PAAVAI

VIDHYASHRAM
GLOBAL sCHOOL WE CREATE LEADERS
Amliatcd to Central Board of Socondary Education, New Delhi

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
This is to certity that this project entitled

is a record of bonafide work Carried out in

by.... Register No....
of dass. .section.ofPaavai Vidhyashram Senior Secondary
School, Namakkal-637018, in the partial fulfillment of Practical Examination
conducted by Central Board Of Secondary Educotion during the ocademic year
2022-2023.

Internal Examiner:

Signature of the Principal

Extemal Examiner:

Date:
 Acknowledgement
Iwish to express my deep gratitude and sincere thanks to my
Mr. SUMANTH REDDY BR teachers
(PGT PHYSICS), Mrs. K.
BANUMATHI PRAKASH (TGT PHYSICS). for their invaluable
guidance, constant encouragement and constructive comments
sustained my efforts at all stages of this project work. which has
I would like to
express my gratitude to the honorable
Principal Mr. ROHIT SATISH for his guidance, motivation and whole
hearted cooperation during the project.
truly acknowledge the contribution from
my school,
PAAVAI VIDHYASHRAM SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL, in the
form
of the facilities provided for this project work.
Ialso acknowledge the contribution
of my friends in completing this
project. lam deeply thankful to my parents for providing me all the
materials required and supporting me with all possible help. Iam very
grateful to all.
 x (x

IIDEX
CONTENT Page No:
Certificate 2

Acknowledgement 3

Aim of Project 5

Introduction 6-7

Theory 8-13
Observation 14
Conclusion 15
Application of EMI 16
Precautions 17

Bibliography 18

AIMM OF TEE PROJE CT

Aim:
To study the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction.

COL
COL MOYES P MovEs GOWN

MAGNE TIC
, Download now
UINES OF
FORCE
 AlIM OF TEIE PROJE CT
Aim:
To study the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction.

MOYESCOLDOWN
COL
COL MOVES UP

S N
MAGNE TIC
UNES OF
FORCE

NDUCED
CUNNENT
GALANOMETER Directon ot rotation
Flow of current through col
Commutator

Col
Magnet
 INTRODUCTION
Electro Magnet:
An electromagnet is a type of magnet in which the
magnetic
field is produced by electric current. The magnetic field
disappears when the current is turned off.
Induction:
This process of generating current in a conductor by placing
the conductor in a changing field is called induction.
Electromagnetic Induction: Electromagnetic induction is the
production of a potential difference (voltage) across a
conductor when it is exposed to a varying magnetic field.
Electromagnetic induction is when an electromagnetic field
cause molecule in another object to flow. Induction can
produce electricity (in coils), heat (in ferrous metals), or
waves (ina radio transmitter). Finally, it is referring to the
phenomenon where an emf is induced when the magnetic flux
linking a conductor changes. Magnetic Flux is defined as the
product of the flux density and the area normal to the field
through which the field is passing. It is a scalar quantity and
its S.I. unit is the weber (Wb).

= B A

6
Principle:
Electromagnetic induction (or sometimes just induction) is a
process where a conductor placed in a changing magnetic
field (or a conductor moving through a stationary magnetic
field) causes the production of a voltage across the conductor.
This process of electromagnetic induction, in turn, causes an
electrical current - it is said to induce the current.

B
 X

TEIE ORY
Invention:
Michacl Faraday is generally credited with the discovery of
induction in 1831 though it may move been anticipated by the
work of Francesco Zantedeschia in 1829. Around 1830 to
1832, Joseph Henry made a similar discovery, but did not
publish his findings until later Induced emfs: If magnetic flux
through a coilis altered then an emf. will be generated in the
coil. This effect was first observed and explained by Ampere
and Faraday between 1825 and 1831. Faraday discovered that
an emf could be generated either by,
(a) moving the coil or the source of flux relative to each other
or by
(b) changing the magnitude of the source of magnetic flux in
Some way.

" Note that the emf is only produced while the flux is
changing.
For example, consider two coils as shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1
Coil A is connected to a galvanometer and coil B is connected
to a battery and has direct current flowing through it. Coil A is
within the magnetic field produced by Band an emf can be
produced in Aby moving the coils relative to each other or by
changing the size of the current in B. This can be done by
using the rheostat R, switching the current on or off, or (c)
using an ac supply for B. (An emf could also be produced in
coil A by replacing coil B with a permanent magnet and ruing
this relative to coil A.)
Representation:
Electromagnetic induction is the production of a potential
difference (voltage) across a conductor when it is exposed to a
varying magnetic field. Working and Construction: Current is
produced in a conductor when it is moved through a magnetic
field because the magnetic lines of force are applying a force
on the free electrons in the conductor and
causing them to
trove. This process of generating current in a conductor by
placing the conductor in a changing field is called induction.
This is called induction because there is no physical
connection between the conductor and the magnet. The
current is said to be induced in the conductor by the magnetic
field. One requirement for this electromagnetic induction to
take place is that the conductor, which is often a piece of
wire,
rust be perpendicular to the magnetic lines of force in order to
produce the maximum force on the free electrons. The
direction that the induced current flows is determined by the
direction of the lines of force and by the direction the wire is
moving in the field. In the animation above the
instrument used to measure current) indicates when ammeter (the
current in the conductor. there is
If an AC current is fed through a piece of wire, the
electromagnetic ficld that is produced is constantly growing
and shrinking due to the constantly changing current in the
wire. This growing and shrinking magnetic field can induce
electrical current in another wire that is held close to the first
wire. The current in the second wire willalso be ACand in
fact will look very similar to the current flowing in the first
wire. It is common to wrap the wire into a coil to concentrate
the strength of the magnetic field at the ends of the coil.
Wrapping the coil around an iron bar will further concentrate
the magnetic field in the iron bar. The magnetic field willbe
strongest inside the bar and at its ends (poles).

