1 INLET

2 VENA CONTRACTA
LAMINAR
3 OUTLET

INLET OUTLET
FLOW

VELOCITY
PRESSURE
TURBULENT
FLOW
P1

P2
H (ft)
CONCRETE EXAMPLE # 1
Pvc
120
4”
5”
1 2 3
H1 : 22 ft P2 : ATM 100
10” 6”

9”
77

76
9”

73
NATURE OF FLOW IN PIPE
80 70

60
8”
20 Hp DETERMINING REYNOLDS NUMBER
15 Hp
FLOW 40
7” 65
AND FRICTION FACTOR FOR A STEEL PIPE
60 10 Hp
6”
200 gpm 50
7.5 Hp
20
BALL VALVE 5 Hp
1800 rpm
60 °F 2 3/8 Φ seat 3 Hp
0 Q (gpm)
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900

FLOW

FLOW PROBLEM SECTION

CONCRETE EXAMPLE #1 CONCRETE EXAMPLE #1

Water at 80°F is flowing through 70 feet of 2” standard steel pipe schedule 40 at a rate of 50 gpm Water at 80°F is flowing through 70 feet of 2” standard steel pipe schedule 40 at a rate of 50 gpm
Let’s find the Reynolds number (Re) and the friction factor (f) Let’s find the Reynolds number (Re) and the friction factor (f)
Dvρ Qρ
Re = Weight density of water at 80°F (ρ) : 62.212 lb/ft3 Re = 50.66
μ dμ
Dynamic viscosity of water at 80°F (μ) : 0.85 cP

D : Pipe internal diameter (ft) Pipe internal diameter (d) : 2.067 in D : Pipe internal diameter (ft)

v : Mean velocity of flow (ft/s) Rate of flow (Q) : 50 gpm Q : Rate of flow (gpm)

ρ : Weight density of fluid (lb/ft3) ρ : Weight density of fluid (lb/ft3)

TURBULENT
Reynolds number (Re) : 89691
μ : Absolute viscosity (lb/ft.s) μ : Absolute viscosity (lb/ft.s)
Re > 4000
Friction factor (f) : ~0.022
 CONCRETE EXAMPLE #2

A 6” class schedule 40, 125 iron Y-pattern globe valve has a flow coefficient Cv of 600
Let’s find the resistance coefficient (K), the equivalent lengths (L/D) and L for flow in zone of
complete turbulence

CONCRETE EXAMPLE # 2 Pipe internal diameter (d) : 6.065 in

d2
K = 890.3
Pipe internal diameter (D) : 0.5054 ft Cv2
VALVE RESISTANCE
Y-PATTERN GLOBE VALVES :
Resistance coefficient (K) : 3.35
DETERMINING L, L/D AND Cv L
K=f
Friction factor (f) : ~0.015 (from chart) D

CONCRETE EXAMPLE #2

A 6” class schedule 40, 125 iron Y-pattern globe valve has a flow coefficient Cv of 600
Let’s find the resistance coefficient (K), the equivalent lengths (L/D) and L for flow in zone of
complete turbulence

Pipe internal diameter (d) : 6.065 in

d2
CONCRETE EXAMPLE # 3
K = 890.3 2
Pipe internal diameter (D) : 0.5054 ft Cv
VALVE RESISTANCE
CONVENTIONAL GLOBE VALVES :
Resistance coefficient (K) : 3.35
L DETERMINING L, L/D AND Cv
K=f
Friction factor (f) : ~0.015 (from chart) D

L/D : 223 Pipe length (L) : 113 ft

 CONCRETE EXAMPLE #3

A 4” class 600 schedule 80 steel conventional angle valve with full area seat
Let’s find the resistance coefficient (K), the flow coefficient (Cv), the equivalent lengths (L/D)
and L for flow in zone of complete turbulence

Pipe internal diameter (d) : 3.826 in

d2
CONCRETE EXAMPLE # 4
K = 890.3 2
Pipe internal diameter (D) : 0.319 ft Cv
VALVE RESISTANCE
GATE VALVES :
Resistance coefficient (K) : 2.4
L DETERMINING K, L/D AND L
Friction factor (f) : 0.016
K=f
D
Flow coefficient (Cv) : 282
L/D : 150 Pipe length (L) : 47.8 ft

CONCRETE EXAMPLE #4

A 6x4” class 600 schedule 80 steel gate valve with inlet and outlet ports conically tapered
from back of body rings to valve ends. The angle θ ~13°
Let’s find the resistance coefficient (K), the equivalent lengths (L/D) and L for flow in zone of
complete turbulence
CONCRETE EXAMPLE # 5
Pipe internal diameter (d1) : 4 in

Pipe internal diameter (d2) : 5.761 in SIZING LIFT CHECK VALVES

Resistance coefficient (K) : 1.06

L
Friction factor (f) : ~0.015 K=f
D
L/D : 70.7 Pipe length (L) : 34 ft
 CONCRETE EXAMPLE #5 CONCRETE EXAMPLE #5

A globe type lift check valve is required in a 3” schedule 40 horizontal pipe carrying 70°F A globe type lift check valve is required in a 3” schedule 40 horizontal pipe carrying 70°F
water at the rate of 80 gpm water at the rate of 80 gpm
Let’s find the proper size for this check valve and the corresponding pressure drop Let’s find the proper size for this check valve and the corresponding pressure drop
Valve internal diameter (d1) : 3.068 in Valve internal diameter (d1) : 3.068 in
Pipe internal diameter (d2) : 3.068 in Pipe internal diameter (d2) : 3.068 in
Water weight density at 70°F (ρ) : 62.298 lb/ft3 Water weight density at 70°F (ρ) : 62.298 lb/ft3
Water specific volume at 70°F (V) : 0.01605 ft3/lb Water specific volume at 70°F (V) : 0.01605 ft3/lb

Minimum velocity (vmin) = 40 x (3.068/3.068)2 x (0.01605)0.5 Minimum velocity (vmin) = 5.1 ft/s
Actual velocity (v3”) : 3.47 ft/s 3” valve too large

CONCRETE EXAMPLE #5 CONCRETE EXAMPLE #5

A globe type lift check valve is required in a 3” schedule 40 horizontal pipe carrying 70°F A globe type lift check valve is required in a 3” schedule 40 horizontal pipe carrying 70°F
water at the rate of 80 gpm water at the rate of 80 gpm
Let’s find the proper size for this check valve and the corresponding pressure drop Let’s find the proper size for this check valve and the corresponding pressure drop
Valve internal diameter (d1) : 3.068 in 2.469 in (2 ½” Schedule 40) Valve internal diameter (d1) : 3.068 in 2.469 in (2 ½” Schedule 40)
Pipe internal diameter (d2) : 3.068 in Pipe internal diameter (d2) : 3.068 in
Water weight density at 70°F (ρ) : 62.298 lb/ft3 Water weight density at 70°F (ρ) : 62.298 lb/ft3
Water specific volume at 70°F (V) : 0.01605 ft3/lb Water specific volume at 70°F (V) : 0.01605 ft3/lb

Minimum velocity (vmin) = 5.1 ft/s Minimum velocity (vmin) = 5.1 ft/s
Actual velocity (v3”) : 3.47 ft/s 3” valve too large Actual velocity (v2 ½”) : 5.36 ft/s 2 ½” valve OK

Actual velocity (v2 ½”) : 5.36 ft/s 2 ½” valve OK Resistance coefficient (K) : 26.2
 CONCRETE EXAMPLE #5

A globe type lift check valve is required in a 3” schedule 40 horizontal pipe carrying 70°F
water at the rate of 80 gpm
Let’s find the proper size for this check valve and the corresponding pressure drop
Valve internal diameter (d1) : 3.068 in 2.469 in (2 ½” Schedule 40)
CONCRETE EXAMPLE # 6
Pipe internal diameter (d2) : 3.068 in
Water weight density at 70°F (ρ) : 62.298 lb/ft3 BALL VALVE
Water specific volume at 70°F (V) : 0.01605 ft3/lb FLUID VELOCITY AND RATE OF DISCHARGE

Minimum velocity (vmin) = 5.1 ft/s

Actual velocity (v2 ½”) : 5.36 ft/s 2 ½” valve OK

Resistance coefficient (K) : 26.2 Pressure drop (∆P) : 2.1 psi

CONCRETE EXAMPLE #6 CONCRETE EXAMPLE #6

H1 : 22 ft P2 : ATM
• 200 ft, 3” schedule 40 pipe
Water at 60°F discharges from a tank with a 22 ft head to atmospheric through : • 6 x 3” standard 90° threaded elbows
• 1 x 3” flanged ball valve having a 2 1/2 diameter seat
• 200 ft, 3” schedule 40 pipe FLOW
??? gpm 25° conical inlet and 25° conical outlet
• 6 x 3” standard 90° threaded elbows 60 °F
BALL VALVE
2 3/8 Φ seat

• 1 x 3” flanged ball valve having a 2 ½ diameter seat, 25° conical inlet and 25° conical outlet
FLOW
Let’s find the velocity of flow in the pipe and rate of discharge in gpm L v2
hL = fK
H1 : 22 ft P2 : ATM D 2g
Valve internal diameter (d1) : 2.375 in
Pipe internal diameter (d2) : 3.068 in
hL : Loss of static pressure head due to fluid flow (ft)
FLOW Water weight density at 60°F (ρ) : 62.298 lb/ft3 K : Resistance coefficient (unitless)
??? gpm
BALL VALVE
Water dynamic viscosity at 60°F (μ) : 1.1 cP v : Mean velocity of flow (ft/s)
60 °F 2 3/8 Φ seat
Valve angle (θ) : 25° g : Gravitational acceleration = 32.174 ft/s2

FLOW Average head (hL) : 22 ft

 CONCRETE EXAMPLE #6 CONCRETE EXAMPLE #6
H1 : 22 ft P2 : ATM H1 : 22 ft P2 : ATM
• 200 ft, 3” schedule 40 pipe • 200 ft, 3” schedule 40 pipe
• 6 x 3” standard 90° threaded elbows • 6 x 3” standard 90° threaded elbows
FLOW • 1 x 3” flanged ball valve having a 2 1/2 diameter seat FLOW • 1 x 3” flanged ball valve having a 2 1/2 diameter seat
??? gpm 25° conical inlet and 25° conical outlet ??? gpm 25° conical inlet and 25° conical outlet
BALL VALVE BALL VALVE
60 °F 2 3/8 Φ seat 60 °F 2 3/8 Φ seat

L
FLOW K=f FLOW
D

Valve internal diameter (d1) : 2.375 in Valve resistance coefficient (K1) : 0.6 Valve internal diameter (d1) : 2.375 in System resistance coefficient (KT) : 19.34
Pipe internal diameter (d2) : 3.068 in Elbows resistance coefficient (K2) : 3.24 Pipe internal diameter (d2) : 3.068 in SUM OF :
- Valve resistance coefficient (K1) : 0.6
Water weight density at 60°F (ρ) : 62.298 lb/ft3 - Elbows resistance coefficient (K2) : 3.24
Pipe resistance coefficient (K3) : 14 Water weight density at 60°F (ρ) : 62.298 lb/ft3
- Pipe resistance coefficient (K3) : 14
- Entrance resistance coefficient (K4) : 0.5
Water dynamic viscosity at 60°F (μ) : 1.1 cP Entrance resistance coefficient (K4) : 0.5 Water dynamic viscosity at 60°F (μ) : 1.1 cP - Exit resistance coefficient (K5) : 1

Valve angle (θ) : 25° Exit resistance coefficient (K5) : 1 Valve angle (θ) : 25°
Average head (hL) : 22 ft Average head (hL) : 22 ft

CONCRETE EXAMPLE #6 CONCRETE EXAMPLE #6

H1 : 22 ft P2 : ATM H1 : 22 ft P2 : ATM
• 200 ft, 3” schedule 40 pipe • 200 ft, 3” schedule 40 pipe
• 6 x 3” standard 90° threaded elbows • 6 x 3” standard 90° threaded elbows
FLOW • 1 x 3” flanged ball valve having a 2 1/2 diameter seat FLOW • 1 x 3” flanged ball valve having a 2 1/2 diameter seat
??? gpm 25° conical inlet and 25° conical outlet ??? gpm 25° conical inlet and 25° conical outlet
BALL VALVE BALL VALVE
60 °F 2 3/8 Φ seat 60 °F 2 3/8 Φ seat
2
v 2ghL
FLOW hL = K FLOW v=
2g K

Valve internal diameter (d1) : 2.375 in System resistance coefficient (KT) : 19.34 Valve internal diameter (d1) : 2.375 in System resistance coefficient (KT) : 19.34
Pipe internal diameter (d2) : 3.068 in Velocity of flow (v) : Pipe internal diameter (d2) : 3.068 in Velocity of flow (v) : 8.55 ft/s
Water weight density at 60°F (ρ) : 62.298 lb/ft3 Water weight density at 60°F (ρ) : 62.298 lb/ft3 Rate of flow (Q) : 197 gpm
Water dynamic viscosity at 60°F (μ) : 1.1 cP Water dynamic viscosity at 60°F (μ) : 1.1 cP
Valve angle (θ) : 25° Valve angle (θ) : 25°
Average head (hL) : 22 ft Average head (hL) : 22 ft
 CONCRETE EXAMPLE #7

S.A.E 30 oil at 100°F is flowing at a rate of 600 bbl/h through 200 ft of 8” schedule 40 pipe, in
which an 8” conventional globe valve with full area seat is installed
Let’s find the pressure drop due to flow through the pipe and valve

CONCRETE EXAMPLE # 7 ∆P ???

