WEEK 5

Pipe Flow
(Energy losses, Flow principles and Pipe
arrangements)
Lecture Schedule
Week Date Content Readings

12,13,16- Hydrostatics: Fluid Properties, Pressure, Pressure

1 Chapter 1, 2, 3
Feb measurements
Hydrostatics: Forces on plane surfaces, Forces on
19,20,23-
2 curved surfaces, Buoyancy and stability. Chapter 4, 5
Feb
ONLINE TEST 1
26,27-Feb,1- Hydrodynamics: Flow Properties, Mass Equation,
3 Chapter 6, 7
March Bernoulli Equation, Momentum Equation.

Hydrodynamics: Momentum Equation, Energy

4 4,5,8-March Chapter 7, 10
Equation.

11,12,15-
5 Pipe Flow: Minor losses & Friction losses in pipes. Chapter 11, 12
March

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Lecture schedule
continue …
Week Date Content Readings

18,19,22- Pipe Flow: Pipe arrangements (series & parallel), Pipe

6 Chapter 11, 12
March network analysis. ONLINE TEST 2.

25,26,29- Pumps: Types of Pumps, Pump installation.

7 Chapter 13
March CLASS TEST 1

8 1,2,5-April MID BREAK

Pumps: Pump Performance Curves, Pump Selection. Chapter 13

9 8,9,12-April

10 15,16,19-April Pumps: Pumps in Series & Parallel. ONLINE TEST 3 Chapter 13

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Lecture schedule
continue …

Week Date Content Readings

22,23,26- Open Channel: Introduction, Classification of flows,

11 Chapter 14
April Uniform Flow.

29,30-
12 Open Channel: Specific energy. ONLINE TEST 4 Chapter 14
April,3-May

Open Channel: Non-uniform flow in Open Channels.

13 6,7,10-May Chapter 14
CLASS TEST 2

13,14,17- Dimensional Analysis: Dimensional Homogeneity, Chapter 10

14
May Principles of Dimensional Analysis. (Special)

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Lecture schedule
continue …

Week Date Content Readings

Dimensional Analysis: Reynolds Number Law,

20,21,24- Chapter 10
15 Froude Number Law, Application in Civil
May (Special)
Engineering.

27,28,31-
16 REVISION/ STUDY WEEK ALL CHAPTERS
May

17 3,4,7-June ASSESSMENTS

18 GOOD LUCK TO YOU ALL!!!!!

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Introduction to pipe flow discussions

• Apply energy relationships in pipes.

• Discuss energy losses in pipes.
➢Minor losses.
➢Major losses.
• Consider pipes in series and parallel.
• Briefly discuss pipe networks.

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Pipe flow system

• Pipe flow generally refers to

fluid in pipes and
appurtenances flowing full and
under pressure.
• Examples: Water distribution in
homes, industry, cities,
irrigation.
• System components: pipes
(often pressurized), valves,
bends, junctions, transitions,
pumps, storage (often
unpressurized).

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Pipes and fittings

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Pipe network layout

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Classification of pipe flow

• Laminar and Turbulent.

• Fully developed and partial flow.
• Steady and unsteady.
• Uniform and non-uniform.

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Common assumptions in pipe flow solutions

• Steady.
• Incompressible.
• Flow is fully developed.
• Pipe cross-section does not change with axial position.

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Pipe flow problems
• Type I: Pipe length, diameter and flow rate are specified. Determine the
PRESSURE DROP.
• Type II: Pipe diameter and length are specified for the pressure drop.
Determine the FLOW RATE.
• Type III: Pipe length and flow rate are given for a specified pressure
drop. Determine PIPE DIAMETER.

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Pipe flow problems
… Continue

Problem Given Find

type
I L, D, Q ΔP

II L, D, ΔP Q

III L, ΔP, Q D

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Pressure drop and head losses
• Decrease of pressure in a pipe.
• Also known as pressure loss or head loss.
• Pressure loss is proportional to fluid viscosity, μ. And, for ideal fluids,
ΔP = 0.
• Head loss is pressure loss expressed as head.
• Thus, head loss represents the additional height that the fluid needs
to be raised by a pump in order to overcome the frictional losses in
pipe.

