Journal of Sustainable Development; Vol. 10, No.

4; 2017
ISSN 1913-9063 E-ISSN 1913-9071
Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education

Cultural Value Transformation in Traditional Market Spatial Planning

in City of Denpasar, Gianyar and Klungkung – Bali, Indonesia
Widiastuti1, Syamsul Alam Paturusi1 & Ngakan Ketut Acwin Dwijendra1
1
Department of Architecture, University of Udayana, Bali, Indonesia
Correspondence: Widiastuti, Department of Architecture, University of Udayana, Bali, Indonesia. Tel:
62-3-6170-3385. E-mail: [email protected]

Received: June 2, 2017 Accepted: July 18, 2017 Online Published: July 30, 2017
doi:10.5539/jsd.v10n4p97 URL: https://doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v10n4p97

Abstract
The purpose of this study is to determine the cultural values that underlie the formation of traditional market
spatial patterns. In this research will be studied traditional market spatial pattern, change-morphology, hidden
cultural values in the form of the morphology, and the factors that cause change. This research takes place in
traditional markets in the city of Denpasar, Gianyar, and Klungkung, Bali Indonesia. This research uses
descriptive qualitative method with multi layer mapping technique and interview. The results of this study
indicate that the morphology of traditional markets on a city scale is one of the three pillars of palace power:
political, economic and cultural. At footprint scale of the traditional market morphology is a transformation of
the conception of the spatial value of traditional Balinese space that places the function of the purity zones. From
the beginning of the formation of the market there are some morphological changes both on the scale of the city
and the scale of the site, especially with regard to the placement of the shrine. The main factors causing the
change are political and cultural change. Political factors started in the fall of the castle into the hands of the
invaders and the cultural factor is the community's attempt to restore the market zoning to a more appropriate
traditional spatial conception.
Keywords: traditional markets, spatial morphology, cultural values, spatial planning
1. Introduction
The market is one of many systems, institutions, procedures, social relationships, and infrastructure in which
trade people, goods and services are exchanged, form part of the economy. Traditional markets are
government-run markets and more segmented to middle-class people. Traditional market is a place to
accommodate trading activities and trade-related transactions, where most of them provide daily necessities,
which are still bargaining process and usually consist of small and medium traders. The building consists of
kiosks, stalls and open areas. Market as a trading center/place of economy transaction ; which is generally in the
form of wantilan (multi fuction) or simple building (Noor 1999).
The market was originally a traditional economic facility, which is the center of community commerce activities,
besides the main function of the market as a place where trade economic activity takes place, the market also
carries out missions as a vehicle for social and recreational activities. The market can be used to read the 'culture'
of the local community (Moersid Adhi, 1995). The formation of traditional markets both spatial and building
layout is very related to the culture that developed in the forming community.
Traditional markets exist in Bali, originally is the forerunner of the concept of Catus Patha Space Pattern that the
scope of services in the limited area of the village, but along with the times and the increase in the number of
population changes the pattern of space and patterns of traders movement. The pattern of movement of these
traders will affect the structure of the spatial market. Because it is formed based on local cultural concepts
physically, traditional markets become unique urban formations that characterize traditional cities. This
uniqueness is what makes the traditional market become objective of tourists to know more closely the daily life
of the city that are visited. Of all the composition of the city center in Bali such as: Denpasar, Gianyar, and
Klungkung City, which initially follow the pattern.
Traditional market as a municipal infrastructure that must be managed properly on a regular basis and
sustainable, conditions are increasingly marginalized by the presence of modern markets with the completeness

