civil support operations help ensure the integrity and security of the homeland by detecting,
deterring, preventing, or if necessary, defeating threats and aggression against the U.S. as early
and as far from its borders as possible so as to minimize their effects on U.S. society and
interests. The DOD and the Army also may be directed to assist civilian authorities in the U.S.
to save lives, protect property, enhance public health and safety, or to lessen or avert the threat of

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a catastrophe. The DOD provides many unique capabilities that can be used to mitigate and
manage the consequences of natural and manmade disasters and must be prepared to provide
support to Federal, state, and local authorities.

3-6. Conduct overlapping protection operations

a. Protection operations consist of those actions taken to prevent or mitigate hostile actions
against DOD personnel (to include DA civilians, contractors, uniformed personnel, and family
members), resources, facilities, and critical information. Future Army forces may also be
required to extend protection capabilities to the local population, to host nation security and
military forces, to multinational partners, to interagency partners, and to other friendly
organizations in the area of operations. These actions include the following:

(1) Conserving the force’s fighting potential for application at the decisive time and place.

(2) Incorporating coordinated and synchronized offensive and defensive measures.

(3) Facilitating the effective employment of the joint force while degrading the capabilities
of and opportunities for the threat.

(4) Maintaining awareness of policies for intelligence support to homeland security.

(5) Providing intelligence to commanders at the “tactical edge” conducting decentralized

operations.

(6) Disseminate, share, and exchange intelligence across all Army echelons and joint,
interagency, intergovernmental, multinational, nongovernmental, and host nation organizations
to enable collaboration and unity of effort.

b. Intelligence support to protection operations consists of monitoring and reporting the

activities, intentions, and capabilities of adversarial groups and determining their possible COAs.
Detecting the adversary’s methods in today’s OE requires a higher level of situational
understanding, informed by current and precise intelligence. This type of threat drives the need
for predictive intelligence based on analysis of focused information from intelligence, law
enforcement, and security activities. Effective integration of counterintelligence operations and
protection operations will significantly enhance mission effectiveness.

c. Intelligence analysis in support of protection operations employs analytical methodologies

and tools to provide situational understanding and to predict the adversary’s actions. Modified
or standard time-event charts, association matrixes, activity matrixes, link diagrams, and
overlays are beneficial in monitoring the actions of the adversary. Link analysis is the process of
identifying and analyzing relationships between personnel, contacts, associations, events,
activities, organizations, and transport layers to determine key and/or significant links. Overlays
may include (but are not limited to) threat training camps, organizations, finances, personalities,
industrial sites, information systems, decisionmaking infrastructures, specific activities, and
locations of previous attacks.

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3-7. Distributed support and sustainment

a. Distributed support and sustainment of forces involves providing levels of required support
across extended distances and multiple locations. Sustainment of forces requires dramatic
improvements in fuels, power generation, water production, and improved reliability,
availability, and maintainability. Movement of intelligence elements is accomplished using
advanced intratheater and intertheater sealift and airlift platforms capable of delivering
intelligence forces to the point of need in a roll-off-the-ramp configuration.

b. Intelligence support to distributed support and sustainment operations involves providing

intelligence support across extended distances and multiple locations. Sustainment forces
require intelligence support to enable successful sustainment operations. Sustainment forces
require access to the same intelligence information and resources as maneuver forces
commensurate with the lethality of the environment. This intelligence support ranges from
situational awareness on lethal to cyber threats, to include potential adversary deception
operations against the sustainment system.

3-8. Network-enabled mission command

a. Mission command is the exercise of authority and direction by commanders, supported by

their staffs, using the art of command and the science of control to integrate warfighting
functions in the conduct of full-spectrum operations. Mission command uses mission orders to
ensure disciplined initiative within the commander’s intent, enabling agile and adaptive
commanders, leaders, and organizations. Successful mission command demands that
subordinate leaders at all echelons exercise disciplined initiative, act aggressively, and
independently to accomplish the mission within the commander’s intent. Mission command
gives subordinates the greatest possible freedom of action. Mission command supports design.
Commanders focus their orders on the purpose of the operation rather than on the details of how
to perform assigned tasks. They delegate most decisions to subordinates. This minimizes
detailed control and empowers subordinates’ initiative.

b. Mission command emphasizes timely decisionmaking, understanding the higher

commander’s intent, and clearly identifying the subordinates’ tasks necessary to achieve the
desired end state. It improves the subordinates’ ability to act effectively in fluid, chaotic
situations. Intelligence is the Army’s principal tool to mitigate uncertainty and brings clarity to
chaotic situations thereby enabling effective mission command. Mission command details three
supporting ideas: empower the lowest possible echelon, develop expertise in the art of design as
well as in the other components of the operations process, and educate and train the force for
uncertain and complex operational environments.

c. To support mission command in the 2016-2028 timeframe, intelligence operations must

further integrate organizations, people, processes, and information from multiple entities and
functions into a unified and highly dynamic activity. This activity must enable both its personnel
and organizations to operate effectively and efficiently. Current and future intelligence units
must possess the organic capabilities of collection, processing, access, analysis, and
dissemination. These organic capabilities support future mission command at subordinate,

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lateral, and higher levels under increased conditions of uncertainty. Interdependencies exist now
and will increase in the future for integration and synchronization of intelligence collection,
collaboration, analysis, processing, dissemination, and transport layering between all echelons.
There will be an increased demand for analysts to perform PMESII-PT analysis at both static
locations and while commanders and staffs are on the move. Effective management of
intelligence capabilities will enable intelligence operations from national, joint, Army, allied, and
coalition organizations to contribute to intelligence support to mission command at all levels in
both centralized and decentralized operations and facilitate the sharing of information with joint,
interagency, intergovernmental, and multinational partners.

d. Signal units support intelligence units with extended transport layers to connect intelligence
staffs and collection assets at various stages of the operations. This is accomplished by using
multidomain, terrestrial, aerial (low, medium, high altitude), and space-based communications
networks for movement of intelligence throughout the battlespace. Where necessary, signal units
establish new communications paths to meet unique demands of the mission. The theater, corps,
division, and BCTs’ analysis and control elements play a critical role in making communications
paths, transport layers, and intelligence databases available to maneuver forces. The reliance on
transport layered systems will result in greater emphasis being placed on information assurance.
Additionally, intelligence organizations must establish tactics, techniques, and procedures for
operating when the transport layer is degraded due to system failure, natural disaster, or enemy
action. The primary and alternate transport layer connections are critical to support mission
command under periods of degraded operations.

e. The Army future force must implement a new strategy to ensure development and
sustainment of intelligence analytic continuity across multiple theaters and multiple unit
rotations. This is critical to intelligence support of mission command in the future operating
environment. Establishment of habitual unit associations and infrastructure enhancement (for
example, the Striker BCT intelligence operations facility at Fort Lewis, WA) will facilitate future
development and sustain intelligence continuity and support to mission command in the future.

Chapter 4
Conclusion

4-1. Summary

a. The Army must determine the most probable types of conflict it will be asked to support in
the future. Further, it must determine when and where these conflicts will most likely occur and
the likely major components of the conflict (such as, war among the people, nation-state on
nation-state, or some combination).

b. Future Army forces, including intelligence forces, must maintain a proper balance of moral,
physical, and cognitive development with contributions from science and technology that can
enhance Soldier physical and mental performance. Further, intelligence organizations need the
depth of expertise to sustain cross discipline technical training and leader development
throughout a force generation cycle. Future conflict will remain complex and chaotic, and

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human frailties and irrationality will continue to characterize war’s nature. Uncertainty, danger,
physical exertion, friction, and chance constitute the climate of war, which contributes to the fog
of war with which commanders must contend in future operations. Intelligence (both
technological and human), and operational design can and will mitigate uncertainty. However,
commanders must still make decisions based on voluminous data, some of which will be
incomplete, inaccurate, or contradictory. These factors will continue to play a predominant role
in the environment of future full-spectrum operations.

c. The Army capabilities based assessment solution strategy for intelligence must address
several fundamental conditions in the future:

(1) A decentralized operation increases the intelligence capabilities required at the lower
echelons.

(2) Analyst organization and utilization must be modified to meet projected future OE.

(3) There will be an increased demand for regional intelligence expertise.

(4) There will be an increased demand for analysts to perform PMESII-PT analysis.

(5) Intelligence support to nonlethal operations among the people demands greater
precision and continuity of support to the commander.

(6) Management of intelligence collection, analysis, and production will be coordinated

across echelons and partners to ensure unity of effort.

(7) Operations dominated by urban and complex terrain will require a combination of
existing and new technical sensors and expanded HUMINT capacity to exploit previously
unexploited spectrums and/or signatures to “see into” complex and urban terrain.

(8) The intelligence enterprise must be manned and equipped with appropriate skill sets.

(9) There will be a requirement to retain and sustain key skills to avoid limited
reconstitution time.

(10) Exploitation of previously collected data (for example imagery and forensic data) is
critical to timely targeting and support to the maneuver commander.

(11) Acquisition of Army intelligence hardware and software is challenged by the rapid
pace of technological change, driven by commercial industry.

d. The TRADOC PAM 525-2-1 solution strategy for the 2016-2028 OE must possess both
evolutionary (low risk with linear increase in capability) and revolutionary (high risk and/or high
dollar action with exponential increase in capability) intelligence components. Due to the
constraints of budget, demographics, organizational and personnel acquisition changes, these
will normally be evolutionary efforts.

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e. A set of intelligence DOTMLPF considerations for the future OE is contained in appendix

F.

4-2. Closing
Timely and effective intelligence is a precursor to all successful operations across the spectrum
of conflict and operational themes. “Effective maneuver and fires require timely, accurate
intelligence” and intelligence has the task to support the commander’s situational
understanding. 7 Intelligence enables effective mission command by leveraging intelligence,
reconnaissance, and surveillance, to provide situational awareness and to enable positional
advantage. As such, intelligence is inextricably linked to supporting maneuver and fires in
operational and tactical operations. Commanders drive intelligence. Intelligence drives all
operations, never breaks contact, and is never finished.

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Appendix A
References
ARs, DA Pams, field manuals (FM), and DA forms are available at Army Publishing Directorate
(APD) Home Page http://www.usapa.army.mil. TRADOC publications and forms are available
at TRADOC Publications at http://www.tradoc.army.mil.

Section I
Required Publications

TRADOC Operational Environment 2009-2025

TRADOC Pam 525-3-0

The Army Capstone Concept, Operational Adaptability: Operating Under Conditions of
Uncertainty and Complexity in an Era of Persistent Conflict, 2016-2028

TRADOC Pam 525-3-1

The U.S. Army Operating Concept 2016-2028

Section II
Related Publications

2008 National Defense Strategy. Retrieved from http://www.defense.gov/pubs/2008

NationalDefenseStrategy.pdf

Bringing Intelligence About, Practitioners Reflect on Best Practices. (2003, May). Center for
Strategic Intelligence Research, Joint Military Intelligence College. Available by permission
from https://www.us.army.mil\suite\portal\index.jsp

DOD 5240.1-R
Procedures Governing the Activities of DOD Intelligence Components that affect U.S. Persons.

DOD Directive (DODD) 5240.1

DOD Intelligence Activities

DODD 5525.5
DOD Cooperation with Civilian Law Enforcement Officials

DOD Deterrence Operations, Joint Operating Concept

DOD Homeland Defense and Civil Support Joint Operating Concept

DOD Major Combat Operations Joint Operating Concept

DOD Quadrennial Defense Review Report. (2010, February 1). Washington DC. Retrieved from
http://www.defense.gov/qdr/

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TRADOC Pam 525-2-1

Executive Order 12333

U.S. Intelligence Activities

Flynn, M., Pottinger, M., & Batchelor, P. (2010, January). Fixing intel: A blueprint for making
intelligence relevant in Afghanistan. Voices from the Field. Center for a New American Security.
Washington, D.C. Retrieved from http://www.cnas.org/files/documents/publications/
AfghanIntel_Flynn_Jan2010_code507_voices.pdf

FM 2-0
Intelligence

FM 2-19.4
Brigade Combat Team Intelligence Operations

FM 2-01.3
Intelligence Preparation of the Battlefield/Battlespace

FM 2-22.2
Counterintelligence

FM 2-22.3
Human Intelligence Collector Operations

FM 2-91.4
Intelligence Support to Urban Operations

FM 2-22.401
Multi-Service Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Technical Intelligence Operations

FM 3-0
Operations

FM 4-0
Sustainment

FM 3-55.1
Battlefield Surveillance Brigade

Joint Publication (JP) 3-28

Civil Support

Military Intelligence Vision Statement. (2007, November ). Retrieved from https://

www.us.army.mil\suite\portal\index.jsp

Theater intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance concept of operations. (2008, January 4).
Retrieved from https://www.us.army.mil\suite\portal\index.jsp.

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TRADOC Pam 525-2-1

The United States Army Functional Concept for Intelligence 2016-2028

TRADOC Pam 525-3-3

The United States Army Functional Concept for Mission Command 2016-2028

TRADOC Pam 525-3-4

The United States Army Functional Concept for Fires 2016-2028

TRADOC Pam 525-3-6

The United States Army Functional Concept for Movement and Maneuver 2016-2028

TRADOC Pam 525-3-7

Army Concept for the Human Dimension in Full Spectrum Operations 2015-2024

TRADOC Pam 525-3-7-01

Army Study of the Human Dimension in the Future 2015-2024

TRADOC Pam 525-4-1

The United States Army Functional Concept for Sustainment 2016-2028

TRADOC Pam 525-7-9

The U.S. Army’s Concept Capability Plan, Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance,
2015-2024.

TRADOC Pamphlet 525-66

Force Operating Capabilities

U.S. Army Intelligence Center Requirements Determination Directorate. (2007, August). The
Army Comprehensive Intelligence Guide to Modularity, 3.0. Available by permission from
https://icon.army.mil/MCAT/documents/filemanager.cfm

United States Joint Forces Command Joint Operating Environment. (2010 February 18).
Retrieved from http://www.fjcom.mil/newslink/storyarchive/2010/JOE_o.pdf

U.S. Northern Command (USNORTHCOM). Homeland Defense Concept of Employment.

