DATA COMMUNICATION AND

NETWORKING
LECTURE # 12
MKS 537E – Intro to CAE
Data communication
Data communications refers to the transmission of this digital data
between two or more computers and a computer network or data
network is a telecommunications network that allows computers to
exchange data. The physical connection between networked computing
devices is established using either cable media or wireless media.
Information systems in CIM
Information systems involve people,
hardware, software, computer
networks, and data used to manage
daily and long-term operations.
Communications in the CIM environment
Communications or the delivery of
enterprise data to people, systems and
devices is a critical aspect of a CIM
architecture.
Communications in the CIM environment
will involve a wide range of data transfer,
from large batches of engineering or
planning data to single-bit messages from a
plant floor device
Types of Communication Networks
A communication network is the backbone of an enterprise integration.
Networks help to unify a company by linking together all the
computerized devices irrespective of their physical location.
There 2 main types of communication networks:
1) Telecommunication Networks; is mainly used for voice
communication.
2) Computer communication Networks; is a system of interconnected
computers and other devices capable exchanging information.
Plant floor communications
This is due to the wide range of
manufacturing and computer equipment
that has been used to manage the various
production tasks over the decades.
Distributed Automation Edition (DAE), is a
systems enabler designed to provide
communications functions that can be
utilized by plant floor applications.
Data management in the CIM environment
The second building block of a CIM
architecture is data management.
Data management is particularly
critical in today’s industrial
environment, since there are so many
different data bases, formats, and
storage and access techniques.
Data management defines and records
the location of the data created and
used by the enterprise’s business
functions.
Networking in CIM
Product Data Management
Product data management
Product data management (PDM) is a
system for managing design data and
engineering processes in one central
location.
Engineering teams use PDM software to
organize product-related information,
track revisions, collaborate, manage
change orders, generate Bills of Materials
(BOMs), and more.
Product data management
A product data
management system is
used within an
enterprise to orgranise,
access and control all
data related to its
products, and manage
the lif—cyle of those
products.
Product data management
The four major modules typically contained within the PDM software
are :
• Process models
• Process project management
• Data management
• Data and information kitting
PDM in the Enterprise Information System
Architecture of PDM Systems
Database management system
Database management system
Database management system
(DBMS) is specialized computer
software available from computer
vendores that is used to create,
access, control and manage the
database.
The core of DBMS is called data
engine, which responds to specific
commands to create database
structure and than to create, read,
update and delete records in the
database.
Database
Database is a collection of
interrelated files. That means,
records in one file are physically
related to records in antother file
and applications are built around
the integrated database.
CIM Data Base
Database architecture
It is the database technology that
is used to support data
architecture.
Database architecture refers to
the database technology including
the database engine, database
utilities, database CASE tools for
analysis and design, and database
application development tools.
A DBMS stores both user data and
metadata.
Database models
There are three ways in which data can be organized:
• Hierarchical database
• Network database
• Relational database
Hierarchical database
In a hierarchical model, data
files are arranged in a tree like
structure which facilitates
searches along branch lines;
records are subordinated to
other records at a higher level.
Network database
The network database is a combination of several hierarchies in which
child files can have more than one parent file, thereby establishing a
many-to- many relationship among data.
Relational database
The relational database eliminates
the need to follow predefined
access paths to reach target data,
and makes data access more
flexible.
The database user gains quicker
access to information since the
database provides direct access to
all data.
Internetwork
A network of networks is called an internetwork, or simply the internet.
It is the largest network in existence on this planet.
The internet hugely connects all WANs and it can have connection to
LANs and Home networks.
Internet uses TCP/IP protocol suite and uses IP as its addressing
protocol.
Present day, Internet is widely implemented using IPv4. Because of
shortage of address spaces, it is gradually migrating from IPv4 to IPv6.
Communication matrix
CIM have 3 families of communicators.

