Digital Fluency

Rajesh G
Department of Electronics
[Link]’s College
 Artificial intelligence (AI)
Artificial intelligence (AI) is intelligence demonstrated by machines.
Definition:
1. Artificial intelligence is the simulation of human intelligence processes by
machines, especially computer systems.

2. Artificial intelligence (AI) is concerned with building smart machines capable

of performing tasks that typically require human intelligence.

3. It is the science and engineering of making intelligent machines, especially

intelligent computer programs.

Example : Face Detection and Recognition Technology, Digital Assistants,

Natural Language Processing, Speech Recognition, etc,.
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 Machine learning
Machine learning is a branch of artificial intelligence.

Machine learning is a type of artificial intelligence that helps

computers “learn” without someone having to program them. The
computers are programmed in a way that focuses on data that they
receive.

The primary aim is to allow the computers learn

automatically without human intervention or assistance and adjust
actions accordingly.

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 Who uses Machine Learning?
Financial Services: to identify important insights in data, and prevent
fraud.

Healthcare: wearable devices and sensors that can use data to assess a
patient's health in real time.

Retail: to capture data, analyze it and use it to personalize a shopping

experience, implement a marketing campaign, price optimization,
merchandise supply planning, and for customer insights.

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 Deep learning

Deep learning is the one category of machine learning that emphasizes

training the computer about the basic instincts of human beings.

In deep learning, a computer algorithm learns to perform classification

tasks directly on complex data in the form of images, text, or sound.

It imitates the functionality of a human brain for managing the data and
forming the patterns for referring it in decision making.

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Artificial intelligence (AI)

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 Difference between AI, ML, DL
• AI involves machines that can perform tasks that are characteristic of human
intelligence. That is, machines doing what humans can do.

• Machine Learning is simply a way of achieving AI. Machine learning is a way

of “training” an algorithm so that it can learn how. “Training” involves feeding
huge amounts of data to the algorithm and allowing the algorithm to adjust itself
and improve.

• Deep Learning is one of the approaches to Machine Learning. Deep learning

was inspired by the structure and function of the brain, namely the interconnecting
of many neurons. Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) are algorithms that mimic
the biological structure of the brain.

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Artificial intelligence (AI)

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 Database Management for Data Science
Introduction to Data : Data are individual facts, statistics, or items of
information, often numeric, that are collected through observation.

Definition of Database : A database is defined as a structured set of data held in a

computer’s memory or on the cloud that is accessible in various ways.

Database Management Systems (DBMS) refer to the technology solution used to

optimize and manage the storage and retrieval of data from databases.

Data management is all about data, collecting it, cleaning it, analyzing it,
visualizing it, and using it to make our life better.

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 Database Management for Data Science
Benefits of DBMS : Data security, Data sharing, Data integration, Uniform
management and administration.

Types of Data Base

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 Types of Data Base
A relational database is a type of database that focuses on the relation between
stored data elements.

Examples of standard relational databases include Microsoft SQL Server, Oracle

Database, MySQL and IBM DB2.

NoSQL databases ("not only SQL") are non-tabular databases and store data
differently than relational tables.

 NoSQL databases come in a variety of types based on their data model.

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 Types of Data Base Conti.
The main types are
document,
key-value,
wide-column, and
graph.
Document databases : The values can typically be a variety of types including
things like strings, numbers, booleans, arrays, or objects.
Key-value databases : Are a simpler type of database where each item contains
keys and values.
Wide-column : Stores data in tables, rows, and dynamic columns.
Graph databases : Store data in nodes and edges. Nodes typically store
information about people, places, and things, while edges store information about
the relationships between the nodes.
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Types of Data Base Conti.

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 Big Data Analytics
What is Big Data?
Big Data is a massive amount of data sets that cannot be stored, processed, or
analyzed using traditional tools.

Big data analytics is the use of advanced analytic techniques against very large,
diverse data sets that include structured, semi-structured and unstructured data,
from different sources, and in different sizes from terabytes to zettabytes.

Data analytics processes and techniques may use applications operating on

machine learning algorithms, simulation, and automated systems.