(2004 July 16). Retrieved from https://www.us.army.mil\suite\portal\index.jsp

U.S. Special Operations Command, Capstone Concept for Special Operations. (2006). Retrieved
from https://www.us.army.mil\suite\portal\index.jsp

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Appendix B
Required Capabilities

B-1. ACC intelligence required capabilities

a. Combined arms, air-ground reconnaissance. Future Army forces must be capable of

conducting combined arms, air-ground reconnaissance operations that integrate long-range
surveillance capabilities and HUMINT collection to overcome countermeasures, develop the
situation, and assist commanders in making decisions.

b. Combined information sources. Future Army forces require the capability to access all data
and information in an integrated form from numerous collection assets to develop the
intelligence and degree of understanding necessary for successful operations against enemy
organizations in complex environments.

c. Interagency intelligence capabilities. Commanders must have access to complementary

interagency capabilities (for example, police and criminal investigation skills, national level
intelligence analysis, institutional development skills, financial expertise, and expertise in the
rule of law) to understand the situation and initiate appropriate actions and programs.

d. Tactical intelligence collection and analysis. Future Army forces require the capability to
push analysis capabilities and relevant intelligence products down to lower tactical elements
(company and platoon, and possibly below based on the situation) to maximize the combat
effectiveness of small units and allow tactical commanders to develop the situation further
through action.

e. Develop and optimize collection and analytical capabilities. Future Army forces require
access to and direction of advanced information and intelligence collection and analytical
capabilities across the seven doctrinal intelligence disciplines and other nontraditional sources
(for example, biometric and forensic capabilities, civil affairs elements, liaisons, interagency and
nongovernmental organizations, psychological operations teams, and human terrain teams) at
lower tactical elements (company and possibly below based on the situation) to facilitate the
situational understanding and timely decisionmaking required to seize and retain the initiative.

f. Broaden analysis beyond military focused intelligence preparation of the operational

environment. Future Army forces require the capability at all echelons to conduct analysis of
political, military, economic, sociological, infrastructure, and informational aspects of the OE, to
develop a clear understanding of the operational environment.

B-2. AOC intelligence required capabilities

a. Future Army forces require the capability to conduct intelligence, surveillance, and
reconnaissance synchronization from the national to the tactical level during full-spectrum
operations to enable situational awareness and understanding.

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b. Future Army forces require the capability to develop intelligence requirements in full-
spectrum operations to satisfy commanders' information needs.

c. Future Army forces require the capability to provide advanced collection and analytical
capabilities in sufficient numbers with requisite organizational flexibility, deployability,
mobility, and sustainability to address changes within the OE and signatures of interest to
develop the situation through action by acquiring precise and timely information.

d. Future Army forces require the capability to integrate knowledge of the theater
environment, such as culture, terrain, weather, infrastructure, demographics, and neutral entities,
in particular, understanding the perceptions of partners and other human elements of the
environment to develop the situation through action and exert psychological and technical
influence.

e. Future Army forces require the capability to conduct analysis of political, military,
economic, sociological, infrastructure, and information aspects of the OE (and mission, enemy,
troops, time available, terrain, and civil considerations (METT-TC), at all echelons to allow
commanders at all levels to conduct decentralized operations in cooperation with partners while
exerting psychological and technical influence.

f. Future Army forces require the capability to manage knowledge through the systematic
process of discovering, selecting, organizing, distilling, sharing, developing, and using
information in a social domain context to develop the situation through action.

g. Future Army forces require the capability to incorporate all sources of information and
intelligence, including open-source information, and fuse and produce intelligence in the context
of the joint operational environment, to include degraded conditions, to provide a holistic
understanding of the adversary and the OE while conducting full-spectrum operations.

h. Future Army forces require the capability to support ARSOF unique intelligence,
surveillance, reconnaissance, and reach requirements to ensure ARSOF can conduct its core
missions.

i. Future Army forces require the capability to synchronize ARSOF units’ intelligence and
knowledge management capabilities to ensure full operational environment awareness.

B-3. First order required capabilities (what intelligence needs to do)

a. Future Army intelligence forces require the capability to develop in-depth understanding
and anticipate the commander’s information and intelligence requirements during full-spectrum
operations to enhance operations and intelligence integration and provide intelligence that
supports all levels of decisionmaking.

b. Future Army intelligence forces require the capability to leverage the enterprise (DOD,
non-DOD) during full-spectrum operations to access all pertinent information and intelligence to
support decisionmaking.

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c. Future Army intelligence forces require the capability to provide flexible organizational
designs that are rapidly deployable and highly sustainable during full-spectrum operations to
provide the commander intelligence that supports targeting and decisionmaking.

d. Future Army intelligence forces require the capability to establish continuous situational
awareness (identify and locate adversary) in and out of contact before, during, and after a
campaign to provide an overall picture of the adversary and the OE.

e. Future Army intelligence forces require the capability to capitalize on technological

advances (technical insertions) in collection, analysis, processing, dissemination, information,
and intelligence during full-spectrum operations to provide the commander intelligence that
supports targeting and decisionmaking.

f. Future Army intelligence forces require the capability to collect, analyze, process,
disseminate information and intelligence on-the-move to provide the commander intelligence
that supports targeting and decisionmaking.

g. Future Army intelligence forces require the capability to provide analytical capabilities and
access at the lowest practical level during full-spectrum operations to provide the commander
intelligence that supports local situational awareness, targeting, and decisionmaking.

h. Future Army intelligence forces require the capability to detect signatures utilizing a mix of
intelligence sensors (human and/or technical) at all echelons during full-spectrum operations to
provide the commander intelligence that supports situational awareness, targeting, and
decisionmaking.

i. Future Army intelligence forces require the capability to conduct intelligence, surveillance,
and reconnaissance synchronization during all operations to answer the commander’s PIRs, and
CCIRs, to support the commander’s situational understanding of the operational environment
and adversary.

j. Future Army intelligence forces require the capability to conduct IPB to understand the
environment in which the future Army finds itself and understands the perceptions of partners
and the other human elements of the environment.

k. Future Army intelligence forces require the capability to provide intelligence support under
degraded network conditions during full-spectrum operations to provide the commander
intelligence that supports situational awareness, targeting, and decisionmaking.

B-4. Second order: what intelligence needs from other warfighting functions

a. Mission command.

(1) Future Army intelligence forces require the capability to integrate commander’s intent
and guidance with intelligence collection, planning, and analysis to enhance operations and
intelligence integration and provide intelligence that supports all levels of decisionmaking.

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(2) Future Army intelligence forces require the capability to integrate commander’s PIR
with intelligence collection, planning, and analysis to enhance operations and intelligence
integration and provide intelligence that supports all levels of decisionmaking.

(3) Future Army intelligence forces require the capability to integrate every soldier as
sensor information with intelligence collection, planning, and analysis to enhance operations and
intelligence integration and provide intelligence that supports all levels of decisionmaking.

b. Movement and maneuver.

(1) Future Army intelligence forces require the capability to integrate movement and
maneuver sensors and activity results with intelligence collection planning and analysis to
enhance operations and intelligence integration and provide intelligence that supports all levels
of decisionmaking.

(2) Future Army intelligence forces require the capability to integrate every soldier as
sensor information with intelligence collection, planning, and analysis to enhance operations and
intelligence integration and provide intelligence that supports all levels of decisionmaking

c. Fires.

(1) Future Army intelligence forces require the capability to integrate target acquisition
sensors with intelligence collection, planning, and analysis to enhance operations and
intelligence integration and provide intelligence that supports all levels of decisionmaking.

(2) Future Army intelligence forces require the capability to integrate high value targets and
high payoff target lists into the intelligence collection, planning, and analysis to enhance
operations and intelligence integration and provide intelligence that supports all levels of
decisionmaking.

(3) Future Army intelligence forces require the capability to integrate every soldier as
sensor information with intelligence collection, planning, and analysis to enhance operations and
intelligence integration and provide intelligence that supports all levels of decisionmaking.

d. Protection.

(1) Future Army intelligence forces require the capability to integrate chemical, biological,
radiological, nuclear, and high-yield explosives (CBRNE) and engineer sensors with intelligence
collection, planning, and analysis to enhance operations and intelligence integration and provide
intelligence that supports all levels of decisionmaking.

(2) Future Army intelligence forces require the capability to integrate police intelligence
operations with intelligence collection, planning, and analysis to enhance operations and
intelligence integration and provide intelligence that supports all levels of decisionmaking.

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(3) Future Army intelligence forces require the capability to manage intelligence collection
in compliance with status of forces agreements or other governing regulations to enhance
operations and intelligence integration and provide intelligence that supports all levels of
decisionmaking.

(4) Future Army forces require the capability to provide assistance with criminal activities
intelligence with intelligence collection, planning, and analysis to enhance operations and
intelligence integration and provide intelligence that supports all levels of decisionmaking.

(5) Future Army forces require the capability to provide intelligence support during security
force assistance to host nation security forces to enhance operations and intelligence integration
and provide intelligence that supports all levels of decisionmaking.

(6) Future Army intelligence forces require the capability to integrate every soldier as
sensor information with intelligence collection, planning, and analysis to enhance operations and
intelligence integration and provide intelligence that supports all levels of decisionmaking.

e. Sustainment.

(1) Future Army intelligence forces require the capability to integrate medical intelligence
and surveillance operations results with intelligence collection, planning, and analysis to enhance
operations and intelligence integration and provide intelligence that supports all levels of
decisionmaking.

(2) Future Army intelligence forces require the capability to integrate every Soldier as
sensor information with intelligence collection, planning, and analysis to enhance operations and
intelligence integration and provide intelligence that supports all levels of decisionmaking.

B-5. Other warfighting function dependencies on intelligence

a. Mission command. Mission command has no dependencies of the intelligence warfighting

function.

b. Movement and maneuver.

(1) Future Army maneuver forces require the capability to identify hazards, such as mines
and improvised explosive devises, from standoff distances while moving to provide freedom of
maneuver.

(2) Future Army maneuver forces require the capability to detect, identify, and classify
threats through noncooperative methods, at ranges in excess of the threat's detection and weapon
systems effective ranges, and inside the threat's detection and response time to maintain the
initiative.

(3) Future Army maneuver forces require the capability to provide persistent surveillance
across broad areas to understand the dynamic OE and answer CCIR.

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(4) Future Army maneuver forces require the capability to conduct reconnaissance to
collect precise and timely information to enable the commander to maneuver at will, to provide
flexibility, and to exploit success rapidly.

(5) Future Army maneuver forces require the capability to tag, track, and locate neutral and
hostile individuals in all domains to control populations.

(6) Future Army maneuver forces require cultural awareness of the AO to conduct full-
spectrum operations.

(7) Future Army maneuver forces require accurate intelligence collection and analysis at
company to support direct and indirect fires targeting to support the commander’s maneuver
scheme.

(8) Future Army maneuver forces require the capability at the company and platoon level to
communicate with local populations to collect information and build partnerships.

(9) Future Army maneuver forces require aviation platforms with the capability provided
by improved sensors that acquire and identify targets beyond enemy direct fire ranges and
perform mine and improvised explosive device detection, in complex terrain, during joint and
combined arms air-ground operations to provide lethal overmatch, early warning, and improved
security for the air-ground team.

(10) Future Army maneuver forces at corps and division require the capability to monitor,
collect, and analyze multiple sources of PMESII in foreign languages to determine the
perceptions, attitudes, and sentiment of key populations to exert psychological influence rapidly
in full-spectrum operations.

c. Fires.

(1) Future Army forces require intelligence collection and analysis capabilities to support
rapid targeting and defense design to provide effective and efficient offensive and defensive
fires.

(2) Future Army forces require the capability to integrate intelligence collection capabilities
with fires capabilities to produce targetable data for offensive and defensive fires.

d. Protection.

(1) Future Army forces require military law enforcement to have the capability to
extrapolate forensic evidence from battlefield exploitation, supporting full-spectrum operations
by providing enhanced criminal intelligence to dismantle insurgent transport layers and
permanently remove criminal combatants from the battlefield through the judicial process.

(2) Future Army forces require military law enforcement to have the capability to identify,
investigate, document, analyze, generate, and disseminate criminal intelligence products

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regarding criminals and criminal transport layers in support of kinetic targeting, judicial process,
and overall force protection.

(3) Future Army forces require military law enforcement to provide the commander a more
robust common operating picture (COP) as a force multiplier by leveraging military police
knowledge, skills, and abilities through the development of host nation security forces, judicial
processes, and community interaction.

(4) Future Army forces require military law enforcement to have the capability to support
maneuver commanders as a primary advisor, trainer, and technician in the areas of forensics,
criminal methodology, and law enforcement tactics, techniques, and procedures to combat
threats.

(5) Future Army forces require that military law enforcement administer and maintain all
criminal databases throughout all theaters of operations to maximize the application of
nonclassified information and intelligence to support all judicial operations.

(6) Future Army forces require an ability to conduct site exploitation operations; to locate,
search, identify, capture, and process information, materials, and personnel found on a site,
analyze the collected information, and disseminate the relevant collected information and derived
intelligence across all spectrums of operations.

(7) Future Army forces require that military law enforcement has the capability to collect,
access, process, and exploit biometrics data to include fingerprint, handprint, iris, DNA, and
facial recognition.

e. Sustainment. Sustainment has no dependencies of the intelligence warfighting function.

f. ARSOF.

(1) Future ARSOF forces require the capability to perform media exploitation.

(2) Future ARSOF forces require the capability to query biometric databases and compare
on-hand biometric information to biometric information in national-level databases from the IC.

(3) Future ARSOF forces require the capability to perform field forensics and screening
purposes.

(4) Future ARSOF forces require the capability to perform human terrain analysis and
synthesize this information to produce products that provide a full geographic intelligence
picture to the combatant commander to support full-spectrum operations.

(5) Future ARSOF forces require the capability to perform hostile force tagging, tracking,
and locating.

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(6) Future ARSOF forces require the capability to perform HUMINT on a larger scale,
particularly concerning interrogation.

(7) Future ARSOF forces require the capability to perform signal intelligence on a larger
scale.

(8) Future ARSOF forces require the capability to perform image intelligence to exploit its
capabilities.

(9) Future ARSOF forces require the capability to perform measurement and signature
intelligence.

(10) Future ARSOF forces require the capability to access nonorganic collection platforms
and reach abilities to supporting intelligence collection managers in support of full-spectrum
operations.

g. Space and high altitude.

(1) Future Army forces require the capability to provide real-time, pervasive, extended
range; intertheater and intratheater global beyond line-of-sight communications relay capability
and broadcast services between noncontiguous forces at the halt, at the quick halt, and on the
move in all operations conditions.

(2) Future Army forces require the capability to conduct persistent imagery, MASINT, and
electronic warfare support (ES) surveillance, to disseminate collected intelligence rapidly; and to
reallocate and retask space and high altitude-based surveillance assets rapidly.

(3) Future Army forces require the capability to access and disseminate robust AOR COP
and execution information to higher, lower, adjacent, supported, and supporting organizations.

(4) Future Army forces require the capability to provide high resolution geospatial data and
comprehensive environmental information, including real-time tasking, collection, and on board
or in the AOR processing, to visualize and describe the OE and assess the impact of terrain,
atmosphere, weather, and high altitude variables in all operational environments and conditions.

(5) Future Army forces require the capability to provide access to a wide variety of sensors
and sources simultaneously from multiple noncontiguous locations to provide timely, actionable,
and relevant information in support of the planning, execution and assessment operations of the
joint force and component commanders.

(6) Future Army forces require the capability to provide high altitude persistence platforms,
links, and processors to enable the fusion, sharing, push, pull, and update of information from a
wide variety of sensors and sources in all domains, access that information simultaneously from
multiple noncontiguous locations to provide timely, actionable, and relevant information in
support of the planning, execution, and assessment operations of the joint force commander and
component commanders.

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(7) Future Army forces require the capability to position, cue, cross-cue, task, and
dynamically retask netted layers of redundant space, aerial, and surface sensors and relays.