MAGNETIC FIELD

NOUCED CcURRENT BN WORKPECE CURRENT N COL

10

Lenz's Law:
When an emf is generated by a change in magnetic flux
according to Faraday's Law, the polarity of the induced emf is
such that it produces a current whose magnetic field opposes
the change which produces it Thaindsooda GalH

inside any loop of wire alway

in the loop constant. In the ex
increasing, the induced field
Download now
decreasing, the induced field acts in the direction of the
 Lenz's Law:
When an emf is generated by a change in magnetic flux
according to Faraday's Law, the polarity of the induced emf is
such that it produces a current whose magnetic field opposes
the change which produces it. The induced magnetic field
inside any loop of wire always acts to keep the magnetic flux
inthe loop constant. In the examples below, if the Bfield is
increasing, the induced field acts in opposition to it. If it is
decreasing, the induced field acts in the direction of the
applied ficld to try to keep it constant.

AB
AB B
B
induced
Ir B Out
.AA
AAAA
B AB
B
B
B
Induced induced
Out In

Applications of electromagnetic induction

Electrical Generator: The EMF generated by Faraday's law of
induction due to relative movement of a circuit and a
magnetic field is the phenomenon underlying electrical
generators. When a permanent magnet is moved relative to a
conductor, or vice versa, an electromotive force is created. If
the wire is connected through an electrical load, current will
flow, and thus electrical energy is generated, converting the
11
 B B

Electrical transformer:
The EMF predicted by Faraday's law is also responsible for
clectrical transformers. When the electric current in a loop of
wire changes, the changing current creates a changing
magnetic field. A second wire in reach of this field will
experience this change in magnetic field as a change in its
coupled magnetic flux, dt,/ dt. Therefore, an electromotive
force is set up in the second loop called the induced EMF or
transformer EMF. If the two ends of this loop are connected
through an electrical load, current will flow.

primary coil secondary coil

N,
Jcore
magnetic flux )

12
 Magnetic flow meter:
Faraday's law is used for measuring the flow of clectrically
conductive liquids and slurries. Such instruments are called
magnetic flow meters. The induced voltage ¬ generated in the
magnetic field Bdue to a conductive liquid moving at velocity
Vis thus, given by:
E=-B lv,

where is the distance between electrodes in the magnetic

flow meter.

Mognet coil

here Ce constant

Non-agetic condait -
Flowing water.
.Induced ollage, E.
inticates rote of
oter flow)

Electrodes in
Mognet col

13
 OBSIERYATION
"Magnet is moved at certain rate and certain voltage is
produced
" Magnet is moved at faster rate and creating a greater induced
voltage.
" Magnet is moved at same speed through coil that has greater
number of turn and greater voltage is induced

G000
As the magnet movcs slowly to he igh, its rgetik fickd
s changirg with respect to coil, and a vltage is induced.

00
As he maget moves xEE pi, o be rgte t, da
magretk
poter schae wh peHe

Magnct movs t une raae terugh acod wih re turns

(horp) ad induxe a grcatr rlage

14
 CONCLUSION
Faraday's Law of Electromagnetic Induction, first observed
and published by Michael Faraday in the mid-nineteenth
century, describes a very important electro-magnetic concept.
Although its mathematical representations are cryptic, the
essence of Faraday's is not hard to grasp: It relates an induced
electric potential or voltage to a dynamic magnetic field. This
concept has many far-reaching ramifications that touch our
lives in many ways: From the shining of the sun, to the
convenience of mobile communications, to electricity to
power our homes. We can all appreciate the profound impact
Faraday's Law has on us.

15
 APPLICATIONS OF EYOI
The principles of
many devices and systems, electromagnetic
induction are applied in
Electrical generators including:
" Induction motors
" Induction sealing
" Inductive charging
" Transformers
" Wireless energy transfer
Lam1nated
Cutaway section shects of stcel
Flux path

Primary Secondary

Transformer
Loudspeaker
Generator

Air gap
Air gap

Relay
Meter mov ement Medical Applications Magnetic
resonance imaging

16
 PRIE CAUTION
" Keep yourself safe from high voltage.
" Use & handle lab instruments with care.
" Do not scratch insulated copper wire while making loop.
" Do not use digital voltmeter for above demonstration.

17
 BIBLOGRAPHY
" Wikipedia.com
" Google search engine
Physics Ncert book for class XII

18