LAMINAR FLOW IN VALVES

FITTINGS AND PIPE (1/2)
FLOW FLOW
600 bbl/h
GLOBE VALVE
100 °F 8” Φ seat

200 ft

∆P ??? CONCRETE EXAMPLE #7 ∆P ??? CONCRETE EXAMPLE #7

• 200 ft, 8” schedule 40 pipe • 200 ft, 8” schedule 40 pipe

• 8” globe valve • 8” globe valve
FLOW FLOW FLOW FLOW
600 bbl/h 600 bbl/h
GLOBE VALVE GLOBE VALVE
100 °F 8” Φ seat 100 °F 8” Φ seat

lb
200 ft
ρ100°F
oil = ρ60°F 100°F
water x Soil
200 ft
ρ100°F
oil = 62.364 x 0.87
ft 3
Valve internal diameter (d1) : 2.375 in Valve internal diameter (d1) : 2.375 in
Pipe internal diameter (d2) : 7.981 in Pipe internal diameter (d2) : 7.981 in
Oil dynamic viscosity at 100°F (μoil) : 130 cP Oil dynamic viscosity at 100°F (μoil) : 130 cP
Oil specific gravity at 100°F (sp.groil) : 0.87 Oil specific gravity at 100°F (sp.groil) : 0.87
Oil weight density at 100°F (ρoil) : Oil weight density at 100°F (ρoil) :
 ∆P ??? CONCRETE EXAMPLE #7 ∆P ??? CONCRETE EXAMPLE #7

• 200 ft, 8” schedule 40 pipe • 200 ft, 8” schedule 40 pipe

• 8” globe valve • 8” globe valve
FLOW FLOW FLOW FLOW
600 bbl/h 600 bbl/h 64 64μ
100 °F
GLOBE VALVE
8” Φ seat 100 °F
GLOBE VALVE
8” Φ seat f= =
lb Re 124dvρ
200 ft
ρ100°F
oil = 54.26 200 ft
ft 3 Nature of flow in pipe :
Valve internal diameter (d1) : 2.375 in Valve internal diameter (d1) : 2.375 in Reynolds number (Re) : 1112 LAMINAR FLOW

Pipe internal diameter (d2) : 7.981 in Pipe internal diameter (d2) : 7.981 in Pipe friction factor (f) : 0.058
Oil dynamic viscosity at 100°F (μoil) : 130 cP Oil dynamic viscosity at 100°F (μoil) : 130 cP Pipe resistance coefficient (K1) :
Oil specific gravity at 100°F (sp.groil) : 0.87 Oil specific gravity at 100°F (sp.groil) : 0.87
Oil weight density at 100°F (ρoil) : 54.26 lb/ft3 Oil weight density at 100°F (ρoil) : 54.26 lb/ft3
Rate of flow : 600 bbl/h = 420 gpm

∆P ??? CONCRETE EXAMPLE #7 ∆P ??? CONCRETE EXAMPLE #7

• 200 ft, 8” schedule 40 pipe • 200 ft, 8” schedule 40 pipe

• 8” globe valve • 8” globe valve
FLOW FLOW FLOW FLOW
600 bbl/h
GLOBE VALVE
L 600 bbl/h
GLOBE VALVE
L
100 °F 8” Φ seat K=f 100 °F 8” Φ seat K=f
D D
200 ft 200 ft

Nature of flow in pipe : Nature of flow in pipe :

Valve internal diameter (d1) : 2.375 in Reynolds number (Re) : 1112 LAMINAR FLOW Valve internal diameter (d1) : 2.375 in Reynolds number (Re) : 1112 LAMINAR FLOW

Pipe internal diameter (d2) : 7.981 in Pipe friction factor (f) : 0.058 Pipe internal diameter (d2) : 7.981 in Pipe friction factor (f) : 0.058
Oil dynamic viscosity at 100°F (μoil) : 130 cP Pipe resistance coefficient (K1) : Oil dynamic viscosity at 100°F (μoil) : 130 cP Pipe resistance coefficient (K1) : 17.44
Oil specific gravity at 100°F (sp.groil) : 0.87 Oil specific gravity at 100°F (sp.groil) : 0.87 Valve resistance coefficient (K2) : 4.76
Oil weight density at 100°F (ρoil) : 54.26 lb/ft3 Oil weight density at 100°F (ρoil) : 54.26 lb/ft3
System resistance coefficient (KT) : K1 + K2
Rate of flow : 600 bbl/h = 420 gpm Rate of flow : 600 bbl/h = 420 gpm
 ∆P ??? CONCRETE EXAMPLE #7 ∆P ??? CONCRETE EXAMPLE #7

• 200 ft, 8” schedule 40 pipe • 200 ft, 8” schedule 40 pipe

• 8” globe valve • 8” globe valve
FLOW FLOW FLOW FLOW
600 bbl/h
GLOBE VALVE
L 600 bbl/h
GLOBE VALVE
100 °F 8” Φ seat K=f 100 °F 8” Φ seat
D
200 ft 200 ft

Nature of flow in pipe : Nature of flow in pipe :

Valve internal diameter (d1) : 2.375 in Reynolds number (Re) : 1112 LAMINAR FLOW Valve internal diameter (d1) : 2.375 in Reynolds number (Re) : 1112 LAMINAR FLOW

Pipe internal diameter (d2) : 7.981 in Pipe friction factor (f) : 0.058 Pipe internal diameter (d2) : 7.981 in Pipe friction factor (f) : 0.058
Oil dynamic viscosity at 100°F (μoil) : 130 cP Pipe resistance coefficient (K1) : 17.44 Oil dynamic viscosity at 100°F (μoil) : 130 cP System resistance coefficient (KT) : 22.2
Oil specific gravity at 100°F (sp.groil) : 0.87 Valve resistance coefficient (K2) : 4.76 Oil specific gravity at 100°F (sp.groil) : 0.87
Oil weight density at 100°F (ρoil) : 54.26 lb/ft3 Oil weight density at 100°F (ρoil) : 54.26 lb/ft3 Pressure drop (∆P) : 0.943 psi
System resistance coefficient (KT) : 22.2
Rate of flow : 600 bbl/h = 420 gpm Rate of flow : 600 bbl/h = 420 gpm

CONCRETE EXAMPLE #8

S.A.E 30 oil at 100°F is flowing at a rate of 400 gpm through 5” schedule 40 pipe as depicted in
the following figure
Let’s find the pressure difference between gauges P1 and P2
P2
CONCRETE EXAMPLE # 8
LAMINAR FLOW IN VALVES ANGLE VALVE
5” with full area seat FLOW
FITTINGS AND PIPE (2/2) P1 wide open
5” / 75 ft
100 °F GATE VALVE
5” with full area seat 5” / 50 ft
400 gpm wide open

FLOW
5” WELD ELBOW
r/d = 1
5” / 175 ft
Pipe internal diameter (d2) : 5.047 in
CONCRETE EXAMPLE #8 Pipe internal diameter (d2) : 5.047 in
CONCRETE EXAMPLE #8

Oil dynamic viscosity at 100°F (μoil) : 130 cP Oil dynamic viscosity at 100°F (μoil) : 130 cP
Oil weight density at 100°F (ρoil) : 54.26 lb/ft3 Oil weight density at 100°F (ρoil) : 54.26 lb/ft3
Rate of flow : 400 gpm 1. Loss due to flow
Rate of flow : 400 gpm 1. Loss due to flow

2. Loss due to elevation change 2. Loss due to elevation change

2
Elevation change (∆P1) : 18.84 psi
KρQ
∆P = 1.801 x 10−5 P2 P2
d2

ANGLE VALVE ANGLE VALVE

hL ρ P1 5” with full area seat FLOW hL ρ P1 5” with full area seat FLOW
∆P = ∆P =
wide open wide open
5” / 75 ft 5” / 75 ft
144 100 °F GATE VALVE
5” / 50 ft
144 100 °F GATE VALVE
5” / 50 ft
5” with full area seat 5” with full area seat
400 gpm wide open 400 gpm wide open

FLOW FLOW
5” WELD ELBOW 5” WELD ELBOW
r/d = 1 r/d = 1
5” / 175 ft 5” / 175 ft

Pipe internal diameter (d2) : 5.047 in

CONCRETE EXAMPLE #8 Pipe internal diameter (d2) : 5.047 in
CONCRETE EXAMPLE #8

Oil dynamic viscosity at 100°F (μoil) : 130 cP Oil dynamic viscosity at 100°F (μoil) : 130 cP
Oil weight density at 100°F (ρoil) : 54.26 lb/ft3 64 64μ Oil weight density at 100°F (ρoil) : 54.26 lb/ft3 L
f= = K=f
Rate of flow : 400 gpm Re 124dvρ Rate of flow : 400 gpm D
Nature of flow in pipe : Nature of flow in pipe :
Reynolds number (Re) : 1675 LAMINAR FLOW Reynolds number (Re) : 1675 LAMINAR FLOW

Pipe friction factor (f) : 0.038 P2 Pipe friction factor (f) : 0.038 P2

Pipe resistance coefficient (K1) : Pipe resistance coefficient (K1) : 27.10

ANGLE VALVE ANGLE VALVE
5” with full area seat FLOW G. Valve resistance coefficient (K2) : 0.12 5” with full area seat FLOW
P1 wide open
P1 wide open
5” / 75 ft A. Valve resistance coefficient (K3) : 2.25 5” / 75 ft
−5
KρQ2 100 °F GATE VALVE
5” / 50 ft
100 °F GATE VALVE
5” / 50 ft
∆P = 1.801 x 10 400 gpm
5” with full area seat
Elbow resistance coefficient (K4) : 0.3 400 gpm
5” with full area seat

d2
wide open wide open

FLOW FLOW
5” WELD ELBOW 5” WELD ELBOW
r/d = 1 r/d = 1
5” / 175 ft 5” / 175 ft
Pipe internal diameter (d2) : 5.047 in
CONCRETE EXAMPLE #8 Pipe internal diameter (d2) : 5.047 in
CONCRETE EXAMPLE #8

Oil dynamic viscosity at 100°F (μoil) : 130 cP Oil dynamic viscosity at 100°F (μoil) : 130 cP
Oil weight density at 100°F (ρoil) : 54.26 lb/ft3 Oil weight density at 100°F (ρoil) : 54.26 lb/ft3
Rate of flow : 400 gpm Rate of flow : 400 gpm 1. Loss due to flow = 7.17 psi
Nature of flow in pipe : 2. Loss due to elevation change = 18.84 psi
Reynolds number (Re) : 1675 LAMINAR FLOW System resistance coefficient (KT) : 29.77
Pipe friction factor (f) : 0.038 P2 P2
2
KρQ
Pipe resistance coefficient (K1) : 27.10 ∆P = 1.801 x 10−5 = 7.17 psi
ANGLE VALVE d2 ANGLE VALVE
G. Valve resistance coefficient (K2) : 0.12 5” with full area seat FLOW 5” with full area seat FLOW
P1 wide open
P1 wide open

A. Valve resistance coefficient (K3) : 2.25 5” / 75 ft 5” / 75 ft

100 °F 100 °F
GATE VALVE
5” with full area seat 5” / 50 ft hL ρ GATE VALVE
5” with full area seat 5” / 50 ft
Elbow resistance coefficient (K4) : 0.3 400 gpm wide open
∆P = = 18.84 psi 400 gpm wide open

FLOW 144 FLOW

5” WELD ELBOW 5” WELD ELBOW
r/d = 1 r/d = 1
System resistance coefficient (KT) : 29.77 5” / 175 ft 5” / 175 ft

Pipe internal diameter (d2) : 5.047 in

CONCRETE EXAMPLE #8

Oil dynamic viscosity at 100°F (μoil) : 130 cP

Oil weight density at 100°F (ρoil) : 54.26 lb/ft3 26 psi
Rate of flow : 400 gpm 1. Loss due to flow = 7.17 psi

System resistance coefficient (KT) : 29.77

2. Loss due to elevation change = 18.84 psi
CONCRETE EXAMPLE # 9
P2
2 PRESSURE DROP
KρQ
∆P = 1.801 x 10−5 = 7.17 psi THROUGH PIPING SYSTEM
d2 ANGLE VALVE
P1 5” with full area seat
wide open
FLOW SUPERHEATED STEAM
5” / 75 ft TURBULENT FLOW
100 °F
hL ρ GATE VALVE
5” with full area seat 5” / 50 ft
∆P = = 18.84 psi 400 gpm wide open

144 FLOW
5” WELD ELBOW
r/d = 1
5” / 175 ft
 CONCRETE EXAMPLE #9 Pipe internal diameter (d2) : 5.761 in CONCRETE EXAMPLE #9

Gate valve exit internal diameter (d’2) : 3.826 in

600 psig steam at 850°F flows through 400 ft of horizontal 6” schedule 80 pipe at a rate of
90000 lb/h as depicted in the following figure. Globe valve internal diameter (d1) : 5.185 in (= 0.9 x d2)

Let’s find the pressure drop through the system FLOW

Steam dynamic viscosity at 850°F (μ) : 0.027 cP
Steam specific volume at 850°F (ρ) : 1.2 ft3/lb Nature of flow in pipe :
GLOBE VALVE Rate of flow : 90 klb/h Reynolds number (Re) : 3.65 x 106 TURBULENT FLOW
6” with seat diameter
0.9 x pipe ID P2 ???
Disc fully lifted
Pipe friction factor (f) : 0.015
FLOW
6” WELD ELBOW Gate valve resistance coefficient (K1) : 1.35
600 psig r/d = 1.5 6” WELD ELBOW
r/d = 1.5
Globe valve resistance coefficient (K2) : 1.44 GLOBE VALVE
6” with seat diameter
GATE VALVE 0.9 x pipe ID P2 ???
850 °F 6x4” with full area seat
Disc fully lifted

Wide open
Elbows resistance coefficient (K3) : 0.63 600 psig
6” WELD ELBOW
r/d = 1.5 6” WELD ELBOW
90 klb/h θ ~13° r/d = 1.5
Pipe resistance coefficient (K4) : GATE VALVE
FLOW 850 °F 6x4” with full area seat
6” WELD ELBOW Wide open
90 klb/h θ ~13°
r/d = 1.5
FLOW
6” WELD ELBOW
r/d = 1.5

Pipe internal diameter (d2) : 5.761 in CONCRETE EXAMPLE #9 Pipe internal diameter (d2) : 5.761 in CONCRETE EXAMPLE #9

Gate valve exit internal diameter (d’2) : 3.826 in Gate valve exit internal diameter (d’2) : 3.826 in

∆P = 40 psi
Globe valve internal diameter (d1) : 5.185 in (= 0.9 x d2) L Globe valve internal diameter (d1) : 5.185 in (= 0.9 x d2)
K=f
Steam dynamic viscosity at 850°F (μ) : 0.027 cP
D Steam dynamic viscosity at 850°F (μ) : 0.027 cP
Steam specific volume at 850°F (ρ) : 1.2 ft3/lb Nature of flow in pipe :
Steam specific volume at 850°F (ρ) : 1.2 ft3/lb
Rate of flow : 90 klb/h Reynolds number (Re) : 3.65 x 106 TURBULENT FLOW
Rate of flow : 90 klb/h P2 = 560 psig
Pipe friction factor (f) : 0.015
FLOW FLOW
Gate valve resistance coefficient (K1) : 1.35 System resistance coefficient (KT) : 15.92
Globe valve resistance coefficient (K2) : 1.44 GLOBE VALVE
6” with seat diameter
GLOBE VALVE
6” with seat diameter
0.9 x pipe ID P2 ??? 0.9 x pipe ID P2 ???
Disc fully lifted Disc fully lifted
Elbows resistance coefficient (K3) : 0.63 600 psig
6” WELD ELBOW
r/d = 1.5 600 psig
6” WELD ELBOW
r/d = 1.5
6” WELD ELBOW 6” WELD ELBOW
r/d = 1.5 r/d = 1.5
Pipe resistance coefficient (K4) : 12.5 GATE VALVE GATE VALVE
850 °F 6x4” with full area seat 850 °F 6x4” with full area seat
Wide open Wide open
90 klb/h θ ~13° 90 klb/h θ ~13°

System resistance coefficient (KT) : 15.92 FLOW

6” WELD ELBOW
FLOW
6” WELD ELBOW
r/d = 1.5 r/d = 1.5
 CONCRETE EXAMPLE #10

A 12” schedule 40 steel pipe 60 ft long containing a standard gate valve 10 ft from the entrance,
discharges 60°F water to atmosphere from a reservoir as depicted in the following figure.
Let’s find the diameter of thin-plate orifice to be installed in the pipe to restrict the velocity of flow
to 10 ft/s when the gate valve is wide open
CONCRETE EXAMPLE # 10
12” sched. 40 - 60 ft
SIZING AN ORIFICE FOR A GIVEN
PRESSURE DROP AND FLUID VELOCITY
10 ft
60°F ATM
12 ft WATER
12” GATE VALVE 10 ft/s
FLOW

ORIFICE PLATE ???

