Evaluate the following indefinite integrals:
Evaluate the following integrals using integration by parts:
Evaluate the following integrals using integration by fractions:
Types of Integration
Integration are of two types:- i) Indefinite ii) definite
The integration written in the form is called indefinite integral.
The integration written in the form is called definite integral.
In this chapter we only discuss the indefinite integrals. The definite integrals will be discussed in
the next chapter.
Algebra of Integrals
i. =
ii.
iii. )= f(x)
Simple Integration Formula of some standard functions
i) dx = kx + c
ii dx = + c, n -1
iii) dx =ln +c
iv)
vi)
vii
viii
ix)
xi
xii)
xiii
xiv xv)
xvi) xvii)
Methods of integration
1. Integration by using standard formula.
2. Integration by substitution.
3. Integration by parts.
1. INTEGRATION BY USING FORMULAS:-
Example -1 Evaluate the following
(i)
Ans :-
= 5 dx+5 { by algebra of integration}
= 5x
= 5x
(ii)
Ans :-
=3
= 3x
= 3x
=
(iii) dx
Ans :- dx
= 4
= 4 +
(iv)
Ans :-
= 6x
(v)
= =
= 5
= 5tanx 5x + c
(vi)
Ans :-
= = { 1- cosx = 2 }
= +c
(vii) dx
Ans :- dx
= =
= = dx xdx
= .
(viii)
Ans :-
= +
(ix) }dx
Ans :- }dx ( )
= =
= ( )
(x)
Ans:-
= = { =1}
= = tanx secx + c
(xi)
Ans:- = { we know here ae is in place of a}
= +c= + c (Ans)
(xii)
Ans: - =
= dx
= sinx + c
2. INTEGRATION BY SUBSTITUTION:-
When the integral cannot be determined by the standard formulae then we may
reduce it to another form by another variable t (as
) which can be integrated easily. This is called substitution method.
wher .
The substitution depends upon the nature of the given integral and has to be properly
chosen so that integration is easier after substitution. The following types of substitution are very
often used in Integrations.
TYPE I
TYPE II
Put
=>
=
TYPE III
Put f(x)=t
Differentiate both sites w.r.t
=>
TYPE-IV
Put f(x)=t
=>
SOME USE FULL RESULTS
1.
Ans :- Put ax+b = t
Differentiate both sites w.r.t x,
a=
=> dx =
=
2.
Ans:-
Put
Differentiate both sites w.r.t x,
=>
3.
Ans :-
= dx (multiply & divide by sec x)
Put secx = t
Differentiate both sites w.r.t x.
sec x tan x =
=>
4.
Ans :-
=
Divide numerator & denominator by
Let tan
=>
=>
Now tan = = = = = cosecx cotx
Hence = ln I cosecx-cotx I + c
5.
Ans:-
= ( )
As tan( ) = secx+ tanx ( we can easily verify it by applying trigonometric formulae.
Hence = ln I secx+tanx I + c
BY APPLYING ABOVE FORMULA WE OBTAIN FOLLOWING
1.
Proof : -
Put ax+b=
Differentiate both sites w.r.t x.
a=
Similarly we can get the following results.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8. =
9.
10.
11. =- +c
. = +c
The above results of substitution may be used directly to solve different integration problem.
Example 2 integrate the following
(i)
Ans :- { Let then =>
= = = = (ans)
(ii)
Ans :-
Let
Differentiate both sides w.r.t x
=>
=>
=>
Now =
= .
(iii)
Ans:
Put 3x+5 =t
Differentiate w.r.t x
= =
= =
(iv)
Ans :-
Put
Differentiate w.r.t x
=> ( )
=> 5( ) dx =
=>
dx =
=
(v)
Ans :-
Put
Differentiating both sides w.r.t x
=>
dx =
(vi)
Ans :-
Put
Differentiating both sides w.r.t x,
=>
= =
(vii)
Ans :-
Put =>
viii) Evaluate
Ans:- ( Let t = => dt =
= = =
ix) Integrate (2015-S)
Ans:- ( Let 2 - 5x = t => - 5 dx = dt => dx = - )
= = .
x) Evaluate (2019-W)
Ans:- ( Put )
INTEGRATION OF SOME TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
If the integrand is of the form sinmx cosnx ,sinmx sinnx or cosmx cosnx,a trigonometric
transformation will help to [Link] to the sum of sines or cosines of multiple angles which can
be easily integrated.