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 Big Data Analytics Conti.
• They help organizations understand their clients better, analyze their promotional
campaigns, customize content, create content strategies, and develop products.

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 Process of Data Analytics

Step 1: Determine the criteria for grouping the data

Step 2: Collecting the data

Step 3: Organizing the data

Step 4: Cleaning the data

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Data Analytics Types

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 Data Analytics Types

Descriptive Analytics describes the happenings over time, such as whether the
number of views increased or decreased

Diagnostic Analytics focuses on the reason for the occurrence of any event.

Predictive Analytics focuses on the events that are expected to occur in the
immediate future.

Prescriptive Analytics indicates a plan of action.

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 Advantages of Big Data Analytics

1. Decision making improves

2. Marketing becomes more effective

3. Customer service improves

4. The efficiency of operations increases

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 Big Data Analytics Tools
• AHadoop - helps in storing and analyzing data
• MongoDB - used on datasets that change frequently
• Talend - used for data integration and management
• Cassandra - a distributed database used to handle chunks of data
• Spark - used for real-time processing and analyzing large amounts of data
• STORM - an open-source real-time computational system
• Kafka - a distributed streaming platform that is used for fault-tolerant storage

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 Internet of Things (IoT)
The Internet of Things (IoT) describes physical objects (or groups of such objects), that
are embedded with sensors, processing ability, software, and other technologies, and that
connect and exchange data with other devices and systems over the Internet or other
communications networks.
IoT is an evolution of mobile, home and embedded applications interconnected to each
other.

Examples:
Using our mobiles, we are adjusting the lighting in the house, switching on/off gadgets,
monitoring the CCTV footage, opening/closing doors and gates and performing a lot of
daily tasks
For organizations in retail banking, faster payments, improved operability (to support
the move to open banking) and more responsive mobile services are the main points of
focus for innovation.
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 IoT Architecture
The four stages of IoT Architecture are

1. Sensors and actuators – Sensing layer for Data Gathering (An actuator is a device
that uses a form of power to convert a control signal into mechanical motion.)

2. Internet gateways and Data Acquisition Systems – Network layer for Data
Transmission. (A data acquisition system (DAS) converts physical conditions into
digital form, for further storage and analysis)

3. Edge IT - Data Analytics, pre-processing

4. Data center and cloud – Apps & services

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 Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT)
Need of IIoT
The first is that smart machines capture and analyze data in real-time, which humans
cannot.
The second is that smart machines communicate their findings in a manner that is simple
and fast, enabling faster and more accurate business decisions.
Some examples of IIoT
1. As simple as a connected rat trap which relays information about catching a rat to a
mobile phone,
2. Slightly complex like a soil sensor which relays data about humidity and nutrient
content to a system
3. Complex system like smart parking and traffic management
4. A very complex set-up like a fully automated automobile assembly line relaying data in
real time to human supervisors.
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Difference between IoT and IIoT

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Difference between IoT and IIoT

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 CLOUD COMPUTING AND ITS SERVICE MODELS
The term cloud refers to a network or the internet. It is a technology that uses
remote servers on the internet to store, manage, and access data online rather than
local drives. The data can be anything such as files, images, documents, audio,
video, and more.
The following operations that we can do using cloud computing:
Developing new applications and services
Storage, back up, and recovery of data
Hosting blogs and websites
Delivery of software on demand
Analysis of data
Streaming videos and audios

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 CLOUD COMPUTING AND ITS SERVICE MODELS
Why Cloud Computing
IT companies, follow the traditional methods to provide the IT infrastructure. That means for any
IT company, we need a Server Room with basic needs like a database server, mail server,
networking, firewalls, routers, modem, switches, QPS (Query Per Second means how much
queries or load will be handled by the server), configurable system, high net speed, and the
maintenance engineers.

How does cloud computing work?