CONCRETE EXAMPLE #10 Nature of flow in pipe :

CONCRETE EXAMPLE #10
60 ft 60 ft TURBULENT FLOW

dvρ
Re = 124 Re = 8.4 x 105
60°F
10 ft
ATM μ 60°F
10 ft
ATM
12 ft WATER 12 ft WATER
12” GATE VALVE 10 ft/s 12” GATE VALVE 10 ft/s
FLOW FLOW
L L
K=f K=f
ORIFICE PLATE ???
D ORIFICE PLATE ???
D

Pipe length (L) : 60 ft System resistance (excluding orifice) : Pipe length (L) : 60 ft System resistance (excluding orifice) :
Pipe internal diameter (d2) : 11.938 in 1. Entrance (K1) : 0.78 Pipe internal diameter (d2) : 11.938 in 1. Entrance (K1) : 0.78
Gate valve internal diameter (d1) : 11.938 in 2. Gate valve (K2) : 0.1 Gate valve internal diameter (d1) : 11.938 in 2. Gate valve (K2) : 0.1
Water dynamic viscosity at 60°F (μ) : 1.1 cP 3. Exit (K3) : 1 Water dynamic viscosity at 60°F (μ) : 1.1 cP 3. Exit (K3) : 1
Water weight density at 60°F (ρ) : 62.364 lb/ft3 4. Pipe (K4) : Water weight density at 60°F (ρ) : 62.364 lb/ft3 4. Pipe (K4) : 0.72
 Nature of flow in pipe :
CONCRETE EXAMPLE #10 Nature of flow in pipe :
CONCRETE EXAMPLE #10
60 ft TURBULENT FLOW 60 ft TURBULENT FLOW

10 ft 10 ft
60°F ATM 60°F ATM
12 ft WATER 12 ft WATER
12” GATE VALVE 10 ft/s 12” GATE VALVE 10 ft/s
v2 2ghL
FLOW hL = K FLOW K=
2g v2
ORIFICE PLATE ??? ORIFICE PLATE ???

Pipe length (L) : 60 ft System resistance (excluding orifice) : 2.6 Pipe length (L) : 60 ft System resistance (excluding orifice) : 2.6
Pipe internal diameter (d2) : 11.938 in System resistance (including orifice) : Pipe internal diameter (d2) : 11.938 in System resistance (including orifice) : 7.72
Gate valve internal diameter (d1) : 11.938 in Gate valve internal diameter (d1) : 11.938 in
Orifice resistance coefficient (Korifice) : 5.12
Water dynamic viscosity at 60°F (μ) : 1.1 cP Water dynamic viscosity at 60°F (μ) : 1.1 cP
Water weight density at 60°F (ρ) : 62.364 lb/ft3 Water weight density at 60°F (ρ) : 62.364 lb/ft3

Nature of flow in pipe :

CONCRETE EXAMPLE #10 Nature of flow in pipe :
CONCRETE EXAMPLE #10
60 ft TURBULENT FLOW 60 ft TURBULENT FLOW

10 ft 10 ft
60°F ATM 60°F ATM
12 ft WATER 12 ft WATER
12” GATE VALVE 10 ft/s 12” GATE VALVE 10 ft/s
FLOW FLOW

ORIFICE PLATE ???

dorifice = 11.938 x β ORIFICE PLATE ???
dorifice = 11.938 x β
Pipe length (L) : 60 ft Orifice resistance coefficient (Korifice) : 5.12 Pipe length (L) : 60 ft Orifice resistance coefficient (Korifice) : 5.12
Pipe internal diameter (d2) : 11.938 in Pipe internal diameter (d2) : 11.938 in
1. Assume a value for β = dorifice / 11.938 Correct assumption ➔ β : 0.686
Gate valve internal diameter (d1) : 11.938 in Gate valve internal diameter (d1) : 11.938 in
2. Determine associated C based on β & Re
Water dynamic viscosity at 60°F (μ) : 1.1 cP
3. Calculate associated Korifice
Water dynamic viscosity at 60°F (μ) : 1.1 cP dorifice = 8.19”
Water weight density at 60°F (ρ) : 62.364 lb/ft3 Water weight density at 60°F (ρ) : 62.364 lb/ft3
 CONCRETE EXAMPLE #11

Water at 60°F flows through the piping system as depicted below at a rate of 400 gpm.
Let’s find the velocity in both the 4” and 5” pipe sizes and the pressure drop through the system

P2
CONCRETE EXAMPLE # 11
150 ft of 5”
schedule 40 pipe Elevation : 75 ft
5” welding elbow
BERNOULLI’S THEOREM r/d = 1.5 FLOW
P1
PRESSURE DROP AND FLUID VELOCITY
60 °F 75 ft of 5”
schedule 40 pipe
Elevation : 0 ft 110 ft of 4” schedule 40 pipe
FLOW
5x4” reducing welding elbow
r/d = 1.5

CONCRETE EXAMPLE #11 4” Pipe internal diameter : 4.026 in

CONCRETE EXAMPLE #11

5” Pipe internal diameter : 5.047 in

Water at 60°F flows through the piping system as depicted below at a rate of 400 gpm.
Water weight density at 60°F (ρ) : 62.364 lb/ft3 144 P1 v12 144 P2 v22
Let’s find the velocity in both the 4” and 5” pipe sizes and the pressure drop through the system Z1 +
ρ
+
2g
= Z2 +
ρ
+
2g
+ hL
Water dynamic viscosity at 60°F (μ) : 1.1 cP
P2 Rate of flow : 400 gpm = 0.8912 ft3/s

150 ft of 5”
schedule 40 pipe Elevation : 75 ft
5” welding elbow
r/d = 1.5 FLOW
P1
P2

60 °F 75 ft of 5”
150 ft of 5”
schedule 40 pipe schedule 40 pipe Elevation : 75 ft
5” welding elbow
Elevation : 0 ft 110 ft of 4” schedule 40 pipe r/d = 1.5 FLOW
P1
FLOW
5x4” reducing welding elbow 60 °F 75 ft of 5”
schedule 40 pipe
r/d = 1.5 Elevation : 0 ft 110 ft of 4” schedule 40 pipe
FLOW
5x4” reducing welding elbow
r/d = 1.5
4” Pipe internal diameter : 4.026 in
CONCRETE EXAMPLE #11 4” Pipe internal diameter : 4.026 in
CONCRETE EXAMPLE #11

5” Pipe internal diameter : 5.047 in 5” Pipe internal diameter : 5.047 in

Water weight density at 60°F (ρ) : 62.364 lb/ft3 ρ v22 − v12 Water weight density at 60°F (ρ) : 62.364 lb/ft3 ρ v22 − v12
P1 − P2 = Z2 − Z1 + + hL P1 − P2 = Z2 − Z1 + + hL
144 2g 144 2g
Water dynamic viscosity at 60°F (μ) : 1.1 cP Water dynamic viscosity at 60°F (μ) : 1.1 cP
Rate of flow : 400 gpm = 0.8912 ft3/s Rate of flow : 400 gpm = 0.8912 ft3/s

KQ2 L
hL = 0.002593 K=f
Velocity in 4” pipe (v1) = 10.08 ft/s d4 Velocity in 4” pipe (v1) = 10.08 ft/s D
Velocity in 5” pipe (v2) = 6.41 ft/s P2 Velocity in 5” pipe (v2) = 6.41 ft/s P2

150 ft of 5”
Elevation : 75 ft
Reynolds number in 4” pipe (Re1) : 2.85 x 105 150 ft of 5”
Elevation : 75 ft
schedule 40 pipe schedule 40 pipe
5” welding elbow 5” welding elbow

P1
r/d = 1.5 FLOW
Reynolds number in 5” pipe (Re2) : 2.27 x 105 P1
r/d = 1.5 FLOW

60 °F 75 ft of 5”
schedule 40 pipe Friction factor in 4” pipe (f1) : ~0.018 60 °F 75 ft of 5”
schedule 40 pipe
Elevation : 0 ft 110 ft of 4” schedule 40 pipe Elevation : 0 ft 110 ft of 4” schedule 40 pipe
FLOW Friction factor in 5” pipe (f2) : ~0.018 FLOW
5x4” reducing welding elbow 5x4” reducing welding elbow
r/d = 1.5 r/d = 1.5

4” Pipe internal diameter : 4.026 in

CONCRETE EXAMPLE #11 4” Pipe internal diameter : 4.026 in
CONCRETE EXAMPLE #11

5” Pipe internal diameter : 5.047 in 5” Pipe internal diameter : 5.047 in

Water weight density at 60°F (ρ) : 62.364 lb/ft3 ρ v22 − v12 Water weight density at 60°F (ρ) : 62.364 lb/ft3 ρ v22 − v12
P1 − P2 = Z2 − Z1 + + hL P1 − P2 = Z2 − Z1 + + hL
144 2g 144 2g
Water dynamic viscosity at 60°F (μ) : 1.1 cP Water dynamic viscosity at 60°F (μ) : 1.1 cP
Rate of flow : 400 gpm = 0.8912 ft3/s Rate of flow : 400 gpm = 0.8912 ft3/s

L L
K=f K=f
Velocity in 4” pipe (v1) = 10.08 ft/s D Velocity in 4” pipe (v1) = 10.08 ft/s D
Velocity in 5” pipe (v2) = 6.41 ft/s P2 Velocity in 5” pipe (v2) = 6.41 ft/s P2

Friction factor in 4” pipe (f1) : ~0.018 150 ft of 5”

Elevation : 75 ft
Friction factor in 4” pipe (f1) : ~0.018 150 ft of 5”
Elevation : 75 ft
schedule 40 pipe schedule 40 pipe
5” welding elbow 5” welding elbow
Friction factor in 5” pipe (f2) : ~0.018 P1
r/d = 1.5 FLOW
Friction factor in 5” pipe (f2) : ~0.018 P1
r/d = 1.5 FLOW

4” pipe resistance coefficient (K1) : 5.9 60 °F 75 ft of 5”

schedule 40 pipe 4” pipe resistance coefficient (K1) : 5.9 60 °F 75 ft of 5”
schedule 40 pipe
Elevation : 0 ft 110 ft of 4” schedule 40 pipe Elevation : 0 ft 110 ft of 4” schedule 40 pipe
5” pipe resistance coefficient (K2) : 9.6 FLOW 5” pipe resistance coefficient (K2) : 9.6 FLOW
5x4” reducing welding elbow 5x4” reducing welding elbow
r/d = 1.5 r/d = 1.5
4” Pipe internal diameter : 4.026 in
CONCRETE EXAMPLE #11 4” Pipe internal diameter : 4.026 in
CONCRETE EXAMPLE #11

5” Pipe internal diameter : 5.047 in 5” Pipe internal diameter : 5.047 in

Water weight density at 60°F (ρ) : 62.364 lb/ft3 ρ v22 − v12 Water weight density at 60°F (ρ) : 62.364 lb/ft3 ρ v22 − v12
P1 − P2 = Z2 − Z1 + + hL P1 − P2 = Z2 − Z1 + + hL
144 2g 144 2g
Water dynamic viscosity at 60°F (μ) : 1.1 cP Water dynamic viscosity at 60°F (μ) : 1.1 cP
Rate of flow : 400 gpm = 0.8912 ft3/s Rate of flow : 400 gpm = 0.8912 ft3/s
K 4" 5.9
K 4" to 5" = K 4" to 5" =
Velocity in 4” pipe (v1) = 10.08 ft/s β4 Velocity in 4” pipe (v1) = 10.08 ft/s 0.84
Velocity in 5” pipe (v2) = 6.41 ft/s P2 Velocity in 5” pipe (v2) = 6.41 ft/s P2

Friction factor in 4” pipe (f1) : ~0.018 150 ft of 5”

Elevation : 75 ft
Friction factor in 4” pipe (f1) : ~0.018 150 ft of 5”
Elevation : 75 ft
schedule 40 pipe schedule 40 pipe
5” welding elbow 5” welding elbow
Friction factor in 5” pipe (f2) : ~0.018 P1
r/d = 1.5 FLOW
Friction factor in 5” pipe (f2) : ~0.018 P1
r/d = 1.5 FLOW

