NEUROANATOMY

25.10.21 Cranium – review.

(Monday) General anatomical terms of nervous system: neuron classification, synapse, neuroglia,
white and grey matter, nuclei, ganglia and plexus. Anatomical, clinical and functional division
of the nervous system: central nervous system, peripheral nervous system and autonomic
nervous system. Structure and development of nervous system: formation and evagination of
the neural tube, development of encephalon and cerebral cortex. Division of the brain:
ontogenetic and phylogenetic and descriptive. Classification of nervous tracts and pathways
(association tract, projection tract and commissural tract of telencephalon). Telencephalon:
general termes, cerebral cortex (palaeocortex, archicortex, neocortex), telencephalon impar,
comissure of telencephalon (corpus callosum, anterior commissure, fornix), preoptic area,
septum pellucidum. Cerebral hemisphere (superolateral surface, medial surface, inferior
surface, longitudinal cerebral fissure). Frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, temporal
lobe,limbic lobe and insular lobe (sulci and gyri).Localisation of functional centers within
cerebral cortex: motor cortex, sensory cortex, acustic cortex, gustatory cortex, visual cortex.
Motor and sensory homunculus. Motor and sensory aphasia, agnosia, acalculia. Domination of
cerebral hemisphere.
Lateral ventricle (parts, walls and limitations), interventricular foramen (foramen of Monro),
septum pellucidum, choroid plexus of lateral ventricle.
Meninges of encephalon: dura mater, leptomeninx (arachnoid and pia mater),meningeal
spaces. Dural venous sinuses. Cerebrospinal fluid spaces and circulation.
Clinical and radiologic anatomy: X-ray, CT, MR.
27.10.21
Wet lab classes with PBL and SGD
(Wednesday)
28.10.21
(Thursday) Credit - Axial skeleton – MCQ and spotters
03.11.21
(Wednesday) 1st retake – Axial skeleton - spotters

04.11.2021 1st retake – Axial skeleton - MCQ

(Thursday)
04.11.21 Diencephalon: division, external and internal features - epithalamus,
(Thursday) thalamus, subthalamus, metathalamus, hypothalamus (white and grey matter, nuclei). Afferent
and efferent tracts. Function of diencephalon. Hypophysis and neurohypophysis. 3rd ventricle
(walls) lentiform nucleus, claustrum, amygdaloid body, internal capsule, external and extreme
capsule, function of corpus striatum, caudate nucleus, lentiform nucleus, claustrum,
amygdaloid body. Pathways and tracts of internal capsule, external and extreme capsule.
Clinical and radiologic anatomy: X-ray, CT, MR.
08.11.21 Mesencephalon: external and internal features (cerebral peduncle and cerebral crus,
(Monday) substantia nigra, red nucleus). Afferent and efferent tracts, medial and lateral lemniscus,
medial longitudinal fasciculus. Mesencephalic aquaeduct.
10.11.21
Wet lab classes with PBL and SGD
(Wednesday)
15.11.21 Rhombencephalon: division and morphology.
(Monday)) Metencephalon: pons and cerebellum.
General terms, external and internal features. Hemisphere of cerebellum, vermis of cerebellum
and cerebellar peduncle, archicerebellum, paleocerebellum, neocerebellum,
vestibulocerebellum, spinocerebellum, pontocerebellum. paleocerebellum, neocerebellum,
vestibulocerebellum, spinocerebellum, Cerebellar nuclei. Cerebellar tracts.
Myelencephalon:medulla oblongata bulb:
Cerebellar nuclei. Cerebellar tracts. General terms, external and internal features. Rhomboid
fossa. Reticular formation. Nuclei of cranial nerves. Spinal lemniscus, trigeminal lemniscus
4th ventricle (pars, walls and limitation). Subarachnoid cisterns, cerebrospinal fluid
(circulation).
 Basal forebrain and basal nuclei: tracts and connections of corpus striatum, caudate nucleus,
lentiform nucleus, globus pallidus, claustrum, amygdaloid body, internal, external and
extreme capsule. Extrapyramidal pathways.
Limbic lobe. Hippocampus: hippocampal formation, hippocampal cortex.
Limbic system: tracts of limbic lobe and system, afferent and efferent fibres, basal nuclei.
Rhinencephalon: olfactory pathway and connections.
Clinical and radiologic anatomy: X-ray, CT, MR.
17.11.21
Wet lab classes with PBL and SGD
(Wednesday)
18.11.21 Blood supplying of the brain: arteries of the brain and circle of Willis.
(Thursday Cerebral veins (superficial and deep cerebral veins, veins of brainstem,
cerebellar veins).
Clinical and radiologic anatomy: X-ray, CT, MR.
Spinal cord: external and internal features (sections of spinal cord,
anterior, posterior and lateral column, funiculi of spinal cord). Proper pathways of the spinal
cord. Autonomic centre of spinal cord, ciliospinal center.
Spinal dura mater, epidural and subdural space, spinal arachnoid mater, spinal pia mater.
Subarachnoid cisterns, suboccipital puncture and lumbar puncture.
22.11.21 Pathways of CNS: classification of nervous pathways: descending pathways, motor pathways
(Monday) (pyramidal pathways – cortinonuclear pathway and corticospinal pathway, extrapyramidal
pathways, autonomic pathways). Afferent & efferent connections of the pyramidal and
extrapyramidal pathways. Neurotransmitters. Proper pathways of the spinal cord.
Anatomy of motor pathways. Motor nuclei of cranial nerves, and course of their fibres
(CN III, IV,V,VI, VII, IX, X, XI, XII).
Sensory pathways: sensory receptors, tactile sensation and proprioception, ascending
(sensory) fibres: optic pathway, acustic tracts, vestibular tracts, gustatory tracts and autonomic
tracts. Pathways of pain and temperature, nondiscriminative (crude) touch and pressure. two-
point (fine) discriminative touch and vibratory sense, proprioceptive sense. Anterolateral
system. Ascending and descending pathways to the cerebellum (subconscious). Visceral pain.
Autonomic nervous system: localization in brain and spinal cord. Function and connections.
Sensory nuclei of cranial nerves, and course of their fibres (CN I, II, V, VII, VIII, IX, X)
Clinical anatomy: Clinical aspects of the pyramidal pathways. Lower & upper motor neuron
syndromes. Clinical effects of pyramidal and extrapyramidal pathways lesions. Clinico-
anatomical syndromes of the spinal cord injury. Tetraplegia, paraplegia, Brown- Séquard
syndrome, hemiplegia, paresis, dysfunction of sensory pathways, spinothalamic tracts
(localization and dysfunctions), taste pathway (course, dysfunction). The clinical signs of the
lesions on different levels. Radiologic anatomy: X-ray, CT, MR.
24.11.21
(Wednesday)
Wet lab classes with PBL and SGD

25.11.21 CNS - CREDIT

(Thursday) CNS – MCQ and spotters