PC MAINTENANCE AND OPERATING SYSTEMS

Task 1
Understand a range of operating systems

Key components of a desktop computer

Processor (CPU)
The CPU is the component, for carrying out instructions and performing calculations. It retrieves
data and instructions from memory interprets them and executes the tasks. Modern CPUs come with
cores that enable them to manage tasks at once enhancing overall system performance. The speed,
cache size and architecture of the CPU play a role in determining the computers processing power
and efficiency.

Motherboard
Acting as the core structure of the computer the motherboard facilitates communication among
components. It provides sockets and interfaces for the CPU, RAM, storage devices, expansion cards
and peripherals. Additionally it houses the chipset for managing data flow between the CPU, RAM
and other elements. The motherboards form factor, chipset type and available slots influence system
compatibility and scalability.

Random Access Memory (RAM)

RAM is a type of memory that stores data and instructions actively used by the CPU. It enables
access to programs and data, for multitasking and efficient application performance. The amount of
RAM installed impacts a computers ability to run programs concurrently and handle demanding
tasks effectively.

Storage Devices
When it comes to storing data devices, like disk drives (HDDs) and solid state drives (SSDs) play a
role by providing long lasting storage for the operating system, applications and user data. HDDs
use disks to store information while SSDs utilize flash memory offering read/write speeds and
enhanced durability. The storage capacity and speed are factors that determine a computers ability
to store and access files, programs and multimedia content.

Power Supply Unit (PSU)

The PSU is in charge of converting alternating AC) from the wall outlet into current (DC) needed
by the computers components. It supplies power to parts such as the motherboard, CPU, RAM,
storage devices and other peripherals. A reliable PSU with wattage and energy efficiency is vital for
ensuring dependable system operation especially in high performance systems with demanding
components.

Graphics Processing Unit (GPU)

The GPU serves as a processor designed specifically for handling mathematical computations and
rendering graphics efficiently. By taking on graphics processing tasks from the CPU it significantly
enhances performance in graphics applications, like video games, 3D modeling, video editing and
CAD software.High performance GPUs often come with memory (VRAM). Advanced cooling
systems to manage demanding workloads.
Input/Output (I/O) Devices
I/O devices support user interaction and data exchange, with the computer. Keyboards and mice are
used for entering commands and data while monitors show information. Printers and scanners help
in printing and scanning documents respectively. External storage devices like USB drives and
external hard drives offer storage space and data mobility.

Expansion Cards
Expansion cards are components that can be added to the motherboard to improve the computers
functionalities. Sound cards provide enhanced audio processing and output network cards enable
wired or wireless connectivity video capture cards allow for capturing and editing video from
sources and specialized cards such, as graphics cards can significantly enhance the systems
processing capabilities. Attach the CPU cooler whether it's an air cooler or a liquid cooling system,
to the CPU. When using air coolers apply an amount of paste at the center of the CPUs integrated
heat spreader (IHS). If you're using a cooling system follow the manufacturers instructions for
installation and mounting of the water block. Make sure to attach and connect the cooler to the
power connectors or pump headers on the motherboard.

Install the RAM

Find the RAM slots on the motherboard. Consult the manual for installation order and orientation.
Gently push out the retention clips to open up the RAM slots aligning the notches on the RAM
modules with those on slots. Apply pressure until they are in place and hear a click when
reattaching retention clips.

Mount your motherboard

Fit it into your computer case while ensuring that I/O ports, expansion slots and other connectors
line up with corresponding openings in case. Securely fasten it using provided mounting screws or
standoffs. Be cautious not to over-tighten screws to prevent any damage, to your motherboard.
Here are the steps to set up your computer;

1. Install storage devices: Attach the storage devices, like disk drives or solid state drives to the
SATA or M.2 ports on the motherboard. Secure them in the designated slots within the computer
case using screws or brackets provided. For drives connect both the data and power cables.