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Head Losses in pipes

• Losses in pipes reduce:

➢Flow.
➢Pressure.
• Types of losses in pipes
➢Minor losses.
➢Major losses (Pipe friction losses).
• Head losses are therefore represented by:
𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 = 𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 + 𝑀𝑎𝑗𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠
ℎ𝐿 = ℎ𝑚 + ℎ𝑓

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Minor losses

• Source of minor losses in pipes

➢Enlargement and contraction in pipes.
➢Bends.
➢Fittings (valves, gauges, pipe joints, etc).
➢Entrance and exits.
➢Any obstruction in pipes.
• Normally expressed in terms of velocity head.
V2
hm = K
2g

Where K is minor loss coefficient which depends on the type of obstruction.

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Enlargement and contraction in pipes

Eddy
currents

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Bends

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Fittings

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Entrance and exits

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Major losses in pipes

• Major losses in pipes are due to friction.

• Commonly called frictional losses and is generally:
➢Independent of the pressure under which the water flows.
➢Proportional to pipe length and velocity in the pipe.
➢Inversely proportional to the pipe diameter.
➢Depends on the pipe material and type of flow (e.g. turbulent flow).

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Method of determining Major losses
• Friction loss in pipes is determined using different
relationships some of which include:
• Darcy-Weisbach Equation
fLV 2 fLQ 2  fL 
hf = or hf = =    Q 2
= K 1 Q 2

2 gD 12.1D 5  12.1D 5 
• Hazen-Williams Equation
1.852
Q
h f = 10.67 L  D − 4or
.867

C 
1.852
Q  10.67 L 
h f = 10.67 L  D − 4.867 =  1.852 4.867   Q1.852 = K 2Q1.852
C  C D 
• Manning’s Equation
1 2 3 12  410 3 n 2 L 
• V = R S or hf =    Q2 = K Q2
n  2 16 3  3
 D 

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Darcy-Weisbach Experiment
• Darcy’s experiment.

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Darcy-Weisbach Equation
• For turbulent flow,
fLV 2
hf =
2 gD
➢L = length of pipe (m).
➢f = Darcy’s coefficient of friction.
➢D = Diameter (m).
➢V = average flow velocity (m/s). British ‘f’

• In other books, f = λ = 4f
• This formula can also be expressed in terms of discharge.
fLQ 2
hf =
12.1D 5
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Friction head loss – Discharge Relationships

Equation name Constant, K Power, m Complete

equation,
𝒉𝒇 = 𝑲𝑸𝒎
Daecy- 𝑓𝐿 2
𝐾1 =
Weisbach 12.1𝐷5 ℎ𝑓 = 𝐾1 𝑄2

Hazen-Williams 10.67𝐿 1.852

𝐾2 = 1.852 4.87
𝐶 𝐷 ℎ𝑓 = 𝐾2 𝑄1.852

Manning 10ൗ
4 3 𝐿𝑛2 2
𝐾3 = 16ൗ ℎ𝑓 = 𝐾3 𝑄2
𝜋 2𝐷 3

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Friction coefficient (f)
• Friction coefficient (f) is generally a function of pipe roughness size, k.
• In general, internal pipe surface is said to be:
➢Rough if k is high.
➢Smooth if k is low.
• But in practice the roughness of the pipe depends on laminar sublayer.

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Friction coefficient (f)
- Laminar Sublayer
• Very thin layer of laminar flow that exists next to the pipe wall even
when the general flow is turbulent.
• Thickness of laminar sublayer decreases with an increase in Reynolds
Number.
• If the average roughness size is less than the thickness of the laminar
sublayer, pipe is hydraulically smooth.
• Otherwise it is hydraulically rough.

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Friction coefficient (f)
(Laminar & Turbulent)
• The friction coefficient (f) depends on:
𝜌𝑉𝐷
➢Reynolds Number, NR, 𝑁𝑅 = .
𝜇
𝑘
➢Relative roughness Ratio .
𝐷
• Thus,
 VD k 
f  , 
  D
where D= diameter of pipe.
ρ = density of liquid.
V = average velocity.
 = dynamic viscosity of the liquid.
k = average size of pipe wall roughness protrusions.

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Friction coefficient (f)
(Laminar flow)
• For laminar flow, friction coefficient (f) is independent of the relative
roughness ratio (k/D).
• Thus;
𝜇 1
𝑓∝ which is 𝑓∝
𝜌𝑉𝐷 𝑁𝑅

• And the friction coefficient is given by,

64
𝑓=
𝑁𝑅

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Friction coefficient (f)
(Turbulent flow)
• For fully developed turbulent flow, f is a function of 𝑁𝑅 , or k/D, or both.
• This depends on whether the boundary layer is hydraulically smooth,
rough, or in transition.
• For hydraulically smooth pipes, 4000 < 𝑁𝑅 < 105

0.3164
𝑓= 1ൗ (Blasius )
𝑁𝑅 4

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Friction coefficient (f)
(Turbulent flow) ... Continue …

•For smooth pipes where 5 × 104 < 𝑁𝑅 < 4 × 107

1
= 2.0𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑁𝑅 𝑓 − 8.0 (Karman – Prandtl)
𝑓

• Here, the value is worked out iteratively.