Computer Person
(C) (P)

Machines / Processes
(M)
Communication matrix
Effective communications are
PP, CC, MM, PC, PM, MC

Person (P) Computer (C) Machine (M)

Person (P) P–P P–C P-M
Computer (C) C-P C-C C-M
Machine (M) M-P M-C M-M
Person-to-person communication
Required to carryout all the manufacturing activities of enterprise.
Employees communicate through keyboards & soft copies rather than
direct communication / hard copies .
Computer to computer communication
Basis of all communications in CIM.
Communications involved network communication, data transmission
methods, transmission medium, network architectures and protocols
and databases.
Machine to machine communication
Any devices/equipment other than computers.
Manufacturing machines have to communicate with each other
through automation.
M-M achieved using gears, cams, servo motors, hydraulic drives,
pneumatic drives, PLCs, actuators, electromechanical devices, etc.
Person to Computer Communication
The development of application for manufacturing need the person to
computer communication.
User friendliness of software & equipment, ergonomic design of
computer devices.
Person to Machine Communication
CIM requires minimal communication between machines and
operators.
The operated assisted by database management system of CIM for any
data retrieval and storage.
Computer to Machine Communication
Machines used in CIM environment have computers or built in
microprocessors.
Direct communication between computer and machine with minimal
interfacing.
Components of data communication
Message : is the information (data) to be communicated. It can consist of text,
number, pictures, sound, video or any combination of these.

Sender : is the device that sends the data. It can be computer, workstation,
telephone, video camera and so on.
Receiver : is the device that receives the data. It can be computer, workstation,
telephone, video camera and so on.
Components of data communication
Networking
A manufacturing industry may have a number of plants situated at
different locations in a country or in different continents.
There is need for them to communicate each other to share resources
and exchange information.
Principles of networking
Networking is a convenient technique for tying together the various
“islands of automation” and in the process makes integration possible
through high-speed data exchange between different automated
segments.
Networking also allows incremental growth of the overall system with
minimal investment and disruption.
What is a computer network
Collection of autonomous computers interconnected by a single
technology is called computer network.
Two computers are set to be interconnected if tey are able to exchange
information.
Connection can be through a copper wire, fiber optics, microwaves,
infrared or satellite.
Industrial network
Virtual Private Network (VPN)
The desire to use the Internet for business and industry and the risk
factors associated with doing so have given rise to a new technology
paradigm called Virtual Private Networks (VPN).
Every VPN solution provides some sort of encryption. The two primary
cryptographic systems in use today are
• secret key cryptography
• public key cryptography.
Virtual Private Network (VPN)
A VPN may use one of three technologies mentioned below to ensure
integrity:
• One way hash functions
• Message authentication codes
• Digital signatures
Network Topology
The topology of a local area network is the geometry of the network, or
how individual nodes are connected to it. A network’s topology greatly
affects its throughput rate, implementation cost, and reliability
Network Topology
The geometric representation of the relationship of all the links and
linking devices to each other.
Star (radial) topology
Each devices has a dedicated point-
to-point link only to a central
controller as a HUB it is also called as
point-to-point (PTP) connection.
Star (radial) topology
As mentioned previously, the first
PLC networks consisted of a
multiport host computer with each
port connected to the programming
port of a PLC.
Tree topology
The majority of devices
connect to a secondary hub
that in turn is connected to
the central hub.
Bus topology
Nodes are connected to the bus cable by
drop lines and taps. Drop line is a connection
connector running between the device and
the main cable. Tap is a connector.
Bus topology
The common bus topology has a main trunkline to which individual
PLC nodes are connected in a multidrop fashion. A coaxial cable with
proper terminators is typically the communication medium for the
trunkline.
Bus topology
Another configuration of the
bus topology is the
master/slave bus topology,
consisting of several slave
controllers and one master
network controller.
In this configuration, the
master sends data to the
slaves; if the master needs
data from a slave.
Ring topology
Each device is connected to two and only to
neighboring devices.
Ring topology
Ring topology, is not used in
industrial environments
because failure of any node (not
just the master) will crash the
network, unless the failed node
is bypassed.
Hybrid topology
Data Transmission Mode
Transmission modes refers to the direction of information flow
between two devices. There are three types of transmission modes.

