THE ARCHITECT OF FREEDOM: MAHATMA GANDHI'S ROLE IN

THE INDIAN INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENT

INTRODUCTION

Brief Biography of Mahatma Gandhi

 Early Life:

Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was born on October 2, 1869, in Porbandar, a coastal town in
present-day Gujarat, India. His father, Karamchand Gandhi, was the chief minister (Diwan)
of Porbandar, and his mother, Putlibai, was a deeply religious woman. Gandhi's early life was
influenced by the principles of Jainism, particularly non-violence and vegetarianism, which
were prevalent in his family.

 Education:

At the age of 19, Gandhi travelled to London to study law at University College London.
During his time in London, he encountered various cultures and ideologies. He joined the
Vegetarian Society, where he met several radical thinkers who influenced his philosophical
development.

 Life in South Africa:

After struggling to establish a legal practice in India, Gandhi accepted an offer to work in
South Africa in 1893. His 21 years in South Africa were transformative. He faced racial
discrimination, which galvanised his activism. He developed the concept of Satyagraha, a
form of non-violent resistance, and led successful campaigns for civil rights for the Indian
community in South Africa.

 Return to India:
Gandhi returned to India in 1915, bringing with him a wealth of activism experience. He soon
became involved in the Indian National Congress (INC) and began applying his methods of
nonviolent resistance to the Indian struggle for independence.

Introduction to His Role in the Indian Independence Movement

Leadership in the Indian National Congress:

Gandhi quickly rose to prominence within the INC due to his unique activism approach and
charismatic leadership. He redefined India's political landscape, advocating for complete
independence from British rule through non-violent means.

Key Movements:

Gandhi led several significant movements that were pivotal to the Indian independence
struggle. These included the Non-Cooperation Movement, the Civil Disobedience Movement,
and the Quit India Movement. These movements mobilised millions of Indians nationwide
and significantly weakened British control.

Philosophical Contributions:

Gandhi's principles of Ahimsa (non-violence) and Satyagraha (truth force) became the
bedrock of the Indian independence movement. He believed that moral integrity and peaceful
resistance were more powerful than violence and could bring about social and political
change.

Impact on Society: Beyond political independence, Gandhi's vision included social reforms
such as the eradication of untouchability, the promotion of rural self-reliance, and the
empowerment of women. His holistic approach aimed to transform Indian society and lay the
foundations for a just and equitable nation.
MAJOR MOVEMENTS

 Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-1922)

Background and Causes:

The Non-Cooperation Movement was Gandhi’s first significant all-India campaign. It was
launched in response to widespread discontent following World War I, the repressive Rowlatt
Act of 1919, and the Jallianwala Bagh massacre, where British troops killed hundreds of
unarmed Indian civilians.

Objectives:

The movement aimed to achieve Swaraj (self-rule) through the non-violent refusal to
cooperate with the British authorities. Gandhi called for Indians to withdraw from British
institutions, boycott British goods, and resign from government jobs.

Key Events:

1. Boycott of British Goods:

Indians were encouraged to boycott British goods and promote Swadeshi (indigenous)
products. Bonfires of foreign cloth were organised, symbolising the rejection of British
economic control.

2. Resignation from Government Jobs:

Many Indians resigned from their government posts in protest, including prominent leaders
and public figures who set an example for the masses.

3. Boycott of Educational Institutions:

 Indian students were urged to leave British-run schools and colleges. This led to
establishing national institutions like the Jamia Millia Islamia and Kashi Vidyapeeth, which
provided education aligned with Indian values.

Significance:

The Non-Cooperation Movement marked the first time that Gandhi’s methods of non-violent
resistance were applied on such a large scale. It galvanised the Indian population, fostering a
sense of national unity and self-confidence. Although Gandhi called it off in 1922 following
the violent Chauri Chaura incident, where protesters killed 22 policemen, the movement
demonstrated the potential of mass civil disobedience.

 Civil Disobedience Movement (1930-1934)

Background and Causes:

The Civil Disobedience Movement was launched in response to the oppressive salt tax
imposed by the British. Gandhi chose salt as the focal point of the campaign because it was
an everyday necessity, and its taxation affected all Indians, making it a symbol of British
exploitation.