4” pipe resistance coefficient (K1) : 5.9 60 °F 75 ft of 5”

schedule 40 pipe 4” pipe resistance coefficient (K1) : 5.9 60 °F 75 ft of 5”
schedule 40 pipe
Elevation : 0 ft 110 ft of 4” schedule 40 pipe Elevation : 0 ft 110 ft of 4” schedule 40 pipe
5” pipe resistance coefficient (K2) : 9.6 FLOW 5” pipe resistance coefficient (K2) : 9.6 FLOW
5x4” reducing welding elbow 5x4” reducing welding elbow
r/d = 1.5 r/d = 1.5

4” Pipe internal diameter : 4.026 in

CONCRETE EXAMPLE #11 4” Pipe internal diameter : 4.026 in
CONCRETE EXAMPLE #11

5” Pipe internal diameter : 5.047 in 5” Pipe internal diameter : 5.047 in

Water weight density at 60°F (ρ) : 62.364 lb/ft3 ρ v22 − v12 Water weight density at 60°F (ρ) : 62.364 lb/ft3 ρ v22 − v12
P1 − P2 = Z2 − Z1 + + hL P1 − P2 = Z2 − Z1 + + hL
144 2g 144 2g
Water dynamic viscosity at 60°F (μ) : 1.1 cP Water dynamic viscosity at 60°F (μ) : 1.1 cP
Rate of flow : 400 gpm = 0.8912 ft3/s Rate of flow : 400 gpm = 0.8912 ft3/s

5.9
Velocity in 4” pipe (v1) = 10.08 ft/s
K 4" to 5" =
Velocity in 4” pipe (v1) = 10.08 ft/s
Ktotal = K1 + K2 + 2 x K3 + K4
0.84
Velocity in 5” pipe (v2) = 6.41 ft/s P2 Velocity in 5” pipe (v2) = 6.41 ft/s P2

Friction factor in 4” pipe (f1) : ~0.018 150 ft of 5”

Elevation : 75 ft
4” pipe resistance coefficient (K1) : 14.4 150 ft of 5”
Elevation : 75 ft
schedule 40 pipe schedule 40 pipe
5” welding elbow 5” welding elbow
Friction factor in 5” pipe (f2) : ~0.018 P1
r/d = 1.5 FLOW
5” pipe resistance coefficient (K2) : 9.6 P1
r/d = 1.5 FLOW

4” pipe resistance coefficient (K1) : 14.4 60 °F 75 ft of 5”

schedule 40 pipe 5” Elbows resistance coefficient (K3) : 0.21 60 °F 75 ft of 5”
schedule 40 pipe
Elevation : 0 ft 110 ft of 4” schedule 40 pipe Elevation : 0 ft 110 ft of 4” schedule 40 pipe
5” pipe resistance coefficient (K2) : 9.6 FLOW 5x4” Reduction (K4) : 0.31 FLOW
5x4” reducing welding elbow 5x4” reducing welding elbow
r/d = 1.5 r/d = 1.5
4” Pipe internal diameter : 4.026 in
CONCRETE EXAMPLE #11 4” Pipe internal diameter : 4.026 in
CONCRETE EXAMPLE #11

5” Pipe internal diameter : 5.047 in 5” Pipe internal diameter : 5.047 in

Water weight density at 60°F (ρ) : 62.364 lb/ft3 ρ v22 − v12 Water weight density at 60°F (ρ) : 62.364 lb/ft3 ρ v22 − v12
P1 − P2 = Z2 − Z1 + + hL P1 − P2 = Z2 − Z1 + + hL
144 2g 144 2g
Water dynamic viscosity at 60°F (μ) : 1.1 cP Water dynamic viscosity at 60°F (μ) : 1.1 cP
Rate of flow : 400 gpm = 0.8912 ft3/s Rate of flow : 400 gpm = 0.8912 ft3/s

Velocity in 4” pipe (v1) = 10.08 ft/s

Ktotal = 14.4 + 9.6 + 2 x 0.21 + 0.31 Velocity in 4” pipe (v1) = 10.08 ft/s
Ktotal = 24.73
Velocity in 5” pipe (v2) = 6.41 ft/s P2 Velocity in 5” pipe (v2) = 6.41 ft/s P2

4” pipe resistance coefficient (K1) : 14.4 150 ft of 5”

Elevation : 75 ft
4” pipe resistance coefficient (K1) : 14.4 150 ft of 5”
Elevation : 75 ft
schedule 40 pipe schedule 40 pipe
5” welding elbow 5” welding elbow
5” pipe resistance coefficient (K2) : 9.6 P1
r/d = 1.5 FLOW
5” pipe resistance coefficient (K2) : 9.6 P1
r/d = 1.5 FLOW

5” Elbows resistance coefficient (K3) : 0.21 60 °F 75 ft of 5”

schedule 40 pipe 5” Elbows resistance coefficient (K3) : 0.21 60 °F 75 ft of 5”
schedule 40 pipe
Elevation : 0 ft 110 ft of 4” schedule 40 pipe Elevation : 0 ft 110 ft of 4” schedule 40 pipe
5x4” Reduction (K4) : 0.31 FLOW 5x4” Reduction (K4) : 0.31 FLOW
5x4” reducing welding elbow 5x4” reducing welding elbow
r/d = 1.5 r/d = 1.5

4” Pipe internal diameter : 4.026 in

CONCRETE EXAMPLE #11 4” Pipe internal diameter : 4.026 in
CONCRETE EXAMPLE #11

5” Pipe internal diameter : 5.047 in 5” Pipe internal diameter : 5.047 in

Water weight density at 60°F (ρ) : 62.364 lb/ft3 ρ v22 − v12 Water weight density at 60°F (ρ) : 62.364 lb/ft3 ρ v22 − v12
P1 − P2 = Z2 − Z1 + + hL P1 − P2 = Z2 − Z1 + + hL
144 2g 144 2g
Water dynamic viscosity at 60°F (μ) : 1.1 cP Water dynamic viscosity at 60°F (μ) : 1.1 cP
Rate of flow : 400 gpm = 0.8912 ft3/s Rate of flow : 400 gpm = 0.8912 ft3/s

Velocity in 4” pipe (v1) = 10.08 ft/s

KQ2
hL = 0.002593 4
d Velocity in 4” pipe (v1) = 10.08 ft/s
∆P ~ 39 psi
Velocity in 5” pipe (v2) = 6.41 ft/s P2 Velocity in 5” pipe (v2) = 6.41 ft/s P2

System resistance coefficient (Ktotal) = 24.73 150 ft of 5”

Elevation : 75 ft
System resistance coefficient (Ktotal) = 24.73 150 ft of 5”
Elevation : 75 ft
schedule 40 pipe schedule 40 pipe
5” welding elbow 5” welding elbow
FLOW FLOW
r/d = 1.5
hL = 15.8 r/d = 1.5

hL = 15.8 60 °F
P1
75 ft of 5” 60 °F
P1
75 ft of 5”
schedule 40 pipe schedule 40 pipe
Elevation : 0 ft 110 ft of 4” schedule 40 pipe Elevation : 0 ft 110 ft of 4” schedule 40 pipe
FLOW FLOW
5x4” reducing welding elbow 5x4” reducing welding elbow
r/d = 1.5 r/d = 1.5
 CONCRETE EXAMPLE #12

Process air at 65 psig and 110°F is flowing through 75 ft of 1” schedule 40 pipe. The rate of flow
is 100 scfm.
Let’s find the pressure drop and the velocity in the upstream and downstream gauges

CONCRETE EXAMPLE # 12 1” Pipe internal diameter : 1.049 in

Air weight density at 110°F (ρ) : 0.378 lb/ft3
PROCESS AIR LINES Air dynamic viscosity at 110°F (μ) : 0.0195 cP
PRESSURE DROP AND VELOCITY
using Flow of Fluids Excel Workbook Rate of flow : 100 scfm at 65 psig / 110°F

Pressure drop at 65 psig / 110°F = 3.48 psi/100ft

Total pressure drop = 3.48 x 75/100

CONCRETE EXAMPLE #12 CONCRETE EXAMPLE #12

Process air at 65 psig and 110°F is flowing through 75 ft of 1” schedule 40 pipe. The rate of flow Process air at 65 psig and 110°F is flowing through 75 ft of 1” schedule 40 pipe. The rate of flow
is 100 scfm. is 100 scfm.
Let’s find the pressure drop and the velocity in the upstream and downstream gauges Let’s find the pressure drop and the velocity in the upstream and downstream gauges

1” Pipe internal diameter : 1.049 in 1” Pipe internal diameter : 1.049 in

P1 = 65 psig
Air weight density at 110°F (ρ) : 0.378 lb/ft3 Air weight density at 110°F (ρ) : 0.378 lb/ft3 ∆P = 2.61 psi
Air dynamic viscosity at 110°F (μ) : 0.0195 cP Air dynamic viscosity at 110°F (μ) : 0.0195 cP P2 = 62.39 psig
Rate of flow : 100 scfm at 65 psig / 110°F Rate of flow : 100 scfm at 65 psig / 110°F

Pressure drop at 65 psig / 110°F = 3.48 psi/100ft Actual flow Q1 at upstream gauge pressure P1 = 20.2 acfm (ft3/min)
Total pressure drop = 2.61 psi Actual flow Q2 at downstream gauge pressure P2 = 20.9 acfm (ft3/min)
 CONCRETE EXAMPLE #12

Process air at 65 psig and 110°F is flowing through 75 ft of 1” schedule 40 pipe. The rate of flow
is 100 scfm.
Let’s find the pressure drop and the velocity in the upstream and downstream gauges

1” Pipe internal diameter : 1.049 in CONCRETE EXAMPLE # 13

Volume flow Q
Air weight density at 110°F (ρ) : 0.378 lb/ft3 Velocity = = 2
Area d
Air dynamic viscosity at 110°F (μ) : 0.0195 cP π CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS
2
SIZING OF PUMP FOR OIL PIPELINES
Rate of flow : 100 scfm at 65 psig / 110°F

Actual flow Q1 at upstream gauge pressure P1 = 20.2 acfm (ft3/min) Upstream V1 = 3367 ft/min
Actual flow Q2 at downstream gauge pressure P2 = 20.9 acfm (ft3/min) Downstream V2 = 3483 ft/min

CONCRETE EXAMPLE #13 CONCRETE EXAMPLE #13

Crude oil 30° API at 15.6°C with a viscosity of 75 Universal Saybolt seconds is flowing through a Crude oil 30° API at 15.6°C with a viscosity of 75 Universal Saybolt seconds is flowing through a
12” schedule 30 steel pipe at a rate of 1900 bbl/h. The pipeline is 50 miles long with discharge at 12” schedule 30 steel pipe at a rate of 1900 bbl/h. The pipeline is 50 miles long with discharge at
an elevation of 2000 ft above pump inlet. an elevation of 2000 ft above pump inlet.
Let’s find the brake horsepower of the pump assuming a pump efficiency of 67% Let’s find the brake horsepower of the pump assuming a pump efficiency of 67%
Nature of flow in pipe : Nature of flow in pipe :
Pipe internal diameter : 12.09 in Reynolds number (Re) = 24360 TURBULENT FLOW Pipe internal diameter : 12.09 in Reynolds number (Re) = 24360 TURBULENT FLOW

Crude specific gravity (sp.gr) : 0.876 Friction factor = 0.025 Crude specific gravity (sp.gr) : 0.876 Friction factor = 0.025
Crude weight density at 15.6°C (ρ) : 54.64 lb/ft3 Crude weight density at 15.6°C (ρ) : 54.64 lb/ft3
Pressure drop (∆P) = 533.7 psi Pressure drop (∆P) = 533.7 psi
Crude dynamic viscosity at 15.6°C (μ) : 12.5 cP Crude dynamic viscosity at 15.6°C (μ) : 12.5 cP
Loss of static pressure head (hL) = 1406.5 ft Loss of static pressure head (hL) = 1406.5 ft
Rate of flow : 1900 bbl/h – 1330 gpm Rate of flow : 1900 bbl/h – 1330 gpm

HEAD = hL + Elevation change HEAD = hL + 2000 ft

 CONCRETE EXAMPLE #13

Crude oil 30° API at 15.6°C with a viscosity of 75 Universal Saybolt seconds is flowing through a
12” schedule 30 steel pipe at a rate of 1900 bbl/h. The pipeline is 50 miles long with discharge at
an elevation of 2000 ft above pump inlet.
Let’s find the brake horsepower of the pump assuming a pump efficiency of 67%

Pipe internal diameter : 12.09 in Reynolds number (Re) = 24360

Nature of flow in pipe :
TURBULENT FLOW
CONCRETE EXAMPLE # 14
Crude specific gravity (sp.gr) : 0.876 Friction factor = 0.025
FLOW THROUGH PIPES
Crude weight density at 15.6°C (ρ) : 54.64 lb/ft3 NATURAL GAS PIPELINE
Pressure drop (∆P) = 533.7 psi
Crude dynamic viscosity at 15.6°C (μ) : 12.5 cP
Loss of static pressure head (hL) = 1406.5 ft
Rate of flow : 1900 bbl/h – 1330 gpm

HEAD = 3406.5 ft bhp = 1496

CONCRETE EXAMPLE #14 CONCRETE EXAMPLE #14

A natural gas pipeline made of 14” schedule 20 pipe is 100 miles long. A natural gas pipeline made of 14” schedule 20 pipe is 100 miles long.
The inlet pressure is 1300 psia, the outlet pressure is 300 psia, and the avreage temperature − is The inlet pressure is 1300 psia, the outlet pressure is 300 psia, and the avreage temperature is
40°F. The gas consists of : 40°F. The gas consists of :
75% Methane (CH4) + 21% Ethane (C2H6) + 4% Propane (C3H8) q : Rate of flow at standard conditions (ft /h) (scfh) 3
75% Methane (CH4) + 21% Ethane (C2H6) + 4% Propane (C3H8)
s

Tb : Absolute temperature at standard conditions = 520 °R

Let’s find the flow rate in millions of standard cubic feet per day (Mscfd) Pb : Absolute pressure at standard conditions = 14.7 psia Let’s find the flow rate in millions of standard cubic feet per day (Mscfd)
P1 : Absolute pressure upstream (psia)
P2 : Absolute pressure downstream (psia)
0.5 Lm : Length of pipe in miles (ml) 14” Pipe internal diameter : 13.376 in Tb P12 − P22
0.5