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of facilities and services. Regulations that do not mention detailly the distance between traditional and modern
markets lead to friction between modern and traditional markets, especially in changes in people's shopping
preferences, which have implications for the pattern of community movements on the use of market trading
facilities in urban areas (Fauzul Rizal Sutikno, 2009). If such developments are allowed and no attempt is made
to revitalize traditional markets, then cities in Indonesia will lose their cultural uniqueness. To revitalize
traditional markets, it is necessary to recognize the culture that is the basis of the market formation so that the
uniqueness of traditional markets can be maintained and give the identity of cities in Indonesia.
The threatened existence of traditional markets due to the pressures of the modern market has been studied by
the North Sumatra Provincial Government in 2006. This study shows that small businesses have proven to be a
"buffer" to the people's economy, because these circumstances encourage community initiatives to engage in
economic activities as a means of survival. Other research conducted by C Nielsen (2003) also shows the same
thing, the modern market according to this study has grown by 31.4%. At the same time, the traditional market
will be exhausted within the next 12 years, so there is a need for preventive measures to maintain the continuity
of traditional markets including the viability of trade (retail) managed by cooperatives. The deterioration of
traditional markets according to Victor M. Manek Kiik (2006) is due to the not optimal traditional market. This
research shows that there is a link between not optimal function of Lolowa Market and Fatubenao Market with
government policy aspect, spatial physical aspect and socioeconomic aspect. These aspects are described in
several factors: accessibility (road infrastructure and modes of transport), agglomeration, distribution of social
and economic facilities, internal markets (physical market buildings, supporting facilities and utilities), spatial
policies, community participation policies, and consumer and buyer's presence factor. Factors influencing the
changes in space function were investigated by Heri Hermanto (2008) with his research case is Wonosobo Main
Market Hall. The results of this study found that the factors that affect the changes in the function of space in the
market is the ease of achievement, the spread of the number of buyers, and licensing, while the biggest factor
effect on changes in space function in the Main Market is the spread of the number of buyers.
The revitalization of traditional markets is important in creating the uniqueness of the city. Some of the things
that will be investigated in order to help create such uniqueness are (1) to identify the cultural values that
underlie the formation of traditional market spatial pattern in Denpasar, Gianyar, and Klungkung; (2) Identifying
Traditional Market Spatial pattern in Denpasar, Gianyar, and Klungkung at this time; and (3) identify what
factors are causing the change.
2. Concepts and Methodology
2.1 Concepts
Based on the framework of the study results of the literature and concepts (Rossi, 1982; Sari, 2007; Antoniades,
1990; Wira Saputra, 2011; Almeida, 1994; Koentjaraningrat, 1981; Geertz, 1983, Claval, 1995, Djumantri, 2011,
Shirvani, 1985, Rustam Hakim, 1987, Purwanto Edi, 2004, Rudy Lilananda, 1997, Sumianto 1992 1992, Kasdi,
1995, Femina, 1989), the transformation of cultural values in traditional market spatial planning in Denpasar,
Gianyar and Klungkung is referred to as a change of cultural values (concept, non-physical) to the arrangement
of traditional (physical) market functions both in macro spatial (market position in urban and market spatial) and
micro spatial arrangements (from functioning in stalls and kiosks) from when the initial form is found and the
change up to now. The category of transformation to be studied is topological (geometry) because the object is a
geometric shape which is changing with the same shaping components and spatial functions.This transformation
is influenced by the factors mentioned above that is: (1) Social change, (2) Cultural changes, (3) Economic
change and (4) Political change. The whole concept is illustrated in the research model as follows.

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Change Factors:
1. Tourism
2. Economic System
3. Technology

Spatial Macro:
Spatial Macro:
1. Market Position in

Tansformation II
1. Market Position in

Transformation I
Urban Space  Spatial changes in
Urban Space
Concept of Culture Values 2. Market Spatial Pattern
2. Market Spatial Pattern traditional markets
Spatial Micro :
Spatial Micro :  Socio-spatial
1. Function Arrangment uniqueness
1. Function Arrangment
of Lot/Stalls
of Lot/Stalls
2. Function Arrangment
2. Function Arrangment
of Store/Kiosks
of Store/Kiosks

Continue Factors:
1. Religion
2. Social Structure
3. Customs
4. Regulations

2.2 Methodology
This research was designed using qualitative naturalistic approach. This method is used in accordance with the
needs of research that will look for local character or uniqueness that will not be generalized in the research
conclusions. According to Susanne Almeida-Klein (1994: 193) there is no precise quantitative methodology of
adequate economic calculations to evaluate the cultural dimension of development. Thus the method used is a
qualitative method as in most social studies. The method to be used is the E-C (Environnement-Comportement)
method (Zeisel, 1981) or Environment-Behavior. In this study, systematically observed the activities and
interactions of buyers and traders in their environment (in this case: Traditional Market) and at the same time
observed the traditional market's spatial capacity to accommodate these activities. The location of research is 3
markets located in the city center and which is the forerunner of Denpasar, Klungkung, and Gianyar City. The
three markets are: Badung Market, Gianyar Market, and Semarapura Market. Observations are made of its
position change in the municipal rules and morphology in the market.
3. Results and Discussion
With regard to the cultural role of the market society, Di Maggio in Damsar (1995) proposes three arguments:
Firstly, culture forms the rational actors of the market economy; Secondly, the ideas, cognitive technologies, and
institutions concerned with creating a framework for the market economy; Thirdly, people use culture to interpret
and adapt to market relationships and institutions. In this research will be focused on the third argument to get
the cultural value used to place the market and its facilities.
3.1 Culture Value
The trading activity called the market or old market in Bali, especially according to the story of the elders, takes
place and takes place under the banyan tree, which is protected from the heat of the sun. Traditional markets in
Bali are built on traditional village spatial arrangements arranged based on the spatial layout concept of Hindu.
In that conception space is regarded as a macro cosmos which is the embodiment of the micro cosmos. The
structure has the same parts: head, body and legs. They also have the same purity values as: holy for head,
middle for body, and profane for the feet. At the traditional village level, the concept is transformed in the
traditional Balinese village spatial structure (see figure 1). Traditional markets as part of the village, occupying
parts of the body with the value of middle. Along with the palace, community building (bale banjar), and the
square, the market forms the grand square of the village.

