mango
INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT
IPM Innovation Lab
mango
package
M
ango (Mangifera indica L.: WHAT IS IPM?
Anacardiaceae) originated from the
region between northwestern Myanmar, Integrated Pest Management (IPM), an
Bangladesh, and northeastern India, and is now environmentally sound and economical
distributed throughout the tropical and approach to pest control, was developed in
subtropical world. It is a highly cross-pollinated response to pesticide misuse in the 1960s.
plant and most cultivars have arisen from Pesticide misuse has led to pesticide
selection of desirable types among naturally resistance among prevailing pests, a
produced seedlings or seedlings selected from resurgence of non-target pests, loss of
known mother trees. Only grafted plants are biodiversity, and environmental and human
used for commercial cultivation for homogeneity. health hazards.
It is a perennial tree of medium to large size.
Fruit is a source of vitamin A and C. It is used in WHAT ARE
Integrated Pest Management Innovation Lab (IPM IL)
preparations of chutneys, pickles, curries, IPM PACKAGES?
syrups, nectars, jams, and jellies. Mango trees The IPM Innovation Lab has developed and
prefer well-drained, rich, and sandy loam soils. tested robust IPM packages, holistic suites of
The optimum soil pH range is 5.5 to 7.5. Major IPM recommendations and practices for the
abiotic stresses for this crop include salinity, production of vegetables and other crops.
flooding, and cold temperatures. Major biotic Farmers who use IPM packages in planting,
stresses include fungal diseases such as
IPM PACKAGES FOR CROP HEALTH
production, and throughout the supply chain
anthracnose, sooty mold, malformation, and see enhanced profitability in their crops. The
stem end rot, and insect pests such as recommended practices in IPM packages
leafhoppers, weevils, red banded mango cover economically significant pest species
caterpillars, fruit flies, and mealybugs. over a wide range of cropping systems across
the tropical world, resulting in benefits to
human health and the environment.
This brochure was created and distributed by the Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Integrated Pest Management (IPM IL). It was made possible
through the United States Agency for International Development and the generous support of the American people through USAID Cooperative
Agreement No. AID-OAA-L-15-00001
diseases
M.S. Nahar M.S. Nahar
Photos (From left):
• Sooty mold
• Anthracnose
• Stem end rot
M.A. Rahman
DISEASES When tender fruits are distorted leaves (exhibit
infected, they turn black phyllody).
and fall off. On mature
Sooty mold [Capnodium
fruits, black, round, Stem end rot
sp. (Capnodiales:
irregular, or sometimes [Colletotrichum
Capnodiaceae)]
sunken spots are formed gloeosporiodes,
This fungus develops on on the skin. Considerable (Glomerellales:
leaves, inflorescences, and spoilage of ripe fruits often Glomerellaceae);
fruits of mango that are results. Wet conditions Dothiorella spp. and
attacked by sap-sucking increase its infection rates. Lasiodiplodia theobromae
leafhoppers and Proper sanitation, aeration, (Botryosphaeriales;
mealybugs. These insects and reduced humidity by Botryosphaeriaceae)]
excrete honeydew that pruning decreases disease
nourishes sooty mold. incidence. Stem end rot is usually a
Although it does not cause post-harvest disease of
direct damage, it reduces Malformation [Fusarium mango fruit. In general, the
photosynthetic surface of subglutinans (Hypocreales: stem ends of affected fruit
leaves. By controlling Nectriaceae)] appear dark brown and
these insects, this fungus water soaked, and the
could be managed. Malformation affects affected areas may extend
inflorescence and new internally well into the fruit.
Anthracnose shoots of mango. Apical or
[Colletotrichum axillary buds produce MINOR DISEASES
gloeosporioides) misshaped shoots with
(Glomerellales: shortened internodes and Some of the minor
Glomerellaceae)] dwarfed leaves, which are diseases of mango in
brittle and recurved Bangladesh include:
It is a fungal disease that towards the supporting powdery mildew (Oidium
affects leaves, tender stem. Shoots may not mangifrae), Alternaria leaf
shoots, and fruits. Brown expand fully, resulting in a spot (Alternaria alternata),
or dark circular or irregular bunched appearance on blossom blight/grey mold
spots are formed on the these portions of the plant. (Botrytis cinerea), die back
leaves. Consequently, Malformed panicles may (Botryosphaeria
normal development is produce as many as three theobromae), mango scab
prevented and leaves times the normal number (Elsinoe mangiferae), and
become crinkled. On of flowers, and these are leaf red rust (Cephaleuros
young green twigs, usually enlarged. virescens).
dark-brown lesions are Inflorescences may also
formed and eventually the have an increased
twigs dry up. Flowers proportion of male vs.