Tb −
P12 P22 Tavg : Average temperature in degrees Rankine (°R)
qs = 3.2308
Pb fLm Tavg Sg
d2.5
qs = 3.2308 d2.5 Sg : Specific gravity of gas relative to air = MW(gas)/29 Friction factor (f) : 0.0128 Complete turbulence
Pb fLm Tavg Sg d : Pipe internal diameter (in)
WEYMOUTH FULLY TURBULENT FLOW
E : Efficiency factor ~0.92
MW Tb P12 − P22
0.5 °
qs = 18.062 d2.667
WEYMOUTH FULLY TURBULENT FLOW PANHANDLE A PARTIALLY TURBULENT FLOW Methane (CH4) : 1C x 12g/mol + 4H x 1g/mol Pb Lm Tavg Sg
0.5 ° Ethane (C2H6) : 2C x 12g/mol + 6H x 1g/mol
Tb P12 − P22 Tb 1.0788
P12 − P22
0.5394
Propane (C3H8) : 3C x 12g/mol + 8H x 1g/mol PANHANDLE A PARTIALLY TURBULENT FLOW
qs = 18.062 d2.667 qs = 18.161E
Pb Lm Tavg Sg 0.8539
d2.6182
°0.5394°
Pb Lm Tavg Sg qs = 18.161E
Tb
Pb
1.0788
P12 − P22
Lm Tavg Sg 0.8539
d2.6182

°
°

° °
°
 CONCRETE EXAMPLE #14 CONCRETE EXAMPLE #14

A natural gas pipeline made of 14” schedule 20 pipe is 100 miles long. A natural gas pipeline made of 14” schedule 20 pipe is 100 miles long.
The inlet pressure is 1300 psia, the outlet pressure is 300 psia, and the avreage temperature is The inlet pressure is 1300 psia, the outlet pressure is 300 psia, and the avreage temperature is
40°F. The gas consists of : 40°F. The gas consists of :
75% Methane (CH4) + 21% Ethane (C2H6) + 4% Propane (C3H8) 75% Methane (CH4) + 21% Ethane (C2H6) + 4% Propane (C3H8)
Let’s find the flow rate in millions of standard cubic feet per day (Mscfd) Let’s find the flow rate in millions of standard cubic feet per day (Mscfd)

14” Pipe internal diameter : 13.376 in Tb P12 − P22

0.5
14” Pipe internal diameter : 13.376 in Tb P12 − P22
0.5
qs = 3.2308 d2.5 qs = 3.2308 d2.5
Pb fLm Tavg Sg Pb fLm Tavg Sg
Friction factor (f) : 0.0128 Complete turbulence Friction factor (f) : 0.0128 Complete turbulence
WEYMOUTH FULLY TURBULENT FLOW WEYMOUTH FULLY TURBULENT FLOW

MW Tb P12 − P22
0.5 ° MW Tb P12 − P22
0.5 °
qs = 18.062 d2.667 qs = 18.062 d2.667
Methane (CH4) : 16 g/mol Pb Lm Tavg Sg Methane (CH4) : 16 g/mol Pb Lm Tavg Sg
Ethane (C2H6) : 30 g/mol Ethane (C2H6) : 30 g/mol
PANHANDLE A PARTIALLY TURBULENT FLOW PANHANDLE A PARTIALLY TURBULENT FLOW
Propane (C3H8) : 44 g/mol Propane (C3H8) : 44 g/mol
Tb 1.0788
P12 − P22 °0.5394° Tb 1.0788
P12 − P22 °0.5394°
2.6182
qs = 18.161E d qs = 18.161E d2.6182
Pb Lm Tavg Sg 0.8539 Pb Lm Tavg Sg 0.8539
Gas = 75% x 16 + 21% x 30 + 4% x 44 Gas = 20.06 g/mol

° °
° °

° °

CONCRETE EXAMPLE #14 CONCRETE EXAMPLE #14

A natural gas pipeline made of 14” schedule 20 pipe is 100 miles long. A natural gas pipeline made of 14” schedule 20 pipe is 100 miles long.
The inlet pressure is 1300 psia, the outlet pressure is 300 psia, and the avreage temperature is The inlet pressure is 1300 psia, the outlet pressure is 300 psia, and the avreage temperature is
40°F. The gas consists of : 40°F. The gas consists of :
75% Methane (CH4) + 21% Ethane (C2H6) + 4% Propane (C3H8) 75% Methane (CH4) + 21% Ethane (C2H6) + 4% Propane (C3H8)
Let’s find the flow rate in millions of standard cubic feet per day (Mscfd) Let’s find the flow rate in millions of standard cubic feet per day (Mscfd)

14” Pipe internal diameter : 13.376 in Tb P12 − P22

0.5
14” Pipe internal diameter : 13.376 in Tb P12 − P22
0.5
qs = 3.2308
Pb fLm Tavg Sg
d2.5 qs = 3.2308
Pb fLm Tavg Sg
d2.5 107.9 Mscfd
Friction factor (f) : 0.0128 Complete turbulence Friction factor (f) : 0.0128 Complete turbulence
WEYMOUTH FULLY TURBULENT FLOW WEYMOUTH FULLY TURBULENT FLOW

MW Gas : 20.06 g/mol Tb P12 − P22

0.5 ° MW Gas : 20.06 g/mol Tb P12 − P22
0.5 °
qs = 18.062
Pb Lm Tavg Sg
d 2.667
qs = 18.062
Pb Lm Tavg Sg
d2.667 105.2 Mscfd
Sg = MW (gas) / MW (air) Sg = 0.693
PANHANDLE A PARTIALLY TURBULENT FLOW PANHANDLE A PARTIALLY TURBULENT FLOW

°0.5394°
Tavg = 40°F = 277.59 °K °0.5394°
1.0788
P12 − P22 1.0788
P12 − P22
qs = 18.161E
Tb
Pb Lm Tavg Sg 0.8539
d2.6182 qs = 18.161E
Tb
Pb Lm Tavg Sg 0.8539
d2.6182 128.4 Mscfd

° °
° °
 CONCRETE EXAMPLE #15

Water at 60°F is flowing from a reservoir through the piping system as depicted below. The
reservoir has a constant head of 11.5 ft
Let’s find the flow rate in gallons per minute (gpm)

CONCRETE EXAMPLE # 15 Q = 19.64 d2

hL
K
FLOW THROUGH PIPES
60°F
WATER DISCHARCHING FROM A RESERVOIR hL = 11.5 ft WATER

ATM
10 ft – 3” sched. 40 20 ft – 2” sched. 40
gpm ?
3” MITER BEND FLOW

3” GATE VALVE

CONCRETE EXAMPLE #15 CONCRETE EXAMPLE #15

hL hL
Q = 19.64 d2 SYSTEM RESISTANCE : Q = 19.64 d2 SYSTEM RESISTANCE :
K K
Entrance (K1) : 0.5 Entrance (K1) : 0.5
L L2"
2” Pipe internal diameter : 2.067 in 3” Mitre bend (K2) : 1.08 K=f 2” Pipe internal diameter : 2.067 in 3” Mitre bend (K2) : 1.08 K 2"≫3" = f2"
D D2" β4
3” Pipe internal diameter : 3.068 in Gate valve (K3) : 0.144 3” Pipe internal diameter : 3.068 in Gate valve (K3) : 0.144
Water dynamic viscosity at 60°F (μ) : 1.1 cP Sudden contraction (K4) : 1.32 Water dynamic viscosity at 60°F (μ) : 1.1 cP Sudden contraction (K4) : 1.32
Water weight density at 60°F (ρ) : 62.364 lb/ft3 10 ft 3” pipe (K5) : 0.66 f3” = 0.017 Water weight density at 60°F (ρ) : 62.364 lb/ft3 10 ft 3” pipe (K5) : 0.66
20 ft 2” pipe (K6) : 2.2 f2” = 0.019 20 ft 2” pipe (K6) : 2.2
2” Exit (K7) : 1 2” Exit (K7) : 1
60°F 60°F
hL = 11.5 ft WATER hL = 11.5 ft WATER

ATM ATM
10 ft – 3” sched. 40 20 ft – 2” sched. 40 10 ft – 3” sched. 40 20 ft – 2” sched. 40
gpm ? gpm ?
3” MITER BEND FLOW 3” MITER BEND FLOW

3” GATE VALVE 3” GATE VALVE

 CONCRETE EXAMPLE #15 CONCRETE EXAMPLE #15
hL hL
Q = 19.64 d2 SYSTEM RESISTANCE : Q = 19.64 d2 SYSTEM RESISTANCE :
K K
Entrance (K1) : 0.5 Entrance (K1) : 0.5
L2" L2"
2” Pipe internal diameter : 2.067 in 3” Mitre bend (K2) : 1.08 K 2"≫3" = f2" 2” Pipe internal diameter : 2.067 in 3” Mitre bend (K2) : 1.08 K 2"≫3" = f2"
D2" β4 D2" β4
3” Pipe internal diameter : 3.068 in Gate valve (K3) : 0.144 3” Pipe internal diameter : 3.068 in Gate valve (K3) : 0.144
Water dynamic viscosity at 60°F (μ) : 1.1 cP Sudden contraction (K4) : 1.32 Water dynamic viscosity at 60°F (μ) : 1.1 cP Sudden contraction (K4) : 1.32
Water weight density at 60°F (ρ) : 62.364 lb/ft3 10 ft 3” pipe (K5) : 0.66 Water weight density at 60°F (ρ) : 62.364 lb/ft3 10 ft 3” pipe (K5) : 0.66
20 ft 2” >> 3” pipe (K6) : 2.2 / (2.067/3.068)4 20 ft 2” >> 3” pipe (K6) : 10.9
2” >> 3” Exit (K7) : 1 / (2.067/3.068)4 2” >> 3” Exit (K7) : 3.32
60°F 60°F
hL = 11.5 ft WATER hL = 11.5 ft WATER

ATM ATM
10 ft – 3” sched. 40 20 ft – 2” sched. 40 10 ft – 3” sched. 40 20 ft – 2” sched. 40
gpm ? gpm ?
3” MITER BEND FLOW 3” MITER BEND FLOW

3” GATE VALVE 3” GATE VALVE

CONCRETE EXAMPLE #15 CONCRETE EXAMPLE #15

hL hL
Q = 19.64 d2 SYSTEM RESISTANCE : Q = 19.64 d2 SYSTEM RESISTANCE :
K K
Entrance (K1) : 0.5 Entrance (K1) : 0.5
2” Pipe internal diameter : 2.067 in 3” Mitre bend (K2) : 1.08 2” Pipe internal diameter : 2.067 in 3” Mitre bend (K2) : 1.08
3” Pipe internal diameter : 3.068 in Gate valve (K3) : 0.144
Ktotal 3” Pipe internal diameter : 3.068 in Gate valve (K3) : 0.144 Q
Water dynamic viscosity at 60°F (μ) : 1.1 cP Sudden contraction (K4) : 1.32 Water dynamic viscosity at 60°F (μ) : 1.1 cP Sudden contraction (K4) : 1.32
Water weight density at 60°F (ρ) : 62.364 lb/ft3 10 ft 3” pipe (K5) : 0.66
20 ft 2” >> 3” pipe (K6) : 10.9
17.9 Water weight density at 60°F (ρ) : 62.364 lb/ft3 10 ft 3” pipe (K5) : 0.66
20 ft 2” >> 3” pipe (K6) : 10.9
148 gpm
2” >> 3” Exit (K7) : 3.32 2” >> 3” Exit (K7) : 3.32
60°F 60°F
hL = 11.5 ft WATER hL = 11.5 ft WATER

ATM ATM
10 ft – 3” sched. 40 20 ft – 2” sched. 40 10 ft – 3” sched. 40 20 ft – 2” sched. 40
gpm ? gpm ?
3” MITER BEND FLOW 3” MITER BEND FLOW

3” GATE VALVE 3” GATE VALVE

 CONCRETE EXAMPLE #16

Coke oven gas having a specific gravity of 0.42, a header pressure of 125 psig, and a
temperature of 140°F is flowing through 20 ft of 3” schedule 40 pipe before discharging to
atmosphere. The ratio of specific heat is k = 1.4
Let’s find the flow rate in standard cubic feet per hour
CONCRETE EXAMPLE # 16
FLOW THROUGH PIPES ATM
125 psig 140°F 20 ft – 3” sched. 40
GASES AT SONIC VELOCITY scfh ?
GAS FLOW
Sg = 0.42
k = 1.4

CONCRETE EXAMPLE #16 CONCRETE EXAMPLE #16

ATM ATM
125 psig 140°F 20 ft – 3” sched. 40 125 psig 140°F 20 ft – 3” sched. 40
scfh ? scfh ?
GAS FLOW GAS FLOW
Sg = 0.42 Sg = 0.42
k = 1.4
∆PxPupstream k = 1.4
∆PxPupstream
qs = 40700Yd2 qs = 40700Yd2
KTupstream Sg KTupstream Sg

3” Pipe internal diameter : 3.068 in 3” Pipe internal diameter : 3.068 in

Upstream pressure (psia) : 125 psig + 14.7 qs : Standard rate of flow (scfth) Upstream pressure (psia) : 139.7 psia qs : Standard rate of flow (scfth)

Y : Net expansibility factor (Unitless)

Pressure differential (∆P) : 139.7 psia - ATM Y : Net expansibility factor (Unitless)

∆P : Pressure differential (psi) ∆P : Pressure differential (psi)

Pupstream : Absolute upstream pressure (psia) Pupstream : Absolute upstream pressure (psia)

K : Resistance coefficient (unitless) K : Resistance coefficient (unitless)

Tupstream : Absolute upstream temperature (Kelvin) Tupstream : Absolute upstream temperature (Kelvin)

Sg : Specific gravity of thegas relative to air (unitless) Sg : Specific gravity of thegas relative to air (unitless)
 CONCRETE EXAMPLE #16 CONCRETE EXAMPLE #16
ATM ATM
125 psig 140°F 20 ft – 3” sched. 40 125 psig 140°F 20 ft – 3” sched. 40
scfh ? scfh ?
GAS FLOW GAS FLOW
Sg = 0.42 Sg = 0.42
k = 1.4 2
∆PxPupstream k = 1.4
∆PxPupstream
qs = 40700Yd qs = 40700Yd2
KTupstream Sg KTupstream Sg

