Ebeling, An Introduction to Reliability and Maintainability Engineering, 2nd ed.

Waveland Press, Inc., Copyright © 2009

CHAPTER 5

∞ ∞ 1 1
5.1 R (t ) = f (t ′)dt ′ = dt ′ =
t t (t ' + 1) 2 t +1
LM 1 OP 3

M
1 OP 3

N
a) Rs ( t ) = 1 − 1 −
t +1 Q → Rs (.5) = 1 − 1 −
15
. Q =.96296

L 1 OP
b) 1 − M1 −
3

N t + 1Q =.999

1 −1
1- = (1−.999)1/ 3 → t = 1 - (1-.999)1/3 − 1 =.1111 yrs = 40.55 days
t +1
1
c) R(.5) = =.667
15
.

GH JK b g b g b gb g b g
3 3 x 3− x 2 3
Rs (.5) = ∑ .667 .333 = 3 .667 .333 + .667 =.44444+.296741 =.741185
x=2 x

5.2 R = 1 − b1−.4g ⋅.97 =.95

n

b1−.4g = 1−.95/.97 →
n
n=
ln 1−.95/.97
ln 1−.4
= 7.598 → 8 components

5.3
d
(i) Rs (100) = 1 − 1 − e −100/1000 i 2
= 2e −100 /1000 − e −200 /1000 =.99094

(ii) Rs (100) = e − b100/10,000g ⋅ e −.00005(100) =.99491 (higher reliability)

2

5.4
a) Rtop = R ⋅ 1 − 1 − R b g 2
⋅ R = R2 1 − 1 − R b g 2
and Rbottom = R 3

Rs = 1 − (1 − Rtop )(1 − Rbottom ) ⋅ R

b) Rtop =.9 2 1 − 1−.9 b g 2

=.8019 and Rbottom =.9 3 =.729
Rs = 1 − (1−.8019)(1−.729) ⋅.9 =.85168

5.5 R( t ) = 1 − 1 − e −.1t c h 3
e
− t / MTTF
→ c
R(5) = 1 − 1 − e −.1( 5 ) h3
e
−5 / MTTF
=.85
5
.93908e −5/ MTTF =.85 → MTTF =
FG .85
= 5017
.
IJ
− ln
H.93908 K
GH θt JK
−∑
10.8
FtI
−10 G J
.8
FG 1 IJ .8

= e Hθ K Rs (1) = e H θ K =.99
−10
5.6 Rs ( t ) = e i =1 i i
→ i

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 Ebeling, An Introduction to Reliability and Maintainability Engineering, 2nd ed.
Waveland Press, Inc., Copyright © 2009

GH θ JK
1
.8

MN
1 OP −1/.8

- 10
i
= ln(.99 ) → θi = −
10
ln(.99 )
Q = 5588

5.7
m
a) Rs = 1 − (1−.9) 1 − (1 − (.1)(.2)).95 rn1 − (1−.8) s =.985 3

{
b) Rs = 1 − 1 − 1 − 1 − (.9 )(.9 )
2
}l q
.97 1 − (.95)(.95) = 1 − (.065017)(.0975) =.99366

c) Rs = 1 − (1 − R ⋅ R)(1 − R) R = 1 − (1 − R − R 2 + R 3 ) R = R 2 (1 + R − R 2 ) =.99
R Rs
.9 .8829
.95 .9454
.97 .9683
.99 .9898