Transmission Mode

Simplex Half Duplex Full Duplex

Data Transmission Mode
Simplex Transmission :Data can travel in only one direction (i.e.
television broadcast)

Simplex

One direction
only
Data Transmission Mode
Half Duplex Transmission : Data can travel in only Both direction but
only one at the a time (i.e. walkie-talkies)

Half-duplex

Both directions but only

one at a time
Data Transmission Mode
Full Duplex Transmission : Data can travel in only Both directions
simultaneously. (i.e. two or more computers connected to a network
device such as switch)
Full-duplex

Both directions at the

same time
Types of Transmission
Data transmission is the transfer of data from point-to-point often
represented as an electromagnetic signal over a physical point-to-point
or point-to-multipoint communication channel.

Types of transmission
Analog transmission
Digital transmission
Analog transmission
Signals are transmitted by varying one of the physical characteristics
continuously as function of time (i.e. TV signals)
Digital (Binary) Transmission
The strings of 0’s and 1’s are transmitted. These bit streams consists of
digital data, which consists of characters of numbers digitally.
Different entities of data (images, voice) can be mixed together and
send the data.
Mode of Digital Transmission

Data Transmission

Parallel Serial

Asynchronous Synchronous
Parallel Transmission
‘’n’’ wires are used to send ‘’n’’ bits at one time.
It is faster than serial, more expensive, limited to short distance.

0 wires
1
0
0
Sender 1 Reciever
1
0
1
Serial Transmission
One bit follows another, so only one communication channel is
required.
Cost is less compared to parallel.
0 0
1 1
0 0
0 Parallel to 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 Serial to 0
Sender 1 serial parallel 1 Reciever
1 convertor Single convertor 1
0 communication line 0
1 1

Source end Destination end

Asynchronous Transmission
Data is sent one byte at a time. Each string of bits attached with ‘’Start’’
bit at the beginning and ‘’Stop’’ at its end.
It is not used when great amount of data sent.

SENDER STOP DATA START STOP DATA START RECEIVER

Synchronous Transmission
Instead of using STOP and START byte, here Sync byte are used. This
bits are synchronize internal clocks in sending and receiving devices, so
they are in time with each other.
No gap between data.

Ck - Kth Character
Character block
Sync - Synchronization
Character
Sync C1 C2 … Ck Sync

SENDER RECEIVER
Differences
Factor Asynchronous Synchronous
Data sent at one time Usually 1 byte Multiple bytes
Start and Stop bit used Not used
Gap between data units present Not present
Data transmission speed slow fast
Cost low high
Transmission Media
Transmission medium
• Anything that can carry information from a source to a destination
• Several names : channels, link, circuit and media
Types of Transmission media
• Guided (wired) media
• Twisted pair cable
• Coaxial cable
• Fiber optic cable
• Unguided (wireless) media
• Free space
Types of Transmission Media
Guided Media
• That provide a conduit from one device to another
• Twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, and fiber optic cable
Twisted pair cable
• Two insulated copper wires (1 mm thick) are twisted, so wire
radiates less effectively
• Common application – telephone system
• It can be shielded or unshielded with insulator
Communication media
This section discusses the communication media (i.e., cables) used to
implement local area networks. If installed properly, most local area
networks can interface using any of these media.
Media types commonly used for PLC networks include twisted-pair
conductors, coaxial cables, and fiber optics.
Comparison of the data transmission speeds and
distances of various communication methods
Coaxial cable
Copper wire consist of a copper wire as core surrounded by insulating
material. Insulator is encased by a cylinder conductor, often as a closely
woven braided mesh.
The outer conductor is covered in a protective plastic sheath. High
bandwidth application like cable television, MAN.
Fiber optic cable
It is made up of glass or plastic and
transmit signals in the form of light. A
glass or plastic core is surrounded by a
cladding of lens dense glass or plastic.
Application : Can be used for voice, data
and video, backbone networks because
its wide bandwidth is high cost.
Unguided Media
Satellite transmission
Communications satellites are relay stations that receive signals from
one earth station and rebroadcast them to another. They use
microwave signals.
Application :
• television distribution ;
• long distance telephone transmission;
• private business networks
Unguided Media
Microwave communications
Line-of-sight devices which must be placed in relatively high locations.
Electromagnetic waves that vibrate at 1 GHz per second or higher.
Microwave usage
(information is converted to a microwave signal, sent through the air to
a receiver, and recovered)
Networks
Different types of networks have different allowable distances between
connected devices.
Categories of networks