sinmxcosnx =
sinmx sinnx=
cosmx cosnx=
Example 3
i)Evaluate
Ans :-
= +c
=
ii)Evaluate
Ans :-
= =
iii)Evaluate
Ans :-
iv)Evaluate
Ans :-
= ( )
=
v)Evaluate
( cos3x = 4 => )
vi)Evaluate
Ans :-
= =
{ Put => cosx= => }
vii)Evaluate
Ans :-
{ Put sinx = => cosx = =>d = cosxdx}
=
viii)Evaluate
Ans :-
=> c
= =
= - =
INTEGRATION BY TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION
TRIGONOMETRIC INDENTITIES
1- = )
, can be simplified by putting
X=a sin
X=a tan
X=a sec
X=a cos
X=a cot
X=a cosec
Note
[Link] integrand of the form a2 - x2 can be simplify by putting x= a sin (or x = a cos )
2. The integrand of the form x2+a2 can be simplify by putting x= a tan (or x = a cot )
[Link] integrand of the form x2 - a2 can be simplify by putting x= a se (or x = a cosec )
Example -4
i) Integrate
Ans :-
Let x=a sin
Differentiate both sites w.r.t x
dx = a cos d
And x = a sin =>
ii)Integrate
Ans :-
Let
diffentiating both sides w.r.t x,
And
=
=
= = +c
iii) Integrate
Ans :-
Diffentiating w.r.t x we have,
Hence = = =
= ( )
(x = a tan => )
= +c
= +c
= ( where k = c- ln|a| is a constant)
iv)Integrate
Ans :-
Let =>
= =
{ As => tan = = }
= =
Hence
v)Integrate
Let x = => and
Now =
= =
= =
=
vi)Integrate
Ans :-
=>
Now
= =
{ As =
=> }
=
=
= (
vii)Integrate
Ans :-
=>
= =
= =
{ As
=
=
These 7 results deduced in Example-4 are sometimes used to find the integration of some other
functions. Some examples are given below.
Example-5 :-Integrate
Ans :- (As )
= (using formula )
Example 6: - Integrate
Ans :-
= { Let => }
Now
{ , here a= 3}
Example 7:- Integrate
Ans :- ( multiplying numerator and denominator by )
= ( Let => )
=
= ( using formula = , here a=2 )
Example 8 ; -
Integrate
Ans :-
= { Let x+3 = t =>dx = dt }
= ..........................(1)
( putting => 2t dt = dz => t dt = )
= + = =
= ......................(2)
= ( applying formula = , where a=4 )
=2
= .................(3)
From (1),(2) and (3) we have,
= ( where is a constant)
ILATE Rule:
The choice of 1st function is made based on the order ILATE. The meaning of these letters is given below:
I – Inverse trigonometric function,
L – Logarithmic function
A – Algebraic function
T – Trigonometric function
E – Exponential function
Table 1 gives a proper choice of 1st and 2nd functions in certain cases. Here 𝑚, 𝑛 may be zero or any
positive integer.
Table 1:
Function 2nd Choice 1st Choice
11
Integrate
Ans :- { from table-1, 1st function = cosx and 2nd function = x }
= {
Example
Integrate
Ans:- and 2nd
= { again by parts is applied taking as 1st and x as 2nd function.}
= = (
Example:
Integrate
Ans :-
{ There is no direct formula for and two functions are not multiplied with each other in
this integral. This type of integration can be solved by using integration by parts by writing
as 1.
= =(
{ Let
=
Example:
Integrate
Ans : -
=(
Example:
Integrate
Ans :-
Example
Evaluate
Ans:-
=
=
( choosing )
=> + =
Hence =
Example:
Integrate
Ans:- =
(taking
= -
= .
In some cases, integrating by parts we get a multiple of the original integral on the right hand
side, which can be transferred and added to the given integral on the left hand side . After that
we can evaluate these integrals. Some examples of such integrals are given below.
Example18: -
Integrate
Ans:-L
SCTE&VT LEARNING MATERRIAL ON ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS-II
Formulas (Verify by using “by parts” method):
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Integration by Partial Fractions Formula
The list of formulas used to decompose the given improper rational functions is given below. Using
these expressions, we can quickly write the integrand as a sum of proper rational functions.
DEFINITE INTEGRAL
Introduction
It was stated earlier that integral can be considered as process of summation.
In such case the integral is called definite integral.
Objective
Definite Integration
After completion of the topic you will be able to
1. Define and interpret geometrically the definite integral as a limit of sum.
2. State fundamental theorem of integral calculus.
3. State properties of definite integral.
4. Find the definite integral of some functions using properties.
5. Apply definite integral to find the area under a curve
Expected Background knowledge
1. Functional value of a function at a point.
2.
Definite Integral
Integration can be considered as a process of summation. In this case the integral is
called as definite integrals.