5.8
c
a) Rs = 1 − (.1)(.1) 1 − 1−.8 1 − (.25)(.25) 1−.8 =.9405 hb g
3
b
b) Rs = 1 − (1−.8) 1 − 1−.8(1 − (.3)(.3) 1 − (.9)(.9) =.9407 gb g
5.9
a) Rs = 1 − (1 − R3 )2 =.90 → (1 − R3 )2 =.10 → R = 3 1 − .10 =.991
ln(.881)
Rs (100) = e−100 λ =.881 → λ= =.001267 and MTTF = 1 / λ = 789.27 hrs
−100
3
b) Rs = 1 − (1 − R )2 =.90 → 1 − (1 − R )2 = 3 .90 → R = 1 − 1 − 3 .90 =.8142
ln(.8142 )
Rs (100 ) = e−100 λ =.8142 → λ= =.002055 and MTTF = 1 / λ = 486.62 hrs
−100
5.10
10
a) R(5) = =.667
10 + 5
log(1 .98)
Rs (5) = 1 − (1−.677)n =.98 → n= = 356
. → 4 units
log(1−.667)
b)
log(.01015)
Rs (5) = 1 − (1−.677)n e −.002( 5 ) =.98 → .323n = 1−.98e.01 → n = = 417
. →5
log(.333)
The achieved reliability is: R s (5) = 1 − (1−.677 )5 e − .002( 5 ) =.9866

d id id i od id
5.11 Rs (t ) = 1 − 1 − e − λ 1t 1 − e − λ 2 t 1 − e − λ 3t = 1 − 1 − e − λ 1t 1 − e − λ 3t − e − λ 2 t + e − ( λ 2 + λ 3 ) t it
= 1 − n1 − e −e − λ 3t − λ 2t
+ e − ( λ 2 + λ 3 ) t − e − λ 1t + e − ( λ 1 + λ 3 ) t + e − ( λ 1 + λ 2 ) t − e − ( λ 1 + λ 2 + λ 3 ) t s
− λ 3t − λ 2t − (λ 2 +λ 3 )t − λ 1t − (λ1 +λ 3 )t −( λ1 +λ 2 )t −( λ1 + λ 2 +λ 3 ) t
=e +e −e +e e e e

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 Ebeling, An Introduction to Reliability and Maintainability Engineering, 2nd ed.
Waveland Press, Inc., Copyright © 2009

z
R(.1) = .8068
∞ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
MTTF = Rs (t ) dt = + + − − − +
0 λ1 λ2 λ3 λ1 + λ 2 λ1 + λ 3 λ2 + λ3 λ1 + λ 2 + λ 3
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= + + − − − + =.2433 yrs = 88.8 days
5 10 15 15 20 25 30

5.12 With no redundancy R=.90.

With redundancy R= .95 1 − (1−.9) 2 .95 =.893. Redundancy does not improve reliability.
.9
splitter comparator
.9

5.13 Rs = (reliability with respect to open) - (probability of failing short)

b g b
= (1 − qo1qo2 )(1 − qo5 )(1 − qo 3qo 4 ) − 1 − (1 − q s1 )(1 − q s2 ) ⋅ q s5 ⋅ 1 − (1 − q s 3 )(1 − q s 4 ) g
2 2
= (1−.0004)(1−.05)(1−.0004) − (1 − (1−.15) )(.2)(1 − (1−.15) ) =.9338

5.14
3 3
High-level Network: R = (1 − q s2 ) 3 − 1 − (1 − qo ) 2 = (1−.01) 3 − 1 − (.95) 2 =.96937
2 3 2 3 2 3 2
Low-level Network: R = 1 − qo3 − 1 − (1 − q s ) = 1−.05 − 1 − (.9) =.92631

low level high level

5.15
Rs = (reliability with respect to open) - (probability of failing short)
= (1 − qo1 )(1 − qo 2 qo 3 )(1 − qo 4 ) − q s1 1 − (1 − q s2 )(1 − q s3 ) q s4
5.16
G 100 IJ
1. 2

R1 (100) = e H 840 K =.9252, R2 (100) = 1 − Φ ln

1 100
GH .7 GH 435JK JK = 1 − Φ( −210
−
. ) =.9821,

R3 (100) = e − .0001(100) =.99

a) Rs = R1 (100) ⋅ R2 (100) ⋅ R3 (100) = (.9252)(.9821)(.99) .8996

n
b) Rs = 1 − 1 − (.9252)(.9821)
2
s(.99) =.9817
c ) Rs = 1 − (1−.9252) 2 1 − (1−.9821) 2 .99 =.9841

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 Ebeling, An Introduction to Reliability and Maintainability Engineering, 2nd ed.
Waveland Press, Inc., Copyright © 2009