Objectives:

The movement aimed to defy British laws non-violently. Gandhi called for Indians to break
the salt laws by making their own salt, refusing to pay taxes, and boycotting British goods
and services.

Key Events:

1. Salt March: On March 12, 1930, Gandhi embarked on a 240-mile march from Sabarmati
Ashram to the coastal village of Dandi. Upon reaching Dandi on April 6, he made salt by
evaporating seawater, symbolically breaking the salt law. The march and subsequent acts of
civil disobedience attracted worldwide attention.

2. Mass Civil Disobedience: Following the Salt March, thousands of Indians followed
Gandhi’s example. They made salt, boycotted British goods, and refused to pay taxes. The
movement spread rapidly across the country.

3. Imprisonments and Repression: The British authorities responded with mass arrests,
including that of Gandhi and other leaders. Despite the repression, the movement continued
to gain momentum, with women and youth playing significant roles.

Significance:

The Civil Disobedience Movement was a turning point in the Indian independence struggle.
It demonstrated the widespread support for Gandhi’s methods and significantly weakened
British control. The movement also highlighted the power of non-violent resistance and
attracted international support for the Indian cause.

 Quit India Movement (1942)

Background and Causes:

The Quit India Movement was launched during World War II when the British were at their
weakest. The movement was in response to the failure of the Cripps Mission, which proposed
limited self-governance rather than complete independence, and the growing impatience
among Indians for freedom.

Objectives:

Gandhi called for an immediate end to British rule in India. The movement’s slogan, "Do or
Die," urged Indians to engage in a determined, non-violent struggle until independence.
Key Events:

1. Launch of the Movement:

On August 8, 1942, the Quit India Movement was launched at the Bombay session of the
All-India Congress Committee. Gandhi's speech called for immediate action, and the
Congress passed the Quit India Resolution.

2. Mass Arrests:

The British responded with mass arrests, detaining Gandhi, Nehru, and other INC leaders.
This left the movement without central leadership, but it continued to spread at the grassroots
level.

3. Widespread Protests:

Despite severe repression, including violence, imprisonment, and censorship, the movement
saw widespread participation. Strikes, demonstrations, and sabotage were carried out across
the country.

Significance:

The Quit India Movement marked the final push for Indian independence. It showcased the
determination and resilience of the Indian people. Although the British suppressed it, the
movement clarified that British rule was no longer tenable, setting the stage for India’s
independence in 1947.

GANDHI’S PHILOSOPHY

Explanation of His Core Principles and Methods

1. Non-Violence (Ahimsa):

Non-violence was the cornerstone of Gandhi’s philosophy. He believed actual resistance

could only be achieved peacefully, as violence would only perpetuate hatred and conflict.
Ahimsa was not merely the absence of violence but a positive force of love and compassion.
 2. Truth (Satyagraha):

Satyagraha, or "truth force," was Gandhi’s method of non-violent resistance. It was based on
the belief that truth and justice would ultimately prevail. Practitioners of Satyagraha had to
adhere to strict ethical standards, including non-violence, honesty, and self-discipline.

3. Self-Reliance (Swadeshi):

Gandhi promoted economic self-sufficiency as a means to resist British economic

exploitation. The Swadeshi movement encouraged using locally produced goods and the
revival of traditional crafts. It aimed to reduce dependency on British goods and promote
national self-reliance.

Examples of Implementation

 Salt March:

The Salt March was a prime example of Satyagraha in action. By making salt defying British
laws, Gandhi demonstrated the power of peaceful resistance. The march united people
nationwide and drew international attention to the Indian independence movement.

 Khadi Movement:

Gandhi promoted the spinning of khadi (homespun cloth) as part of the Swadeshi movement.
He urged Indians to spin their own cloth and boycott British textiles. This promoted self-
reliance and became a symbol of resistance against British economic policies.