(8) Future Army forces require the capability to provide wide area surveillance whereby
multiple sensors must be able to monitor areas simultaneously to counter camouflage
concealment deception operations and provide critical target information to enhance the fires
planning and execution process.

h. Biometrics.

(1) Future Army forces require the capability to collect, access, process, and exploit
biometrics data to include fingerprint, handprint, iris, DNA, voice and facial recognition.

(2) Future Army forces require the capability to remotely determine and detect biometric
variables and parameters in all environments.

(3) Future Army forces require the capability to share, store, and reference biometrics data
across multiple classified and unclassified domains.

(4) Future Army forces require the capability to nest theater and Army biometrics-enabled
watch list with Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology, and Logistics-
designated DOD biometrics watch list custodian.

(5) Future Army forces require the capability to verify and correlate identities with related
contextual data to enable HUMINT and CI missions.

i. Homeland defense.

(1) Future Army forces require the capability to perform intelligence collection and analysis
capabilities to conduct early planning, collaboration, integration, interoperability, and
information sharing to support the homeland defense and civil support missions.

(2) Future Army forces require the capability to improve intelligence interoperability and
planning, training, and command and mission control requirements to support the homeland
defense and civil support missions.

(3) Future Army forces require the capability to develop concepts, doctrine, systems, and
infrastructure to defeat potential attacks on the U.S. homeland and to respond to defense
requirements effectively, such as consequence management to support the homeland defense and
civil support missions.

(4) Future Army forces require the capability to task Army elements and report analysis in a
specified AO to homeland defense authority to support the homeland defense and civil support
missions.

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(5) Future Army forces require the capability to advise Army elements on legal
requirements in a specified AO to support the homeland defense and civil support missions.

(6) Future Army forces require the capability to plan, conduct, and execute incident
assessment and awareness, and intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance missions in the
homeland in support of civil support operations.

(7) Future Army forces require the capability to conduct intelligence threat warning
operations, to include the collection, analysis, and dissemination of foreign intelligence
counterintelligence threat information, CI support to antiterrorism, and force protection to
support the homeland defense and civil support missions.

(8) Future Army forces require the capability to establish steady-state liaison with key
Federal, state, local, and tribal partners to support the homeland defense and civil support
missions.

(9) Future Army forces require the capability to provide intelligence support to defense
coordination officials and elements to support the homeland defense and civil support missions.

(10) Future Army forces require the capability to receive, analyze, and disseminate redacted
law enforcement reporting to support force protection and intelligence trend analysis to support
the homeland defense and civil support missions.

(11) Future Army forces require the capability to disseminate critical intelligence reporting
to law enforcement partners to support the homeland defense and civil support missions.

(12) Future Army forces require the capability to obtain detailed weather and weather
effects information and intelligence to support full-spectrum operations.

(13) Future Army forces require the capability to provide oversight for and conduct
activities in accordance with intelligence oversight policy and regulations to support full-
spectrum operations.

(14) Future Army forces require the capability to provide a high altitude, long loitering,
persistent intelligence, surveillance, reconnaissance, and communications for rescue and
humanitarian operations to support full-spectrum operations.

(15) Future Army forces require the capability to provide intelligence support for defense
support of civil law enforcement agencies in accordance with DOD directives and laws to
support the homeland defense and civil support missions.

(16) Future Army forces require the capability to provide intelligence support for defense
critical infrastructure protection in accordance with DOD directives and laws to support the
homeland defense and civil support missions.

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B-6. Required capabilities to support rule of law outside the continental U.S. (OCONUS)

a. Future Army intelligence forces require the capability to provide intelligence support to the
rule of law during OCONUS operations to provide the commander intelligence to support
targeting and decisionmaking.

b. Future Army forces require the capability to provide intelligence support to military police
intelligence operations and criminal intelligence operations.

c. Future Army forces require capability to provide CI and HUMINT liaison activities with
law enforcement, host nation, and security activities.

d. Future Army forces require the capability to provide intelligence awareness and utilization
of host nation-informed no strike lists when doing target development.

e. Future Army forces require the capability to provide CI and HUMINT collection that is
cognizant of and practices evidence custodianship rules during CI and HUMINT collection using
automated collection and analysis tools and CI and HUMINT collection peripheral sets and kits.

f. Future Army forces require the capability to manage intelligence collections to maintain
compliance with status of forces agreements and/or the equivalents or other governing
regulations.

g. Future Army forces require the capability to incorporate collection priorities that support
shaping operations designed to bolster host nation government credibility and legitimacy.

h. Future Army forces require the capability to ensure actionable intelligence is not degraded
when developing a process of allowing intelligence to be used as evidence (such as, “front load”
evidentiary requirements to secure an arrest warrant).

i. Future Army forces require the capability to ensure targeting methodology remains
responsive to OE operational tempo when utilizing F3EAD targeting methodology in a warrant-
based operating environment.

j. Future Army forces require the capability to provide declassification of intelligence

collection when envisioned, then plan for a flexible, diligent, and streamlined process with
foreign disclosure officers.

k. Future Army forces require the capability to move towards transparent targeting with
partnered host nation security force with parallel development of the host nation security force
intelligence collection capability and parallel development of an effective CI capability to
mitigate risks of infiltration.

l. Future Army forces require the capability to support development of host nation intelligence
collection capabilities that are supported by the host nation’s current technology and are

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culturally acceptable, (meaning, host nation technology may not support SIGINT, and forensics
may not be culturally acceptable).

m. Future Army forces require the capability to support sensitive site exploitation (SSE)
training with the partnered host nation security force.

n. Future Army forces require the capability to employ a gradual progression of integrating
intelligence support to rule of law missions conducted in accordance with host nation criminal
laws and procedures.

B-7. Support to IO required capabilities

a. Future Army forces require the capability to provide intelligence support to IO tasks during
full-spectrum operations to provide the commander intelligence to support targeting (fires) and
decisionmaking

b. Intelligence support to information tasks is the task of providing the commander

information and intelligence support for targeting through nonlethal actions. It includes
intelligence support to the planning and execution of mission command and control engagement,
information engagement, and the individual capabilities of Army information tasks as well as
assessing the effects of those operations. Key activities reflected in this task include
communications, planning, synchronization, and integration of intelligence into operation plans
and orders. Army intelligence supports core inform and influence activities such as electronic
warfare (MI is responsible for ES, which is the search for, intercept, location, and localization of
intentional or unintentional radiated electromagnetic energy), computer transport layer
operations, psychological operations, military deception, and operations security.

(1) Future Army forces require the capability to identify, prioritize, and nominate IO
targets.

(2) Future Army forces require the capability to integrate IO targets into the intelligence,
surveillance, and reconnaissance plan.

(3) Future Army forces require the capability to conduct combat assessment on IO.

(4) Future Army forces require the capability to determine specific information
requirements for IO.

(5) Future Army forces require the capability to detect and identify all aspects of threat to
command, control, communications, and computer systems, to include vulnerabilities.

(6) Future Army forces require the capability to identify pertinent civil considerations that
affect information engagement.

(7) Future Army forces require the capability to identify populace perceptions, sentiments,
attitudes, mores, allegiances, alliances, and behaviors.

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(8) Future Army forces require the capability to identify nongovernmental and international
organizations in the OE.

(9) Future Army forces require the capability to identify resources and capabilities of
nongovernmental and international organizations in the OE.

(10) Future Army forces require the capability to identify all relevant government agencies,
organizations, or departments that affect public affairs activities.

(11) Future Army forces require the capability to identify adversary misinformation,
disinformation, and propaganda capabilities.

(12) Future Army forces require the capability to identify the location, biases, and agenda
of national and international media representatives in the OE.

(13) Future Army forces require the capability to identify trends reflected by the national
and international media.

(14) Future Army forces require the capability to provide intelligence and information to
public affairs per all applicable regulations, policies, and laws.

B-8. Support to cyber operations required capabilities

a. Future Army forces require the capability to provide intelligence support to cyber
operations during full-spectrum operations, to provide the commander intelligence to support
targeting (fires) and decisionmaking.

b. Information superiority enables the Army future force commander to shape the OE, but
there are significant factors that affect the ability of computer network operations (CNO) to
support future operations. These factors include the integration of joint, interagency,
intergovernmental, and multinational information and intelligence sources, tailoring CNO
capabilities to remain relevant within urban, restrictive terrain against threat forces using
asymmetric tactics, tailoring CNO capabilities to collect and act on relevant information in an
environment largely influenced by nongovernmental organizations, and disseminating
information with greater speed.

c. Intelligence staffs and units will support cyber operations by identifying and assessing
foreign intelligence threats directed towards command assets and functions. They will consider
the threats to the command’s information systems and transport layers as part of their overall
intelligence support. This support will include but is not limited to the following required
capabilities:

(1) Future Army forces require the capability to provide validated intelligence that defines
the threat.

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(2) Future Army forces require the capability to identify friendly actions that adversary
intelligence systems and intruders observe.

(3) Future Army forces require the capability to provide intelligence requirements in
support of transport layer defense.

(4) Future Army forces require the capability to identify the threat and establish policies for
integrating intelligence support.

(5) Future Army forces require the capability to identify computer transport layer attack
capabilities targeted against friendly mission command and information systems.

(6) Future Army forces require the capability to provide inform and influence activities and
information assurance requirements in submission of CCIR.

(7) Future Army forces require the capability to conduct cyber CI investigations and
technical CI operations utilizing CI and HUMINT automated collection and analysis tools.

(8) Future Army forces require the capability to provide multidiscipline counterintelligence
analysis utilizing CI and HUMINT automated collection and analysis tools.

(9) Future Army forces require the capability to provide cyber CI investigations and
forensics, polygraph, and technical security countermeasures utilizing CI and HUMINT
collection peripheral sets and kits.

(10) Future Army forces require the capability to promulgate information systems security
monitoring policy.

(11) Future Army forces require capability to access the local, regional, and national
communications systems to support intelligence collection.

(12) Future Army forces require the capability to generate and feed signature data
repositories.

(13) Future Army forces require the capability to conduct emitter mapping and Internet
protocol network reconstruction.

B-9. Support to combating WMD required capabilities

a. Future Army intelligence forces require the capability to provide intelligence support to
combating WMD during full-spectrum operations, to provide the commander intelligence to
support targeting (fires) and decisionmaking.

b. Intelligence support to combating WMD. The proliferation of WMD and long-range

delivery systems will enable adversaries to threaten U.S. forces at greater ranges with increased
lethality and precision. These weapons are particularly appealing to developing nations and non-

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state actors, such as terrorist groups, because of their relative affordability, ability to deliver
massive effects, and the international political influence that results from possessing WMD.
WMD could be delivered using a variety of overt and covert means, including missiles, civilian
ships, or aircraft and individuals. In addition to their use as weapons of terror against civilian
populations, these weapons may be employed against U.S. troop concentrations threatening our
ability to project power.

c. U.S. adversaries have the potential to use modern intelligence, surveillance, and
reconnaissance assets and to conduct sophisticated WMD attacks both OCONUS and in the
homeland. The goal of these attacks would be to destroy key operating facilities or inflict mass
casualties and create terror within and outside a given theater of operations. In addition to
standard intelligence support, (that is, collections, analysis, and dissemination across all
intelligence disciplines), the following required capabilities are necessary for intelligence to
WMD operations to support full-spectrum operations.

(1) Future Army forces require the capability to determine threat capability to acquire or
produce WMD.

(2) Future Army forces require the capability to develop WMD intelligence guidance.

(3) Future Army forces require the capability to identify threat attempts to contaminate
friendly food and water supplies and infect friendly forces.

(4) Future Army forces require the capability to integrate CBRNE smart sensors with
intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance synchronization planning.

(5) Future Army forces require the capability to integrate medical intelligence and
surveillance with intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance synchronization planning.

(6) Future Army forces require the capability to link WMD experts with interrogators for
effective exploitation of threat WMD personnel.

(7) Future Army forces require the capability to conduct scientific and technical intelligence
to detect and counter WMD.

Appendix C
Intelligence Echelons

C-1. Intelligence community

Army intelligence serves as a force provider, consumer or both to several organizations in the IC.
It supports military operations by providing specific intelligence products and services. Army
intelligence does not normally conduct strategic intelligence operations but serves as a force
provider to those efforts (that is, provision of personnel to National Security Agency, and
others). However the intelligence officer and the staff (Army-brigade) must be familiar with

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these organizations and the methods of obtaining information from them as necessary. These
organizations are below:

a. DOD agencies include the Defense Intelligence Agency, the National Geospatial-
Intelligence Agency, the National Security Agency, the Central Security Service, the National
Reconnaissance Office, joint reserve intelligence centers, and other service components (Navy,
Air Force, and Marines).

b. Nonmilitary members of the intelligence community include the Director of National

Intelligence, the Central Intelligence Agency, the Department of State, the Department of Energy
the Federal Bureau of Investigation the Department of the Treasury, the U.S. Coast Guard, the
Department of Homeland Security, and the Drug Enforcement Administration.

c. Other agencies include the Department of Transportation, the Disaster Assistance Response
Team within the Office of Foreign Disaster; and the U.S. Agency for International Development.

C-2. Division and above intelligence organizations

a. ASCC, corps, and division intelligence staffs. The ASCC G-2, corps G-2, and division G-2
sections provide intelligence support to each respective command and that command’s
subordinate units. The G-2 provides the command with information and intelligence required to
generate decision superiority. Intelligence collected from organic, assigned, attached,
operational control, and external sources; fused; and produced internal to the G-2 feeds the
intelligence running estimate and provides the threat picture. This supports information
superiority, allowing the commander to act decisively. The G-2 directs and manages intelligence
activities during operations and across the noncontiguous OE.

b. ASCC intelligence organizations. Theater level MI formations provide dedicated

intelligence capabilities for all intelligence disciplines to the ASCC, other Army operational
level commands in the AOR, and combatant, joint, or multinational commands. They are
designed to meet theater army intelligence requirements and are the foundation for ARFOR
intelligence support. These units conduct sustained, regionally focused intelligence operations.
While their capabilities may vary, each of these organizations serve as the focal point within the
combatant command for Army intelligence requirements and can provide intelligence support to
units at any echelon within the combatant command’s AOR. As appropriate, personnel from
these organizations may augment tactical units operating within the AOR. These organizations
can be augmented by Active Army and Reserve Component.

c. Corps and division intelligence capabilities. Within each of these echelons, the intelligence
capability consists of an intelligence cell that performs the following tasks:

(1) The intelligence cell requests, receives, and analyzes information from all sources to
produce and distribute intelligence products. It produces intelligence on the current operation to
assist the commander and staff as they monitor progress and assess the operation. It conducts
continuous IPB to support future operations planning and target development. The cell develops

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and tracks critical targets, performs all –source analysis, manages collection, and produces and
maintains IPB products.

(2) The corps and division intelligence cells leverage the intelligence enterprise to gain
access to collection assets, data, and information. These capabilities are not limited to organic or
assigned Army assets, rather the cells access all available capabilities (joint, multinational, non-
DOD, and others) at all echelons and locations available to them. This means that physical
ownership of capabilities is not necessary in today’s or tomorrows operations but rather access to
capabilities is the critical factor.

d. The corps and division may require a dedicated brigade-level surveillance organization.
Corps and division intelligence cells will employ this organization as well as all others assets
available to them within the enterprise – intelligence and nonintelligence.