5.17
R3 fails with probability of .05: R3 fails = (.9)2 (.99) =.8019
R3 works with probability of .95: R3 works =.99
Rs = R3 fails + R3 works =.05(.8019 )+.95(.99 ) =.980595

5.18
3
⎛ 3⎞ ⎛ 3⎞ ⎛ 3⎞
a) R = ∑ ⎜⎝ x⎟⎠ R
x=2
x
(1 − R )3− x = ⎜ ⎟ R 2 (1 − R ) + ⎜ ⎟ R 3 = 3R 2 (1 − R ) + R 3 =3R 2 − 3R 3 + R 3
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 3⎠
2 R − 3R2 + R = R( 2 R 2 − 3R + 1) = R( 2 R − 1)( R − 1) = 0 → R = 0, R =.5, or R = 1
3

R ≠ 0 and R ≠ 1. If R ≤.5, system reliabilit is less than a component's.

4
⎛ 4⎞ ⎛ 4⎞ ⎛ 4⎞
b) R = ∑ ⎜⎝ x⎟⎠ R
x =3
x
(1 − R) 4 − x = ⎜ ⎟ R 3 (1 − R) + ⎜ ⎟ R 4 = 4 R3 − 3R 4 + R 4 =4 R3 − 3 R 4
⎝ 3⎠ ⎝ 4⎠
4 R − 3R 4 − R = R( 4 R2 − 3 R3 − 1) = 0
3
→ 4 R 2 − 3R3 − 1 = 0 since R ≠ 0
2
Solving numerically for the roots of 4 3 3 1 0 results in R=.767.
If ≤.767 , system reliability is less than a single component.

5.19
There are 5 combinations of the 16 total which result in system success (non-failure):
R1 R2 R3 R4 System Probability
S S S S S .92(.95)(.99)=.761805
S S F S S .92(.05)(.99)=.040095
S F S S S .9(.1)(.95)(.99)=.084645
F S S S S .1(.9)(.95)(.99)=.084645
F F S S S .12(.95)(.99)=.009405
TOTAL: .980595

5.20
LM G 3J R (1 − R) OP R = 3R (1 − R) + R
3

N H xK
3− x
Rs = ∑ x 2 3
Rv = R2 (3 − 2 R ) Rv
x=2
Q v

To determine crossover reliability:

R = R 2 (3 − 2 R ).95 → R - 2.85 R 2 + 19
. R3 = R(1 - 2.85 R + 19
. R2 ) = 0
Solving (1 - 2.85 R + 19 2
. R ) for R with the quadratic formula results in R=.9402 and R=.5598.
For .5598 ≤ ≤.9402 , system reliability is MORE than a single component reliability.

5.21

GH ni JK (1 )b− Rg = 1 − ∑ GH ni JK (1)(−1) b− Rg = 1 − ∑ GH ni JK (−1) b− Rg

n i n i n i
n−i
Rs = 1 − (1 − R )n = 1 − ∑ i i

i=0 i= 0 i=0

R ( t ) = 1 − ∑ G J ( −1) e = 1 − 1 + ∑ G J ( −1) e = ∑ G J ( −1) e

n n n n n n

H iK H iK H iK
i − λ it i −1 − λ i t i −1 − λ i t
s
i= 0 i =1 i =1

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 Ebeling, An Introduction to Reliability and Maintainability Engineering, 2nd ed.
Waveland Press, Inc., Copyright © 2009

z ∑ GH ni JK (−1) GH ni JK ( −1) z GH ni JK (−1i)

i −1
∞
n
i −1 − λ i t
n
i −1 ∞ 1 n
MTTF = e dt = ∑ e− λ it dt = ∑
0
i =1 i =1
0
λ i =1

5.22
a) reliability with respect to short - probability of failing open=
LM OPLM1 − ∏ 1 − q OP = ∏ 1 − q − ∏ 1 − (1 − q )
m m m m

