❖ Hydraulic Machine:

Hydraulic machines are defined as those machines which convert either hydraulic
energy into mechanical energy (whgich is further converted to electrical energy ) or
mechanical energy into hydraulic energy.
Hydraulic machines are of two types:
• Turbines.
• Pumps.
❖ Hydraulic Turbines/Water Turbines:

Turbines are defined as the hydraulic machines which convert hydraulic energy into
mechanical energy.

❖ Classification of Hydraulic turbine:

Hydraulic Turbines are classified

1. According to the type of energy at inlet:

a. Impulse turbine :The energy available at inlet is only kinetic energy.

b. Reaction turbine : The water posses kinetic energy as well as pressure energy at
the inlet of the turbine.

2. According to the direction of flow through runner:

a. Tangential Flow Turbine – Water flows along the tangent of the runner
b. Radial flow turbine – Water flows in the radial direction through the runner
c. Axial flow turbine – Water flows through the runner along the direction parwallel
to the axis of rotation of the runner
d. Mixed flow turbine – Water flows through the runner in the radial direction but
leaves in the direction parallel to axis of rotation of runner.

3. According to the head at the inlet of turbine:

a. High head turbine.(H>250m)
b. Medium head turbine.(50<H<250m)
c. Low head turbine.(H<50m)
4. According to the specified:

a. Low specific speed turbine.

b. Medium specific speed turbine.
c. High specific speed turbine.

❖ Difference Between Impulse and Reaction Turbine:

Impulse Turbine Reaction Turbine

The type of turbine in which only ki- The type of water turbine in which both
netic energy of water (impulse force) kinetic energy as well as pressure en-
is used to rotate the turbine is known ergy of water is used turn the turbine is
as impulse turbine. called the reaction turbine.
In an impulse turbine, the water In reaction turbine, the water is guided
flows through a nozzle. by the guide blades (fixed blades) to
flow over the turbine.
In impulse turbine, an impulsive force In reaction turbine, a reaction force on
rotates the turbine. the blades is rotation the turbine.
In impulse turbine, the pressure of In the reaction turbine, the pressure of
water remains unchanged. water continuously decreases.
The impulse turbines are most suita- The reaction turbines are suitable for
ble for large water heads. relatively low water heads.
The impulse turbines are suitable for Reaction turbines are suitable in cases
comparatively low water flow rates. where water flow rates are higher.
Example: Pelton Wheel Example: Kaplan, Francis
 ❖ General Layout of Hydroelectric Power Plant:
In hydroelectric power plant, the energy of water is used to move the turbines
which in turn run the electric generators.
A general layout of a hydroelectric power plant which consist of:
 ❖ Construction and Working of Pelton Wheel/Turbine:

Pelton Wheel Turbine is an impulse turbine designed to harness water energy in

high head applications for power generation.

The Pelton Wheel Turbine consists of the following construction or parts:

Casing: The Pelton wheel casing prevents water splashing and facilitates water dis-
charge from the nozzle to the tailrace.
Spear: The Needle Spear controls the water flow inside the nozzle, ensuring a
smooth flow and minimal energy loss.
Break Nozzle: A break nozzle is provided to bring the runner to a short stop, which
directs the water onto the buckets. This mechanism is known as the breaking jet.
Runner or Rotor:The Pelton wheel's runner or rotor rotates and possesses kinetic
energy, featuring equally spaced hemispherical or double ellipsoidal buckets at its
periphery.
Penstock:
The penstock comprises channels or pipelines that transfer water from a high head
source to the actual power station, supplying the Pelton wheel turbine with water
for power generation.
Working of Pelton Wheel Turbine:
The Pelton Wheel Turbine operates on the principle of converting hydraulic energy
into kinetic energy. Water flows from the storage reservoir through a penstock to the
inlet of the turbine, where the hydraulic energy of the water is primarily transformed
into kinetic energy. The water is then released from the nozzle in the form of a high-
velocity jet, which strikes the turbine's vanes for a brief moment. Due to the short
duration of the high-force impact, these turbines are classified as Impulse turbines.
The vanes, known as buckets, change the direction of the water jet's flow, facilitating
the transfer of momentum. All these processes occur in the open air at atmospheric
pressure. The nozzle plays a critical role in converting the available water head into
dynamic head, resulting in the water jet emerging from the nozzle.

❖ Gross head. The gross (total) head is the difference between the water level
at the reservoir (also known as the head race) and the water level at the tail
race. It is denoted by Hg.
❖ Net or effective head. The head available at the inlet of the turbine is known
as net or effective head. It is denoted by H.
❖ Efficiencies. The following are the important efficiencies of turbine :

(i) Hydraulic efficiency (ηh): It is defined as the ratio of power developed by the
runner to the power supplied by the jet at entrance to the turbine.