2. Install expansion cards: If you have expansion cards such as a graphics card or sound card
remove the slot covers at the back of your computer case. Gently insert these cards into the PCI
Express or PCI slots on the motherboard ensuring they are correctly placed and secured with clips
or screws.

3. Connect power supply: Place your power supply unit (PSU) in its assigned spot inside the
computer case. Connect all power cables to the motherboard storage devices and other components
that need power. Make sure to organize and route all cables neatly keeping them clear of any
moving parts.

4. Connect panel connectors: Find the panel connectors on your motherboard (e.g. power switch,
reset switch, LED indicators) and connect them carefully to their respective cables, from the
computer case.

Consult the manual that comes with the motherboard to make sure you align and orient the
connectors correctly as these may differ depending on the model you have. When adding
components, like drives, fan controllers or RGB lighting follow the instructions provided by the
manufacturer for installation and connect all required cables. Make sure these components are
securely installed and that cables are neatly arranged.
For cable management neatly. Route cables inside your computer case using cable ties or solutions
recommended by the case manufacturer. Proper cable management not enhances airflow. Improves
the overall look of your setup but also makes it easier to access for future upgrades or maintenance.
Before turning on your system carefully check all connections to ensure everything is properly
connected and no loose cables or obstacles are in place. Confirm that the power supply is connected
correctly and that the power switch is in its position.

To turn on your system and configure BIOS settings connect the power cable along, with a monitor,
keyboard and mouse. Power up your system. Watch out for any beep codes or LED indicators
signaling issues. To access the BIOS setup utility usually press a designated key, like Delete, F2 or
F12 when starting up. Adjust the BIOS settings according to your preferences. Make sure all
components are detected correctly. Arrange the boot sequence. Activate or deactivate any required
features or overclocking choices.

Next proceed with installing your chosen operating system (e.g., Windows, Linux) after assembling
and configuring the hardware. Simply follow the instructions from the manufacturer by connecting
the installation media (such as a USB drive or optical disc) booting from it and following the, on
screen directions to finish setting up.

To ensure that your operating system runs smoothly and securely it's important to take steps. Here's
how?

1. Keep your operating system updated: Always update so that your system receives necessary
security patches bug fixes and performance enhancements without delay. Check for updates
manually from time to time especially if automatic updates are turned off. Review release notes to
understand the changes and any potential issues with each update.

2. Use antivirus and anti malware software: Install security programs from trusted vendors like
Kaspersky, Norton or Bitdefender. Schedule regular scans to keep your system free, from malware
and other threats.Make sure to activate real time protection to continuously scan and block any
activities while you're online accessing files or using applications.Keep your security software
updated with the virus definitions and malware signatures to stay ahead of threats. Set up the
firewall on your device by either configuring the default firewall that comes with operating systems.
Turn on firewall logging to keep track of allowed and blocked connections for security concerns.

3. Keep your software up to date: Make sure to update not your operating system but also any other
software you have installed as these updates often include fixes for security vulnerabilities.

4. Manage your software installations: download from sources; Install software only from trusted
and reputable sources, like official websites or app stores.

5. Check permissions and requirements: Before installing any software check the permissions it
requires. The system resources it needs to ensure it won't pose a security threat or use up too many
system resources.

6. Remove programs: Take the time to go through your installed programs regularly and uninstall
any that you no longer need or use as they could create vulnerabilities or slow down your system.

7. Optimize your systems performance: Turn off startup programs; Identify and disable any startup
programs or services that are not essential as they can take up system resources and potentially
make your system slower.
8. Defragment your drives: Regularly defragmenting your drives can help improve file access times
and overall disk performance.

9. Clear out files and caches: Periodically clearing out files, internet caches and other unnecessary
files can free up disk space and make your system more responsive. Upgrade your computers
hardware components if its slowing down due, to parts. Consider boosting performance by updating
elements like RAM, storage drives or graphics cards.