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 CLOUD COMPUTING AND ITS SERVICE MODELS
Advantages of Cloud Computing

• Back-up and restore data

• Excellent accessibility
• Low maintenance cost
• Mobility
• Services in the pay-per-use model
• Unlimited storage capacity
• Data security
• Improved collaboration

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 Cloud Service Models
There are three types of cloud service models. They are as follows:
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)
Platform as a Service (PaaS)
Software as a Service (SaaS)

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Cloud Service Models

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Types of Cloud

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Types of Cloud

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 CYBER SECURITY AND TYPES OF CYBER ATTACK
With internet bandwidth becoming cheaper, and the usage of connected, smart
gadgets increasing exponentially, protecting ourselves online and keeping all data
safe and secure has become a priority.
What is Cyber security?
Cyber security is the application of technologies, processes and controls to protect
systems, networks, programs, devices and data from cyber attacks

Five types of Cyber Security

1. Critical infrastructure security 2. Application security
3. Network security 4. Cloud security
5. Internet of things (IoT) security

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 CYBER SECURITY AND TYPES OF CYBER ATTACK
Tools for Cyber Security
• Password Managers
• Virtual Private Network (VPN): A VPN connection establishes a secure
connection between you and the internet.
• Blockchain Technology : used to create a cryptographic hash

Common Types of Cyber Attacks

1. Malware : The term “malware” encompasses various types of attacks including
spyware, viruses, and worms.

• Viruses : The virus replicates itself, infecting other code in the computer
system.

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 TYPES OF CYBER ATTACK Conti.
• Trojans : Unlike viruses, a trojan doesn’t replicate itself and it is commonly
used to establish a backdoor to be exploited by attackers.

• Worms : unlike viruses, they don’t attack the host, being self-contained
programs that propagate across networks and computers.

• Ransomware : a type of malware that denies access to the victim data,

threatening to publish or delete it unless a ransom is paid.

• Spyware : a type of program installed to collect information about users, their

systems or browsing habits, sending the data to a remote user.

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 TYPES OF CYBER ATTACK Conti.
2. Phishing
Phishing attacks are extremely common and involve sending mass amounts of
fraudulent emails to unsuspecting users, disguised as coming from a reliable source.
Phishing attacks can also take place via social networks and other online
communities, via direct messages from other users with a hidden intent.
There are several different types of phishing attacks, including:
• Spear Phishing—targeted attacks directed at specific companies and/or
individuals.
• Whaling—attacks targeting senior executives and stakeholders within an
organization.
• Pharming—leverages DNS cache poisoning to capture user credentials through a
fake login landing page.
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 TYPES OF CYBER ATTACK Conti.
3. Man-in-the-Middle (MitM) Attacks
Occurs when an attacker intercepts a two-party transaction, inserting themselves in
the middle. From there, cyber attackers can steal and manipulate data by
interrupting traffic.

4. SQL Injections
This occurs when an attacker inserts malicious code into a server using server query
language (SQL) forcing the server to deliver protected information.

5. Zero-day Exploit
A Zero-day Exploit refers to exploiting a network vulnerability when it is new and
recently announced — before a patch is released and/or implemented. Zero-day
attackers jump at the disclosed vulnerability in the small window of time where no
solution/preventative measures exist.

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 TYPES OF CYBER ATTACK & Tips to avoid Cyber Attack
6. Password Attack
Passwords are the most widespread method of authenticating access to a
secure information system, making them an attractive target for cyber
attackers. By accessing a person’s password, an attacker can gain entry to
confidential or critical data and systems, including the ability to manipulate
and control said data/systems.

Tips to avoid Cyber Attacks:

1. Train employees in cyber security principles
2. Install, use and regularly update antivirus and anti-spyware software on
every computer
3. Use a firewall for Internet connection

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 Tips to avoid Cyber Attack Conti.

4. Download and install software for operating systems and applications as they
become available
5. Make backup copies of important business data and information
6. Control physical access to your computers and network components
7. Secure the Wi-Fi network
8. Require individual user accounts for each employee
9. Limit employee access to data and information, and limit authority to install
software
10. Regularly change passwords

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 Preventing Cyber Attacks on your Company:
1. Identify the Threats
2. Beware of Cybercrimes
3. Keep an Eye on Employees
4. Use Two-Factor Authentication
5. Conduct Audits on a Regular Basis
6. Ensure a Strong Sign-Off Policy
7. Protect the Important Data
8. Carry Out Risk Assessments
9. Insure Your Company Against Cybercrime
10. Have In-Depth Knowledge About Risk Factors

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