WAN : Wide area network

RAN : Radio access network
MAN : Metropolitan area network
CAN : Campus area network
LAN : Local area network
PAN : Personal area network
BAN : Body area network
Categories of networks
A network is a linking of a group of computers to communicate with
each other and share software and hardware resources via the cables
and interfaces that connect the computers and peripherals.

NETWORKS

Local Area World Area Metropolitan

Network Network Area Network
Local Area Network
Local Area Network
A local area network (LAN) is a collection of devices connected together
in one physical location, such as a building, office, or home.
A LAN comprises cables, access points, switches, routers, and other
components that enable devices to connect to internal servers, web
servers, and other LANs via wide area networks.
By 1999, local area networks (LANs) were well established to provide
data communication in buildings and offices.
Local Area Network
Local Area Network (LAN) is a collection of networking equipment
located geographically close together. Data transfered in high speed
which ranges from 100 Mbps to gigabit for system development and
have a low implementation cost.
Upper limit : 10 km , Lower limit : 1 km
Twisted pair cable or co-axial cable connects the plug in cards to form a
network.
Designed to share resources between PCs and workstation such as
hardware or data.
Components of LAN
A LAN in a CIM setup is a system comprising the following basic
components:
Computers : (PC, Workstation, CNC system, robots, PLC’s etc)
Network cable : (twisted pair, coaxial cable, fibre optics)
Network interface card (NIC) : network adapter
Network server
Central mass storage
Types of LAN
A client/server LAN : consists of
several devices (the clients) connected
to a central server. The server
manages file storage, application
access, device access, and network
traffic. A client can be any connected
device that runs or accesses
applications or the Internet.
The clients connect to the server
either with cables or through wireless
connections.
Types of LAN
A peer-to-peer LAN : doesn't have a
central server and cannot handle heavy
workloads like a client/server LAN can,
and so they're typically smaller. On a
peer-to-peer LAN, each device shares
equally in the functioning of the network.
The devices share resources and data
through wired or wireless connections to
a switch or router. Most home networks
are peer-to-peer.
Usage of LAN
Wii
Internet
Computer

Cable/DSL modem
Connect to
Wii’s USB port

LAN port
Wired Router

Wii LAN
Adapter
WAN port

Connect to rooter’s LAN 4 LAN port

port using straight
network cable
Storage Area Networks
LAN Topologies
There are three topologies of LAN network
• Tree
• Bus topology
• Special case of tree
• One trunk, no branches
• Ring topology
• Star topology
BUS Topologies
A linear bus topology consists of a main run of cable with a terminator
at each end.
All nodes (file server, workstations, and peripherals) are connected to
the linear cable.