Take advantage of cloud storage services like Google Drive, Dropbox or iCloud to securely store
and access your backups from anywhere. Create machines with software such as VMware or
VirtualBox to run risky applications or browse untrusted websites in a separate environment, from
your main operating system. Employ sandboxing tools provided by either your operating system or
third party software to run applications in a controlled environment that prevents them from making
changes or accessing information. Monitor system resources by employing task managers and
system monitors. These tools help track resource usage pinpoint performance bottlenecks and
troubleshoot issues related to CPU, memory or disk usage. Ensure access controls are, in place by
configuring user accounts with permissions for users or tasks. Consider implementing controls to
limit access to websites, applications or system features for users with restricted privileges.Set file
and folder permissions to manage who can access, modify or delete sensitive data.

When connecting to untrusted networks, like public Wi Fi hotspots prioritize using a VPN service to
encrypt your internet traffic and safeguard your data from potential eavesdroppers or cyber
attacks.Ensure you use protocols; Whenever possible activate protocols such, as HTTPS, SSH or
SFTP for safe communication and transferring data over the internet. Turn off any network services;
Disable any network services or features that are not needed to prevent security risks and save
system resources.

By following these steps you can greatly improve the security, efficiency and overall reliability of
your operating system. It's important to remain vigilant and regularly assess your security practices
since threats and attack methods are always changing.

Make sure to refer to sources like vendor documentation for operating systems, cybersecurity
recommendations and industry standards to ensure you are implementing the current and effective
strategies for optimizing and securing your system. If you encounter issues or need assistance
consider seeking help, from professionals.

Over a period of time computers may encounter issues that can impact their performance or
operation. Here's an, in depth look at five problems that can occur when using a computer for a
duration along with detailed steps to troubleshoot and resolve them;

Sluggish performance

Troubleshooting actions:
• Utilize Task Manager and Resource Monitor to pinpoint resource processes, services or
applications that might be causing performance slowdowns. Terminate or disable
unnecessary processes to free up system resources.
• Conduct comprehensive malware and virus scans using trusted antivirus and anti malware
tools to identify and eliminate any software that could be affecting system speed.
• Perform disk defragmentation to address file fragmentation, on disk drives, which can lead
to slower data retrieval times. Use the built in disk defragmentation utility or third party
software for optimizing file storage and enhancing disk performance.
 • Carry out disk cleanup procedures to remove files, browser caches and other redundant
data that may accumulate over time and occupy storage space.

• Consider using the Disk Cleanup tool or third party software to delete files and create more
storage space on your computer. If your hardware is. Not performing well think about
upgrading components, like RAM, CPU or storage drives (switching to an SSD) to boost
your systems speed. To enhance performance disable unnecessary visual effects,
animations and startup programs that use up system resources during boot up and
operation. Keep your software up to date by checking for updates or patches that often
include performance enhancements and bug fixes.

Managing storage space:

1. Use storage management tools like Disk Cleanup, Storage Sense in Windows or third party apps
to analyze and remove files, system logs and temporary data.
2. Regularly review installed programs. Uninstall any that are no longer needed to free up disk
space.
3. Transfer files or backups to storage options such, as external hard drives, network attached
storage (NAS) or cloud services to free up room on your main drive.

These steps can help optimize your computers performance and manage storage effectively.
Consider upgrading or adding storage drives if your current ones are nearly full to increase the
storage space. Make sure to keep all your software, drivers and operating system components up, to
date with the updates as these often include fixes for compatibility issues and known bugs. Before
installing any software or hardware check for compatibility advisories to your system configuration.

Suggestions to troubleshoot hardware issues:

1. Use tools provided by the manufacturer or third party utilities to test and identify components,
like memory, storage drives or other peripherals.
2. If you suspect a component is faulty try swapping it with a known working one to pinpoint the
problem.
3. Check for firmware and BIOS updates for your hardware components as they could contain bug
fixes or performance enhancements.
4. If you encounter hardware problems that basic troubleshooting can't fix seek help from service
centers or experienced technicians.