C-3. Army intelligence capabilities brigade and below

a. Intelligence capabilities within the BCT remain a critical component of the Army
intelligence enterprise. However, its primary mission must remain the provision of timely
intelligence to the BCT commander by developing situational awareness of the enemy, terrain,
and weather, and civil considerations and synchronizing intelligence collection activities with the
intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance integration effort. The BCT S-2 uses available
capabilities to provide intelligence products and recommendations to the BCT commander
supporting the brigade’s execution of operations. Intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance
activities focus on the requirement to answer the CCIRs and satisfy PIRs.

b. The BCT must possess the capability to provide the brigade commander and his staff as
well as subordinate commands with collection, analysis, and dissemination of intelligence
information and products. Co-creation of context and the requisite enhanced fusion of operations
and intelligence must provide continuous refinement to the COP. MI Soldiers must synchronize
all intelligence (and available nonintelligence) capabilities (organic and external to the BCT), as
directed by the BCT S-3 and S-2X.

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Appendix D
ARSOF Intelligence

D-1. Introduction

a. ARSOF is an integral part of the Army and the joint force and provides the nation with
unique, sophisticated, and tailored capabilities. ARSOF Soldiers are specially selected, trained,
and equipped, and possess unique individual and collective capabilities that connect U.S.
Government intent and actions to operational and strategic effects. ARSOF is able to achieve
strategic effects through tactical and operational success because it operates in a joint,
interagency, and combined environment as a matter of course, and it brings Soldiers who are
trained and educated to solve, or assist in solving, complex political-military challenges and to
operate in ambiguous and high-risk environments. However, ARSOF rarely succeeds when
operating unilaterally and at critical times requires intelligence enabler support.

b. The U.S. Army Special Operations Command (USASOC), the Army component of the
joint U.S. Special Operations Command, is among the most diverse organizations in the U.S.
military, bringing a broad range of competencies and disciplines to support geographic
combatant commanders (GCC) and ambassadors worldwide. The fundamental mission of
USASOC is two-fold: to organize, train, and equip ARSOF units and Soldiers; and to deploy
them worldwide to meet the requirements of war plans, the GCCs’ theater security cooperation
plan, and ambassadors’ mission strategic plans. USASOC when exercising its Title 10
responsibilities, recruits, assesses, selects, organizes, trains, equips, and provides forces and
capabilities along three lines of effort - investment in people, persistent engagement, and
operations. These lines provide the framework to prepare ARSOF Soldiers and units for
deployment and provide to GCCs and ambassadors around the world, options for countering the
full spectrum of threats.

c. Soldiers with these skills are in high demand across the Army, meaning Army shortages
translate into ARSOF shortages. One of the critical enablers is the full range of intelligence,
surveillance, and reconnaissance capabilities. Along with ARSOF, all military forces have
benefited from the increase in intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance capabilities, most
notably the use of UAS.

d. However, platforms alone are not sufficient. To be effective, information obtained from
the “unblinking eye” must be processed, exploited, and disseminated, which requires intelligence
analysts and communications systems (that is, a dedicated, multidiscipline, all-source
intelligence effort), including sufficient bandwidth, to disseminate the intelligence. The ability
to fuse, assess, and analyze information and disseminate it to the right organization in a timely
manner has allowed ARSOF and general purpose forces to capture or kill high value targets; it is
the intelligence capability that underpins successful operations around the world.

D-2. Intelligence structure

a. The ARSOF intelligence structure will promote cooperation and operational integration of
ARSOF intelligence activities with its joint, interagency, intergovernmental, and multinational

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partners. ARSOF’s core activities directly support the irregular warfare operational
environment, as well as the full spectrum of conflict required to overcome a combination of
hybrid threats and adaptive adversaries in complex operating environments.

b. To operate effectively under conditions of uncertainty and complexity in an era of

persistent conflict, future ARSOF and leaders must strive to reduce uncertainty through
understanding the situation in depth, developing the situation through action, fighting for
information, and continually reassessing emerging situations. Effective application of
intelligence design can reduce uncertainty. However, ARSOF commanders will still have to
make decisions with partial, inaccurate, or contradictory information. Accomplishing
challenging intelligence missions and responding to a broad range of threats and population-
centric factors will require ARSOF intelligence capabilities that have a high degree of
operational adaptability and flexibility.

c. The demands for future ARSOF intelligence requirements and capabilities will continue to
evolve as the U.S. navigates in a world of persistent conflict. ARSOF intelligence must be
proactive with technological innovation and acquisition. The U.S. military technical,
organizational, and doctrinal advances will bring both improved capabilities and increased
complexity. Economic, political, diplomatic, and social factors will influence tactical and
operational actions to a far greater extent, all the way to the smallest unit level.

d. ARSOF distributed and simultaneous operations demand the right knowledge at the right
time, and comprehension of more aspects and surface area in the operational environment.
Difficult environments and adaptive enemy operations dictate highly granular intelligence.
Large amounts of intelligence and other types of information demand rapid and accurate
processing, analysis, and distribution capacity. Knowledge management and education of
information and intelligence consumers that feed military decisionmaking cycles are keys to
future ARSOF success in the operating environment. ARSOF intelligence assets must be highly
adaptive and aggressively seek fusion and integration with the joint, Army, interagency,
international, and multinational communities to meet the intelligence demands for 2016-2028.

D-3. Military problem and intelligence

a. Shared understanding. Complexity is an enduring characteristic of preparation of the

environment shaping activities through combat operations. ARSOF decisions made by lower
echelons normally have strategic implications and must be made with an appropriate
understanding of the strategic context. ARSOF intelligence operations and activities must
enhance this shared understanding vertically, horizontally, across, and through the joint battle
space as ARSOF conducts small unit, distributed operations through campaigns planned and
conducted by the joint special operations task force (JSOTF) and/or the theater special operations
command (TSOC).

b. Intelligence and operational knowledge management. Developing and applying disciplined

constructs and tools to frame problems, aid campaign design, and support the commander’s
decision cycle is crucial. ARSOF requires further evolutionary development of an integrated
intelligence and knowledge management enterprise. This enterprise approach of technology,

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people, and processes must be capable of processing, exploiting (analyzing), and disseminating
anticipatory predictive, time sensitive information and intelligence up, down, and laterally.
Current intelligence analysts use as many as five intelligence systems simultaneously to meet
current intelligence and knowledge management requirements for JSOTFs and TSOCs.

c. Additionally, deployed intelligence elements have limited analyst overwatch or reachback

for analysis of complex problems. The deployed analyst requires an intelligence and knowledge
management enterprise that gives the analyst access to analytical support for areas in which the
analyst lacks expertise (such as, cultural or social sciences) or to provide additional analytical
capability when the analyst lacks the time to produce all the products the commander requires.

d. Professionalizing the ARSOF intelligence operator. The ARSOF intelligence structure has
a two-fold mission to support both direct and indirect activities, particularly as they relate to
irregular warfare. This requires planners, collection managers, collectors, and analysts capable
of going beyond the six primary core military intelligence tasks (protection, situation
development, target development, indications and warning, intelligence, and battle damage
assessment). ARSOF intelligence operators, not only must be masters of F3EAD, but must also
be well versed on the psychological, cultural, political, and human dimensions of warfare. The
ability to provide the commander information and intelligence to influence credibly relevant
populations and nongovernmental centers of power is essential to ARSOF future success.
Current ARSOF military intelligence practitioners come with entry-level knowledge (taught at
the Intelligence Center of Excellence, Fort Huachuca, Arizona) and with varying degrees of
operational experience. Consequently there is great variation in the skill level and capabilities
among individual intelligence operators.

D-4. ARSOF lines of effort

a. Persistent engagement. Persistent engagement is a line of effort which supports all

elements of national power and defense, development, and diplomacy to prevent conflicts and
enable friends, partners, and allies to defend their sovereignty and eliminate ungoverned and
undergoverned spaces where irregular threats seek sanctuary. ARSOF conducts special
operations to prepare or shape the environment prior to crisis. Two primary special operations
forces (SOF) core activities are foreign internal defense and security force assistance. These
core activities contribute directly to support theater engagement plans and theater security
cooperation plans. The ARSOF intelligence structure must continue to focus operations,
activities, and analysis on a populace-centric approach while developing long term, regional, and
country experts capable of drilling down to specific joint special operations areas within priority
countries.

b. Operations. ARSOF operations are logically divided into two approaches, direct and
indirect. These efforts are applied directly against the enemy or as actions applied indirectly to
influence the operational environment, more specifically towards the populace. ARSOF
intelligence must continue to improve its agility through scalable intelligence slices to support a
special forces operational detachment. ARSOF operational challenges include employing
intelligence enterprise-like functions with very limited architecture, IO systems, and bandwidth
to support small footprint operations.

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c. Investment, people with purpose. ARSOF must develop predeployment blocks of irregular
warfare, specific joint intelligence functional training that focuses on applying core intelligence
tradecraft skills to regional problems and scenarios in each combatant commander’s AOR using
the latest commander’s concept of operations, tactics, techniques, and procedures, and battle
rhythms. ARSOF must provide recommended irregular warfare related elective courses and
training for intelligence personnel across ARSOF to improve knowledge of special capabilities.
This training should include courses such as: counterterrorism network analysis, threat finance,
IO, cyber warfare, use of hostile force tagging, tracking, and locating technologies, unattended
sensors, ground SIGINT teams for target development and close in targeting, biometrics and
SSE, document and media exploitation (DOMEX) as well as PMESII-PT.

d. In terms of education, ARSOF intelligence operators must attend advanced joint, Army,
SOF, and intelligence community courses. In addition to mandatory HQ USASOC introductory
and the Defense Intelligence Agency dynamic situation assessment and prediction courses,
civilian and military analysts will be required to select and take courses on ARSOF. Courses
may include ARSOF organization, missions, and planning; Joint Special Operations University’s
basic and advanced irregular warfare courses, Air Force’s Special Operations School cross
cultural communications and regional orientation classes; foreign disclosure officer
accreditation, intelligence planning, joint intelligence preparation of the OE courses, and the
asymmetrical irregular warfare intelligence courses offered by Joint Military Intelligence
Training Center.

D-5. ARSOF intelligence required capabilities and dependencies

a. Future Army forces require the capability to develop and maintain shared situational
awareness and understanding which includes the ability to access a COP and present current
and/or forecast information on adversary and friendly forces, neutral elements, the environment
and geospatial information to support full-spectrum operations.

b. Future Army forces require the capability to manage knowledge, the systematic process of
discovering, selecting, organizing, distilling, sharing, developing, and using information in a
social domain context, to improve ARSOF’s effectiveness in support of full-spectrum operations.

c. Future Army forces require the capability to conduct intelligence, surveillance, and
reconnaissance planning and direction which includes the ability to develop intelligence
requirements, coordinate and position the appropriate collection assets, from the national to the
tactical level, to ensure robust situational awareness and knowledge of intended domains, to
support full-spectrum operations.

d. Future Army forces require advanced collection capabilities in sufficient numbers and with
the flexibility to adapt to the future operating environment and the enemy’s signatures, to acquire
precise and timely information to support full-spectrum operations.

e. Future Army forces require integrated knowledge of the theater environment, such as
terrain, weather, infrastructure, culture, demographics, and neutral entities to understand the
environment better in support of full-spectrum operations.

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f. Future Army forces require the capability at all echelons to conduct analysis of PMESII-PT
aspects of the AO to allow commanders at all levels the ability to deal with all aspects of their
operational responsibilities, in support of full-spectrum operations.

g. Future Army forces require the capability to process and transform data and information
rapidly and accurately into usable knowledge across a wide range of subjects from military
sustainment to culture and economics in support of full-spectrum operations.

h. Future Army forces require the capability to disseminate an overall picture of the adversary
and the OE while supporting core special operations tasks across the full spectrum of conflict at
all echelons in support of full-spectrum operations.

i. Future Army forces require the capability to detect, identify, locate, and maintain persistent
surveillance of WMD, objects, and events to conduct ARSOF core tasks counter proliferation of
WMD and counterterrorism.

j. Future Army forces require the capability to detect, identify, and locate terrorist personnel,
objects, and events to conduct counterterrorism, as well as support other irregular warfare
activities in support of full-spectrum operations.

Appendix E
Homeland Defense and Civil Support Intelligence

E-1. Introduction
Future Army intelligence forces require a capability to support, plan, coordinate, and deconflict
intelligence operations in support of homeland defense and civil support operations.

E-2. Background

a. Decision point 36 established an ASCC U.S. Army Forces North (USARNORTH) as the
ASCC for the U.S. Northern Command (USNORTHCOM). Realignment of USNORTHCOM
and operations with AOR, dated 25 February 2008, established USARNORTH as the standing
joint force land component command (JFLCC) for USNORTHCOM with operational control of
Joint Task Force-Civil Support and Joint Task Force-North. USARNORTH has two major
general-level contingency command posts that serve as command and control HQ during major
contingency operations within the AOR. The Unified Command Plan, dated 17 December 2008,
extended the USNORTHCOM AOR, and subsequently, the USARNORTH AOR to include
Canada, Mexico, the Bahamas, Turks and Caicos Islands, and the U.S. Virgin Islands.

b. USARNORTH mission statement. USARNORTH, the JFLCC, and the ASCC to

USNORTHCOM conducts homeland defense, civil support operations, and theater security
cooperation activities to protect America and its way of life.

c. The USARNORTH G2 mission statement. Meet the combatant commander’s daily

operational requirements by providing predictive and actionable foreign intelligence and

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counterintelligence, threat estimates, and timely warning of worldwide threats targeting the
USARNORTH AOR using fused all-source intelligence to support homeland defense, regional
terrorism missions, defense support to civil authorities (DSCA) operations, and theater security
cooperation; respond to command, subordinate, and component PIRs and CCIRs; coordinate the
joint intelligence activities of participating commands; support two standing task forces and two
contingency command posts; leverage support from USNORTHCOM and national level
intelligence agencies; and, as appropriate, share intelligence and information with Federal, state,
and local intelligence, law enforcement, and emergency management agencies.

d. The USARNORTH JFLCC AOR includes the U.S. (the 48 contiguous states, the District of
Columbia and Alaska), Canada, Mexico, U.S. Virgin Islands, Puerto Rico, British Virgin Islands,
Bermuda, Bahamas, Turks and Caicos Islands, and St. Pierre and Miquelon. The JFLCC area of
interest includes the entire world. Operations throughout the world affect the projection of
forces that reside in the USARNORTH AOR. The operation of transnational terrorist
organizations and other hostile elements around the world affect the JFLCC AOR as well.

e. USARNORTH’s top priority is homeland defense and civil support missions, as directed by
USNORTHCOM. When directed by USNORTHCOM, USARNORTH fulfills its DSCA
mission by responding to requests for assistance in accordance with the USNORTHCOM
Executive Order, the national response framework, and DOD policies and guidance.

f. The national response framework coordinating framework for support is provided under the
Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act. The Stafford Act and the Economy Act are the
major pieces of legislation that govern the Federal response. Support under these laws ranges
from small-scale efforts to large-scale operations involving thousands of DOD personnel. This
plan covers the spectrum of DSCA operations and supporting intelligence tasks to
USNORTHCOM and USARNORTH, and USARNORTH’s subordinate standing joint task
forces.

g. The Joint Strategic Capabilities Plan 2008 sets forth DSCA planning requirements for the
commander of USNORTHCOM that include preparation of an all-hazards plan to support civil
authorities, including those hazards defined by the national planning scenarios.

h. USARNORTH has 11 defense coordinating officers and/or defense coordinating elements

assigned to the Federal Emergency Management Association regions to assist civil authorities in
planning, coordinating, and executing DSCA for contingency operations and consequence
management. Such critical activities necessitate a significant standing intelligence requirement.

i. The commander of USNORTHCOM, has designated USARNORTH as the national lead for
military-to-military land component engagement with the Mexican army and air force.

j. Intelligence requirements for the continental U.S. (CONUS) JFLCC derived from higher
HQ are below:

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(1) USARNORTH must develop and disseminate antiterrorism and force protection
intelligence products to support the Installation Management Command and the Army Material
Command.