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Friction coefficient (f)
(Turbulent flow) ... Continue …

• For rough pipes, friction coefficient (f) depends only on the relative
roughness (k/D). And is independent of the Reynolds Number (NR).
1
f
( )
= 2.0 log10 R + 1.74
k

• Where R = radius of the pipe.

• Or,
1
f
(
= 2.0 log10 3.7 D
k
)
• Where D = diameter of the pipe.

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Friction coefficient (f)
(Colebrook)

• For the pipe that is neither hydraulically smooth nor completely

rough, Colebrook Equation below may be appropriate.
k 
1 
= − log10  D +
2.51 
f  3.7 N R f 
 

• And this equation can best be solved using the MOODY DIAGRAM.
• The Moody Diagram can be downloaded from the Class webpage in
Moodle.

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Moody Chart

In laminar
region,
f = 64/Re
In turbulent region, for given
k/D, f decreases more slowly
than in laminar region;
eventually, the decrease stops
altogether.

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Reminder of other formulas
• Friction loss in pipes is determined using different
relationships some of which include:
• Darcy-Weisbach Equation
fLV 2 fLQ 2  fL 
hf = or hf = =    Q 2
= K 1 Q 2

2 gD 12.1D 5  12.1D 5 
• Hazen-Williams Equation
1.852
Q
h f = 10.67 L  D − 4.867
or
C 
1.852
Q  10.67 L 
h f = 10.67 L  D − 4.867 =  1.852 4.867   Q1.852 = K 2Q1.852
C  C D 
• Manning’s Equation
 410 3 n 2 L 
1 2 3 12
V = R S or hf =    Q2 = K Q2
 2 16 3  3
n  D 

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Head loss and pressure variation

• Total Energy Line

• Hydraulic Grade Line
• Pump implication.
• Hydraulic Grade Line in Practice

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Energy Equation

𝑉12 ℎ𝐿
2𝑔
𝑉22
2𝑔
𝑃1
ρ𝑔

𝑃2
ρ𝑔

𝑧1

𝑧2

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Total Energy Line
• Sometimes called the ENERGY GRADIENT LINE.

V2
• Total Energy, z+
P
g
+
2g
, at any point.

• Total Energy Line represents this total energy.

• Total energy falls in the direction of flow except for when pump is introduced.

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Hydraulic Grade Line

• Line joining the piezometric levels. i.e at any point in a pipeline,

p
HGL = +z
g

• While the TEL always falls in the direction of flow, HGL may rise or fall
depending on the pressure changes.
• The HGL is always below the TEL.
• The difference between the TEL and HGL is the VELOCITY HEAD.
• For uniform flow in pipes, the slope of HGL is equal to slope of TEL.
• There is no relationship between the slope of TEL and the slope of the
axis of the pipeline.

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Pipe Flow in Series
• Pipes joined end-to-end forming a pipeline.

• Total pressure losses in the pipeline is the sum of the losses in each
pipe plus some minor losses.

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Pipe flow in parallel

• Pipes are in parallel when they fork out and then rejoin in the
downstream.
• The total discharge in the pipeline is the sum of discharges in all
parallel pipes.

Qin
Q1
Qout

Q2

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Pipe Flow in Parallel
… continue
• Thus,
Qin = Q1 + Q2 = Qout

• Pressure loss in each of the parallel pipes is the same.

• Pressure loss in pipe 1 = pressure loss in pipe 2
hf1 = hf2

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Pipe network layout

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Pipe Network Design

⚫Head Balance Method.

⚫Flow Balance Method.

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Head Balance Method
⚫The algebraic sum of all head losses around any loop is zero.
⚫Clockwise flows and head losses are taken as positive.
⚫Only applicable for closed looped systems.
⚫Widely used in pipe network design for manual calculations.

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Flow Balance Method

⚫Applicable for both branching and closed loops.

⚫Not as widely used as the Head Balance Method.

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End of lecture
• Try some examples.

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 Thank you!

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