Resolving network connectivity problems:

1. To troubleshoot network issues;

2. Restart your router, modem or other network devices to reset connections and address
configuration issues or temporary glitches.
3. Look out for interference or distance related problems affecting signal strength; adjust device
positions if needed.
4. Ensure that both computer and network device drivers are up, to date to prevent connectivity
problems. Make sure your network settings are correct, by verifying things like IP addresses, DNS
server setups and firewall rules to ensure they're not causing any issues with network access. If
you're using a connection check for any damage in the Ethernet cables. Replace them if needed.
Also make sure the network ports on both your computer and router are working properly.
By following these detailed troubleshooting steps and maintaining a proactive approach to computer
maintenance, users can effectively identify and resolve a wide range of common issues, prolonging
the lifespan and reliability of their systems while minimizing downtime and frustration.
 Task 2-Understand Windows and Linux operating systems

Briefly describe the 3 main functions of an operating system

An operating system (OS) is a software element that oversees and coordinates both the hardware
and software components of a computer system. The key roles of an operating system include;

1. Managing Resources
Operating systems play a role, in managing and distributing the computers hardware resources. This
involves overseeing the processing unit (CPU) memory, input/output (I/O) devices and storage
resources to ensure sharing among various applications and processes on the system. By doing
conflicts are. Resource utilization is optimized.

2. Abstraction and Virtualization

Operating systems create an abstraction layer between the hardware infrastructure and the
applications running on the system. This abstraction allows applications to interact with the
computers hardware resources in an simplified manner without needing, in depth knowledge of
hardware specifics. Furthermore modern operating systems support virtualization, enabling
environments or operating systems to run simultaneously on a single physical hardware setup.

3. User Interface and Application Support

Operating systems offer a user interface (UI) that enables users to engage with the computer system
while managing their tasks and applications. An operating system can come in the form of a
command line interface (CLI) or a graphical user interface (GUI). Operating systems offer a range
of system services and application programming interfaces (APIs) that support the development and
operation of software programs and applications as discussed by (Stallings in 2015).

The role and significance of an operating system are essential, for the functioning of any computer
system. It serves as a connection between hardware and software ensuring resource management
providing a user interface and enabling the execution of diverse applications and services. Without
an operating system computer hardware would be rendered useless with no platform, for running
applications.

Additionally operating systems play roles in maintaining system security, managing network
connections, handling file systems and facilitating multitasking and process synchronization
functionalities as highlighted by (Tanenbaum and Bos in 2015). With advancements operating
systems continuously evolve by incorporating features to meet the evolving needs of users and
applications. An operating system plays three roles; managing resources creating abstractions and
virtualizations and providing user interfaces and support for applications. These functions
underscore its role, in enabling the productive use of computer systems across a wide range of tasks
from personal use, to complex enterprise applications.
Establish a disc operating environment that is appropriate to the required functionality

A Disk Operating System (DOS) is a type of operating system specifically created for computers
and microcomputers. It was, among the commonly used operating systems especially during the era
of IBM compatible PCs. The key functions of DOS include:

File Management
DOS features a file management system that allows users to create, delete, copy and move files and
folders on disk storage devices. It supports tasks like listing files changing directories and
performing disk maintenance activities.

Command Line Interface

DOS operates using a command line interface (CLI) where users input text commands to carry out
tasks. This text based interface was prevalent before user interfaces (GUIs) became widespread and
served as a means for users to interact with the operating system and execute programs.

Program Execution
DOS enables users to run programs and applications by entering the program name or specific
commands at the command prompt. It offers a platform, for executing software, including utilities,
games and productivity tools.

Memory Management
Despite being limited by the hardware constraints of its era DOS comes with memory management
capabilities. It handles the allocation and management of system memory, for running programs and
carrying out system operations (Tanenbaum and Bos 2015).