(2) Provide administrative support for Army forces assigned to USNORTHCOM in

response to homeland defense or civil support operations.

(3) Training, readiness, and oversight of the CBRNE consequence management reaction
force.

(4) As the standing JFLCC, maintain lead operational authority for CBRNE consequence
management and counterdrug and counternarcotics terrorism in the USNORTHCOM AOR.

(5) Develop and provide base support installation recommendations with other service
components to USNORTHCOM J3 during operations.

(6) Coordinate national logistics staging areas requests and recommendations with
USNORTHCOM J3. On order, conduct joint reception, staging onward movement, and
integration operations in support of DOD forces conducting USNORTHCOM operations within
the USNORTHCOM AOR. Provide ASCC operational planning and execution support for
Army forces to support North American Aerospace Defense Command operations. Conduct the
USNORTHCOM antiterrorism program and force protection responsibilities for all Army
personnel in the USNORTHCOM AOR. Provide training and external evaluations for the
National Guard WMD civil support teams, and conduct the DSCA course.

k. Through theater security cooperation, attend the annual border commander’s conference,
and enhance information sharing for counterdrug operations.

l. As the JFLCC (Mexican army and air force), Joint Task Force-North efforts enhance
cooperation with the Mexican Army. In Mexican military regions, border disasters have
enhanced cooperation at the operational level. Enhanced cooperation leads to potential training
assistance and training opportunities. The JFLCC also assumes land forces Canada cross border
movement approval authority and enforces the bilateral U.S.-Canada civil assistance plan.
Finally, the JFLCC assumes administrative control of the Army personnel exchange program.

E-3. Operational environment

a. USARNORTH operates in a changing and uncertain security environment. A range of

threats, in all domains, represents an immediate and future challenge for the command. Whereas
the enemies of yesterday were relatively predictable, homogeneous, hierarchical, and resistant to
change, current adversaries include those who are unpredictable, diverse, thoroughly networked,
and dynamic. These adversaries benefit from technologies and materials readily accessible in
world markets, including disruptive systems and the ingredients required to fabricate WMD.
USARNORTH shares the fundamental responsibility of defending the U.S. homeland as well as
the broader USARNORTH AOR from external threats. Homeland defense is USARNORTH’s

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top priority in support of the national goal of securing the U.S. from direct attack through an
active defense.

b. In addition to its primary role, USARNORTH must also be prepared to provide DSCA and
support to U.S. civil authorities (Federal, state, local, and tribal) by responding to natural and
manmade disasters. Natural disasters, such as hurricanes, earthquakes, or pandemics, can exceed
the capabilities of civilian responders, and thus require significant allocation of military
resources to help mitigate their effects and to support relief and recovery efforts. Likewise, a
terrorist attack, particularly one involving WMD, can cause catastrophic losses requiring
substantial civil support and DSCA.

c. North America is comprised of three important U.S. neighbors, Canada, Mexico, and the
Commonwealth of the Bahamas, who share many compatible national characteristics, including
open and intertwined economies. From a security perspective, the huge flow of goods and
people, combined with economic and structural asymmetries between Canada, the U.S., and
Mexico, creates security issues unlike those found anywhere else in the world. The
geographically dispersed island nations of the Caribbean, and specifically the Commonwealth of
the Bahamas, create unique challenges within USARNORTH AOR. While the U.S. maintains a
broad array of active defense and security related agreements with Canada, the absence of any
such agreement with Mexico may hinder coordinated efforts towards combating transnational
threats such as drug trafficking organizations as well as potential WMD threats and incidents.

d. The JFLCC AOR includes the U.S. (the 48 contiguous states, the District of Columbia, and
Alaska), Canada, Mexico, U.S. Virgin Islands, Puerto Rico, British Virgin Islands, Bermuda,
Bahamas, Turks and Caicos Islands, and St. Pierre and Miquelon. The JFLCC area of interest
includes the whole world. The operations of transnational terrorist organizations and other
hostile elements around the world affect the JFLCC AOR operations and the projection of DOD
forces that reside in the USARNORTH AOR.

e. The specific intelligence requirements from higher HQ include the following:

(1) Conduct 24x7 intelligence threat warning operations with sensitive compartmented
information capability.

(2) Maintain the ability to tailor and apply strategic, operational, and tactical level
intelligence analysis to support DOD and interagency operations.

(3) Develop CCIR, PIRs, and requests for information in support of assigned missions.

(4) Execute intelligence planning functions in support of assigned missions.

(5) Conduct intelligence liaison with interagency partners (for example, intelligence, law
enforcement agencies, and emergency management).

(6) Conduct mission in accordance with intelligence oversight.

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(7) Maintain a capability to plan and conduct incident assessment and awareness, and
intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance.

(8) Maintain multidiscipline collection requirements capability to support operations.

(9) Collect and share operational information.

(10) Along with the JFACC, incorporate and synchronize intelligence-related activities with
operational collection requirements and provide continuous feedback to ensure optimum
utilization of high demand, low density airborne incident assessment and awareness, and
intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance assets.

(11) Produce operational intelligence and prepare intelligence products.

(12) Complete intelligence estimates and reports as required.

(13) Provide input to critical infrastructure program inspection reports to meet

USNORTHCOM and DA requirements.

(14) Execute theater intelligence collection management for the land component.

(15) Execute theater request for information management for the land component.

(16) Maintain a 24/7/365 intelligence watch to perform indications, warning, and situational
awareness for the land component.

(17) Maintain all-source intelligence support elements to provide multidiscipline

intelligence and CI support to JFLCC, standing joint task forces, and contingency command
posts.

(18) Provide intelligence oversight and other intelligence related staff oversight of
subordinate units and joint task forces.

(19) Support USNORTHCOM intelligence related theater security cooperation efforts.

(20) Ensure incident assessment and awareness, and intelligence, surveillance, and
reconnaissance activities are conducted in strict compliance with the U.S. Constitution and
applicable laws.

(21) Coordinate and deconflict CI and HUMINT.

(22) Support intelligence to planning, operations, exercises, and special events.

(23) Provide intelligence geospatial support.

(24) Develop modified threat vulnerability assessment.

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(25) Evaluate intelligence products.

(26) Develop threat link analysis products.

E-4. Integrated theater Army intelligence enterprise mission

The theater Army intelligence cells are responsible for the synchronization and integration of
intelligence operations throughout the USARNORTH AOR. Sections and elements of the cells
are either embedded in or coordinated with integrating staff elements to facilitate
synchronization. The intelligence cell depends on the tactical intelligence battalion and aligned
Army Reserve component units for intelligence collection, single source analysis, and all source
fusion to meet the Theater Army’s intelligence needs, and builds durable intelligence
partnerships and partner intelligence capability and capacity, through military-to-military,
training, and exercise engagements.

E-5. Concept of operations

a. NORTHCOM has combatant command authority over all assigned and attached forces
provided to it. USARNORTH is the JFLCC for NORTHCOM. The JFLCC includes the theater
Army commander, the theater Army HQ, and all Army organizations and units, personnel, and
installations assigned or attached to the combatant command.

b. The JFLCC-J2 is the land component focal point for intelligence and is responsible for
coordination between the JFLCC J2, outside agencies, and subordinate intelligence activities
required to support the combatant commander’s daily operational requirements. The JFLCC
defines the intelligence requirements for the land component, prioritizes subordinate land forces
requirements, and provides representation for the land component and its subordinates at the
joint force commander’s daily joint targeting and coordination board. Pertinent intelligence
oversight, appropriate DOD regulations, and proper use of procedures govern all JFLCC
intelligence operations.

c. The JLFCC J2 staff incorporates and synchronizes all incident assessment and awareness,
and intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance operations including HUMINT and CI
operations with NORTHCOM J2X staff. The JFLCC J2 will conduct incident assessment and
awareness, and intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance operations in accordance with
USNORTHCOM, Joint Intelligence Operations Center-North, incident assessment and
awareness, and intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance concepts of operation. The JFLCC
states operational requirements and provides continuous feedback to ensure optimum incident
assessment and awareness, and intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance support to
operations. Consistent with the Federal Bureau of Investigation authority within the IC for
collecting foreign intelligence and counterintelligence within CONUS, neither JFLCC J2 nor
subordinate DOD forces will engage in domestic intelligence activities while operating within
the joint operations area without specific approval from the Secretary of Defense.

(1) USARNORTH is an operational HQ and must maintain warfighting capabilities for any
short duration crises. USARNORTH intelligence capabilities support Phase 0 (shape), Phase 1
(anticipate), Phase 2 (respond), limited Phase 3 (operate), Phase 4 (stabilize), and Phase 5

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(transition). USARNORTH provides a regionally-oriented, long-term Army presence for

military engagement, security cooperation and deterrence, and provides support to joint and
Army forces operating in a joint operations area opened within the NORTHCOM AOR. Army
operational-level organizations assigned to the theater Army provide theater-level capabilities
necessary to perform operational-level tasks as well as to assist and augment subordinate tactical
organizations.

(2) USARNORTH intelligence operations are inherently joint and interagency.

USARNORTH must be able to develop contacts, understand, and work with other U.S.
government agencies, international governments and agencies, intergovernmental organizations,
nongovernmental organizations, and private companies. These activities require extensive
intelligence liaison and interagency coordination to build working relationships that complement
activities. This interdependence and complexity extends beyond traditional DOD capabilities.

(3) USARNORTH must conduct recurring and progressive theater security cooperation
operations, including military-to-military engagements, institutional support, key leader visits,
and multinational joint operations. As a result, the ARNORTH intelligence enterprise must be
able to plan, prepare, collect, process, analyze, produce, disseminate, exploit, and assess
intelligence from a vast array of sources, cultures, and languages to support counterterrorism
operations, counter-trafficking operations, and peace support operations. However, the theater
Army intelligence cell is only structured to conduct limited planning, preparation, production,
dissemination, and assessment. It is totally dependent upon its organic capabilities and the
combatant commander, Joint Intelligence Operations Center, to conduct intelligence preparation
of the operational environment, collection planning and management, collection, processing,
analysis and in-depth assessment.

E-6. Required capabilities

a. Future Army forces require the ability to conduct early planning, collaboration, integration,
interoperability, and information sharing in support of homeland defense and civil support.

b. Future Army forces require the capability to improve intelligence interoperability and
planning, training, and command and mission control requirements for homeland defense
operations; accomplished through collaborative venues such as exercises, development of
systems with mutually beneficial capabilities, conferences, and workshops that build integration,
interoperability, and provide access to military intelligence training courses.

c. Future Army forces require the capability to advise Army elements on legal requirements in
a specified AO in support of homeland defense and civil support.

d. Future Army forces require the capability to plan, conduct, and execute incident assessment
and awareness and intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance missions in the homeland in
support of civil support operations.

e. Future Army forces require the capability to conduct intelligence threat warning operations,
to include the collection, analysis, and dissemination of foreign intelligence and

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counterintelligence threat information, to include CI support to antiterrorism and force protection

in support of homeland defense.

f. Future Army forces require the capability to establish liaison with key Federal, state, local,
and tribal partners in support of homeland defense and civil support.

g. Future Army forces require the capability to provide intelligence support to defense
coordination officials and elements in support of homeland defense and civil support.

h. Future Army forces require the capability to receive, analyze, and disseminate redacted law
enforcement reporting to support force protection and intelligence trend analysis in support of
homeland defense and civil support.

i. Future Army forces require the capability to disseminate critical intelligence reporting to
law enforcement partners in support of homeland defense and civil support.

j. Future Army forces require the capability to provide a high altitude, long loitering,
persistent intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance and communications for rescue and
humanitarian operations in support of homeland defense and civil support.

k. Future Army forces require the capability to provide intelligence support in the homeland
for defense support of civil law enforcement agencies in accordance with DOD directives and
laws, in support of homeland defense and civil support.

l. Future Army forces require the capability to provide intelligence support in the homeland
for defense critical infrastructure protection in accordance with DOD directives and laws, in
support of homeland defense and civil support.

Appendix F
Intelligence Future DOTMLPF Considerations

F-1. Introduction

a. Military intelligence must be able to provide a force that can be tailored to commanders’
demands arising from different operational environments and different missions embraced by
full-spectrum operations. The requirements determination process must be refined to provide
capability developers and providers a better understanding of intelligence needs in specific OE-
mission contexts. Adoption of an improved requirements process—plus better execution—
would be expected to result in, for example, an institutional appreciation of the fact that even in
an irregular warfare context, the intelligence needs just at the BCT echelon might be
significantly different for a BCT engaged in stability operations than a BCT engaged in high
value target tracking and targeting. In the former, a premium might be placed on the need for
capability to help gain an in-depth understanding of the population whereas the latter high value
target might instead place a premium on precision target location.

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b. Expected OE and mission changes, however, make it unrealistic to field a one-size-fits-all-

circumstances MI force and suggests strongly that the MI force, if it is to be truly adaptable,
must have built in the means to adapt to such varying operational demands. MI force flexibility
will be required not just at the BCT but at every echelon. For this notion to become reality, it
will require several critical enablers that build upon an improved, fine-grained understanding of
requirements.

(1) First, the Army must come to a consensus about MI’s core competencies. The MI
proponent, in coordination with the proponents of other supported warfighting functions, must
determine what constitutes the support expected from the MI force in operational situations and
the support that has linkage to the intelligence warfighting function but might be performed by
non-MI forces.

(2) Second, the MI proponent must decide how it will build the operational MI force in a
way that will support its ability to flexibly tailor and deliver the right capability to supported
commanders, independent of echelon, operational theme, OE, or mission.

(3) Third, the MI proponent must lead the effort to identify and resolve all issues associated
with providing such routine, tailored MI support to future Army forces.

(4) Fourth, although it is critical for the proponent to identify and resolve systemic issues
that might limit or impede effective tailored support to the operating force, it is no less important
for supported and MI commanders in the operating force to understand how to employ the MI
force end-to-end under actual OE-mission conditions. To this end, leader development and
training must lay the necessary ground to permit each commander to effectively tailor and
employ MI forces under realistic and changing operational conditions.