wither and shed when perfect flowers and may
flower stalks are infected. produce dwarfed and
2
insect pests
M.A. Uddin M.A. Uddin M.A. Uddin
Photos (From left):
• Mango leaf hopper
• Mango seed weevil
damage
• Mango pulp weevil
damage
INSECTS The adult that emerges from Asia. The caterpillars feed increases rapidly during
pupa also feeds on the on pulp and tender mango summer. The female flies
Leaf hoppers [Idioscopus cotyledons. Often, the adult seeds and attack the mango lay eggs just below the fruit
clypealis, Idioscopus weevil emerges from the fruits at marble stage to fruit epidermis one to four mm
nagpurensis, Amritodus discarded seeds after the maturity. The caterpillars deep. Maggots tunnel into
atkinsoni (Hemiptera: fruit is eaten or used. There feed within the fruit and the pulp and cause rotting
Cicadellidae)] is one brood per year and make a series of tunnels. and premature dropping of
the weevils remain dormant Because it attacks young fruits. The maggots emerge
Nymphs and adults feed by from July-August until the fruits, few of them reach from these fallen fruits to
sucking the sap on tender following March-April. maturity. The caterpillar has pupate in the soil. Pupation
plant parts like shoots, red and white bands across takes place 80 to 160 mm
inflorescence, and fruits. Mango pulp weevil the body and a dark collar below the soil surface.
Feeding causes necrosis in [Cryptorhynchus behind the head, which
young twigs and leaves, (Sternochetus) frigidus makes it easy to identify. Mango mealybug
withering of flowers, and (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)] [Drosicha mangiferae
fruit drop. Infestation is Leaf cutting weevil (Hemiptera: Monophlebidae)]
more prevalent during The pest is more prevalent [Deporaus marginatus
flowering stage in the spring in the eastern districts of (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)] It is a polyphagous pest that
season and on young Bangladesh. Eggs are laid attacks a wide variety of
leaves on other times of the singly on the epicarp of The adult female slit is trees, including mango, jack
year. When disturbed, partially developed fruits or made alongside of the fruit, banyan, guava, litchi,
adults make a short flight, under the rind of ripening midrib at the back of the citrus, and pomegranate.
but quickly settle back on fruits. The grubs feed on the leaf, and the egg is inserted This pest is seasonal. Eggs
the plant. They excrete flesh and pupate in small into the slit. It lays 10-20 are laid in clusters of 300 to
honeydew, leading to the chambers up to one cm in eggs in a leaf. The leaf 400 inside a cottony white
development of sooty mold diameter. There are no containing eggs is cut off ovisac in the soil below the
on leaves. Heavy infestation signs of the weevil on the near its base and the leaf trees in May and they
can cause 100% yield loss. outside of the fruit. The drops to the ground. Grubs undergo diapause until
adult weevil exits the fruit, mine the fallen leaf, giving November. Upon hatching,
Mango nut/seed weevil making a small hole in the rise to irregular blotch nymphs crawl up the trees.
[Sternochetus mangiferae skin. The mango pulp weevil mines. Full grown grubs The nymphs and female
(Coleoptera: Curculionidae)] looks similar to mango emerge from the mines and adults suck plant sap from
stone weevil, but the pulp pupate in the soil. inflorescences, tender
The female weevil scoops weevil attacks pulp, Emergence of adults usually shoots, and fruit peduncles.
out the surface of the young causing it to rot. It does not synchronize with rainfall so As a result, the infested
mango fruit and deposits the enter the seed. as to coincide with new inflorescences dry up and
egg singly. The liquid that flush of mango leaves. result in reduction in fruit
oozes from the fruit covers Red banded mango production. Nymphs and
the egg, dries up, making it caterpillar [Deanolis Oriental fruit fly adult females exude
hard to recognize. The grub sublimbalis (Lepidoptera: [Bactrocera dorsalis honeydew which
that hatches, tunnels Pyralidae)] (Diptera: Tephritidae)] encourages sooty mold
through the pulp, the seed development and in turn
coat, and then reaches the It is a recent introduction to Fruit flies appear late in reduces the photosynthetic
cotyledons to feed. Pupation the country from Southeast spring on fruits that are efficiency of leaves.
takes place inside the seed. about to ripe and population
3
insect pests, mites, and weeds
Pest and Diseases Image Library, [Link] Arun T.P., [Link]
Photos (From left):
• Bactrocera zonata
• Euthalia aconthea
MINOR INSECT WEEDS
AND MITE PESTS
Loranthus/Indian mistletoe
Some of the minor pests of (Dendrophthae falcata:
mango in Bangladesh are: Loranthaceae). It is a
mango stem/trunk borer parasitic weed that grows
(Batocera rufomaculata), on the branches of the
mango fruit fly (Bactrocera trees. At the point of
tau), guava fruit fly attachment, haustoria
(Bactrocera zonata), penetrate into the tissues
mango leaf gall midge of the host for the
(Procontarinia matteiana), absorption of nutrients. It
mango common scale is not specialized to
insect (Coccus mango but it could be
mangiferae), mango shoot found on many other trees.