Device Management
DOS offers support for managing devices like printers, keyboards and storage devices. It simplifies
input/output operations. Allows users to interact with these devices using commands or programs
(Stallings, 2015).

To create a disk operating environment that meets the requirements several aspects must be taken
into account

a. Hardware compatibility: Ensure that the chosen DOS version works well with the target
hardware, including processor architecture, memory capacity and peripheral devices.

b. Software requirements: Evaluate the software needs such as applications, utilities or

programming tools to ensure they are compatible with the selected DOS setup.

c. Storage capacity: Determine the disk storage capacity based on expected file sizes and the
number of files to be stored and managed within the DOS environment.

d. User interface preferences: Take into consideration user familiarity and preferences regarding
command line interfaces, versus graphical user interfaces.

e. Compatibility, with systems: If you need the DOS system to work with or support hardware or
software make sure that the selected DOS version and setup can meet those needs.
what are the criteria that you would consider to choose your operating system? How will you
install and configure Linux or Windows to the required standard? Configure the Windows
and Linux operating systems to the required Standard

When deciding on an operating system it's important to consider a factors to make sure it fits the
needs and works well. These factors include:

1. Compatibility, with hardware: Make sure the operating system works well with your
computers hardware like the processor type, memory capacity and other devices you use
(Silberschatz et al., 2018).

2. Software requirements: Think about the software you need including applications, tools and
programming resources. Make sure the operating system can handle them effectively (Tanenbaum
and Bos, 2015).

3. User interface preferences: Take into account what kind of interface you prefer – whether its a
command line interface (CLI) or a graphical user interface (GUI) – based on your familiarity and
comfort level (Stallings, 2015).

4. Security features: Check out the security measures provided by the operating system to protect
your data and system privacy (Tanenbaum and Bos 2015).

5. Scalability and performance: Evaluate how well the operating system can manage workloads as
you grow and ensure it performs optimally for your needs (Silberschatz et al., 2018).

6. Community support and updates: Consider if there is community support for troubleshooting
documentation to help you out and regular updates, for security patches and new features
(Tanenbaum and Bos 2015).

To Install and Configure Windows 11 to the standards you can follow these steps

1) Before installing Windows 11 make sure to check if computer meets all the hardware
requirements. This includes having a CPU, enough RAM, sufficient storage space and secure boot
capability.

2) Next download the Windows 11 installation media from Microsofts website. use this to create an
USB drive or DVD using the Media Creation Tool.

3) Insert the USB drive or DVD, into computer and boot from it. adjust the boot order in your BIOS
or settings to do this.

4) Follow the, on screen instructions to kickstart the installation process. You'll be prompted to
select your language, time zone, currency format and keyboard layout.

5) Take a moment to read and accept the Microsoft Software License Terms before proceeding

6) When it comes to choosing the installation type decide whether you want an installation
(retaining your files and settings) or a clean installation (starting fresh).

7) For an installation you'll need to partition and format your drive or SSD as part of the setup
process.
8) Sit back as Windows gets installed on your computer. The system will copy files. Set up
Windows 11 according to your preferences. This step may vary in duration depending on your
hardware configuration.

Connect to the internet: Connect your computer to the internet to download updates and
additional software.

Update Windows: Check for and install the latest Windows updates to ensure your system is up-to-
date and secure.

Install drivers: Install the latest drivers for your hardware components, such as graphics cards,
network adapters, and printers.

Backup and restore setup: Establish a system to safeguard your data and set up system recovery
choices in the event of a system breakdown.

Personalize look: Add your touch to Windows 11 by altering the desktop background, color theme
and applying a customized theme.

Adjust configurations: Tune advanced settings such, as power management, network setup and
system performance according to your usage requirements.

Set up security features: Configure security features like Windows Defender, firewall, and
Windows Hello (if your system supports it) for added protection

Install software: Install your preferred web browser, productivity software, media players, and any
other applications you need.