O
Fig-1
Definition:-
Let f(x) be a continuous function in [a,b] as shown in Fig-1 . Divide [a,b] into n sub-intervals
of length h1, h2 ni.e. h1 = x1 x0 , h2 = x2 x1 , hn = xn xn-1
Let vr be any point in [xr-1, xr] i.e. [ ], [ [ ].
Then the sum of area of the rectangles (as shown in fig) when n is defined as the
definite integral of f(x) from a to b, denoted by
Mathematically,
= [h1f(v1) + h2f(v2 nf(Vn)]
Fundamental Theorem of Integral Calculus
If f(x) is a continuous function in [a,b] and = (x) + c , them
Note :- No arbitrary constants are used in definite integral.
Example:
1. Find
Ans.
First find = +c
Here, f(x) =
By fundamental theorem
-
= - = - =
2. Find
Ans.
=
= -
= -0= .
3. Find dx
Ans.
dx
{Let = u => 2xdx = du, when x = 2, u = = 4,
When x = 3, u = = 9,
So, lower limit changes to 4 and upper limit changes to 9}
=
=[ = - (Ans)
Properties of Definite Integral
1. =
Explanation
Definite integral is independent of variable.
e.g. = =
2. =-
Explanation
If limits of definite integrals are interchanged then the value changes to its negative.
e.g. =-
3. = + where, a<c<b.
Explanation
If we integrate f(x) in [a,b] and c [a,b] such that a<c<b, then the above integral is same if
we integrate f(x) in [a,c] and [c,b] and then add them.
e.g. = +
verification
=[
= - = - = 18-2 = 16 -------------(1)
+ = [ +[ =[ ]+[ ]
=[ ]+[ ] = (8-2) + (18-8)
= 6 + 10 = 16 ---------- (2)
From (1) and (2) we have,
= + (verified)
4. =
e.g. =
verification
= [- cos x
= - [cos ] = - [0 - 1] = 1 ----------------------- (1)
dx =
= [sin x = sin - sin 0 = 1 0 = 1 ------------------------ (2)
From (1) and (2)
= (verified)
5. (i) If f(x) is an even function, then
=2
(ii) If f(x) is an odd function, then
=0
Example: - By this formula without integration we can find the integral for
f(x) is an odd function if
f (-x)= -f(x)
Sinx , x ,
f(x) is an even function if
f (-x) = f(x)
Cosx , ,
Example:-
=2
{f(x) = is an even function as, f(-x) = (-x)2 = }
Similarly,
=0
Reason
f(x) = sinx => f(-x) = sin (-x) = -sinx
So, f(-x) = -f(x)
f(x) is an odd function.
6. (i) =2 if f(2a - x) = f(x)
(ii) = 0 if f(2a - x) = -f(x).
7. =
Problems
[Link]
Ans.
|x| (-2,0) and (0,1).
Now,
= + {Property (3) = + }
= + {when, -2 < x < 0 i.e. x < 0 then, |x| = -x }
=-[ +[ {when, 0 < x < 1 i.e. 0 < x then, |x| = x }
=-[ ]+[ ]
= - [0 - ] + [ ]=2+ =
Q2. dx = ?
Ans.
dx = {Let u = x + 2 => du = dx, when, x = -6, u = -6 +2 = -4}
{when, x = 6, u = 6 +2 = 8}
= du + {property (3)}
= + { when -4<u<0 then IuI = -u and when 0<u<8 ,then IuI = u}
=-[ +[
2
=- [ + [ =- [ ]+ [ ]
= - (-16) + (64)
= 8 + 32 = 40(Ans)
Q3. Find
Ans.
[x] is a function which changes it value at every integral point. So, we have to break the
range into different integral ranges i.e. (1,3) can be breaked into (1,2) and (2,3)
= + {applying property (3) i.e. = + }
= + {when 1 < x< 2 then [x] = 1, when 2 <x < 3, then [x] = 2 }
= [x + [2x
= (2 - 1) + 2 (3 - 2) = 1 + (2 X 1) = 1 + 2 = 3
Q4. Evaluate
Ans.
{Put u = 2x, du = 2dx => dx = when, x = 0, u = 2x = 0 when x = , u = 2x = 3}
Q5. Find
Ans.
Q6. Evaluate dx
Ans.
In this type of problems we generally use property (4). And this type of problem can be
solved by following technique.
Let
{In above x is replaced by . As by property(4) there is no change in integral value}
Q7. Evaluate
Ans.
Let I =
Q8. Evaluate
Q9.
Ans.
Q10.
Ans.
= 2 (ln3 ln1) = 2 (ln3 - 0) = 2 ln3 (Ans)
Q12. Evaluate
Hence, = (Ans)
Q13. Prove that
180
Ans.
Let
Evaluate the integrals ( 2 marks and 5 marks questions)
In our previous study we know that the definite integral represents the area under the
curve.