(ii) Mechanical efficiency (ηm):It is defined as the ratio of the power obtained
from the shaft of the turbine to the power developed by the runner.
(iii) Volumetric efficiency (ηv):The volumetric efficiency is the ratio of the volume
of water actually striking the runner to the volume of water supplied by the jet to
the turbine. That is,

(iv)Overall efficiency(η0): It is defined as the ratio of power available at the turbine

shaft to the power supplied by the water jet.

❖ Design Aspects of Pelton Wheel:

Following are the aspects to be considered while designing the Pelton wheel tur-
bine.

1. Velocity of jet.
2. Velocity of wheel.
3. Angle of deflection of jet.
4. Mean diameter of the wheel.
5. Jet ratio.
6. Bucket dimensions.
7. Number of jets.
8. Number of buckets.
 ❖ CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS:
A centrifugal pump is a machine that changes kinetic energy into the fluid's pres-
sure head.

❖ Advantage of Centrifugal Pumps:

The centrifugal pump claims the following advantages with reference to a positive
displacement (reciprocating ) pump:
1. The cost of a centrifugal pump is less as it has fewer parts.
2. Installation and maintenance are easier and cheaper.
3. Its discharging capacity is much greater than that of a reciprocating pump.
4. It is compact and has smaller size and weight for the same capacity and energy
transfer.
5. Its performance characteristics are superior.
6. It can be employed for lifting highly viscous liquid such as paper pulp, muddy and
sewage water, oil, sugar molasses etc.
7. It can be operated at very high speeds without any danger of separation and cav-
itation.
8. It can be directly coupled to an electric motor or an oil engine.
9. The torque on the power source is uniform, the output fron the pump is also
uniform.
❖ COMPONENT PARTS OF A CENTRIFUGAL PUMP:
Refer to Fig. 3.1. A centrifugal pump consists of the following main components:
1. Impeller 2. Casing 3. Suction pipe 4. Delivery pipe.

❖ Impeller:
An impeller is a rotating component of a centrifugal pump that accelerates fluid
outward from the center of rotation.
The impellers are of following three types:
✓ Shrouded or closed impeller.
✓ Semi-open impeller.
✓ Open impeller.
❖ Casing:
The centrifugal pump casing is the component of the pump that converts all of the
velocity created by the rotating impeller into a controlled and stable flow and di-
rects it out of the pump through the discharge point.
The essential purpose of the casing are:
i)To guide water to and from the impeller.
ii)To partially convert the kinetic energy into pressure energy.

There are three types of casing in a centrifugal pump are described below:
1. Volute casing.

2. Vortex casing.

3. Casing with guide blades.

[Link] casing:
It is a spiral type in which area of flow increase gradually. The increase in area of flow

decreases the velocity of flow. Decrease in velocity increases pressure of water flow-

ing through the casing.

[Link] casing
Vortex casing is a casing in which circular chamber is provided between the casing

and the impeller. Vortex casing is helpful to increase pump efficiency by reducing

eddies formation to a considerable extent.

[Link] With Guided Blades:

In the casing with guided blades the impeller is surrounded by series of guide blades. The

guide blades are mounted on a ring which is called as diffuser. The design of the guide vanes

are kept as such that the water which is leaving the impeller enters the guides without shock.

The area of the guide vanes increases; this helps to decrease the velocity of the liquid and

increases its pressure. After guide vanes, water passes through the surrounding casing.
 ❖ Suction pipe: The pipe which connects the centre/eye of the impeller to
sump from which liquid is to be lifted is known as suction pipe.
❖ Delivery Pipe:
It is a pipe which is connected at its lower end to the out let of the pump and
it delivers the liquid to the required height.

❖ Priming:
Priming is a crucial process in centrifugal pumps that ensures the pump is filled
with fluid before it is started.

❖ Why is priming necessary in centrifugal pumps?

Most centrifugal pumps are not self-priming. In other words, the pump casing
must be filled with liquid before the pump is started, or the pump will not be able
to function. If the pump casing becomes filled with vapors or gases, the pump im-
peller becomes gas-bound and incapable of pumping.
So energy impart on air is much lesser. So impeller CANNOT impart enough energy
to air to go out of casing and suck water so priming is compulsory for in case of
centrifugal pump. In case of reciprocating pump, it can push out all air by itself as it
has suction and delivery valves to displace “fluid” positively.