gall (Apsylla cistellata), Birds help in the dispersal
mango defoliator (Cricula of the fruits. The damage
trifenestrata), mango fruit caused depends on the
borer (Citripestis intensity of infestation.
eutraphera), mango leaf Though it has green
webber (Orthaga leaves, a large amount of
exvinacea), mango nutrients is removed from
leafminer (Acrocercops the host, resulting in the
syngramma), mango leaf cessation of growth of the
caterpillar (Euthalia affected branches.
aconthea), pink gypsy
moth (Lymantria mathura),
fruit piercing moth
(Eudocima phalonia),
mango shoot caterpillar
(Penicillaria jocosatrix), red
banded thrips
(Selenothrips
rubrocinctus), coconut
scale (Aspidiotus
destructor), and mango
eriophyid mite (Aceria
mangiferae).
4
mango ipm techniques
IPM Innovation Lab
Photos (From left):
• Mango bagging
• Grafted mango
IPM Innovation Lab
• Select scions from mango varieties • Remove and bury fallen fruit fly, red
that have good market value and are banded caterpillar, and/or mango FOR MORE
resistant to pests and diseases and pulp weevil infested fruits in pits of at INFORMATION
graft on compatible rootstock. least 0.3 m deep in the soil.
The Feed the Future Innovation Lab for
• Protect young shoots of the seedlings • Harvest mango with pedicel and
Integrated Pest Management (IPM IL)
with sleeves made of mosquito/nylon apply hot water treatment to protect
develops sustainable and economical
net or perforated plastic bags to from stem end rot disease.
pest control methods to improve
prevent leaf cutting beetle attack.
• Apply need-based pesticides at the livelihoods for farmers worldwide. The
• Collect leaves cut and dropped by the various stages of growth to manage program’s work is based in seven
leaf cutting beetle from the ground diseases and pests. Use bio-pesticides countries and is engaged with
and dispose to prevent emergence of such as Beauveria bassiana and scientists, extension agents, students,
beetle from them. Metarhizium anisopliae; botanicals and farmers in the tropical and
such as neem; and opt for safe subtropical world. The IPM IL is funded
• Trim and prune trees to maintain
chemical pesticides as a last resort. Do by the U.S. Agency for International
manageable height, proper
not use pesticides with the same Development (Lead award number:
ventilation, and ease of crop
mode of action continuously to avoid AID-OAA-L-15-00001) and housed at
protection operations.
resistance development in pests. Virginia Tech in Blacksburg, Virginia.
• Proper sanitation, aeration, and
• Avoid spraying with chemical
reducing humidity by pruning Contact:
insecticides when trees are in full
decreases incidence of mango Rangaswamy Muniappan
bloom to prevent killing of pollinators.
leafhoppers.
• Conserve natural enemies: Predators IPM Innovation Lab
• Prune severely affected shoots such as
such as coccinellids Coccinella Center for International Research
the ones with leaf webs and destroy
septempunctata, Coccinella Education and Development (CIRED)
them.
transversalis, Chilocorus nigritus, Virginia Tech
• Maintain a clean field free of weeds. Scymnus sp., Menochilus sexmaculatus,
Rodolia cardinalis, and Cryptolaemus 526 Prices Fork Road
• Cut and remove parasitic plants from
montrouzieri; predatory mites such as Blacksburg, VA 24061
the trees.
Amblyseis spp., Phytoseilus sp.; 540-231-3516 | rmuni@[Link]
• Set up physical barriers with sticky predatory bugs such as Orius spp.; [Link]
traps on stems of mango trees in spiders and lacewings; and egg and
November to prevent mango larval parasitoids of lepidopterans
mealybug nymphs from crawling up Trichogramma spp., Ooencyrtus sp.,
from the ground. and Telenomus sp. Euplectrus sp.,
Echthromorpha sp., and Winthemia sp.;
• Bag fruits to protect them from fruit
fruit fly parasitoids Fopius arisanus,
flies, fruit borers, birds, and bats.
Fopius vandenboschi, and others;
• Set up Methyl eugenol traps to attract parasitoids of mealybugs
and kill male Oriental fruit flies. Gyranusoidea tebygi and Anagyrus
mangicola; parasitoids of scale insects
• Apply insecticide-treated protein bait
Aphytis spp., and others.
to attract and kill fruit flies.
5
For further information:
Feed the Future Bangladesh Integrated Pest Management Activity
House 10/B, Road 53
Gulshan 2, Dhaka 1212
Bangladesh
E-mail: neelakshi@[Link]