N
Rs = 1 − ∏ 1 − qoin
QN Q
n n n
oi oi si
i =1 i =1 i =1 i =1
b) reliability with respect to open - probability of a short=
R = L1 − ∏ q O − L1 − ∏ (1 − q )O
NM QP NM QP
m m
s oi si
i =1 i =1

5.23

M
m
OP − M1 − ∏ (1 − q )OP
n m n
reliability with respect to open - probability of a short= 1 − ∏ qoi
i =1 Q i =1 Q si

5.24

GH ∑ a JK t
n n n
λ s (t ) = ∑ λ i (t ) = ∑ ai t = i
i =1 i =1 i =1

F I
FG ∑ a IJ t' dt' − GH ∑ a KJ t
z
R(t ) = e z
n
2
t n i

H K
t
− λ s ( t ) dt ' − i
i =1
0
=e 0 i =1
=e 2
FG ∑ a IJ t
z z
n

H K
2
i
∞ ∞ − i =1
π
MTTF = R(t )dt = e 2
= n
0 0
2 ∑ ai
i =1
n
∑ ai
NOTE: z∞
0
e− a x
2 2
dx =
1
2a
π where, in this problem, a = i =1
2

5.25 (a) Φ(XA XB XC ) = 1 - (1- XA) (1 - XB XC ) = 1 - [1 - XA - XB XC + XA XB XC ]

= XA + XB XC - XA XB XC

(b) Pr { Φ(XA XB XC ) = 1} = E [XA + XB XC - XA XB XC ] = RA + RB RC - RA RB RC

= .9 + .82 - (.9) (.82 ) = .964

(c) Min Path Sets Min Cut Sets

A A, B
B, C A,C

(d) Rl = [1 - (1-.9)(1-.8) ]2 = .9604 and Ru = 1 - (1-.9) (1 - .82 ) = .964

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 Ebeling, An Introduction to Reliability and Maintainability Engineering, 2nd ed.
Waveland Press, Inc., Copyright © 2009

5.26 (a) Φ(XA XB XC ) = XA [1 - (1- XB) (1 - XC ) ]XD = XA XD ( XB + XC - XB XC )

= XA XD XB + XA XD XC - XA XD XB XC

(b) Rsys = E[Φ(XA XB XC XD)] = E [XA XD XB + XA XD XC - XA XD XB XC ]

= RA RD RB + RA RD RC - RA RD RBRC = 2 [ (.95) (.98) (.9) ] - (.95) (.92 )(.98) = .92169

(c) Min Path Sets Min Cut Sets

A, B, D A
A, C, D D
B, C

(d) Rl = (.95) (.98) [ 1-(1-.9)2 ] = .92169 and Ru = 1 - [1 - (.95)(.9)(.98)]2 = .9737

5.27 (a) λsys = .27 x 10-3 ; Rsys(1000) = e-.27 = .7634; Rredund(1000) = 1 – (1-.7634)2 = .9440, MTTF = 1.5 /
λ = 5555

(b) RA(1000) = e-.12 = .8869 ; RB(1000) = e-.15 = .8607; Rredund(1000) = [1 – (1-.8869)2 ] [1 – (1-.8607)2 ]
e-.05 = .9208
Let x = exp(-.12) and y = exp(-.15) and ignoring for the moment the switching reliability function:
R = [1 – (1- x)2] [1 – (1- y)2] = [1 – (1 – 2x + x2)] [1 – (1 – 2y + y2)] = (2x - x2) (2y - y2) = 4xy - 2xy2 –
2x2y + x2y2 or R = {4 exp(-.27) - 2 exp(-.42) - 2exp(-.39) + exp(-.54) } exp(-.05) = 4 exp(-.32) - 2 exp(-
.47) - 2 exp(-.44) + exp(-.59)
Integrating to get the MTTF: 4/.32 - 2/.47 - 2/.44 + 1/.59 = 5.394 or 5,394 hrs.