3” Pipe internal diameter : 3.068 in 3” Pipe internal diameter : 3.068 in

Upstream pressure (psia) : 139.7 psia qs : Standard rate of flow (scfth) Upstream pressure (psia) : 139.7 psia qs : Standard rate of flow (scfth)

Pressure differential (∆P) : 139.7 psia - 14.7 psia Y : Net expansibility factor (Unitless)
Pressure differential (∆P) : 125 psi Y : Net expansibility factor (Unitless)

∆P : Pressure differential (psi) ∆P : Pressure differential (psi)

Gas temperature (K) : 140°F = 333.15°K
Pupstream : Absolute upstream pressure (psia) Pupstream : Absolute upstream pressure (psia)

K : Resistance coefficient (unitless) Sg = MWgas / MWair = MWgas / 29 = 0.42 K : Resistance coefficient (unitless)

Tupstream : Absolute upstream temperature (Kelvin) Friction factor for 3” pipe (f) ~ 0.0175 Tupstream : Absolute upstream temperature (Kelvin)

Sg : Specific gravity of thegas relative to air (unitless) Sg : Specific gravity of thegas relative to air (unitless)

CONCRETE EXAMPLE #16 CONCRETE EXAMPLE #16

ATM ATM
125 psig 140°F 20 ft – 3” sched. 40 125 psig 140°F 20 ft – 3” sched. 40
scfh ? scfh ?
GAS FLOW GAS FLOW
Sg = 0.42 Sg = 0.42
k = 1.4
∆PxPupstream k = 1.4
∆PxPupstream
qs = 40700Yd2 qs = 40700Yd2
KTupstream Sg KTupstream Sg

3” Pipe internal diameter : 3.068 in 3” Pipe internal diameter : 3.068 in

Upstream pressure (psia) : 139.7 psia SYSTEM RESISTANCE : Upstream pressure (psia) : 139.7 psia SYSTEM RESISTANCE :

Pressure differential (∆P) : 125 psi Entrance (K1) : 0.5 Pressure differential (∆P) : 125 psi Entrance (K1) : 0.5
L
Gas temperature (K) : 140°F = 333.15°K 20 ft 3” pipe (K2) : 1.37 K=f Gas temperature (K) : 140°F = 333.15°K 20 ft 3” pipe (K2) : 1.37
D
Sg = MWgas / MWair = MWgas / 29 = 0.42 Exit (K3) : 1 Sg = MWgas / MWair = MWgas / 29 = 0.42 Exit (K3) : 1

Friction factor for 3” pipe (f) ~ 0.0175 Friction factor for 3” pipe (f) ~ 0.0175
Ktotal = 0.5 + 1.37 + 1 Ktotal = 2.87
 CONCRETE EXAMPLE #16 CONCRETE EXAMPLE #16
ATM ATM
125 psig 140°F 20 ft – 3” sched. 40 125 psig 140°F 20 ft – 3” sched. 40
scfh ? scfh ?
GAS FLOW GAS FLOW
Sg = 0.42 Sg = 0.42
k = 1.4 2
∆PxPupstream k = 1.4
∆PxPupstream
qs = 40700Yd qs = 40700Yd2
KTupstream Sg KTupstream Sg

3” Pipe internal diameter : 3.068 in 3” Pipe internal diameter : 3.068 in

Upstream pressure (psia) : 139.7 psia qs : Standard rate of flow (scfth) Upstream pressure (psia) : 139.7 psia
Pressure differential (∆P) : 125 psi Y : Net expansibility factor (Unitless)
Pressure differential (∆P) : 125 psi
Gas temperature (K) : 140°F = 333.15°K
∆P : Pressure differential (psi)

Pupstream : Absolute upstream pressure (psia)

Gas temperature (K) : 140°F = 333.15°K qs ~1 Mscfh
Sg = MWgas / MWair = MWgas / 29 = 0.42 K : Resistance coefficient (unitless) Sg = MWgas / MWair = MWgas / 29 = 0.42

Friction factor for 3” pipe (f) ~ 0.0175 Tupstream : Absolute upstream temperature (Kelvin) Friction factor for 3” pipe (f) ~ 0.0175
Sg : Specific gravity of thegas relative to air (unitless)
Ktotal = 2.87 Ktotal = 2.87
Y = 0.637 Y = 0.637

CONCRETE EXAMPLE #17

Air at a pressure of 19.3 psig and a temperature of 100°F is measured at a point 10 ft from the
outlet of a ½” schedule 80 pipe discharging to atmosphere
Let’s find the flow rate in standard cubic feet per hour

CONCRETE EXAMPLE # 17 19.3 psig

FLOW THROUGH PIPES

COMPRESSIBLE FLUID AT SUBSONIC VELOCITY
FLOW FLOW
scfh ???
10 ft ½" schedule 80 pipe
100 °F
 CONCRETE EXAMPLE #17 CONCRETE EXAMPLE #17
∆PxPupstream ∆PxPupstream
qs = 40700Yd2
KTupstream Sg ½” Pipe internal diameter : 0.546 in qs = 40700Yd2
KTupstream Sg ½” Pipe internal diameter : 0.546 in
Upstream pressure (psia) : 34 psia (= 19.3 + 14.7) Upstream pressure (psia) : 34 psia (= 19.3 + 14.7)

qs : Standard rate of flow (scfth) Pressure differential (∆P) : 19.3 psi qs : Standard rate of flow (scfth) Pressure differential (∆P) : 19.3 psi
Y : Net expansibility factor (Unitless) Y : Net expansibility factor (Unitless)

∆P : Pressure differential (psi)

Gas temperature (K) : 100°F = 310.93°K ∆P : Pressure differential (psi)
Gas temperature (K) : 100°F = 310.93°K
Pupstream : Absolute upstream pressure (psia) Pupstream : Absolute upstream pressure (psia)
Sg = MWair / MWair = 1 Sg = MWair / MWair = 1
K : Resistance coefficient (unitless) K : Resistance coefficient (unitless)

Tupstream : Absolute upstream temperature (Kelvin) Friction factor for ½” pipe (f) ~ 0.0275 Tupstream : Absolute upstream temperature (Kelvin) Friction factor for ½” pipe (f) ~ 0.0275
Sg : Specific gravity of thegas relative to air (unitless) Sg : Specific gravity of thegas relative to air (unitless)
K = 7.04
SYSTEM RESISTANCE :
19.3 psig 19.3 psig
Y = 0.76
10 ft ½” pipe (K1) : 6.04

FLOW
Exit (K2) : 1 K=f
L
D FLOW
qs 3762 scfh
FLOW FLOW
scfh ??? scfh ???
10 ft ½" schedule 80 pipe Ktotal = 7.04 10 ft ½" schedule 80 pipe
100 °F 100 °F

CONCRETE EXAMPLE #18

A square edge orifice of 2” diameter is installed in a 4” schedule 40 pipe having a mercury

manometer connected between taps located 1D upstream and ½D downstream
Let’s find the theoretical calibration constant for the meter when used on 60°F water and for
the flow range where the orifice flow coefficient C is constant
CONCRETE EXAMPLE # 18
ρ∆h
FLOW THROUGH ORIFICE METERS ∆P =
144
LIQUID FLOW IN FULLY TURBULENT FLOW

∆P : Pressure drop (psi)

∆h : Head loss (ft)

ρ : Weight density of Hg (lb/ft3)

 CONCRETE EXAMPLE #18 CONCRETE EXAMPLE #18

A square edge orifice of 2” diameter is installed in a 4” schedule 40 pipe having a mercury A square edge orifice of 2” diameter is installed in a 4” schedule 40 pipe having a mercury
manometer connected between taps located 1D upstream and ½D downstream manometer connected between taps located 1D upstream and ½D downstream
Let’s find the theoretical calibration constant for the meter when used on 60°F water and for Let’s find the theoretical calibration constant for the meter when used on 60°F water and for
the flow range where the orifice flow coefficient C is constant the flow range where the orifice flow coefficient C is constant

4” Pipe internal diameter : 4.026 in 4” Pipe internal diameter : 4.026 in

ρ∆hmercury ρ∆hmercury
Water weight density at 60°F (ρ) : 62.364 lb/ft3 ∆P = Water weight density at 60°F (ρ) : 62.364 lb/ft3 ∆P =
12x144 12x144
Mercury weight density at 60°F (ρ) : Mercury weight density at 60°F (ρ) :
Sw : 1 Sw : 1
∆P : Pressure drop (psi) ∆P : Pressure drop (psi)
SHg : 13.57 SHg : 13.57
ρHg = ρw (SHg − Sw ) ∆h : Head loss (inches of Hg) ρHg = 62.364 x (13.57 − 1) ∆h : Head loss (inches of Hg)

ρ : Weight density of Hg (lb/ft3) ρ : Weight density of Hg (lb/ft3)

CONCRETE EXAMPLE #18 CONCRETE EXAMPLE #18

A square edge orifice of 2” diameter is installed in a 4” schedule 40 pipe having a mercury A square edge orifice of 2” diameter is installed in a 4” schedule 40 pipe having a mercury
manometer connected between taps located 1D upstream and ½D downstream manometer connected between taps located 1D upstream and ½D downstream
Let’s find the theoretical calibration constant for the meter when used on 60°F water and for Let’s find the theoretical calibration constant for the meter when used on 60°F water and for
the flow range where the orifice flow coefficient C is constant the flow range where the orifice flow coefficient C is constant

4” Pipe internal diameter : 4.026 in 4” Pipe internal diameter : 4.026 in

ρ∆hmercury ∆hmercury
Water weight density at 60°F (ρ) : 62.364 lb/ft3 ∆P = Water weight density at 60°F (ρ) : 62.364 lb/ft3 ∆P = 784
12x144 12x144
Mercury weight density at 60°F (ρ) : 784 lb/ft3 Mercury weight density at 60°F (ρ) : 784 lb/ft3
Sw : 1
∆P : Pressure drop (psi) ∆P : Pressure drop (psi)
SHg : 13.57
ρHg = 784 lb/ft3 ∆h : Head loss (inches of Hg) ∆h : Head loss (inches of Hg)

ρ : Weight density of Hg (lb/ft3)

 CONCRETE EXAMPLE #18 CONCRETE EXAMPLE #18

A square edge orifice of 2” diameter is installed in a 4” schedule 40 pipe having a mercury A square edge orifice of 2” diameter is installed in a 4” schedule 40 pipe having a mercury
manometer connected between taps located 1D upstream and ½D downstream manometer connected between taps located 1D upstream and ½D downstream
Let’s find the theoretical calibration constant for the meter when used on 60°F water and for Let’s find the theoretical calibration constant for the meter when used on 60°F water and for
the flow range where the orifice flow coefficient C is constant the flow range where the orifice flow coefficient C is constant

4” Pipe internal diameter : 4.026 in 4” Pipe internal diameter : 4.026 in

∆P
Water weight density at 60°F (ρ) : 62.364 lb/ft3 ∆P = 0.454 ∆hmercury Water weight density at 60°F (ρ) : 62.364 lb/ft3 Q = 235.6 d2orifice C
ρ
Mercury weight density at 60°F (ρ) : 784 lb/ft3 Mercury weight density at 60°F (ρ) : 784 lb/ft3

∆P : Pressure drop (psi) Q : Rate of flow (gpm) ∆P : Pressure drop (psi)

∆h : Head loss (inches of Hg) ∆P = 0.454 ∆hmercury C : Flow coefficient (unitless) ∆h : Head loss (inches of Hg)

ρ : Weight density of water (lb/ft3)

CONCRETE EXAMPLE #18 CONCRETE EXAMPLE #18

A square edge orifice of 2” diameter is installed in a 4” schedule 40 pipe having a mercury A square edge orifice of 2” diameter is installed in a 4” schedule 40 pipe having a mercury
manometer connected between taps located 1D upstream and ½D downstream manometer connected between taps located 1D upstream and ½D downstream
Let’s find the theoretical calibration constant for the meter when used on 60°F water and for Let’s find the theoretical calibration constant for the meter when used on 60°F water and for
the flow range where the orifice flow coefficient C is constant the flow range where the orifice flow coefficient C is constant

4” Pipe internal diameter : 4.026 in 4” Pipe internal diameter : 4.026 in

∆hmercury ∆hmercury
Water weight density at 60°F (ρ) : 62.364 lb/ft3 Q= 158.7 d2orifice C Water weight density at 60°F (ρ) : 62.364 lb/ft3 Q = 158.7 x 22 x 0.625
ρ 62.364
Mercury weight density at 60°F (ρ) : 784 lb/ft3 Mercury weight density at 60°F (ρ) : 784 lb/ft3
dorifice / dpipe = 0.497 dorifice / dpipe = 0.497
Q : Rate of flow (gpm) ∆P : Pressure drop (psi) Q : Rate of flow (gpm) ∆P : Pressure drop (psi)
C = 0.625 ➔ assuming a fully turbulent flow C : Flow coefficient (unitless) ∆h : Head loss (inches of Hg) C = 0.625 ➔ assuming a fully turbulent flow C : Flow coefficient (unitless) ∆h : Head loss (inches of Hg)

ρ : Weight density of water (lb/ft3) ρ : Weight density of water (lb/ft3)

 CONCRETE EXAMPLE #18 CONCRETE EXAMPLE #18

A square edge orifice of 2” diameter is installed in a 4” schedule 40 pipe having a mercury A square edge orifice of 2” diameter is installed in a 4” schedule 40 pipe having a mercury
manometer connected between taps located 1D upstream and ½D downstream manometer connected between taps located 1D upstream and ½D downstream
Let’s find the theoretical calibration constant for the meter when used on 60°F water and for ➔ Let’s now calculate the flow rate of 60°F water when the mercury deflection is 4.4”
the flow range where the orifice flow coefficient C is constant