 Fast Unto Death:

Gandhi used to fast as a method of non-violent protest to address social and political issues.
His fasts were powerful tools to compel others to reflect on their actions and bring about
change. For example, his fasts against untouchability highlighted the plight of the Dalits and
pressured society to address their grievances.
GANDHI'S RELATIONSHIP WITH OTHER LEADERS

Mahatma Gandhi, the central figure in India's struggle for independence, not only led the
movement but also fostered crucial alliances with key figures in the Indian National Congress
(INC). His interactions with leaders such as Jawaharlal Nehru, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, and
Subhas Chandra Bose were instrumental in shaping the trajectory of the independence
movement. These relationships, characterised by a blend of respect, ideological disparities,
and joint efforts towards a shared objective, played a pivotal role in India's journey to
freedom. This essay meticulously examines Gandhi's relationships with Nehru, Patel, and
Bose, underlining the dynamics that defined their interactions and their collective
contributions to India's freedom.

 Jawaharlal Nehru

Background and Early Interactions:

Jawaharlal Nehru, born into a prominent family, was educated in England and returned to
India with a vision of modernisation and socialism. Nehru met Gandhi in 1916 and was
deeply influenced by his philosophy of non-violence and civil disobedience. Despite their
different backgrounds—Nehru's Western education and elite status contrasted with Gandhi's
more traditional and rural focus—the two found common ground in their commitment to
Indian independence.

Ideological Convergence and Divergence:

Nehru and Gandhi shared a strong bond of mutual respect and affection, but their ideologies
often diverged. Gandhi's vision was rooted in traditional Indian values and rural self-reliance,
while Nehru envisioned a modern, industrialised India with a socialist framework. Despite
these differences, Gandhi recognised Nehru's leadership potential and his appeal to younger
generations and the educated elite. He often deferred to Nehru on matters of national
importance, understanding that Nehru's modern outlook was crucial for India's future.
Collaborative Efforts: Their collaboration was evident during key movements such as the
Non-Cooperation Movement, the Civil Disobedience Movement, and the Quit India
Movement. Nehru's oratory skills and intellectual approach complemented Gandhi's mass
appeal and spiritual leadership. Nehru's leadership during the Quit India Movement in 1942,
when Gandhi and other senior leaders were imprisoned, showcased his ability to carry
forward Gandhi's legacy of non-violent resistance.

Personal Relationship:

On a personal level, Gandhi and Nehru shared a deep, almost familial bond. Gandhi often
referred to Nehru as his political heir, despite their ideological differences. Nehru, in turn,
viewed Gandhi as a father figure and moral guide. This relationship was not without its
strains, particularly as Nehru's modernist visions sometimes clashed with Gandhi's
traditionalism. However, their mutual respect and shared commitment to India's freedom
ensured that their relationship remained strong until Gandhi's assassination in 1948.

 Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel

Background and Early Interactions:

Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, known as the "Iron Man of India," was a key figure in the INC and
a close associate of Gandhi. Patel's practical approach to politics and his administrative
acumen made him a natural leader within the Congress. He first became prominent during the
Kheda Satyagraha in 1918, a movement led by Gandhi, which marked the beginning of their
close association.

Ideological Alignment:

Patel and Gandhi shared a similar vision for India's independence, rooted in non-violence and
mass mobilisation. Patel's pragmatic approach to politics and his organisational skills
complemented Gandhi's charismatic leadership. Both leaders were committed to the idea of
Swaraj (self-rule) and worked tirelessly to mobilise the masses for the freedom struggle.
Collaborative Efforts: Patel was instrumental in the success of various movements led by
Gandhi, including the Non-Cooperation Movement and the Civil Disobedience Movement.
His leadership during the Bardoli Satyagraha in 1928, where he successfully led a peasant
revolt against increased land taxes, earned him the title of "Sardar" and demonstrated his
capability as a leader who could translate Gandhi's ideals into action.

During the Quit India Movement, Patel played a crucial role in organising and leading the
movement at the grassroots level. His ability to maintain discipline and order within the INC,
even during times of crisis, was pivotal in sustaining the momentum of the independence
movement.