(c) R(1000) = p(2) + p(3) = 3 (.7634)2 (1-.7634) + (.7634)3 = .4136 + .4449 = .8585; MTTF = 1 / (.27 x
10-3 ) (.5 + .3333) = 3086 (eq. 5.10)

5.28 (a) R = 1 – (1 - .8187)2 = .9671 and MTTF =1.5 x 1/.2 = 7.5; (b) R = [1- (1- .9231)2 ] [1- (1- .8869)2 ]
= .9814

Letting x = exp(-.08) and y = exp(-.12): R = [1 – (1- x)2] [1 – (1- y)2] = [1 – (1 – 2x + x2)] [1 – (1 – 2y +

y2)] = (2x - x2) (2y - y2) = 4xy - 2xy2 – 2x2y + x2y2 or R = 4 exp(-.20) - 2 exp(-.32) - 2exp(-.28) + exp(-
.40)

Integrating to get the MTTF: 4/.2 - 2/.32- 2/.28 + 1/.4 = 9.107

(c) Rsubassemby = exp(-.2) = .8187 or Rsubassemby =exp(-.08) exp(-.12) = (.9231) (.8869)= .8187

4
⎛ 4⎞ 1 ⎛1 1 1⎞
R = ∑ ⎜ ⎟ (.8187 ) (1 − .8187 ) = .9794 and MTTF = ⎜ + + ⎟ = 5.42
x 4− x

x =2 ⎝ x ⎠ .2 ⎝ 2 3 4 ⎠

5.29 Rsystem = [1-(.98)(.97)] [1-(.95)(.94)] [1- (1- .94) 2] (.99) = .9812

5.30 If component g fails: Pfail = .10 and Rsys = (.98)(.97)(.94)(.98) = .8757

If component g does not fail: Rg = .9 and Rsys = {1 – [1-(.98)(.97)(.94)][1 – (.95)(.94)]} (.98) = .9688
Rsys = (.10) (.8757) + (0.90) (.9688) = 0.9595

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 Ebeling, An Introduction to Reliability and Maintainability Engineering, 2nd ed.
Waveland Press, Inc., Copyright © 2009

3
5.31 R(1) = 1 – (1-exp(-λ) ) = .99; λ = .24268; MTTFunit = 4.12
∞ ∞
MTTF = ∫ ⎡⎣1 − (1 − e − λt )3 ⎤⎦dt = ∫ ⎡⎣1 − (1 − e − λt )(1 − e − λt ) 2 ⎤⎦dt
0 0
∞ ∞
= ∫ ⎡⎣1 − (1 − e − λ t )(1 − 2e− λt + e−2 λt ) ⎤⎦dt = ∫ 1 − ⎡⎣1 − 3e − λt + 3e −2 λt − e −3λt ⎤⎦ dt
0 0
∞
3 3 1 11
= ∫ ( 3e − λt − 3e −2 λt + e −3λt ) dt = − + = = 7.55
0
λ 2λ 3λ 6λ

5.32 (a)

(b) Rs = {1 - (1-.9) [1 - .9 (1-.152 ) ]} (.98) (.95) = (.987975 ) (.98) (.95) = .9198

(c) Let Rp = reliability of processor. Then .987975 x Rp x .95 = .93 or Rp = .9908625

Therefore: R(t) = e- .0001 t = .9908 or t = -ln .9909 / .0001 = 91.4 minutes.

5.33 (a)
R=.8855 R=.8855

R=.8855 R=.8855

Rsystem = [1 – (1-.88552) ]2 = .974 – a form of low-level redundancy

4
⎛ 4⎞
(b) K(2) out of N(4) system: R = p(2) + p(3) + p(4): R = ∑ ⎜ i ⎟ .8855 (1 − .8855)
i 4 −i
= .9945
i=2 ⎝ ⎠
5.34 Load sharing system with the two front engines in series.