(5) Fifth, some MI skills are years in the making. As such, proficiency demands that MI
forces remain fully engaged in real and realistic work and training; exposure to real operational
intelligence challenges cannot be limited to just those periods when intelligence forces are
deployed. This challenge has always confronted intelligence; however, with less-structured,
harder to understand threats and adversaries, it is even more imperative that the Army confront
the challenge of how to keep its intelligence force engaged and trained all the time. The training
challenges will likely call for tighter, stronger relationships between the operating and generating
forces. The nature of these relationships may cause us to confront cultural differences in
perspectives and practical challenges in execution. However, without a viable partnership of all
stakeholders with interest in maintaining a proficient MI force, institutional training will be
misaligned, uncoordinated, or unsupportive of the operating forces’ demands for a high-
performing, capable intelligence force.

c. Outlined below are DOTMLPF and homeland defense considerations for army combat
developers, trainers, and human resource professionals use in execution of the capabilities-based
assessment. These broadly stated considerations are a start point for analysis that should be
modified or added to based on future emerging lessons learned. Use of these considerations will
aid the development of persistent global intelligence operations in the future OE. These
considerations will facilitate an evolutionary process of integrated intelligence and operational

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changes required to develop a tailored MI force package that can be flexibly provided to
commanders across the range of anticipated operating environments and mission sets.

F-2. Doctrine

a. Doctrinal publications from all schools and centers of excellence require review and update
to reflect implementation of future intelligence concept initiatives. Intelligence doctrine must
pursue initiatives to increase its effectiveness.

b. Use network to provide timely distribution of FMs, tactics, techniques, and procedures, and
training circulars.

c. Use Wiki software to interlink doctrinal writers and field users via web technology to
facilitate exchange of lessons learned and doctrinal development.

d. Develop and implement a tactical and operational intelligence taxonomy that delineates the
general and special relationships of the given OE, adversary, technology, cultural, or social
system.

F-3. Organizational

a. Army intelligence should make organizational changes to establish and expand capabilities
and capacity in the following areas:

(1) Design tailored MI force packages that can be flexibly provided to commanders across
the range of anticipated operating environments and mission sets.

(2) Develop an MI force that is deployment ready.

(3) Develop policy, procedure, and force design that supports tailored force capability flow.

(4) Develop an MI force that is joint-leveraging, integrated with whole of government

organizations and coalitions on mission- and OE-specific bases.

(5) Develop an MI force that makes efficient and effective use of each component.

b. HUMINT (interrogations). Future Army forces require interrogation organizational

capacity at the tactical, operational, and strategic levels. Each echelon will exploit and reinforce
its success with other interrogations elements or teams and advanced source operations teams at
the BCT, division, and corps levels.

(1) HUMINT (military source operations (MSO)). MSO focuses on exploiting contacts and
source transport layers identified through key leader engagements conducted and others as
designated by the unit commander. HUMINT personnel conduct MSO in support of the
maneuver element. These operations are designed to collect intelligence related to force
protection and unit level mission support. They are also responsible for spotting and assessing

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potential sources that respond to multiple echelon requirements (such as, BCT, division, and
corps).

(2) DOMEX. As an integral part of the OE, DOMEX is an increasingly specialized full-
time mission requiring advanced automation and communications support, analytical support,
and expert linguists. DOMEX and translation operations were once considered purely HUMINT
processing activities directly associated with language capabilities and extensive background
knowledge in area studies. Current doctrinal thought acknowledges that HUMINT is no longer
the sole asset capable of conducting DOMEX operations. Personnel involved in DOMEX do not
require HUMINT training to screen or translate a document, particularly since the unit may
better utilize its HUMINT assets to conduct the HUMINT mission. DOMEX is an Armywide
responsibility and while HUMINT assets may be utilized to perform the DOMEX mission when
available, HUMINT is a consumer of DOMEX information, rather than the major provider.

(3) Analytic capabilities. The emerging lesson learned from OEF and OIF operations is the
need for CoISTs in future operations. The CoIST effort adds an analytical capability to address
increasing demand for analytic support at the maneuver battalion and maneuver company level

(4) Battlefield surveillance brigade and MI battalion modifications. Based on lessons

learned in OEF and OIF operations, and OCONUS operations, current SIGINT operations are
needed to add a cryptologic support and SIGINT terminal guidance capability to address the
increasing complexity and criticality of SIGINT operations.

(5) MI brigade modifications. Theater level intelligence structure will be tailored to suit the
missions of the respective ASCC and combatant commanders they support. In general, each
theater echelon intelligence organization should contain the following capabilities: All-source
fusion, operations, plans, and watch, CI, SIGINT, MASINT, GEOINT, satellite communications,
common ground station, intelligence, and electronic warfare maintenance. These organizations
will be capable of addressing Phase 0 (shape), and Phase 1 (anticipate), Phase 2 (respond), Phase
3 (operate), and Phase 4 (stabilize) theater requirements or homeland defense and civil support as
required.

(6) Tactical overwatch. The Army strategy envisions deliberate use of the entire Army MI
force through various enterprises, which would provide cohesive, tailored, and sustained
intelligence support to the training, readiness, and deployment cycles of corps, divisions, and
brigades. The Army will conduct tactical overwatch from home station locations for additional
reachback and tactical overwatch or regional support capabilities.

(7) Ensure that tables of organization and equipment and modified tables of organization
and equipment at all echelons are prepared to support assigned Air Force weather teams (in
accordance with the most current Air Force Wartime Manpower Study.

c. Formation and modification of Army analysis sections and organizations: Army

intelligence not only requires innovative analyst training but also more adaptable and flexible
analytic organizational structure. Formation of Army analytical sections and organizations

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require increased consideration in their construction and use. The following are items to
consider in this effort:

(1) Will the analyst’s unit perform current operations, long range analysis, or will it be
required to do both?

(2) Will the analyst’s unit be focused on a specific geographic unit or will it have split focus
between multiple geographic units? If so, how many geographic units can be covered and still
maintain continuity?

(3) What virtual extensions will the analyst’s unit require to other national, joint, Army,
host nation, and coalition analyst units for analytic integration?

(4) What are the processes for analyst to commander and leader exchanges?

(5) What are the processes for analyst to collection managers and collectors for the
purposes of collector selection and source validation?

(6) What are the processes to allow analysts to impact collection?

(7) What is the right mix of forward and reachback analytical and exploitation capabilities?

d. The joint MI college publication 8 identifies a set of desired analyst characteristic, abilities,
knowledge, and skills. While not every candidate will possess every item, the lists are a good
start for developing an assessment instrument for future Army analysts (see figure F-1 below).

e. Analysts must absorb information with the thoroughness of historians, organize it with the
skill of librarians, and disseminate it with the zeal of journalists.

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Figure F-1. Functional core competencies for intelligence analysis

F-4. Training

a. In 2016-2028, Army training design will have to accommodate what the educational
capability of U.S. manpower pool provides and where necessary provide training that closes any
gap between what is available and what the Army needs.

b. The Army IC challenge is to think beyond traditional business practices and to identify and
adopt the methods and technological advances needed to provide the right knowledge, training,
and education to Soldiers when and where needed to make a qualitative change in performance.

c. Institutional Army analyst and collector training will continue to be critical to the success
of Army intelligence operations. The Army must develop innovative training techniques to
integrate intuition and reasoning, heighten self-awareness, and foster adaptive decisionmaking
under stress, urgency, and uncertainty. Possible efforts to improve training include the
following:

(1) Commit to vigorous and constant learning with available analytic tools: model building,
games, computer simulations, dialectic reasoning, and hypothesis testing.

(2) Augment traditional methods of instruction with interactive and immersive methods
using personal computers, artificial intelligence, virtual reality, and simulations in a seamless

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teaching environment; balance the benefits and risks associated with loss of social interaction or
“campus life.”

(3) Incorporate “learner based” instruction (multimedia, virtual learning, and eventually
immersive) provided by the best and brightest instructors.

(4) Integrate intuition with reasoning and foster rapid, adaptive decisionmaking under the
stress and uncertainty of full-spectrum operations.

(5) Conduct research study to determine the optimum days per week for analyst training
looking at various training methods, environments, and cognitive development. Ask the
question: Is the Army willing to commit the time it takes to train an entry level analyst?

(6) Challenge Soldier’s analytical skills with tough problems that have no school solution.
Use stress analysis and questioning, not just rote and group think. Encourage prudent risk taking
(how does the Army shift from a risk adverse culture?).

(7) Devote time and space for questioning existing views and for objective research and
analysis on future OE’s within U.S. Army Intelligence Center of Excellence.

(8) Increase the use of Red Teaming methodology in analyst training to enhance
vulnerability awareness and support the wide use of informed Red Teams in exercises and war
games to enhance warfighter learning.

(9) Balance interpersonal and communication training with technical training.

(10) Provide a realistic simulated environment, and realistic simulation programs, that
replicate the salient aspects of the OE to ensure Soldiers train as they fight.

(11) Training design must focus on developing analytical capabilities and not focus on rote
memory learning.

(12) Training design must address train the trainer requirements to meet security force
assistance and Homeland operations (state, local, tribal) mission’s demands.

d. Cultural knowledge. Measures to overcome mirror imaging and educate MI Soldiers and
leaders on cultural differences, geography, patterns of thought, and mind sets include the
following.

(1) Geography. Issue computer software programs (such as, GeoQuest) to expand basic
geographical knowledge of junior analysts. Provide incentives and engaging competitions to
foster learning.

(2) Cultural awareness training for enlisted and officers to examine Soldiers’ biases,
attitudes, expectations, needs, and behavior. Make the training part of the teambuilding focus in
professional military education.

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(3) Standardized in-country training for intelligence analysts to expose them to various
cultures. Work with country teams to rotate analysts for culture and language experience.

(4) Review the visualizations and displays of COP when conducting multinational
operations. When the Army and its allies view the same picture, they may not see exactly what
the Army sees and vice versa.

(5) Patterns of thought analysis, partnered with capabilities assessment, must begin with
thorough understanding of the target culture and mind set.

(6) Encourage analysts to listen to the conversations of target audiences on the Internet in
chat rooms, blogs, MySpace, YouTube, terrorist Web sites, videos, movies, and television
channels.

(7) Cultural insight is found in humor, cartoons, literature, poetry, and children’s stories.
Incorporate these sources into analytical training. These may not seem likely sources of military
intelligence, but they should be if we are interested in understanding and influencing various
countries, cultures, or groups.

e. Irregular warfare training: The Army must develop irregular warfare and specific joint
intelligence functional training that focuses on applying core intelligence tradecraft skills to
regional problems and scenarios in each combatant command’s AOR. The Army must develop a
list of recommended irregular warfare related elective courses and training for intelligence
personnel across echelons to improve knowledge of special capabilities. The special capabilities
include counterterrorism network analysis, threat finance, IO, cyber warfare, use of hostile force-
tagging, tracking, locating technologies, unattended sensors, ground SIGINT teams for target
development, and close in targeting, biometrics, SSE, and DOMEX.

f. Intelligence partner training, The Army must partner in its intelligence training effort and
build teaming relationships with colleges and university programs, which offer intelligence
associated certificate and degree programs. These programs can parallel the professional
military education levels. Several U.S. nongovernmental institutions offer undergraduate and
graduate degrees in intelligence research and analysis, a sample of the programs are cited below
in some detail. Other institutions include Fairmount University, Notre Dame College
(Cleveland), Tennessee State University, Henley-Putnam University (online), James Madison
University, Point Park University, University of Mississippi, and University of Texas at El Paso.

(1) Mercyhurst College, Pennsylvania. This school offers an undergraduate degree in

intelligence studies. The goal of this program is to produce a graduate qualified for an entry-
level position who has reading competency in a foreign language; a broad understanding of
world and American history; a knowledge of comparative governments and political
philosophies; the ability to produce written and oral reports and assessments based on research,
correlation, and analysis; a familiarity with computer operations and database management; and
a general understanding of statistical techniques. It also offers a Master of Science in Applied
Intelligence. The applied intelligence graduate program provides students with the educational

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foundation necessary to succeed as intelligence analysts and leaders of analytical teams at

Federal and state agencies or within the law enforcement and business communities.

(2) Johns Hopkins University. This university offers a Master of Science in Intelligence
Analysis degree. This degree program is specifically designed to serve students from various
intelligence agencies—Federal, military, contractor, and law enforcement—to facilitate new
relationships and transport layers, and breakdown traditional barriers to communication within
the greater IC.

(3) The University of New Mexico expects to offer undergraduate through doctoral degrees
in intelligence in the future, focusing on strategic intelligence.

(4) Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University offers a certificate program in intelligence and

security through its campus and worldwide virtual program.

g. Foundry.

(1) Foundry provides a single hub for advanced skills training across the Active Army,
Army National Guard, and the Army Reserve MI force. It also provides training to leaders
supervising MI missions and Soldiers performing MI activities. Operational training is the
process by which commands teach real world, mission required knowledge, skills, and abilities
to Soldiers that result in improved mission capabilities and readiness. Foundry maintains and
improves Army intelligence readiness through operational training that sustains highly perishable
technical and low-density intelligence skills. Foundry supports individual and collective training
by facilitating unit, functional partnerships, sustaining emerging technologies training, and
providing sole source, all-source, SIGINT, MASINT, CI, HUMINT and GEOINT refresher
training. It also supports reserve component integration efforts, and enables reachback multi
security level transport layer connectivity from forward areas to intelligence training facilities.
Foundry addresses the need for focused MI training not offered by TRADOC or the U.S. Army
Forces Command.

(2) Foundry objectives include assisting tactical commanders in the technical training of
their Soldier performing intelligence missions, helping the tactical force maintain contact with an
adaptable adversary in an uncertain and complex operational environment, maintain a high state
of readiness to enable intelligence driven operations for warfighting commanders, and training
MI Soldiers to fight in an era of persistent conflict.

h. Language skills.

(1) The English language may not dominate the future Internet and other global
communication mediums. This situation increases the Army’s need for language training (such
as, CI, HUMINT, SIGINT, OSINT, TECHINT collectors, and analysts). The Army needs a
combination of new language training techniques and new language translation technologies to
meet this challenge.

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(2) Language training techniques. Though current Army language training provided by the
Defense Language Institute is valuable, the institute’s capabilities must improve in both
techniques and technology. The Army requires enhanced language training capability in dialect
specific terminology (ethnic and tribal), cyber terminology, and military and technical
terminology.

i. Language translation techniques.

(1) Computer assisted. Also called computer-aided translation or machine-aided human

translation, is a form of translation wherein a human translator creates a target text with the
assistance of a computer program. The machine supports a human translator. Computer-assisted
translation can include standard dictionary and grammar software. The term, however, normally
refers to a range of specialized programs available to the translator, including translation-
memory, terminology-management, concordance, and alignment programs.