4” Pipe internal diameter : 4.026 in 4” Pipe internal diameter : 4.026 in

Water weight density at 60°F (ρ) : 62.364 lb/ft3 Q = 50.3 ∆hmercury Water weight density at 60°F (ρ) : 62.364 lb/ft3 Q = 50.3 ∆hmercury
Mercury weight density at 60°F (ρ) : 784 lb/ft3 Mercury weight density at 60°F (ρ) : 784 lb/ft3
dorifice / dpipe = 0.497 dorifice / dpipe = 0.497
Q : Rate of flow (gpm) ∆P : Pressure drop (psi) Q : Rate of flow (gpm) ∆P : Pressure drop (psi)
C = 0.625 ➔ assuming a fully turbulent flow C : Flow coefficient (unitless) ∆h : Head loss (inches of Hg) C = 0.625 ➔ assuming a fully turbulent flow C : Flow coefficient (unitless) ∆h : Head loss (inches of Hg)

ρ : Weight density of water (lb/ft3) ρ : Weight density of water (lb/ft3)

CONCRETE EXAMPLE #18 CONCRETE EXAMPLE #18

A square edge orifice of 2” diameter is installed in a 4” schedule 40 pipe having a mercury A square edge orifice of 2” diameter is installed in a 4” schedule 40 pipe having a mercury
manometer connected between taps located 1D upstream and ½D downstream manometer connected between taps located 1D upstream and ½D downstream
➔ Let’s now calculate the flow rate of 60°F water when the mercury deflection is 4.4” ➔ Let’s now calculate the flow rate of 60°F water when the mercury deflection is 4.4”

4” Pipe internal diameter : 4.026 in 4” Pipe internal diameter : 4.026 in

Water weight density at 60°F (ρ) : 62.364 lb/ft3 Q = 50.3 4.4 Water weight density at 60°F (ρ) : 62.364 lb/ft3 Q = 106 gpm
Mercury weight density at 60°F (ρ) : 784 lb/ft3 Mercury weight density at 60°F (ρ) : 784 lb/ft3
dorifice / dpipe = 0.497 dorifice / dpipe = 0.497
Q : Rate of flow (gpm) ∆P : Pressure drop (psi) Q : Rate of flow (gpm) ∆P : Pressure drop (psi)
C = 0.625 ➔ assuming a fully turbulent flow C : Flow coefficient (unitless) ∆h : Head loss (inches of Hg) C = 0.625 ➔ assuming a fully turbulent flow C : Flow coefficient (unitless) ∆h : Head loss (inches of Hg)

ρ : Weight density of water (lb/ft3) ρ : Weight density of water (lb/ft3)

 CONCRETE EXAMPLE #19

S.A.E 10W Oil is flowing through a 3” schedule 40 pipe and produces 0.4 psi pressure
differential between the pipe taps of a 2.15” ID square edged orifice
Let’s find the flow rate in gallons per minute (gpm). (Weight density of oil = 53.6 lb/ft3)

CONCRETE EXAMPLE # 19 3” Pipe internal diameter : 3.068 in

∆P
dorifice / dpipe = 0.497 Q = 235.6 d2orifice C
ρ
FLOW THROUGH ORIFICE METERS C = 0.75 ➔ assuming a laminar flow
LIQUID FLOW IN LAMINAR FLOW
Q : Rate of flow (gpm)

C : Flow coefficient (unitless)

ρ : Weight density of water (lb/ft3)

∆P : Pressure drop (psi)

CONCRETE EXAMPLE #19 CONCRETE EXAMPLE #19

S.A.E 10W Oil is flowing through a 3” schedule 40 pipe and produces 0.4 psi pressure S.A.E 10W Oil is flowing through a 3” schedule 40 pipe and produces 0.4 psi pressure
differential between the pipe taps of a 2.15” ID square edged orifice differential between the pipe taps of a 2.15” ID square edged orifice
Let’s find the flow rate in gallons per minute (gpm). (Weight density of oil = 53.6 lb/ft3) Let’s find the flow rate in gallons per minute (gpm). (Weight density of oil = 53.6 lb/ft3)

3” Pipe internal diameter : 3.068 in 3” Pipe internal diameter : 3.068 in

∆P ρQ
dorifice / dpipe = 0.497 Q = 235.6 d2orifice C dorifice / dpipe = 0.497 Re = 50.66
ρ dμ
C = 0.75 ➔ assuming a laminar flow with a C = 0.75 ➔ assuming a laminar flow with a
corresponding Reynolds number : 5000 corresponding Reynolds number : 5000
Q : Rate of flow (gpm) Q : Rate of flow (gpm)

C : Flow coefficient (unitless) d : Pipe internal diameter (in)

Q ~70 gpm ρ : Weight density of water (lb/ft3)

∆P : Pressure drop (psi)

Q ~70 gpm ρ : Weight density of water (lb/ft3)

μ : Dynamic viscosity (cP)

 CONCRETE EXAMPLE #19

S.A.E 10W Oil is flowing through a 3” schedule 40 pipe and produces 0.4 psi pressure
differential between the pipe taps of a 2.15” ID square edged orifice
Let’s find the flow rate in gallons per minute (gpm). (Weight density of oil = 53.6 lb/ft3)

3” Pipe internal diameter : 3.068 in CONCRETE EXAMPLE # 20

dorifice / dpipe = 0.497 Re = 1562
C = 0.75 ➔ assuming a laminar flow with a CONTROL VALVES
corresponding Reynolds number : 5000 SIZING CONTROL VALVES
Q : Rate of flow (gpm) FOR LIQUID SERVICE
d : Pipe internal diameter (in)

Q ~70 gpm ρ : Weight density of water (lb/ft3)

μ : Dynamic viscosity (cP)

CONCRETE EXAMPLE #20 CONCRETE EXAMPLE #20

Let’s find the appropriate size valve 160°F
160°F for this piping system Condensate header
Valve size 2" 2 1/2" 3" 4"

Condensate header
Valve size 2" 2 1/2" 3" 4" 50 psig
100% Cv 41 73 114 175
50 psig LEVEL CONTROL VALVE
100% Cv 41 73 114 175 Flow : 250 gpm
P : 9.776 psi
LEVEL CONTROL VALVE Water weight density at 160°F (ρ) : 60.998 lb/ft3 Inlet P : 65.86 psig HEAT EXCHANGER
Outlet P : 56.08 psig
Flow : 250 gpm Inlet / Outlet pipe : 4” sched. 40
P : 9.776 psi
Inlet P : 65.86 psig HEAT EXCHANGER
Water dynamic viscosity at 160°F (μ) : 0.39 cP
Outlet P : 56.08 psig
Inlet / Outlet pipe : 4” sched. 40 Water vapor pressure at 160°F (Ps) : 4.75 psia
225°F
CONDENSATE
Q
Let’s find the appropriate size valve Cv = FLOW

for this piping system ∆P CONDENSATE TANK

225°F Fp
S CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
CONDENSATE

FLOW
Cv : Valve flow coefficient ∆P : Pressure differential (psi)
CONDENSATE TANK Q : Rate of flow (gpm) S : Specific gravity of liquids
Fp : Piping geometry factor (unitless)

CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
 CONCRETE EXAMPLE #20 CONCRETE EXAMPLE #20
Let’s find the appropriate size valve 160°F
Let’s find the appropriate size valve 160°F
for this piping system Condensate header
50 psig
Valve size
100% Cv
2"
41
2 1/2"
73
3"
114
4"
175
for this piping system Condensate header
50 psig
Valve size
100% Cv
2"
41
2 1/2"
73
3"
114
4"
175
LEVEL CONTROL VALVE LEVEL CONTROL VALVE
Flow : 250 gpm Flow : 250 gpm
P : 9.776 psi P : 9.776 psi 2 ½” VALVE
Water weight density at 160°F (ρ) : 60.998 lb/ft3 Inlet P : 65.86 psig HEAT EXCHANGER Water weight density at 160°F (ρ) : 60.998 lb/ft3 Inlet P : 65.86 psig HEAT EXCHANGER TOO SMALL
Outlet P : 56.08 psig Outlet P : 56.08 psig
Inlet / Outlet pipe : 4” sched. 40 Inlet / Outlet pipe : 4” sched. 40

Water dynamic viscosity at 160°F (μ) : 0.39 cP Water dynamic viscosity at 160°F (μ) : 0.39 cP
Water vapor pressure at 160°F (Ps) : 4.75 psia Water vapor pressure at 160°F (Ps) : 4.75 psia
225°F 225°F
CONDENSATE CONDENSATE
250
Cv = FLOW FLOW
80.6 − 70.8 CONDENSATE TANK
Cv = 78.98 CONDENSATE TANK
1 60.998
62.364 CENTRIFUGAL PUMP CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

Cv : Valve flow coefficient ∆P : Pressure differential (psi) Cv : Valve flow coefficient ∆P : Pressure differential (psi)
Q : Rate of flow (gpm) S : Specific gravity of liquids Q : Rate of flow (gpm) S : Specific gravity of liquids
Fp : Piping geometry factor (unitless) Fp : Piping geometry factor (unitless)

CONCRETE EXAMPLE #20 CONCRETE EXAMPLE #20

Let’s find the appropriate size valve 160°F
for this piping system Condensate header
Valve size 2" 2 1/2" 3" 4" 160°F
50 psig
100% Cv 41 73 114 175 Condensate header
Valve size 2" 2 1/2" 3" 4"
LEVEL CONTROL VALVE 50 psig
Flow : 250 gpm 100% Cv 41 73 114 175
P : 9.776 psi 3” VALVE
Water weight density at 160°F (ρ) : 60.998 lb/ft3 Inlet P : 65.86 psig HEAT EXCHANGER ✓ OK LEVEL CONTROL VALVE
Outlet P : 56.08 psig
Inlet / Outlet pipe : 4” sched. 40
Flow : 250 gpm
P : 9.776 psi
3” VALVE
Water dynamic viscosity at 160°F (μ) : 0.39 cP Inlet P : 65.86 psig HEAT EXCHANGER ✓ OK
4”x3” reducers Outlet P : 56.08 psig
Water vapor pressure at 160°F (Ps) : 4.75 psia Inlet / Outlet pipe : 4” sched. 40
225°F Cv : 78.98
CONDENSATE

FLOW

Cv = 78.98 CONDENSATE TANK

225°F
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
CONDENSATE

FLOW
Cv : Valve flow coefficient ∆P : Pressure differential (psi)
Q : Rate of flow (gpm) S : Specific gravity of liquids CONDENSATE TANK

Fp : Piping geometry factor (unitless)

CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
 CONCRETE EXAMPLE #20 CONCRETE EXAMPLE #20
160°F 160°F
1 Condensate header
Valve size 2" 2 1/2" 3" 4" 1 Condensate header
Valve size 2" 2 1/2" 3" 4"
Fp = 50 psig
100% Cv 41 73 114 175 Fp = 50 psig
100% Cv 41 73 114 175
2 LEVEL CONTROL VALVE 2 LEVEL CONTROL VALVE

K Cv Flow : 250 gpm

P : 9.776 psi
3” VALVE K Cv Flow : 250 gpm
P : 9.776 psi
3” VALVE
1+ 4”x3” reducers
Inlet P : 65.86 psig HEAT EXCHANGER ✓ OK
1+ 4”x3” reducers
Inlet P : 65.86 psig HEAT EXCHANGER ✓ OK
890 dnom ,v 2 Outlet P : 56.08 psig
Inlet / Outlet pipe : 4” sched. 40 890 dnom ,v 2 Outlet P : 56.08 psig
Inlet / Outlet pipe : 4” sched. 40
Cv : 78.98 Cv : 78.98

225°F 225°F
2 2 CONDENSATE
2 2 CONDENSATE

dnom ,v 3
K = 1.5 1 − K = 1.5 1 −
FLOW FLOW

dnom CONDENSATE TANK

4 CONDENSATE TANK

CENTRIFUGAL PUMP CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

dnom, v : Nominal valve size (in) dnom, v : Nominal valve size (in)
dnom : Nominal pipe size (in) dnom : Nominal pipe size (in)
Cv : Flow coefficient of assumed valve size at 100% open Cv : Flow coefficient of assumed valve size at 100% open

CONCRETE EXAMPLE #20 CONCRETE EXAMPLE #20

160°F 160°F
1 Valve size 2" 2 1/2" 3" 4" Valve size 2" 2 1/2" 3" 4"
Fp =
Condensate header
50 psig
100% Cv 41 73 114 175
1 Condensate header
50 psig
100% Cv 41 73 114 175
2 LEVEL CONTROL VALVE Fp = LEVEL CONTROL VALVE

K Cv Flow : 250 gpm

3” VALVE 2 Flow : 250 gpm
3” VALVE
P : 9.776 psi 0.287 114 P : 9.776 psi
1+ 4”x3” reducers
Inlet P : 65.86 psig HEAT EXCHANGER ✓ OK
1+ 4”x3” reducers
Inlet P : 65.86 psig HEAT EXCHANGER ✓ OK
890 dnom ,v 2 Outlet P : 56.08 psig
Inlet / Outlet pipe : 4” sched. 40 890 32 Outlet P : 56.08 psig
Inlet / Outlet pipe : 4” sched. 40
Cv : 78.98 Cv : 78.98

225°F 225°F
CONDENSATE CONDENSATE

FLOW FLOW
K = 0.287 CONDENSATE TANK
K = 0.287 CONDENSATE TANK

CENTRIFUGAL PUMP CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

dnom, v : Nominal valve size (in) dnom, v : Nominal valve size (in)
dnom : Nominal pipe size (in) dnom : Nominal pipe size (in)
Cv : Flow coefficient of assumed valve size at 100% open Cv : Flow coefficient of assumed valve size at 100% open
 CONCRETE EXAMPLE #20 CONCRETE EXAMPLE #20
160°F 160°F
Valve size 2" 2 1/2" 3" 4" Valve size 2" 2 1/2" 3" 4"
Condensate header Condensate header
50 psig 50 psig
100% Cv 41 73 114 175 100% Cv 41 73 114 175
LEVEL CONTROL VALVE LEVEL CONTROL VALVE
Fp = 0.975 Flow : 250 gpm
P : 9.776 psi
3” VALVE Fp = 0.975 Flow : 250 gpm
P : 9.776 psi
3” VALVE
Inlet P : 65.86 psig HEAT EXCHANGER ✓ OK Inlet P : 65.86 psig HEAT EXCHANGER ✓ OK
4”x3” reducers Outlet P : 56.08 psig 4”x3” reducers Outlet P : 56.08 psig
Inlet / Outlet pipe : 4” sched. 40 Inlet / Outlet pipe : 4” sched. 40
Cv : 78.98 Cv : 78.98