File
server

Modes
Frame Transmission Bus LAN
Ring Topology
A network topology that is set up in a
circular fashion in which data travels
around the ring in one direction and
each device on the right acts as a
repeater to keep the signal strong as it
travels.
Each device incorporates a receiver
for the incoming signal and a
transmitter to send the data on to the
next device in the ring.
Frame Transmission Ring LAN
Star Topology
A star technology is designed with each
node (file server, workstations and
peripherals) connected directly to a
central network hub, switch of
concentrator.
Data on a star network passes through
the hub, switch or concentrator before
continuing to its destination.
The hub, switch or concentrator
manages and controls all functions of
the network.
Ring and Star Usage
Ring Star
• Very high speed links over long • Uses natural layout of wiring in
distances building
• Single link or repeater failure • Best for short distances
disables network • High data rates for small number
of devices
Hybrid Topology
Combination of any two or more topologies, in such a way that the
resulting network does not exhibit one of the standard topologies.
Two types of Hybrid topology:
• Star ring network consists of two or more star topologies connected
using a Multistation Access Unit (MAU) as a centralized hub.
• Star Bus network consists of two or more star topologies connected
using a bus trunk.
Protocol Architecture
• Lower layers of OSI model
• IEEE 802 reference model
• Physical
• Logical link control (LLC)
• Media access control (MAC)
LAN Protocols in Context
OSI reference model
In 1979, ISO published the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)
reference model, also known as the ISO IS 7498, to provide guidelines
for network protocols. This model divides the functions that protocols
must perform into seven hierarchical layers.
OSI reference model
The OSI model further subdivides the
second layer into two sublayers, 2A
and 2B, called medium access control
(MAC) and logical link control (LLC),
respectively.
IEEE 802
The Institute of Electrical and
Electronic Engineers (IEEE)
computer society established
the Standards Project 802 in
1980 for the purpose of
developing a local area network
standard that would allow
equipment from different
manufacturers to communicate
through a local area network.
IEEE 802 vs OSI
TCP/IP Protocol
Most manufacturers who offer
Ethernet compatibility to implement
supervisory functions over
equipment controlling plant floor
functions use a TCP/IP protocol for
layers 3 and 4 of the OSI model.
The transmission control
protocol/internet protocol (TCP/IP)
was initially developed for Arpanet, a
computer network created in the
early 1970s.
Connection of Two LANs
LANs with Alternative Routes
Hubs
A hub is a physical layer networking device
which is used to connect multiple devices in a
network. They are generally used to connect
computers in a LAN.
A hub has many ports in it. A computer which
intends to be connected to the network is
plugged in to one of these ports. When a data
frame arrives at a port, it is broadcast to every
other port, without considering whether it is
destined for a particular destination or not.
Switches
A switch is a data link layer
networking device which
connects devices in a network
and uses packet switching to
send and receive data over the
network.
A switch also has many ports, to
which computers are plugged
in. When a data frame arrives at
any port of a network switch, it
examines the destination
address and sends the frame to
the corresponding device(s).
Shared Medium Bus and Hub
Shared Medium Hub & Layer 2 Switch
Components of LAN
Connection of cabling system:
Use wire or wireless connection
system. Wired connection may be
twisted pair wiring, coaxial cable,
fiber optic cable.
Components of LAN
Network interface card : Inserted inside computer, helps to send and
receive the data.
Components of LAN
Network operating system: Network
operating system software manages the
activity of network.
Components of LAN
Repeater: Boots the signal in order
to allow the signal to travel further.
Attenuation: Degradation of signal
or loss of signal strength measured
in decibels (dB).
Components of LAN
Bridges: Similar to repeater but
divide the network in order to reduce
traffic problem. Simple device to
connect similar or dissimilar LAN.
Bridge Operation
Components of LAN
Routers: Special device that
directs communicating messages
when several networks are
connected together.
It have functions of repeaters and
bridges.
Components of LAN
Getaway: It is an interface that
enables dissimilar network to
communicate such as LAN with
WAN or LAN with different
topologies.
Components of LAN
Modems : Convert the analog
signal to digital signals
Metropolitan Area Network
Metropolitan Area Network
A metropolitan area network
(MAN) is a computer network
that connects computers within
a metropolitan area, which
could be a single large city,
multiple cities and towns, or
any given large area with
multiple buildings.
Metropolitan Area Network
The metropolitan area network is designed to extend over an entire
city. It may be a single network such as cable television network
available in many cities.
A MAN uses distributed queue dual bus.
Range : within 100 km (a city).
Metropolitan Area Network

A Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) is a

high-speed communications network that
provides a means for interconnecting LANs
over an area as large as a small city.
A MAN covers a much larger geographical
area that a LAN; it has a maximum diameter
of 100 to 150 kilometers. The data rate of a
MAN can range from 155 Mb/s (STM-1) to
10 Gb/s (STM-64).
Metropolitan Area Networks
Metropolitan Area Networks
(MANs) - MANs are large LANs that
cover a large city or suburb. Used
to interconnect LANs within a
metropolitan area.
A typical MAN operates at a speed
of several Gigabit per second
(mostly wired but new wireless
technologies are becoming
popular, e.g. wimax).
Metropolitan Area Network
Advantages Disadvantages
• It provides a good backbone for • More cable required for a MAN
a large network and provides connection from one place to
greater access to WANs. another.
• The dual bus used in MAN helps • It is difficult to make the system
the transmission of data in both secure from hackers and
direction simultaneously. industrial espionage graphical
• A MAN usually encompasses regions.
several blocks of a city or an
entire city.
Wide Area Network
Wide Area Network
Network that provides long distance
transmission of data, voice, image and
video information over large geographical
areas that may comprise a country, a
continent.
The first known WAN was created by the
U.S. Air Force in the late 1950s to
interconnect sites in the Semi-Automatic
Ground Environment (SAGE) radar
defense system.
Wide Area Network
In its simplest form, a wide-area
network (WAN) is a collection
of local-area networks (LANs) or
other networks that
communicate with one another.
A WAN is essentially a network
of networks, with the Internet
the world's largest WAN.
Technology in WAN
ISDN SONET
Integrated Service Synchronous Optical
Digital Network Network

HDLC
WAN High Data Link
Frame Relay
Controlled

SMDS SDLC
Switched Synchronous Data
Multimegabit Data Link Control
Service
Wide Area Network
Advantages Disadvantages
• Covers a large geographical area so long • Need a good firewall to restrict outsiders
distance business can connect on the one from entering and disrupting the network
network • Setting up a network can be an expensive,
• Shares software and resources with slow and complicated.
connecting workstations. • Once set up, maintaining a network is a
• Messages can be sent very quickly to full-time job which requires network
anyone else on the network. supervisors and technicians to be
• Expensive things (such as printers) can be employed.
shared by all the computers on the • Security is a real issue when many
network without having to buy a different different people have the ability to use
peripheral for each computer. information from other computers.
• Everyone on the network can use the
same data.
Typical Large WAN Organization Diagram
Comparison
BASİS LAN MAN WAN

Full form Local Area Network Metropolitan Are Network Wide Area Network

Ranges A communication network This network shares the A communication network

linking a number of stations in characteristics of packet distinguished from a Local
same local area. Range is 1 to broadcasting networks. Range is Area Network. Range is
10 km 100 km beyond 100 km
Media used Users guided media Users guided as well as Users unguided media
unguided media
Speed A high speed i.e. 100 kbps to Optimized for a large Long distance
19 mbps geographical area than LAN communication,
Cost cheaper costly expensive

Equipment NIC, switch and hub Modem or router Microwave, radio, infrared
needed laser
Protocols Attached resource computer Frame relay and asynchronous ATM, FDDI, SMDS
network (ARCNET), Token ring transfer mode (ATM)
Abrrivations
CASE Computer-aided systems SDLC Synchronous Data Link Control
engineering SMDS Switched Multimegabit Data Service
DAE Distributed Automation Edition
SQL Structured Query Language
DBMS Database management system
TCP Transmission control protocol
HDLC High Data Link Controlled
WAN World Area Network
IP Internet protocol
VPN Virtual Private Networks
ISDC Integrated Service Digital Network
LAN Local Area Network
LLC Logical Link Control
MAN Metropolitan Area Network
MAP Manufacturing Automated Protocol
OSI Open Systems Interconnection