MOLECULAR AND IONIC COMPOUND STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES |: Types of Cuewical Bonos Bonds can be classified as nonpolar covalent, polar covalent, ionic and metallic. You can determine the type of bond by examining the types of atoms that are involved. Metallic bonds occur when there are only metal atoms involved, either one type of atom or a mixture of metals (called an alloy). The valence electrons in metals are delocalized and are not attached to any particular atom. Jonic bonds occur between metals and nonmetals. When the electronegativity difference is large, electrons are transferred from the metal to the nonmetal. The resulting ions are then attracted to one another through electrostatic attractions, the strength of the attraction (lattice energy) can be explained using Coulomb's Law. Polar covalent bonds occur when there are two nonmetals with a difference in electronegativity bond. The difference in electronegativity give rise to partial positive and partial negative charges. The larger the difference, the larger the dipole moment. Nonpolar covalent bonds occur when there are two nonmetals that have very similar (or the same) electronegativities. Typically, this is between 2 of the same atom, though C-H is also a nonpolar bond. The electrons are shared equally, there is no dipole moment. Properties of lonic Substances + Form erystals (lattice of positive & negative ions) Properties of Metallic Substances + Shiny (Luster) Properties of Nonpolar and Polar Covalent Molecules (Non-metals) + High melting & boiling points + Malleable + Non-lustrous, various colors + Hard + Ductile « Brittle, hard or soft + Brittle + Conduct heat & electricity + Poor conductors + Conduct electricity when dissolved & molten = Good insulators as a solid + Nonmetallic oxides are acidic & covalent + Form anions by gaining electrons + Metallic oxides are basic & ionic + Lose electrons to form cations 2. INTRAMOLECULAR FORCE AND PoreNTiAL ENERGY ) }Graphs of potential energy vs internuclear distance determine the ideal bond length and strength. Bond order (single (1), double (2, triple (3), or fractions due to resonance) determines the bond strength and length. The higher the bond order, the shorter the bond length and the ‘more energy that is needed to break the bond/released when a bond is formed. ‘Coulomb's law can be used to determine the strength of the ionic bonds, this is called the Lattice energy. Higher charges give greater coulombic attractions, while larger internuclear distances decrease the coulombic attractions. 3 STAUCTURE OF lowic SouDs The cations and anions in anionic solid are arranged in a 3-D array of eo . oe _ alternative positive cations and negative anions. lonic solids are crystals. The simplest formula is a "representative particle” - eo - oe They form the structure in order to minimize the repulsive forces and maximize the attractive forces. e - eo -Rtbnbtstetenn teed tat ceceet teteemratel ste energies.ae Ss 4. STRUCTURE OF METALS AND ALLOYS Metallic interactions (whether pure metals or alloys) can be thought of as metal cations floating in a “sea” of delocalized valance electrons. Smaller cations and/or greater numbers of valence electrons increase the strength of the metallic interactions. Interstitial alloys have smaller atoms (like H, B, C, larger metal atoms. ‘Substitutional alloys have atoms that are approximately the same radius substituted into the lattice. — etc.) that can fit in the interstitial spaces between, Lewis Diacnas You can create a Lewis Diagram for a molecule by following a series of steps. Lewis structures must show/account for all electrons present. A line or a pair of dots (:) between two atoms shows a single covalent bond. Two parallel lines or 4 dots (:) indicates a double bond, while 3 parallel lines or six dots (: :) are used for a triple bond. A pair of electrons on a single atom shows a lone pair. 1) Determine the total number of valence electrons. 2) Place the least electronegative element in the center as acentral atom and construct a skeleton structure. ‘© Hydrogen and halogens are often terminal atoms. * Obey the octet rule as much as possible, exceptions include H which bonds to share 2 electrons, boron which will share 6 electrons and elements in the third period can have an expanded octet. 3) Place remaining electrons on the most electronegative elements/outermost elements as lone pairs. 4) Ifyou run out of electrons before you fil the octets, add double and triple bonds as needed, 6; RESONANCE AND FORMAL CHARGE If two or more Lewis structures can/must be used to describe the bonding in a molecule, they are called resonance structures. The atoms are in the same arrangement but the electrons positions change, Double arrows are used to indicate this situation, <> Octet rules and formal charge are used to evaluate possible Lewis structures (COMPLETE FOR EACH ATOM) Formal charge = (# valence electrons)-(# lone pais + number of bonds) The total formal charge must be the same as the charge onthe ion or zero if it was a neutral compound. The most valid structures have the formal charges closest to zero and/or most negative formal charge ison the most electronegative element. The “true” structure is an average ofall of the resonance structures, this leads to fractional bond orders. a 7 | ¢ aa] § 7. VSEDR ano Bowo HYBROZAION gis Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) theory allows us to ss} predict molecular shapes because the atoms will arrange themselves in => aloe such a way that the electrons will be as far apart as possible to a |e minimize the electron-electron repulsions between bonds and/or lone , pairs. (see table and images on the front ofthe packet) in A sigma (0) bond is a strong covalent bond that forms when two atomic orbitals overlap along the bond axis. sou oo A pi (w) bond is a covalent bond that forms from overlapping p orbitals. Single bonds = 1 0, Double bonds = 1 0,11, Triple bonds = 1 o, 2 ‘oi —| Bond order: Single = 1, Double = 2, Triple = 3 (*can have fractions) ‘7° _| As bond order increases, bond length decreases and bond strength fri tel seve | increases, the bond energy also increases, ‘722 Polar molecules must have 1) polar bonds AND 2) 3-D asymmetrical structure.