DRAFT FOR DEVELOPMENT DD ENV

1991-2-3:1996

Eurocode 1:
Basis of design and
actions on structures —
Part 2.3: Actions on structures —
Snow loads

ICS 91.040
DD ENV 1991-2-3:1996

Committees responsible for this

Draft for Development

The preparation of this Draft for Development was entrusted by Technical

Committee B/525, Building and civil engineering structures, to Subcommittee
B/525/1, Actions (loadings) and basis of design, upon which the following bodies
were represented:

British Constructional Steelwork Association

British Iron and Steel Producers’ Association
British Masonry Society
Concrete Society
Department of the Environment (Building Research Establishment)
Department of the Environment (Property and Buildings Directorate)
Highways Agency
Institution of Structural Engineers
National House-building Council
Royal Institute of British Architects
Steel Construction Institute

This Draft for Development,

having been prepared under
the direction of the Sector
Board for Building and
Civil Engineering, was
published under the
authority of the
Standards Board and
comes into effect on Amendments issued since publication
15 April 1996
Amd. No. Date Comments
© BSI 02-2000

The following BSI reference

relates to the work on this Draft
for Development:
Committee reference B/525/1

ISBN 0 580 25713 4

 DD ENV 1991-2-3:1996

Contents

Page
Committees responsible Inside front cover
National foreword ii
Foreword 2
Text of ENV 1991-2-3 5

© BSI 02-2000 i
DD ENV 1991-2-3:1996

National foreword

This Draft for Development has been prepared by Subcommittee B/525/1 and is
the English language version of ENV 1991-2-3 Eurocode 1: Basis of design and
actions on structures — Part 2-3: Actions on structures — Snow loads published
by the European Committee for Standardization (CEN).
ENV 1991-2-3 results from a programme of work sponsored by the European
Commission to make available a common set of rules for the design of building
and civil engineering works.
The full range of codes covers the basis of design and actions, the design of
structures in concrete, steel, composite construction, timber, masonry and
aluminium alloy, and geotechnical and seismic design.
This publication is not to be regarded as a British Standard.
An ENV or European Prestandard is made available for provisional application
but it does not have the status of a European Standard. The aim is to use the
experience gained to modify the ENV so that it can be adopted as a European
Standard (EN).
During the drafting of ENV 1991-2-3, the CEN Project Team accepted arguments
from the UK that this country has different climatic conditions to mainland
Europe. Annex B was introduced into the draft to include some of BS 6399-3. The
BSI Technical Committee responsible for the UK loading code has more recently
reviewed the content of BS 6399-3 and is to amend the British Standard in
response to particular problems. It would be inappropriate for superseded
information to be presented in the ENV document and a National Application
Document would have to make extensive reference to the amended British
Standard. The resulting DD ENV would not be considered a practical document
for use in the design office.
Consequently, ENV 1991-2-3 is not to be used in the UK for design purposes. For
snow loads, the designer should consult BS 6399-3. This situation will change
when European Prestandards are converted to full European Standards and it is
important that the UK generates full and effective comments on the ENV
document to ensure a satisfactory conversion.
The reasons for publishing DD ENV 1991-2-3 in the UK are:
a) for informative purposes, to enable structural designers in the UK to
familiarize themselves with the contents of ENV 1991-2-3;
b) to enable full and effective UK comments on ENV 1991-2-3 to be obtained
during its ENV period, so that these can be considered during the preparation
of the EN.
Feedback on this document is therefore encouraged and comments are invited on
its technical content, ease of use and ambiguities or anomalies. These comments
will be taken into account when preparing the UK national response to CEN on
the question of whether the ENV can be converted to an EN.
Comments should be sent in writing to the Secretary of Subcommittee B/525/1 at
BSI, 389 Chiswick High Road, London W4 4AL quoting the document reference,
the relevant clause and, where possible, a proposed revision by the end of
June 1997. Comments after this time will still be possible through corporate
bodies, such as the engineering institutions.