What is Disk Management? What are the features available in Disk Management? Explain
Windows User Account Management introducing "workstation" and "Active Directory". Use
common utilities and programs in the Windows and Linux operating systems correctly to
configure file systems and to manage users and groups

Disk Management is a tool found in Windows operating systems that offers a user interface, for
handling disk partitions, volumes and file systems. It empowers users to carry out a range of tasks
related to disks like creating, formatting and removing partitions as initializing disks and converting
between different file systems.

Some notable features found within Disk Management includes

• Managing Partitions: Users can create, resize and format partitions on both disk drives and
solid state drives (SSDs).
• Handling Volumes: Disk Management allows users to create, extend and manage dynamic
volumes including spanned, striped, mirrored and RAID volumes.
• Initializing Disks: Users have the capability to initialize disks and switch between partition
styles (MBR or GPT).
• Managing File Systems: Disk Management supports file systems such as NTFS, FAT32 and
exFAT enabling users to format partitions and switch between file systems.
 • Disk Conversion: This utility facilitates the conversion of disks into disks and vice versa
providing users with flexibility, in storage management.

Explanation of Windows User Account Management introducing "workstation" and "Active

Directory".

Managing user access and permissions, for Windows users is a part of preserving security and
system integrity inside a Windows environment. It involves the establishment, administration and
setup of user accounts to ensure access to resources. Understanding concepts like "workstation" and
"Active Directory" is vital in this situation.

a workstation is a computer intended for an individuals job or personal tasks. In Windows systems
each workstation normally keeps its set of user accounts. These accounts are controlled locally on
the workstation itself. Are typically utilized for logging in accessing files and operating apps on that
device.

Local user accounts on a workstation can be divided into two sorts:

1. User Accounts: These are user profiles built directly on the workstation itself with access limited
to resources and settings to that machine.
2. Local Administrator Account: This specialized account holds privileges that let the user to
carry out operations including software installations, system adjustments and managing other user
accounts within the workstation.

Although workstations offer some level of account management control their breadth often extends
to machines or local networks, than larger systems. In organizations or corporate settings a
centralized and customizable solution is important and this is where Active Directory enters into the
picture.

Active Directory (AD): Active Directory is a system designed by Microsoft for Windows domain
networks. It gives a structured technique to supervise user accounts, computer accounts and other
assets, throughout an organization or network. Within an Active Directory configuration user
accounts are. Managed within the Active Directory database. These user accounts can then receive
permissions and access privileges to resources like file shares, printers, programs and network
services.

Important aspects of Active Directory for handling user accounts are:

Centralized User Management: User accounts are. Managed from one spot making it simpler to
enforce standard policies and configurations across the enterprise.

Group Policy Management: With Active Directory administrators can. Implement policies such,
as security settings, software installations and desktop setups depending on user or computer
groups.

Authentication and Authorization: Active Directory gives a mechanism of authenticating users.

Granting access permissions to resources based on their allocated rights.
Organizational Unit (OU) Structure: In organizations or corporate settings Active Directory
organizes user accounts, computer accounts and various resources into a structure called as
Organizational Units (OUs). This organization permits the distribution of responsibilities and the
enforcement of policies, at levels.

Active Directory functions as a directory service that operates as a centralized repository for storing
and managing information about users, machines and resources within the network. When engaging
with Active Directory administrators have the ability to establish and manage user accounts assign
them to relevant groups and limit their access to network resources. This centralized method
streamlines user account management bolsters security measures and assures execution of policies
and configurations across the enterprise.

Active Directory is often applied in corporations or corporate environments. Conversely smaller

networks or individual usage generally rely on desktops, with user accounts
References:

Silberschatz, A., Galvin, P.B. and Gagne, G. (2018) Operating System Concepts. 10th edn.
Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.

Tanenbaum, A.S. and Bos, H. (2015) Modern Operating Systems. 4th edn. Boston, MA: Pearson.

Stallings, W. (2015) Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles. 8th edn. Boston, MA:
Pearson.