TITLE
Stefan-Boltzmann Law (high temperature)
AIM
The aim was to determine whether the radiated power is really proportional to the
fourth power of the temperature.
INTRODUCTION
The Stefan-Boltzmann law states that the total energy emitted per unit surface area of
a blackbody across all wavelengths per unit time is directly proportional to the fourth
power of the blackbody's thermodynamic temperature.
Mathematically, the Stefan-Boltzmann law can be expressed as:
R = σT^4
Where:
- R is the radiant heat energy emitted from a unit area in one second (power per unit
area)
- T is the absolute temperature in Kelvin
- σ is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant, with a value of 5.670374419 × 10^-8 W⋅m^-
2⋅K^-4
The law was first formulated empirically in 1879 by Austrian physicist Josef Stefan
based on experimental studies. In 1884, Austrian physicist Ludwig Boltzmann derived
the same law from thermodynamic considerations.
The Stefan-Boltzmann law applies only to idealised blackbodies, which are perfect
absorbers and emitters of radiation at all wavelengths. Real objects have emissivities
less than 1, so their radiant power is reduced by a factor equal to their emissivity.
The law shows that even small changes in temperature result in large changes in the
emitted power. It has many applications, such as explaining the observed luminosity
of stars and the cosmic microwave background radiation.
MATERIAL
Radiation sensor
Ohmmeter
Volts-meter
Stefan Boltzmann lamp
Ammeter
Millivoltmeter
Thermometer
Procedure
Before turning on the lamp, T was measured in Kelvin using the formula K = °C +
273, and R was determined as the resistance of the filament from Stefan Boltzmann
lamp at room temperature. The equipment was set up, with the voltmeter connected
directly to the binding posts of the Stefan-Boltzmann Lamp. The Sensor was
positioned at the same height as the filament, approximately 6 cm away. The
thermopile's entrance angle was ensured to have no nearby objects other than the
lamp. The power supply was then turned on, and the voltage, V, was set to each setting
listed in Table. At each voltage setting, I, the ammeter reading, and Rad, the
millivoltmeter reading, were recorded.
Results
V(volts) I(Ams) Rad(mv) R (ohms T(k) T^4
1 2,77 0,7 0,36 227,5k 2678709414
2 5,73 0,8 0,35 277,5k 5929962539
3 7,84 1,0 0,38 327,5k 1.15*10^10
4 9,81 1,2 0,42 377,5k 2,03*10^10
5 - - -
6 - - -
7 - - -
8 - - -
9 - - -
10 - - -
11 - - -
12 - - -
Calculations
R¿ ( VI )= 2,177 =0 ,36 ohms
R¿ ( VI )= 52,7 =0 ,35 ohms
R=¿ ( VI )= 7 ,84
3
=0 , 38 ohms
R¿ ( VI )= 9 ,481=0 , 42 ohms
Graph
Rad
1.4
1.2
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 5000000000 10000000000 15000000000 20000000000 25000000000
Discussion
The experimental results obtained through calculations based on the Stefan-
Boltzmann Law provide valuable insights into the relationship between temperature
and energy radiated per unit area. By applying the formula T = (R / σ)^1/4 to the given
data, temperatures of approximately 227.5 K, 277.5 K, 327.5 K, and 377.5 K were
determined for energy radiated per unit area values of 2.77, 5.73, 7.84, and 9.81,
respectively.
These results demonstrate the direct proportionality between the temperature of a
black body and the amount of energy it radiates per unit area. As the energy radiated
per unit area increases, the temperature of the black body also rises significantly,
following the fourth power relationship described by the Stefan-Boltzmann Law.
Furthermore, the calculated T^4 values of approximately 1.34 x 10^8 K^4, 2.44 x
10^8 K^4, 3.65 x 10^8 K^4, and 5.06 x 10^8 K^4 for the respective temperatures
highlight the rapid increase in energy emission with temperature. This exponential
relationship underscores the fundamental role of temperature in determining the
radiant emittance of a black body.
these findings not only confirm the validity of the Stefan-Boltzmann Law but also
emphasise its significance in understanding thermal radiation processes, heat transfer
mechanisms, and the behaviour of celestial bodies. The experimental results provide a
quantitative basis for analyzing the interplay between temperature and energy
radiation, offering valuable insights into the fundamental principles governing thermal
phenomena.
Conclusion
the calculations based on the Stefan-Boltzmann Law have successfully demonstrated
the direct and exponential relationship between temperature and energy radiated per
unit area. These findings confirm the validity and significance of this fundamental
principle in the field of thermal radiation, with applications in various scientific and
engineering disciplines.
References
[1] Stefan Boltzmann Law - Formula, Derivation, Problems & FAQs
[Link]
[2] Deviations from the Stefan Boltzmann law at low temperatures
[Link]
Baltes/81bf6ed073f6dbdf901aaa7edc03e213be18ea17
[3] Wien's Law vs. Stefan-Boltzmann Law | Formula & Equation - [Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[4] Stefan-Boltzmann Law - JILA
[Link]
[5] Stefan Boltzmann Law - Derivation, Formula, Equation, Examples
[Link]