Summary of pages
This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i and ii,
the ENV title page, pages 2 to 46 and a back cover.
This standard has been updated (see copyright date) and may have had
amendments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amendment table on the
inside front cover.

ii © BSI 02-2000
EUROPEAN PRESTANDARD ENV 1991-2-3
PRÉNORME EUROPÉENNE
February 1995
EUROPÄISCHE VORNORM

ICS 91.040.00

Descriptors: Buildings, structures, design, computation, loads:forces, weather effects, weather resistances, snow

English version

Eurocode 1 —
Basis of design and actions on structures —
Part 2-3: Actions on structures — Snow loads

Eurocode 1 — Bases du calcul et actions sur les Eurocode 1 — Grundlagen der

structures — Partie 2-3: Actions sur les Tragwerksplanung und Einwirkungen auf
structures — Charges de neige Tragwerke — Teil 2-3: Einwirkungen auf
Tragwerke — Schneelasten

This European Prestandard was approved by CEN on 1993-06-30 as a

prospective standard for provisional application. The period of validity of this
ENV is limited initially to three years. After two years the members of CEN
will be requested to submit their comments, particularly on the question
whether the ENV can be converted into an European Standard (EN).
CEN members are required to announce the existence of this ENV in the same
way as for an EN and to make the ENV available promptly at national level in
an appropriate form. It is permissible to keep conflicting national standards in
force (in parallel to the ENV) until the final decision about the possible
conversion of the ENV into an EN is reached.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium,
Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy,
Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and
United Kingdom.

CEN
European Committee for Standardization
Comité Européen de Normalisation
Europäisches Komitee für Normung
Central Secretariat: rue de Stassart 36, B-1050 Brussels

© 1995 All rights of reproduction and communication in any form and by any means reserved in all
countries to CEN and its members
Ref. No. ENV 1991-2-3:1995 E
ENV 1991-2-3:1995

Foreword EN 1999, Eurocode 9: Design of aluminium alloy

structures.
Objectives of the Eurocodes
8) Separate sub-committees have been formed by
1) The “Structural Eurocodes” comprise a group of CEN/TC250 for the various Eurocodes listed above.
standards for the structural and geotechnical design
9) This part of Eurocode 1 is being published as a
of buildings and civil engineering works.
European Prestandard (ENV) with an initial life of
2) They cover execution and control only to the three years.
extent that is necessary to indicate the quality of the
10) This Prestandard is intended for experimental
construction products, and the standard of the
workmanship, needed to comply with the application and for the submission of comments
assumptions of the design rules. 11) After approximately two years CEN members
will be invited to submit formal comments to be
3) Until the necessary set of harmonised technical
taken into account in determining future actions.
specifications for products and for methods of
testing their performance are available, some of the 12) Meanwhile feedback and comments on this
Structural Eurocodes cover some of these aspects in Prestandard should be sent to the Secretariat of
informative Annexes. CEN/TC250/SC1 at the following addresses:
SNV/SIA (until end SIS/BST (from
Background to the Eurocode Programme May 1995) June 1995)
4) The Commission of the European Communities Selnaustrasse 16 Box 5630
(CEC) initiated the work of establishing a set of CH-8039 ZURICH S- 114 86 Stockholm
harmonized technical rules for the design of
SWITZERLAND SWEDEN
building and civil engineering works which would
initially serve as an alternative to the different rules or to your national standards organisation.
in force in the various Member States and would
ultimately replace them. These technical rules National Application Documents (NAD’s)
became known as the “Structural Eurocodes”.
13) In view of the responsibilities of authorities in
5) In 1990, after consulting their respective Member member countries for safety, health and other
States, the CEC transferred the work of further matters covered by the essential requirements of
development, issue and updating of the Structural the Construction Products Directive (CPD), certain
Eurocodes to CEN, and the EFTA Secretariat safety elements in this ENV have been assigned
agreed to support the CEN work. indicative values which are identified by [ ] (“boxed
6) CEN Technical Committee CEN/TC 250 is values”). The authorities in each member country
responsible for all Structural Eurocodes. are expected to review the “boxed values” and may
substitute alternative definitive values for these
Eurocode Programme safety elements for use in national application.
7) Work is in hand on the following Structural 14) Some of the supporting European or
Eurocodes, each generally consisting of a number of International Standards may not be available by the
parts: time this Prestandard is issued. It is therefore
EN 1991, Eurocode 1: Basis of design and actions anticipated that a National Application Document
on structures. (NAD) giving any substitute definitive values for
safety elements, referencing compatible supporting
EN 1992, Eurocode 2: Design of concrete standards and providing guidance on the national
structures. application of this Prestandard, will be issued by
EN 1993, Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures. each member country or its Standards
EN 1994, Eurocode 4: Design of composite steel Organization.
and concrete structures. 15) It is intended that this Prestandard is used in
EN 1995, Eurocode 5: Design of timber conjunction with the NAD valid in the country
structures. where the building or civil engineering works is
EN 1996, Eurocode 6: Design of masonry located.
structures.
EN 1997, Eurocode 7: Geotechnical design.
EN 1998, Eurocode 8: Design of structures for
earthquake resistance.