Area enclosed by curve and X- axis
Area enclosed by a curve y = f(x) , X-axis , x = a and x =b is given by
Fig-2
Area =
Example 1
Find the area bounded y = , X-axis x = 4 and x = 2
Ans.
Here y = is the curve
Area of the curve bounded by X-axis , x = 4 and x = 2 is
Area = =
=[ = (Ans)
Example 2
Find the area enclosed by y = 9 - , y = 0 , x = 0 and x = 2.
Ans.
Area = =
= = [ (9X2) - - (0-0)]
= 18 - = = (Ans)
Area of a circle with centre at origin
As shown in figure-3, the circle with centre at origin is divided into four equal parts by the
co-ordinate axes
Hence area of the circle = 4 X area OAB
Example 3
Find the area of the circle = (2015-S)
Ans.
Area of circle = 4 X area OAB (see fig-4)
Fig-4
Now equation of circle is =
y= (for portion OAB)
(Actually y = ) , but in 1st quadrant y is +ve)
y=
Now the portion OAB is bounded by y axis i.e. x = 0 ,
X axis and y =
In the given region x varies from 0 to a ; as it is clear from figure the point A is (a,0)
(A = (a,0) because = has radius a)
Now Area of OAB =
=[ +
=[ ]
=0+ -0+0 = = . =
Hence area of circle is = 4 X area of OAB
=4X = sq units
Example 2
Find the area bounded by the curve
Ans: - Area of the curve 9 i.e. circle = 4 X Area OAB { from fig-5}
Fig-5
As 9 has radius 3
So, A is at (3,0)
Area of OAB is the area bounded by curve AB , Y axis and X axis.
Now Curve AB is 9 y=
(as in 1st quadrant y is +ve)
In the region OAB x varies from 0 to 3.
Now area of OAB = =
=[
=[ ] [0+ ]
=0+ -0
= X =
Area bounded by the curve 9 is = 4 X Area of OAB
=4X = (Ans)
Exercise
Q.1 Find the area bounded by the curve xy = , y = 0 , x = 2 and x = 3. ( 2 marks)
Q.2 Find the area bounded by the curve 4. (2015-S) (10 marks)
Q.3 Find the area of the circle 16. (10 marks)
Ans . (1)
(2) 4 sq units
(3) 16 sq units
Definite Integral Substitutions and the Area Between Curves
There are two methods for evaluating a definite integral by substitution. One method is to find an
antiderivative using substitution and then to evaluate the definite integral by applying the Evaluation
Theorem. The other method extends the process of substitution directly to definite integrals by
changing the limits of integration. We apply the new formula introduced here to the problem of
computing the area between two curves.
Substitution in Definite Integrals:
If g is continuous on the interval [a, b] g(x) = u, then
Example: Evaluate
Solution:
Method 1: Transform the integral and evaluate the transformed integral with the transformed limits.
Taking
When x = -1, u = 0 and when x = 1, u = 2
Method 2: Transform the integral as an indefinite integral, integrate, change back to x,and use the
originalx-limits.
Put
Definite Integrals of Symmetric Functions:
-a, a].
(a) If f is even, then
(b) If f is odd, then
Areas Between Curves:
Suppose we want to find the area of a region that is bounded above by the curve y x), below by the
curve y = g(x), and on the left and right by the lines x = a and x = b. The region might accidentally have
g are arbitrary continuous functions, we
usually have to find the area with an integral.
g x) Ú g(x) throughout [a, b], then the area of the region between the
curves y = f (x) and y = g(x) froma to b is the integral of (f g) from a to b:
Example: Find the area of the region bounded above by the curve y = 2e-x+ x, below by the curve
y = ex/2 , on the left by x = 0, and on the right by x = 1.
Solution: The area between the curves over the interval 0 x 1 is given by
Example: Find the area of the region enclosed by the parabola y = 2 x2 and the line y = x.
Solution: The limits of integration are found by solving y = 2 x2 and y = x simultaneously for x.
2 x2 = x
The area between the curves is
Evaluate the following Definite Integrals
1. 12.
2. 13.
3.
14.
4.
15.
5.
6. 16.
7.
17.
8.
18.
9.
10.
19.
11.
20.
Find the areas of the regions enclosed by the lines and curves in exercises 21 28.
21. y = x2 2 and y = 2 25. y = x2 and y = x2 + 4x
22. y = 2x x2 and y = 3 26. y = 7 2x2 and y = x2 + 4
23. y = x4 and y = 8x 27. y = x4 4x2 + 4 and y = x2
24. y = x2 2x and y = x 28. y = |x2 4| and y = (x2/2) + 4