225°F 225°F
CONDENSATE CONDENSATE

FLOW FLOW
K = 0.287 CONDENSATE TANK
Cv = 114 x 0.975 = 111 CONDENSATE TANK

CENTRIFUGAL PUMP CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

dnom, v : Nominal valve size (in) dnom, v : Nominal valve size (in)
dnom : Nominal pipe size (in) dnom : Nominal pipe size (in)
Cv : Flow coefficient of assumed valve size at 100% open Cv : Flow coefficient of assumed valve size at 100% open

CONCRETE EXAMPLE #21

160°F
Condensate header
Valve size 2" 2 1/2" 3" 4"
50 psig
100% Cv 41 73 114 175
LEVEL CONTROL VALVE
Flow : 250 gpm
P : 9.776 psi FL = 0.9 3” VALVE
Inlet P : 65.86 psig HEAT EXCHANGER ✓ OK
4”x3” reducers
CONCRETE EXAMPLE # 21 Outlet P : 56.08 psig
Inlet / Outlet pipe : 4” sched. 40
Cv : 78.98

CONTROL VALVES Let’s confirm that choked flow will not occur
CHOKED FLOW CONDITIONS at the designed flow rate of 250 gpm
225°F
CONDENSATE
WATER PROPERTIES :
FLOW
Specific gravity at 160°F : 0.978
CONDENSATE TANK
Critical pressure : 3198 psia
Vapor pressure at 160°F : 4.75 psia
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
 CONCRETE EXAMPLE #21 CONCRETE EXAMPLE #21
MAXIMUM FLOW MAXIMUM FLOW
160°F 160°F
RATE Condensate header
50 psig
Valve size 2" 2 1/2" 3" 4"
RATE Condensate header
50 psig
Valve size 2" 2 1/2" 3" 4"
100% Cv 41 73 114 175 100% Cv 41 73 114 175
LEVEL CONTROL VALVE LEVEL CONTROL VALVE
Flow : 250 gpm
3” VALVE Flow : 250 gpm
3” VALVE
at which choking occurs P : 9.776 psi
Inlet P : 65.86 psig HEAT EXCHANGER ✓ OK at which choking occurs P : 9.776 psi
Inlet P : 65.86 psig HEAT EXCHANGER ✓ OK
4”x3” reducers Outlet P : 56.08 psig 4”x3” reducers Outlet P : 56.08 psig
Inlet / Outlet pipe : 4” sched. 40 Inlet / Outlet pipe : 4” sched. 40
Cv : 78.98 Cv : 78.98

P1 − FF Pv FL = 0.9 P1 − FF Pv FL = 0.9
Qmax = FL Cv Qmax = FL Cv
S 225°F S 225°F
CONDENSATE CONDENSATE

FLOW FLOW
CONDENSATE TANK CONDENSATE TANK
FL : Liquid pressure recovery factor (unitless)
Cv : Flow coefficient for valves or piping components
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
P1 : Absolute upstream pressure (psia) Pv
FF : Liquid critical pressure ratio factor (unitless) WATER PROPERTIES : FF = 0.96 − 0.28 WATER PROPERTIES :
Pv : Absolute fluid vapor pressure (psia) Pc
S : Specific gravity of liquids Specific gravity at 160°F : 0.978 Specific gravity at 160°F : 0.978
FLP : Combined piping geometry and liquid pressure
recovery factor (unitless) Critical pressure : 3198 psia Critical pressure : 3198 psia
FP : Piping geometry factor (unitless)
Vapor pressure at 160°F : 4.75 psia Vapor pressure at 160°F : 4.75 psia

CONCRETE EXAMPLE #21 CONCRETE EXAMPLE #21

MAXIMUM FLOW MAXIMUM FLOW
160°F 160°F
RATE Condensate header
50 psig
Valve size 2" 2 1/2" 3" 4"
RATE Condensate header
50 psig
Valve size 2" 2 1/2" 3" 4"
100% Cv 41 73 114 175 100% Cv 41 73 114 175
LEVEL CONTROL VALVE LEVEL CONTROL VALVE
Flow : 250 gpm
3” VALVE Flow : 250 gpm
3” VALVE
at which choking occurs P : 9.776 psi
Inlet P : 65.86 psig HEAT EXCHANGER ✓ OK at which choking occurs P : 9.776 psi
Inlet P : 65.86 psig HEAT EXCHANGER ✓ OK
4”x3” reducers Outlet P : 56.08 psig 4”x3” reducers Outlet P : 56.08 psig
Inlet / Outlet pipe : 4” sched. 40 Inlet / Outlet pipe : 4” sched. 40
Cv : 78.98 Cv : 78.98

P1 − FF Pv FL = 0.9 P1 − FF Pv FL = 0.9
Qmax = FL Cv Qmax = FL Cv
S 225°F S 225°F
CONDENSATE CONDENSATE

FLOW FLOW
CONDENSATE TANK CONDENSATE TANK

80.6 − (0.95 x 4.75)

CENTRIFUGAL PUMP CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

FF = 0.95 WATER PROPERTIES : Qmax = 0.9 x 78.98 x WATER PROPERTIES :

0.978
Specific gravity at 160°F : 0.978 Specific gravity at 160°F : 0.978
Critical pressure : 3198 psia Critical pressure : 3198 psia
Vapor pressure at 160°F : 4.75 psia Vapor pressure at 160°F : 4.75 psia
 CONCRETE EXAMPLE #21
MAXIMUM FLOW
160°F
RATE Condensate header
50 psig
Valve size 2" 2 1/2" 3" 4"
100% Cv 41 73 114 175
LEVEL CONTROL VALVE
Flow : 250 gpm
3” VALVE
at which choking occurs P : 9.776 psi
Inlet P : 65.86 psig HEAT EXCHANGER ✓ OK
4”x3” reducers Outlet P : 56.08 psig
Inlet / Outlet pipe : 4” sched. 40
Cv : 78.98

P1 − FF Pv FL = 0.9 CONCRETE EXAMPLE # 22

Qmax = FL Cv
S 225°F
CONDENSATE

FLOW
FLOW METERS
CONDENSATE TANK
ORIFICE FLOW RATE CALCULATION
Q CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

Qmax = 626 gpm

> 250 gpm
WATER PROPERTIES :
Specific gravity at 160°F : 0.978
Critical pressure : 3198 psia
Vapor pressure at 160°F : 4.75 psia

CONCRETE EXAMPLE #22 CONCRETE EXAMPLE #22

Let’s calculate the flow rate in gallons per minute (gpm)
ρ : 62.364 lb/ft3
∆P = 2.5 psi
ρ : 62.364 lb/ft3
∆P = 2.5 psi μ : 1.1 cP

μ : 1.1 cP 3” sched. 80

∆P
3” sched. 80 Q = 235.6 d2orifice C
ρ
FLOW FLOW
60°F
2”

FLOW FLOW
60°F
2” Q : Rate of flow at flowing conditions (gpm)

C : Flow coefficient (unitless)

dorifice : Orifice internal diameter (in)

∆P : Differential pressure (psi)

Let’s calculate the flow rate in gallons per minute (gpm) ρ : Weight density of fluid (lb/ft3)
 CONCRETE EXAMPLE #22 CONCRETE EXAMPLE #22
Let’s calculate the flow rate in gallons per minute (gpm) Let’s calculate the flow rate in gallons per minute (gpm)
ρ : 62.364 lb/ft3 ρ : 62.364 lb/ft3
∆P = 2.5 psi ∆P = 2.5 psi
μ : 1.1 cP μ : 1.1 cP

3” sched. 80 3” sched. 80

∆P 2.5
Q = 235.6 d2orifice C Q = 235.6 x 22 x 0.7 x
ρ
FLOW FLOW FLOW FLOW
60°F
2” 62.364 60°F
2”

Water weight density at 60°F (ρ) : 62.364 lb/ft3 Water weight density at 60°F (ρ) : 62.364 lb/ft3
3” schedule 80 pipe internal diameter : 2.9 in 3” schedule 80 pipe internal diameter : 2.9 in
Flow coefficient (C) “iteration #1” : 0.7 Flow coefficient (C) “iteration #1” : 0.7

CONCRETE EXAMPLE #22 CONCRETE EXAMPLE #22

Let’s calculate the flow rate in gallons per minute (gpm) Let’s calculate the flow rate in gallons per minute (gpm)
ρ : 62.364 lb/ft3 ρ : 62.364 lb/ft3
∆P = 2.5 psi ∆P = 2.5 psi
μ : 1.1 cP μ : 1.1 cP

3” sched. 80 3” sched. 80

∆P
Q = 132 gpm Q = 235.6 d2orifice C
ρ
FLOW FLOW FLOW FLOW
60°F
2” 60°F
2”

Water weight density at 60°F (ρ) : 62.364 lb/ft3 Water weight density at 60°F (ρ) : 62.364 lb/ft3 Water weight density at 60°F (ρ) : 62.364 lb/ft3 Water weight density at 60°F (ρ) : 62.364 lb/ft3
3” schedule 80 pipe internal diameter : 2.9 in 3” schedule 80 pipe internal diameter : 2.9 in 3” schedule 80 pipe internal diameter : 2.9 in 3” schedule 80 pipe internal diameter : 2.9 in
Flow coefficient (C) “iteration #1” : 0.7 Flow coefficient (C) “iteration #2” : 0.695 Flow coefficient (C) “iteration #1” : 0.7 Flow coefficient (C) “iteration #2” : 0.695
Reynolds number (Re) : 131000 Reynolds number (Re) : 131000 Reynolds number (Re) : 131000 Reynolds number (Re) : 131000
 CONCRETE EXAMPLE #22 CONCRETE EXAMPLE #22
Let’s calculate the flow rate in gallons per minute (gpm) Let’s calculate the flow rate in gallons per minute (gpm)
ρ : 62.364 lb/ft3 ρ : 62.364 lb/ft3
∆P = 2.5 psi ∆P = 2.5 psi
μ : 1.1 cP μ : 1.1 cP

3” sched. 80 3” sched. 80

2.5
Q = 235.6 x 22 x 𝟎. 𝟔𝟗𝟓 x FLOW FLOW Q = 131 gpm FLOW FLOW
62.364 60°F
2” 60°F
2”

Water weight density at 60°F (ρ) : 62.364 lb/ft3 Water weight density at 60°F (ρ) : 62.364 lb/ft3 Water weight density at 60°F (ρ) : 62.364 lb/ft3 Water weight density at 60°F (ρ) : 62.364 lb/ft3
3” schedule 80 pipe internal diameter : 2.9 in 3” schedule 80 pipe internal diameter : 2.9 in 3” schedule 80 pipe internal diameter : 2.9 in 3” schedule 80 pipe internal diameter : 2.9 in
Flow coefficient (C) “iteration #1” : 0.7 Flow coefficient (C) “iteration #2” : 0.695 Flow coefficient (C) “iteration #1” : 0.7 Flow coefficient (C) “iteration #2” : 0.695
Reynolds number (Re) : 131000 Reynolds number (Re) : 131000 Reynolds number (Re) : 131000 Reynolds number (Re) : 131000

CONCRETE EXAMPLE #23

LONG RADIUS NOZZLE

Iteration #1 :

∆P = 1.73 psi Assume β = 0.5

d1 = 3.033 in

CONCRETE EXAMPLE # 23
FLOW METERS FLOW ? FLOW
Q
NOZZLE SIZING CALCULATION 225 gpm

60 °F 369 gpm
6” sched. 40
ρ : 62.364 lb/ft3 d2 : 6.065 in
μ : 1.1 cP
 CONCRETE EXAMPLE #23 CONCRETE EXAMPLE #23

LONG RADIUS NOZZLE LONG RADIUS NOZZLE

Iteration #2 : Iteration #3 :

∆P = 1.73 psi Assume β = 0.4 ∆P = 1.73 psi Assume β = 0.394

d1 = 2.426 in d1 = 2.39 in

FLOW ? FLOW
Q FLOW ? FLOW
Q
225 gpm 225 gpm

60 °F 232 gpm 60 °F 225 gpm

6” sched. 40 6” sched. 40
ρ : 62.364 lb/ft3 d2 : 6.065 in ρ : 62.364 lb/ft3 d2 : 6.065 in
μ : 1.1 cP μ : 1.1 cP

CONCRETE EXAMPLE #24

300 gpm Krun 400 gpm

60 °F 60 °F

FLOW 1 FLOW 1 + 2
4” sched. 40
CONCRETE EXAMPLE # 24
STRAIGHT COMBINED
TEES AND WYES Kbranch
HYDRAULIC RESISTANCE
OF A CONVERGING TEE 100 gpm BRANCH
60 °F FLOW 2

Let’s find the resistance coefficients Krun and Kbranch along with the head loss across each flow
path
 CONCRETE EXAMPLE #24 CONCRETE EXAMPLE #24

Kbranch -0.042 Kbranch -0.042

Krun 0.32 300 gpm
Krun 400 gpm
Krun 0.32 300 gpm
Krun 400 gpm

60 °F 60 °F 60 °F 60 °F

FLOW 1 FLOW 1 + 2 FLOW 1 FLOW 1 + 2

4” sched. 40 4” sched. 40
2
v STRAIGHT COMBINED 10.082 STRAIGHT COMBINED
hL,bra nch = K branch hL,bra nch = −0.042
2g Kbranch 2 x 32.2 Kbranch
v2 100 gpm BRANCH
10.082 100 gpm BRANCH
hL,run = K run hL,run = 0.32
2g 60 °F FLOW 2 2 x 32.2 60 °F FLOW 2

Let’s find the resistance coefficients Krun and Kbranch along with the head loss across each flow Let’s find the resistance coefficients Krun and Kbranch along with the head loss across each flow
path path

CONCRETE EXAMPLE #24

Kbranch -0.042
Krun 0.32 300 gpm
Krun 400 gpm

60 °F 60 °F

FLOW 1 FLOW 1 + 2
4” sched. 40
STRAIGHT COMBINED
hL,bra nch = −0.066 ft
Kbranch
hL,run = 0.513 ft 100 gpm BRANCH
60 °F FLOW 2

Let’s find the resistance coefficients Krun and Kbranch along with the head loss across each flow
path