2 © BSI 02-2000
 ENV 1991-2-3:1995

Matters specific to this Prestandard Contents

16) The scope of Eurocode 1 is defined in clause 1.1.1
Page
and the scope of this Part of Eurocode 1 is defined
in 1.1.2. Additional parts of Eurocode 1 which are Foreword 2
planned are indicated in clause 1.1.3. Objectives of the Eurocodes 2
17) This Part is complemented by a number of Background to the Eurocode Programme 2
annexes, some normative and some informative. Eurocode Programme 2
The normative annexes have the same status as the
sections to which they relate. National Application Documents (NAD’s) 2
18) The characteristic value of the snow load on the Matters Specific to this Prestandard 3
ground shall be provided in the form of maps or Section 1. General 5
otherwise (see Annex A) by the competent authority. 1.1 Scope 5
The value provided for characteristic loads shall 1.1.1 Scope of ENV 1991-Eurocode 1 5
conform with the definitions given in ENV 1991-1
clause 4.2. In the cases where the value of the snow 1.1.2 Scope of ENV 1991-2-3 Snow loads 5
load on the ground is not consistent with the 1.1.3 Further Parts of ENV 1991 5
definition of the characteristic value, the NAD 1.2 Normative references 5
should state the corresponding value.
1.3 Distinction between principles
19) In the particular case considered in section 2 and application rules 6
where the snow load can be treated as an accidental 1.4 Definitions 6
action, the NAD should provide guidance for the
treatment of the action in design. 1.5 Symbols 6
20) Allowance shall be made in the NAD for local Section 2. Classification of actions 7
effects which are unlikely to have been considered in Section 3. Design situations 7
the statistical analysis for national loads. Section 4. Representation of action 7
Particularly important are effects due to local
4.1 Nature of the load 7
topography and diversion of the wind.
4.2 Modelling of the load 7
21) Where there is doubt about the validity of the
recommended snow loads, the procedure to consult Section 5. Load arrangements7
the competent authority should be given in the 5.1 Snow load on roofs 7
NAD. 5.2 Snow overhanging the edge of a roof 8
5.3 Snow loads on snowguards and
obstacles 8
5.4 Snow loads on bridges 9
Section 6. Snow load on the ground —
characteristic values 9
Section 7.Snow load shape coefficients 9
7.1 General 9
7.2 Pitched roofs 9
7.3 Cylindrical roofs 12
7.4 Abrupt changes of roof heights 13
7.5 Drifting at projections and
obstructions 14
Annex A (informative) Characteristic
values of snow load on ground 15
Annex B (normative) Snow load shape
coefficients for specific climatic regions 43
Annex C (informative) Adjustment of
the return period of ground snow load 45
Annex D (informative) Bulk weight
density of snow 46

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ENV 1991-2-3:1995

Page Page
Figure 5.1 — Snow overhanging the Table A.1 — Snow loads on the
edge of a roof 8 ground for Norwegian municipalities
Figure 7.1 — Snow load shape (Norwegian Standard
coefficients — pitched roofs 10 NS 3479: Tillegg C) 30
Figure 7.2 — Snow load shape Table A.15.1 — Spain — Snow loads
coefficient — monopitch roof 10 on the ground depending on the Snow
zone and the altitude 36
Figure 7.3 — Snow load shape
coefficients — duopitched roofs 11 Table A.2 37
Figure 7.4 — Snow load shape Table 1 — Mean bulk weight density
coefficients — multipitch roofs 11 of snow 46
Figure 7.5 — Snow load shape
coefficients — cylindrical roof 12
Figure 7.6 — Snow load shape coefficients
for cylindrical roofs of differing rise to
span ratios 12
Figure 7.7 — Snow load shape
coefficients — abrupt change of
roof height 13
Figure 7.8 — Snow load shape coefficients
at projections and obstructions 14
Figure A.1 — Austria — snow zones 16
Figure A.2 — Finland — Characteristic
snow load on the ground 18
Figure A.3 — France — snow zones 20
Figure A.4 — Germany — Snow zones 22
Figure A.5 — Greece — Snow zones 24
Figure A.6 — Iceland — Snow zones 26
Figure A.7 — Italy — Snow zones 28
Figure A.15.1 — Spain — Snow zones 37
Figure A.8 — Sweden — Snow zones 38
Figure A.9 — Switzerland — Altitudes 40
Figure A.10 — Ireland &
United Kingdom: — Basic snow load
on the ground 42
Figure B.1 — Drift length and
snow load shape coefficient —
multi-pitch roof 43
Figure B.2 — Drift length and snow load
shape coefficient for local drift at abrupt
change of roof height 44
Figure B.3 — Snow load shape
coefficients — drifts at obstructions 45
Table 7.1 — Snow load shape coefficient —
monopitch roofs 10
Table 7.2 — Snow load shape
coefficient — duopitch roofs 11
Table 7.3 — Snow load shape
coefficients — multipitch roofs 11