Personal Relationship:

Gandhi and Patel shared a relationship built on mutual respect and trust. Patel was often seen
as Gandhi's right-hand man, someone who could be relied upon to execute Gandhi's vision
effectively. While Patel was more conservative and traditional than Nehru, his loyalty to
Gandhi was unwavering. This relationship was marked by a deep understanding of each
other's strengths and a shared commitment to India's independence.

 Subhas Chandra Bose

Background and Early Interactions:

Subhas Chandra Bose, a charismatic leader known for his radical views, had a complex and
often contentious relationship with Gandhi. Bose was highly influenced by his Western
education and experiences, and he believed in more direct, sometimes militant, methods to
achieve independence. He joined the INC in the 1920s and quickly rose to prominence due to
his leadership skills and passionate advocacy for complete and immediate independence.

Ideological Differences:
Bose and Gandhi had significant ideological differences. While Gandhi believed in non-
violence and gradual reform, Bose was convinced that armed struggle was necessary to oust
the British. These differences occurred during the INC presidential elections in 1939, where
Bose won against Gandhi's preferred candidate, Pattabhi Sitaramayya. Despite his victory,
Bose faced considerable opposition within the Congress, largely due to Gandhi's influence.

Collaborative and Contentious Moments:

Despite their differences, Bose respected Gandhi as the leader of the Indian independence
movement. He referred to Gandhi as the "Father of the Nation" and sought his blessings
before embarking on his radical path. However, Bose's approach often put him at odds with
Gandhi and other INC leaders. In 1941, after his house arrest by the British, Bose escaped
India and sought foreign assistance to free India, ultimately leading the Indian National Army
(INA) against British forces.

Impact and Legacy:

While Bose's methods were controversial, his contributions to the independence movement
were significant. The INA's actions, coupled with Bose's charismatic leadership, inspired
many Indians and created pressure on the British government. Although Gandhi and Bose had
starkly different approaches, both played crucial roles in the struggle for independence.
Bose's legacy remains that of a revolutionary who complemented Gandhi's non-violent
movement with his militant efforts.

IMPACT AND LEGACY

Contributions to Indian Society and the Independence Movement

 Social Reforms:

Gandhi’s vision extended beyond political independence. He worked tirelessly for social
reforms, particularly the eradication of untouchability. He founded the Harijan Sevak Sangh
to promote the welfare of the Dalits, whom he called Harijans (children of God).

 Political Mobilization:
Gandhi’s leadership united Indians across different regions, religions, and social classes. His
ability to mobilise the masses and his emphasis on non-violence and truth transformed the
Indian independence movement into a cohesive and powerful force.

 Empowerment of Women:

Gandhi advocated for women's empowerment and encouraged their participation in the
independence movement. Women played crucial roles in various movements, including the
Salt March and the Quit India Movement, demonstrating their importance in the struggle for
freedom.

Enduring Legacy in India and the World

 India:

Gandhi’s principles continue to influence India’s political and social ethos. His birthday,
October 2, is celebrated as Gandhi Jayanti, a national holiday dedicated to promoting peace
and non-violence. His teachings on self-reliance, social justice, and moral integrity remain
relevant in contemporary India.

 Global Influence:

Gandhi’s philosophy of non-violence has inspired numerous civil rights and freedom
movements worldwide. Gandhi's methods deeply influenced leaders like Martin Luther King
Jr. in the United States and Nelson Mandela in South Africa. His legacy inspires global
activists and movements advocating for justice, equality, and human rights.

CONCLUSION

Mahatma Gandhi’s leadership in the Indian independence movement was characterised by his
unwavering commitment to non-violence, truth, and social justice. His innovative methods of
protest, including Satyagraha and civil disobedience, mobilised millions of Indians and
challenged the might of the British Empire. Gandhi’s vision extended beyond political
independence to include social and economic reforms, aiming to transform Indian society
into a just and equitable nation. Gandhi’s emphasis on non-violence and his ability to inspire
mass participation left an indelible mark on the world. His life and work demonstrated that
peaceful resistance could be a powerful social and political change tool. Gandhi’s legacy is a
testament to the power of moral integrity and non-violent activism. His teachings continue to
inspire movements for justice and freedom, making him a timeless symbol of hope and
resilience in the face of oppression.