(2) Machine translation is a subfield of computational linguistics that investigates the use of
computer software to translate text or speech from one natural language to another. At its basic
level, machine translation performs simple substitution of words in one natural language for
words in another. Using these techniques, more complex translations may be accomplished.
Further, this will help mitigate a projected shortfall of a human translator force in the future.

j. Institutional and unit training is required for intelligence support to civil support operations.
These are operations conducted to address the consequences of natural or manmade disasters,
accidents, and incidents within the U.S. and its territories. Army forces will engage in civil
support operations when the size and scope of events exceed the capabilities of domestic civilian
agencies. The Army National Guard often acts as a first responder on behalf of state authorities,
when functioning under Title 32, U.S. Code authority, or while serving on state active duty. The
candidate civil support training tasks include: application of the IPB process to civil support;
intelligence support to incident awareness and assessment; intelligence support to civil law
enforcement; intelligence support to disaster response; intelligence support to CBRNE
consequence management; and intelligence support to pandemic disease support.

F-5. Materiel

a. Future intelligence capabilities must overcome complex terrain issues that diminish the
effectiveness of current intelligence capabilities and increases the ability for future Army forces
to detect enemy activity prior to engagement. Materiel acquisitions (such as, software,
computers, vehicles, communications equipment, and others) must ensure maximum efficiency
in maintainability, reliability, and operational effectiveness. Further, automation hardware
acquisition must ensure maximum flexibility to accept new software or communication
interfaces.

b. Automation capabilities. Future challenges in acquisition and application of automation

support include requirements definition and the ambiguity of available future technology. MI
Soldiers and leadership must embrace emerging technologies to ensure retention of the tactical
and operational edge. Further, leaders must accept the risk that these technologies may not work

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as expected and accept failure as a means to move ahead. Some potential future automation
examples and applications that may assist the intelligence warfighting function in dealing with
increasing volume of information, dealing with degraded operations, and increased demand for
analytic support (software and hardware) include the following:

(1) Quantum computing. The basic principle of quantum computation is that the quantum
properties can be used to represent and structure data and that quantum mechanisms can be
devised and built to perform operations with this data. Research in both theoretical and practical
areas continues, and many national government and military funding agencies support quantum
computing research to develop quantum computers for both civilian and national security
purposes, such as for cryptanalysis.

(2) Cognitive radio. Cognitive radio is a paradigm for wireless communication in which
either a transport layer or a wireless node changes its transmission or reception parameters to
communicate efficiently avoiding interference with licensed or unlicensed users. This alteration
of parameters is based on the active monitoring of several factors in the external and internal
radio environments, such as radio frequency spectrum, user behavior, and transport layer state.

(3) Single-atom data storage, single molecule switching. The field of nanotechnology may
lead to new kinds of devices and structures built from a few atoms or molecules. One such
storage capability would enable nearly 30,000 feature length movies or the entire contents of
YouTube – millions of videos estimated to be more than 1,000 trillion bits of data – to fit in a
device the size of an iPod®.

c. Precision. Increased involvement in unconventional warfare increases the requirement for

precision. Precision strike demands precise knowledge of self and opponent (capabilities and
presence), and environment. The increased knowledge requirements will place enormous
demands on future Army forces and its ability to acquire, transform, and provide knowledge.

d. Cyberspace operations. Collaborative planning, cooperative employment of capabilities,

and rapid future Army force teaming introduce a significantly higher level of complexity and
sophistication. Commanders and their staffs will contend with a dramatic increase in the amount
and complexity of information required to plan and conduct operations. The Army will need a
transport layer that facilitates full data access at all classification levels to future Army forces
from the individual Soldier through national level. Cyberspace operations depend on the
transport layer which increases the Army’s vulnerability to computer transport layer attack.

e. High resolution weather observation and forecasting. High resolution weather observing
and forecasting capabilities will improve forecast accuracy and environmental situational
awareness by providing persistent stare and analysis capabilities to support tactical operations.
Continuous weather observation and forecast updates eliminate environmental ambiguity and
enable true mission command capabilities.

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F-6. Leadership and education

a. Army leaders need to develop cohesive units that are effective in the asymmetrical fast
paced future OE and are able to support multiple deployments with decreased reset times. The
Army must not overemphasize data, technology, and analysis at the expense of relationships,
trust, respect, common sense, and the intuition that comes from multiple combat tours in multiple
AOs. A balance must be struck in developing leader cognitive, behavioral, and social skills. The
future OE demands a clear accurate set of leader development criteria for training, operational
assignments, and self-development.

b. In the future, joint and multinational operations leader development and training should
address creative problem solving, language skills, cultural awareness, and the economic systems
of other nations, team building, public relations, cross culture trust and use of technology,
consensus building, and technology utilization and management.

c. Development and training should emphasize that combined arms operations in the future
OE is more than armor, infantry, and artillery. It also includes intelligence, signal, civil affairs,
military police, engineers, and others functions not normally considered under combined arms.

d. Future Army forces require critical and creative thinkers, agile, and able to make decisions
in OEs replete with uncertainty, complexity, and change.

e. Future Army forces require experts of design and the remaining components of the
operations process, capable of framing and reframing problems and shifting rapidly from
preplanned action to action.

f. Empowering subordinates to employ the full array of combined arms capabilities, including
those from joint, interagency, intergovernmental, and multinational partners, allows junior
leaders to make timely decisions and exploit fleeting opportunities.

g. The IC faces a challenge expanding leader development into Reserve components with
limited time, which begs the following questions.

(1) Given the current and future expanding role in future mission, what are the requirements
to ensure quality reserve leaders?

(2) How can the Army harness reserve leader’s development from the civilian life and
careers?

(3) Self-development is particularly important for Reserve components. How can the Army
leverage current and future technology and nongovernmental schooling to support reserve
requirements?

(4) How does the Army address the availability of training allocations for reserve
personnel?

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(5) How does the army maintain the Reserve component’s ability to support across
operational commands to meet mission requirements?

d. Homeland security and civil support: Many authorizations and restrictions determine the
use of U.S. military intelligence assets on U.S. soil. In homeland defense and civil support
operations, commanders and their intelligence staffs must understand these often complex laws,
rules, and regulations. Intelligence leadership and education programs must include such
instruction as the differences between operations under Title 10 (active duty) versus Title 32
(National Guard). These programs must also emphasize close coordination with legal advisors,
adherence to intelligence oversight policy and regulations, and coordination with domestic
civilian organizations in such circumstances.

e. Professionalizing the ARSOF intelligence operator. The ARSOF intelligence structure has
a two-fold mission to support both direct and indirect activities, particularly as they relate to
irregular warfare. This requires planners, collection managers, collectors, and analysts capable
of going beyond the six primary core military intelligence tasks (protection, situation
development, target development, indications and warning, intelligence, and battle damage
assessment). ARSOF intelligence operators, must not only be masters of F3EAD, but must also
be well versed on the psychological, cultural, political, and human dimension of warfare. The
ability to provide the commander information and intelligence to influence credibly relevant
populations and nongovernmental centers of power is essential to ARSOF future successes.

F-7. Personnel

a. The Army should apply its limited resources towards revolutionary changes in accession,
training, and retaining quality intelligence Soldiers and obtaining cutting edge software. Future
Army forces must understand and utilize the strengths and mitigate the challenges of the three
different generations that will make up the Army during the period 2016-2028 (see figure F-2.)

b. Future Army forces will need to pursue a broader approach to the recruitment and training
of intelligence personnel. There is no single course of action the Army can pursue to assure a
quality analytic workforce. Instead, it will have to execute multiple actions to address the
problem. Acquisition of quality analysts will require characteristic assessment instruments, use
of advanced civilian education, innovative military instruction, and selected recruitment of
trained intelligence analysts from outside of the U.S. military. Army intelligence warfighting
function recruiting must address the following:

(1) Develop cognitive profiles to recruit and assess intelligence analysts and leaders and
eliminate those unlikely to succeed.

(2) Use cognitive assessment tools to measure ability and proclivity to reason using
analogies and precedents.

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Figure F-2. U.S. generations affecting the Army in 2016-2028

(3) Recruit first and second generation interpreters and translators current in the languages
and in modern slang and colloquialisms. Future Army forces need experts who understand
history, including recent events. These Soldiers could operate in an unclassified and collateral
environment (secret clearance). The Army must develop successful, rewarding career track to
retain these specialists.

(4) Recruit or train specialists in semiotics (the science of symbols), which includes
symbols, signs, gestures, and intonations.

(5) Recruit the right people to serve as analysts, not just the right number of people. The
Army is in direct competition with national agencies, other services, academia, and industry for
the best minds in America. We must publicly present Army intelligence as an attractive career
option.

c. Retention and promotion. The Army must address the following in retention and
promotion practices:

(1) Establish quick, non-retributive lateral transfers for those that cannot achieve required
cognitive analytical standards.

(2) Eliminate “up or out” personnel policy if the Soldier is a great analyst but poor leader.

(3) Assign, promote, and reward successful instructors to ensure they remain motivated and
competitive with peers.

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(4) Continuous instructor evaluation to laterally move (no repercussions) substandard

instructors.

(5) Allow enlisted and warrant officer specialization in specific adversaries or a specific
AO.

d. In the effort to recruit the right personnel and to eliminate those unlikely to succeed, the
Army must be careful to avoid serious potential pitfalls. The IC needs a broad range of
personality type indicators and individuals who think and learn differently. Selection and
screening programs must avoid the creation of an Army intelligence corps that may be
susceptible to group think.

F-8. Facilities
The Army will need to pursue an upgrade of existing facilities and establish facilities to take
advantage of state of the art computing and instructional hardware and software advances. It will
need to modernize or procure facilities that provide infrastructure (hardware, software, and
communication) such as, the Stryker BCT intelligence operations facility at Fort Lewis,
Washington. These types of infrastructure provide the necessary tools to enable deployed and
reset Army intelligence units to maintain intelligence continuity and support to mission
command.

F-9. Homeland defense and civil support

a. The U.S. Army must plan for and provide intelligence support to commanders and civil
authorities in defense of the homeland. This requires development of new capabilities for
direction, management, and interoperability with Federal, state, tribal, and local entities when
conducting intelligence operations in support of the homeland. These requirements effect all
phases of intelligence operations (such as, collection, processing, analysis, and dissemination).

b. At a minimum the new measures must address civil to military and vice versa
understanding of intelligence-specific definitions (such as, tactical, strategic intelligence, fusion,
and others), intelligence sharing criteria, analytical standards, classification standards,
communications standards, and regulatory and legal standards.

c. The DOD Homeland Defense and Civil Support Joint Operating Concept presents a
strategic concept of an active, layered defense, which divides the world into three regions.
Intelligence operations to support homeland defense must be proactive with focused efforts to
support the regions specified below:

(1) Forward regions. The forward regions are foreign land areas, sovereign airspace, and
sovereign waters outside the U.S.

(2) Approaches. The approaches are a conceptual region extending from the limits of the
homeland to the forward regions based on situation-specific intelligence.

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(3) Homeland. The homeland is a physical region that includes the land masses of the
CONUS, Alaska, Hawaii; U.S. territories and possessions in the Caribbean Sea and Pacific
Ocean; and the immediate surrounding sovereign waters and airspace.

d. USARNORTH.

(1) The principal ASCC for homeland defense is USARNORTH. USARNORTH operates
in a changing and uncertain security environment. A range of threats, in all domains, represents
an immediate and future challenge for the command. Whereas the enemies of yesterday were
relatively predictable, homogeneous, hierarchical, and resistant to change, current adversaries
include those who are unpredictable, diverse, thoroughly networked, and dynamic. These
adversaries benefit from technologies and materials readily accessible in world markets,
including disruptive systems and the ingredients required to fabricate WMD. USARNORTH
shares the fundamental responsibility of defending the U.S. homeland as well as the broader
USARNORTH AOR from external threats.

(2) Homeland defense is USARNORTH’s top priority in support of securing the U.S. from
direct attack through an active defense. In addition to its primary role, USARNORTH must also
be prepared to provide DSCA and support to U.S. civil authorities (Federal, state, local, and
tribal) by responding to natural and manmade disasters. Natural disasters, such as hurricanes,
earthquakes, or pandemics, can exceed the capabilities of civilian responders, and thus require
significant allocation of military resources to help mitigate their effects and to support relief and
recovery efforts. Likewise, a terrorist attack, particularly one involving WMD, can cause
catastrophic losses requiring substantial civil support and DSCA.

e. Operations outside the U.S.: In the forward regions and approaches, deployed intelligence
elements BCT through ASCC are tasked to provide homeland defense and civil support
intelligence through normal PIR, CCIR, and intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance
synchronization processes. Reporting and dissemination would be dictated by METT-TC and
existing operational directives.

f. Operations inside the U.S.: Army intelligence operations in the homeland will be primarily
executed by USNORTHCOM and INSCOM intelligence organizations and staffs. All U.S.
nondeployed intelligence capabilities (BCT to theater Army) are available for homeland defense
and civil support missions based on METT-TC and legal consideration. 9 At a minimum, all U.S.
based intelligence organizations active, National Guard, and reserve should expect to provide
their appropriate commander(s) with intelligence support to base and facility security operations,
personnel security operations, and indications and warning for their unit’s specific AOR.

g. Many laws and policies determine the use of U.S. military intelligence assets on U.S. soil.
In homeland defense and civil support operations, commanders and their intelligence staffs must
understand these often complex laws, rules, and regulations. These policies generally restrict
domestic intelligence activities to foreign and counter intelligence. 10 Intelligence leadership and
education programs must include such instruction as the differences between operations under
Title 10 (active duty) versus Title 32 (National Guard). These programs must also emphasize

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close coordination with legal advisors, adherence to intelligence oversight policy and
regulations, and coordination with domestic civilian organizations in such circumstances.

F-10. Intelligence sharing

Intelligence sharing is primarily the result of establishing a Web-based collaborative
environment. Collaboration includes the sharing of knowledge, expertise, and information,
normally online. Collaboration may take many forms. Collaborative tools include computer
based tools that help individuals work together and share information. These tools allow for
virtual online meetings and data sharing. Sharing allows analysts, other intelligence personnel,
and other subject matter experts to freely exchange information and intelligence to assist in
answering their commander’s requirements. The intelligence staff must identify the most
effective methods to share intelligence with all required users (joint, interagency,
intergovernmental, and multinational). Sharing applies specifically to multinational partners,
who are unable to access U.S. information systems or data files. Some users may require
hardcopy printouts of new or updated intelligence; some may simply need to access the unit
intelligence Web page; and some may simply require access to specific unit databases.

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Glossary

Section I
Abbreviations

AO area of operations
AOR area of responsibility
ARCIC Army Capabilities Integration Center
ARSOF Army special operations forces
ASCC Army service component command
BCT brigade combat team
CBRNE chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, and high-yield
explosives
CCIR commanders critical information requirements
CI counterintelligence
CNO computer network operations
COA course(s) of action
CoIST company intelligence support teams
CONUS continental U.S.
COP common operational picture
DA Department of the Army
DOD Department of Defense
DOMEX document and media exploitation
DOTMLPF doctrine, organization, training, materiel, leadership and education,
personnel and facilities
DSCA defense support of civil authorities
ES electronic warfare support
F3EAD find, fix, finish, exploit, analyze, and disseminate
FFIR friendly force information requirements
FM field manual
GCC geographic combatant commander
GEOINT geospatial intelligence
HQ headquarters
HUMINT human intelligence
IC intelligence community
INSCOM Intelligence and Security Command
IO information operations
IPB intelligence preparation of the battlefield
JFLCC joint force land component commander
JP joint publication
JSOTF joint special operations task force
MASINT measurement and signature intelligence
METT-TC mission, enemy, terrain and weather, troops and support available,
time available, and civil considerations
MI military intelligence
MSO military source operation

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OCONUS outside the continental U.S.