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Main/Utama
Head The Puseh temple/Temple of origin
Pure

Habitat

Public Facilites:
A. Temple
Middle/Madya B. Kul-Kul
Body C. Palace
Neutral D. Meeting room
E. Beringin/Banyan Tree
F M k t

Profane/Nista
Temple of the dead
Foot
Impure
Cemetery
Figure 1. Spatial pattern of custom village in Bali
(Source: Saliya, 1975; Budiharjo, 1986; Gelebet, 1986; Parimin, 1986; Sularto, 1987)

The location of the market in the grand plaza depends on the location of the palace. While the location of the
palace is determined by the expected cosmological value in accordance with expectations of prosperity, and
glory of the kingdom. The location of the palace is good and is expected to provide prosperity for its inhabitants
is to the northeast or northwest (see picture 2). Other positions have cosmological opposite effects. Based on this,
then the choice of market position generally is in the southeast or southwest. Another position is still possible if
not occupied the palace.

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Sacreed
Up

Front
Back
Life
Dead

Profane

Down
Good Position

Bad Position
North

Figure 2 The cosmological value of the palace layout at Pempatan Agung (Main Cross Section)
(Source: Putera, 1998: 34)

Based on the values that have been described above, in general the layout of traditional markets in Bali is
illustrated in Figure 3. There are two variations of the location of the market. First, there is in the northwest
corner of the Main Cross Section (in Denpasar and Gianyar). Secondly, in the southeast (Bangli, Klungkung,
Buleleng, Karangasem, and Tabanan). It is related to the variation of the location of the palace.
In the era of the kingdom, the market is an element of the city that has an important role for the survival of the
community. This is reflected in the concept of spatial royal city that is Catus Patha (Main Cross Section) pattern.
Catus patha is not just an intersection that has a sacred value but is associated also with its status as the capital of
the kingdom. In its position as the center of the kingdom of this main cross section, it consists of four elements,
namely (1) the palace as the kingdom as well as the center of government, (2) the market as the center of
economy, (3) the public square or open space used as a recreational park, and (4) Wantilan (community building)
as a cultural center (Putra, 2005: 63).

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1. Palace
2. Market
3. Square
4. Community Building
(Wantilan)

Figure 3. Transforming cultural values in Pempatan Agung (Main Cross Section)'s spatial plan in Bali
(Source: P2R Bali, 1990)

From the composition of the city center mentioned above, the market in the Balinese cultural system is a unity of
political, social, economic and defense forces of the country. It is transformed in the city center layout in Main
Cross Section area. Throughout the Main Cross Section, the market is always close to the palace and the square,
a spatial trilogy that is the transformation of the socio-cultural, political, and economic trilogy. Market
placements dependent on the position of the palace also show that the cultural value transformed in market
placement at the urban level is the cosmological value associated with the overall value of Balinese traditional
architecture. Since the cosmological value is highly linked and determined by power, the cultural value in spatial
urban settlement of Bali is a "cosmological-political" value.
3.2 Traditional Market Spatial Pattern
a. Position on the city scale (macro spatial)
The transformation of the "cosmological" political values of traditional markets in 3 cities shows clearly how the
political forces determine the market position in the city center. At the beginning of its formation all the palaces
lie at a good value angle on a cosmological scale. The market position follows the palace's position. But the
replacement of the government changed the physical market. In the City of Denpasar the traditional market (M),
which was originally located in the northwest of the Pempatan Agung (Main Cross) out of the "center" position
once the royal government fell into the hands of the colonial. The traditional market of Gianyar moves from the
southeast to the northwest with a spatial reduction. While the traditional market of Semarapura, Klungkung its
position remains but the breadth is reduced.