λ1 = 2(.0039) = .0078, λ2 = .0054, λ1+ = 2(.02) = .04, λ2+ = .012 ; R(9) = .9890,
MTTF = 135.23

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 Ebeling, An Introduction to Reliability and Maintainability Engineering, 2nd ed.
Waveland Press, Inc., Copyright © 2009

5.35 (a) high level redundancy:

−2(.0054 ) (9) −2(.0039 ) (9)

Router eng = e = .9074; Rinner eng = e = .9322
Rsys = 1 − (1 − .9074)(1 − .9322) = .9937

( )( )
Rsys = 1 − 1 − e −2(.0054 )t 1 − e −2(.0054)t = e −2(.0054)t + e −2(.0054)t − e −2(.0054+.0039)t
1 1 1
MTTF = + − = 167.03
2 (.0054 ) 2 (.0039 ) 2 (.0054 + .0039 )
(b) Low level redundancy:

Rinner eng = e−(.0039 ( 9 = .9655; Router eng = e − .0054 9

= .9526

Rsys = ⎡⎣1 − (1 − .9655 )(1 − .9526 ) ⎤⎦ = .9967

2

MTTF = 363.33 (expand Rsys(t) and integrate)

5.36 Rhigh level = 1 – (1 - .74127)3 = .98268; Rlow level = Π [1 – (1-Ri)2] = .98221

5.37 Rlow level = [1 – (1-.9)2]9 = .9135; Rhigh level = 1 – (1 - .99)n = 1 – (1 - .38742)n

For n = 5; Rhigh level = 1 – (1 - .38742)5 = .91374.

5.38 For two-engine aircraft, reliability = R2 ; For 4-engine aircraft, reliability = R4 + 4 R3 (1 - R)

Find value for R in which R2 > R4 + 4 R3 (1 - R) or R2 - [R4 + 4 R3 (1 - R)] > 0
R2 - R4 - 4 R3 + 4 R4 = R2 - 4 R3 + 3 R4 = R2 (1 - 4R + 3R2) = R2 (1-R) (1-3R) > 0
Since 0<R<1, then 1-3R > 0 or R < 1/3

5.39 (a) Case I. Component 4 fails: Probability = 1 ‐ R4 = .1: RI = R1 x R2 x R3 = (.8)(.9)(.8) = .576

Case II. Component 4 does not fail: Probability = R4 = .9: RII = 1 ‐ [1‐R2 x R3 ][1 ‐ R5 ] = 1 ‐ [1 ‐
(.9)(.8)] [1 ‐ .9] = .972. Note that component 1 does not enter into the calculation since we would
obtain the same value for RII regardless of whether component one fails or does not fail.
Rsys = (1‐R4) RI + R4 RII = .1(576) + .9(.972) = .9324

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 Ebeling, An Introduction to Reliability and Maintainability Engineering, 2nd ed.
Waveland Press, Inc., Copyright © 2009

(b) R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 System Prob Prob

count 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.9 failure
1 S S S S S S 0.46656 0
1 S S S S F S 0.05184 0
2 S S S F S S 0.05184 0
3 S S F S S S 0.11664 0
4 S F S S S S 0.05184 0
5 F S S S S S 0.11664 0
1 S S S F F S 0.00576 0
2 S S F F S F 0.01296 0.01296
3 S F F S S S 0.01296 0
4 F F S S S S 0.01296 0
5 S S F S F F 0.01296 0.01296
6 S F S S F F 0.00576 0.00576
7 S F S F S F 0.00576 0.00576
8 F S S S F S 0.01296 0
9 F S S F S F 0.01296 0.01296
10 F S F S S S 0.02916 0
1 S S F F F F 0.00144 0.00144
2 S F F F S F 0.00144 0.00144
3 F F F S S S 0.00324 0
4 S F F S F F 0.00144 0.00144
5 S F S F F F 0.00064 0.00064
6 F S S F F F 0.00144 0.00144
7 F S F F S F 0.00324 0.00324
8 F S F S F F 0.00324 0.00324
9 F F S S F F 0.00144 0.00144
10 F F S F S F 0.00144 0.00144
1 S F F F F F 0.00016 0.00016
2 F S F F F F 0.00036 0.00036
3 F F S F F F 0.00016 0.00016
4 F F F S F F 0.00036 0.00036
5 F F F F S F 0.00036 0.00036
1 F F F F F F 0.00004 0.00004
32 totals 1 0.0676
Rsys = 0.9324

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