OE operational environment
OIF Operation Iraqi Freedom
OSINT open-source intelligence
Pam pamphlet
PIR primary intelligence requirement
PMESII-PT political, military, economic, social, infrastructure, and information
physical environment and time
SIGINT signals intelligence
SOF special operations forces
SSE sensitive site exploitation
TECHINT technical intelligence
TRADOC Training and Doctrine Command
TSOC theater special operations command
UAS unmanned aircraft system
U.S. United States
USARNORTH U.S. Army North
USASOC U.S. Army Special Operations Command
USNORTHCOM U.S. Northern Command
WMD weapons of mass destruction

Section II
Terms

air defense
All defensive measures designed to destroy attacking enemy aircraft or missiles in the Earth’s
envelope of atmosphere, or to nullify or reduce the effectiveness of such attack.

all-source intelligence
Intelligence products and/or organizations and activities that incorporate all sources of
information, most frequently including human resources intelligence, imagery intelligence,
measurement and signature intelligence, signals intelligence, and open-source data in the
production of finished intelligence. In intelligence collection, a phrase that indicates that in the
satisfaction of intelligence requirements, all collection, processing, exploitation, and reporting
systems and resources are identified for possible use and those most capable are tasked.
Intelligence that is produced through the analysis of all available information obtained through
intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance operations (FM 34-1).

area of interest
That area of concern to the commander, including the area of influence, areas adjacent thereto,
and extending into enemy territory to the objectives of current or planned operations. This area
also includes areas occupied by enemy forces that could jeopardize the accomplishment of the
mission (FM 3-0).

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area of operations
An operational area defined by the joint force commander for land and maritime forces. Areas
of operation do not typically encompass the entire operational area of the joint force commander,
but should be large enough for component commanders to accomplish their missions and protect
their forces (FM 3-0).

area of responsibility
The geographical area associated with a combatant command within which a combatant
commander has authority to plan and conduct operations.

base support installation

A DOD service or agency installation with the U.S., its territories, or possessions tasked to serve
as a base for military forces engaged in either homeland defense or civil support operations (JP
3-28).

civil support
DOD support to U.S. civil authorities for domestic emergencies, and for designated law
enforcement and other activities (JP 3-28).

collection
In intelligence usage, the acquisition of information and the provision of this information to
processing elements.

collection management
In intelligence usage, the process of converting intelligence requirements into collection
requirements, establishing priorities, tasking or coordinating with appropriate collection sources
or agencies, monitoring results, and retasking, as required (JP 2-0).

combat information
Unevaluated data, gathered by or provided directly to the tactical commander which, due to its
highly perishable nature or the criticality of the situation, cannot be processed into tactical
intelligence in time to satisfy the user’s tactical intelligence requirements.

common operational picture

A single display of relevant information within a commander’s area of interest tailored to the
user’s requirements and based on common data and information shared by more than one
command (JP 3-0).

counterintelligence
Information gathered and activities conducted to protect against espionage, other intelligence
activities, sabotage, or assassinations conducted by or on behalf of foreign governments or
elements thereof, foreign organizations, or foreign persons, or international terrorist activities (JP
2-0).

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cyberspace
A global domain within the information environment consisting of the interdependent network of
information technology infrastructures, including the Internet, telecommunications networks,
computer systems, and embedded processors and controllers (JP 1-02).

decentralized operations
The delegation of authority and capabilities to design, plan, prepare, execute, and adapt military
action within the intended purpose of higher HQ’ mission.

effect
The physical or behavioral state of a system that results from an action, a set of actions, or
another effect. The result, outcome, or consequence of an action. A change to a condition,
behavior, or degree of freedom (JP 3-0).

electronic warfare
Military action involving the use of electromagnetic and directed energy to control the
electromagnetic spectrum or to attack the enemy. Electronic warfare consists of three divisions:
electronic attack, electronic protection, and electronic warfare support.

full-spectrum operations
The range of operations Army forces conduct in war and military operations other than war.

geospatial intelligence
The exploitation and analysis of imagery and geospatial information to describe, assess, and
visually depict physical features and geographically referenced activities on the Earth. Consists
of imagery, imagery intelligence, and geospatial information (JP 2-03).

homeland
The physical region that includes the CONUS, Alaska, Hawaii, and U.S. territories and
possessions, and surrounding territorial waters and airspace (JP 3-28).

homeland defense
The protection of U.S. sovereignty, territory, domestic population, and critical infrastructure
against external threats and aggression or other threats as directed by the President (JP 3-27).

homeland security
Homeland security, as defined in the National Strategy for Homeland Security, is a concerted
national effort to prevent terrorist attacks within the U.S., reduce America’s vulnerability to
terrorism, and minimize the damage and recover from attacks that do occur (JP 3-28).

human intelligence
A category of intelligence derived from information collected and provided by human sources
(JP 2-0).

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imagery intelligence
The technical, geographic, and intelligence information derived through the interpretation or
analysis of imagery and collateral materials (JP 2-0).

indications and warning

Those intelligence activities intended to detect and report time sensitive intelligence information
on foreign developments that could involve a threat to the U.S. or allied and/or coalition military,
political, or economic interests or to U.S. citizens abroad. Includes forewarning of hostile
actions or intentions against the U.S., its activities, overseas forces, or allied and/or coalition
nations (JP 2-0).

information
Facts, data, or instructions in any medium or form. The meaning that a human assigns to data by
means of the known conventions used in their representation (JP 3-13.1).

inform and influence activities

The integrated employment of the core capabilities of electronic warfare, computer transport
layer operations, psychological operations, military deception, and operations security, in concert
with specified supporting and related capabilities, to influence, disrupt, corrupt or usurp
adversarial human and automated decisionmaking while protecting our own.

information requirements
Those items of information regarding the enemy and his environment which need to be collected
and processed to meet the intelligence requirements of a commander. All information necessary
to address the factors of METT-TC.

information superiority
That degree of dominance in the information domain which permits the conduct of operations
without effective opposition. The operational advantage derived from the ability to collect,
process, and disseminate an uninterrupted flow of information while exploiting or denying an
adversary’s ability to do the same (FM 3-0).

intelligence
The product resulting from the collection, processing, integration, analysis, evaluation, and
interpretation of available information concerning foreign countries or areas. Information and
knowledge about an adversary obtained through observation, investigation, analysis, or
understanding.

intelligence community
All departments or agencies of a government that are concerned with intelligence activity, either
in an oversight, managerial, support, or participatory role (JP 2-01.2).

intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance

An activity that synchronizes and integrates the planning and operation of sensors, assets, and
processing, exploitation, and dissemination systems in direct support of current and future
operations. This is an integrated intelligence and operations function (JP 2-01).

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joint force commander

A general term applied to a combatant commander, subunified commander, or joint task force
commander authorized to exercise combatant command (command authority) or operational
control over a joint force (JP 1).

joint task force

A joint force that is constituted and so designated by the Secretary of Defense, a combatant
commander, a subunified commander, or an existing joint task force commander (JP 1).

knowledge
In the context of the cognitive hierarchy, information analyzed to provide meaning and value or
evaluated as to implications for the operation (FM 6-0).

measurement and signature intelligence

Scientific and technical intelligence obtained by quantitative and qualitative analysis of data
(metric, angle, spatial, wavelength, time dependence, modulation, plasma, and hydromagnetic)
derived from specific technical sensors for the purpose of identifying any distinctive features
associated with the target, source, emitter, or sender measurement of the same. The detected
feature may be either reflected or emitted (FM 34-1).

near real time

Pertaining to the timeliness of data or information which has been delayed by the time required
for electronic communication and automatic data processing. This implies that there are no
significant delays.

nonlethal
Neutralizing or incapacitating a target without causing permanent injury, death, or gross physical
destruction.

nongovernmental organization
Transnational organizations of private citizens that maintain a consultative status with the
Economic and Social Council of the United Nations. Nongovernmental organizations may be
professional associations, foundations, multinational businesses, or simply groups with a
common interest in humanitarian assistance activities (development and relief) (FM 3-07).

open source intelligence

Information of potential intelligence value that is available to the general public (JP 2-0).

operational environment
A composite of the conditions, circumstances, and influences that affect the employment of
capabilities and bear on the decisions of the commander (JP 3-0).

persistent surveillance
The synchronization and integration of available transport layered sensors and analysts across
warfighting functions and operational environments, to provide commanders with combat
information, actionable intelligence and situational understanding. A collection strategy that

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emphasizes the ability of some collection systems to linger on demand in an area to detect,
locate, characterize, identify, track, target, and possibly provide battle damage assessment and
retargeting in near or real-time (JP 1-02). Joint and multinational operations—inclusive of
normal and routine military activities—and various interagency activities are performed to
dissuade or deter potential adversaries and to assure or solidify relationships with friends and
allies (JP 3-0).

police intelligence operations

A military police function that supports, enhances, and contributes to the commander’s force
protection program, common operational picture, and situational understanding. Ensures that
information collected during the conduct of other military police functions is provided as input to
the intelligence collection effort and turned into action or reports (FM 7-15).

reach
A process by which military forces proactively and rapidly access information, receive support,
and conduct direct collaboration and information sharing with other units and agencies both
deployed in theater and outside the theater unconstrained by geographic proximity, echelon, or
command.

real-time
Pertaining to the timeliness of data or information which has been delayed only by the time
required for electronic communication. This implies that there are no noticeable delays.

reconnaissance
A mission undertaken to obtain, by visual observation or other detection methods, information
about the activities and resources of an enemy or potential enemy, or to secure data concerning
the meteorological, hydrographic, or geographic characteristics of a particular area (JP 2-0).

request for information

Any specific time-sensitive ad hoc requirement for intelligence information or products to
support an ongoing crisis or operation not necessarily related to standing requirements or
scheduled intelligence production. A request for information can be initiated to respond to
operational requirements and will be validated in accordance with the combatant command’s
procedures (JP 2-0).

surveillance
The systematic observation of aerospace, surface or subsurface areas, places, persons, or things
by visual, aural, electronic, photographic, or other means (FM 34-1).

synchronization
The arrangement of military actions in time, space, and purpose to produce maximum relative
combat power at a decisive place and time. In the intelligence context, application of
intelligence sources and methods in concert with the operational plan (FM 34-2).

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technical intelligence
Intelligence derived from exploitation of foreign material, produced for strategic, operational,
and tactical level commanders. Begins when an individual service member finds something new
on the battlefield and takes proper steps to report it. The item is then exploited at succeedingly
higher levels until a countermeasure is produced to neutralize the adversary’s technological
advantage.

unmanned aircraft
An aircraft or balloon that does not carry a human operator and is capable of flight under remote
control or autonomous programming (JP 3-03).

unmanned aircraft system

That system whose components include the necessary equipment, network, and personnel to
control an unmanned aircraft (JP 3-03).

Section III
Special Terms

co-creation of context
A continuous process in which commanders direct intelligence priorities to drive operations, and
the intelligence that these operations produce causes commanders to refine operations based on
an improved understanding of the situation.

combined arms
The combination of the elements of combat power with the integration and sequencing of all
actions, activities, and programs necessary to seize, retain, and exploit the initiative in the
context of full-spectrum operations.

combined arms maneuver

The application of the elements of combat power in a complementary and reinforcing manner to
achieve physical, temporal, or psychological advantages over the enemy, preserve freedom of
action, and exploit success.

computational linguistics
An interdisciplinary field dealing with the statistical and/or rule-based modeling of natural
language from a computational perspective. This modeling is not limited to any particular field
of linguistics.

concordance
An alphabetical list of the principal words used in a book or body of work, with their immediate
contexts.

concordancer
A computer program that automatically constructs a concordance. The output of a concordancer
may serve as input to a translation memory system for computer-assisted translation, or as an
early step in machine translation.

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mission command
The exercise of authority and direction by commanders, supported by their staffs, using the art of
command and the science of control to integrate warfighting functions in the conduct of full-
spectrum operations. Mission command uses mission orders to ensure disciplined initiative
within the commander’s intent, enabling agile and adaptive commanders, leaders, and
organizations.

network
A single, secure, standards-based, versatile infrastructure linked by networked, redundant
transport systems, sensors, warfighting and business applications, and services that provide
Soldiers and civilians timely and accurate information in any environment, to manage the Army
enterprise and enable full-spectrum operations with joint, allied, and interagency partners.

operating decentralized
A manner of conducting military operations which enables subordinates to act aggressively and
independently with disciplined initiative to develop the situation; seize, retain, and exploit the
initiative; and cope with uncertainty to accomplish the mission within the commander’s intent.

operational adaptability
A quality that Army leaders and forces exhibit based on critical thinking, comfort with ambiguity
and decentralization, a willingness to accept prudent risk, and ability to make rapid adjustments
based on a continuous assessment of the situation.

translation memory
A database that stores so-called segments, which can be sentences or sentence-like units
(headings, titles, or elements in a list), that have been previously translated. A translation-
memory system stores the words, phrases, and paragraphs that have already been translated and
aid human translators.

wide area security

The application of the elements of combat power in coordination with other military and civilian
capabilities to deny the enemy positions of advantage; protect forces, populations, infrastructure,
and activities; and consolidate tactical and operational gains to set conditions for achieving
strategic and policy goals.

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Endnotes
1
Fixing Intel: A Blueprint for Making Intelligence Relevant in Afghanistan, MG Michael T. Flynn, USA, CPT Matt Pottinger, USMC, and Paul
D. Batchelor, Defense Intelligence Agency, Joint Center for Operational Analysis Journal, vol XI, issue 3, fall 2009.
2
FM 3-0 glossary 8.
3
Summary, Commander’s Appreciation and Campaign Design.
4
Schultz, Jr., R. H & Godson, R. Intelligence Dominance A Better Way Forward in Iraq. 3.
5
FM 3-0, glossary 8.
6
Schultz, Jr., R. H & Godson, R. Intelligence Dominance A Better Way Forward in Iraq. 3.
7
Ibid. 4-4.
8
Swenson, Russell, G. (May 2003). Bringing Intelligence About: Practitioners Reflect on Best Practices. Joint Military Intelligence College,
Washington DC, Center for Strategic Intelligence Research.
9
DOD 5240.1-R. Procedures governing the activities of DOD intelligence components that affect United States persons.
10
EO 12333, United States Intelligence Activities, DODD 5240.1. DoD Intelligence Activities, DOD 5240.1-R, Procedures governing the
activities of DOD intelligence components that affect United States persons, and DODD 5525.5, DOD Cooperation with Civilian Law
Enforcement Officials.

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