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Kingdom Era Colonial Era Kingdom Era Colonial Era

Year 1950s Year 2000s Year 1950s Year 2000s

Figure 4. Location of Traditional Market in Denpasar City Center (left) and Gianyar (right)

The changing market position of the above city center strengthens the role of traditional markets as part of the
power trilogy and reinforces the transformation of the "cosmological" political values on the spatial city.

Kingdom Era
Colonial Era

Year 2000s
Figure 5. Location of Traditional Market in Semarapura City Center, Klungkung

b. Market morphology
As traditional market positioning in the city center, traditional market morphology also follows the cosmological
values of traditional Balinese architecture. The division of zoning over the sacred profane area is seen from the
placement of the sacred market place (Melanting Temple). Following the placement of the temple, the placement
of other functions on the market is regulated so that in the holy zone, the goods sold are those of clean
commodities. But in the process of market development, there is a change of market morphology.
Badung Market has been developed physically several times. However, in terms of spatial according to
cosmological values, the most prominent change is the displacement of Melanting Temple which was located in
the middle of the tread, shifted to the most sacred zone of Kaja-Kangin (North-East), see figure 6. This change
proves that the physical development of the market, especially in the placement of the holy place, is done to
improve to a more precise position according to cosmological values.

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N
New Location Melantinng Temple

Figure 6. Morphhology of Baduung Market

Attempts tto get the rightt position for tthe shrine are aalso seen in thhe position of M
Melanting Temmple in Semara apura
Market. WWhen viewed frrom the directiion of the windd this position is less precisee because it is iin the middle of o the
tread (see picture 7). Buut when placedd in Kangin K Kaja (East Norrth) position, thhe temple willl be located be ehind
another buuilding in whicch there is a tooilet so that its holiness is in doubt. Then thhe temple is seet at the locatio
on of
the middlee of the markett.

Till Year 19992 19992 till Year 19993 Year 19992 till 1997 Year 19997 till Now
Figuree 7. Changes inn the morpholoogy of Semaraapura and Klunngkung Markeet
Source: Innterview with Ir.
I I Made Kandel, July, 20155

c. Micro Sp
Spatial Pattern
The adherrence to cosmoological valuess is not only aapplied to the macro level ((city and markket) but also on n the
micro leveel. All kiosks and stalls alw
ways place a shhrine (pelangkkiran) on the ddirection of K Kaja Kangin (N North
East). Thee most sacred part in one aarea. It can bee found both iin Badung Maarket, Gianyarr, and Semarapura.
Unlike thee macro level, kiosk
k and stallls are not affeccted by politicaal conditions bbut fully on cossmological vallues.

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Figure 8. Variations of pelangkiran placement (shrine) on kiosks and stalls

3.3 Factors of Change

Based on the three cases that have been observed some changes, especially at the macro level both city and
market. Types of changes include changes in location shift (Badung Market) and spatial shift (Badung and
Semarapura Market). The cause of the location shift is largely due to power shifts. While the spatial shift in the
market due to cultural factors where people want the placement of a holy place in accordance with the exact
cosmological value.
4. Conclusion
Based on the results of studies that have been done in 3 cases some things that can be concluded that is:
1) The cultural values underlying the formation of market morphology are the "cosmological-political" values
set in the traditional Balinese architecture spatial by placing power of palace as the main determinant. The values
maintained until now are the divisions of sacred and profane layout transformed primarily in market morphology
and stalls and kiosks spatial pattern.
2) Traditional market spatial pattern follows cosmological values where sacred profane division becomes
important in determining the location of the shrine. This is also true in micro spatial arrangements (stalls and
kiosks).
3) Factors that cause changes in spatial and market morphology are political factors and cultural factors.
Political factors change the location and dimension of the market while cultural factors change the location of the
shrine to get a place that is more in line with the cosmological rules.
Acknowledgment
This research can be completed with the help of various parties. Therefore, upon the completion of this study, the
authors would like to thank the supporters of this research, namely: Rector of Udayana University and Head of

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LPPM which has created a system for the Study Program to allocate research budget for lecturers, Head of
Architectural Studies program that has allocated the research for lecturers, students Anindya, Angga, Gus De
with his friends who have helped data collection including depiction, a resource that we can not mention one by
one mainly Ir. I Made Kandel.
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