4 © BSI 02-2000
 ENV 1991-2-3:1995

Section 1. General
1.1 Scope
1.1.1 Scope of ENV 1991 — Eurocode 1
1) P ENV 1991 provides general principles and actions for the structural design of buildings and civil
engineering works including some geotechnical aspects and shall be used in conjunction with
ENV 1992–1999.
2) It may also be used as a basis for the design of structures not covered in ENV 1992–1999 and where other
materials or other structural design actions are involved.
3) ENV 1991 also covers structural design during execution and structural design for temporary structures.
It relates to all circumstances in which a structure is required to give adequate performance.
4) ENV 1991 is not directly intended for the structural appraisal of existing construction, in developing the
design of repairs and alterations or, for assessing changes of use.
5) ENV 1991 does not completely cover special design situations which require unusual reliability
considerations such as nuclear structures for which specified design procedures should be used.
1.1.2 Scope of ENV 1991-2-3 Snow loads
1) P Design guidance is provided for loads imposed by snow which has fallen in calm air and in windy
conditions for the structural design of buildings and civil engineering work.
2) P This Part does not generally apply for sites at altitudes above 1 500 m.
3) Annex B may be used in specific regions where all the snow normally melts and clears between
individual weather systems and wind speeds are high.
NOTE Use of Annex B has to be agreed with the National Competent Authority.
4) This Part does not give guidance on:
— impact snow loads resulting from snow sliding off or falling from a higher roof;
— loads which could occur if snow and ice block drainage systems;
— the additional wind loads which could result from changes in shape or size of the building structure
due to the presence of snow or the accretion of ice;
— loads in areas where snow is present all the year;
— ice loading;
— lateral loading due to snow (e.g. lateral loads exerted by drifts);
— the increase in load due to heavy rain falling on snow.
5) ENV 1991-2-3 shall be used only in conjunction with ENV 1991-1 and other Parts of ENV 1991.
1.1.3 Further Parts of ENV 1991
1) Further Parts of ENV 1991 which, at present, are being prepared or are planned are given in 1.2.

1.2 Normative references

This European Prestandard incorporates by dated or undated reference, provisions from other standards.
These normative references are cited in the appropriate places in the text and publications listed hereafter.
ISO 3898 1987, Basis of design for structures — Notations. General symbols.
NOTE The following European Prestandards which are published or in preparation are cited at the appropriate places in the text
and publications listed hereafter.
ENV 1991-1, Eurocode 1: Basis of design and actions on structures — Part 1: Basis of design.
ENV 1991-2-1, Eurocode 1: Basis of design and actions on structures — Part 2.1: Densities, self-weight and imposed loads.
ENV 1991-2-2, Eurocode 1: Basis of design and actions on structures — Part 2.2: Actions on structures exposed to fire.
ENV 1991-2-4, Eurocode 1: Basis of design and actions on structures — Part 2.4: Wind loads.
ENV 1991-2-5, Eurocode 1: Basis of design and actions on structures — Part 2.5: Thermal actions.
ENV 1991-2-6, Eurocode 1: Basis of design and actions on structures — Part 2.6: Loads and Deformations imposed during execution.
ENV 1991-2-7, Eurocode 1: Basis of design and actions on structures — Part 2.7: Accidental actions.
ENV 1991-3, Eurocode 1: Basis of design and actions on structures — Part 3: Traffic loads on bridges.
ENV 1991-4, Eurocode 1: Basis of design and actions on structures — Part 4: Actions in silos and tanks.

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ENV 1991-2-3:1995

ENV 1991-5, Eurocode 1: Basis of design and action on structures — Part 5: Actions induced by cranes and machinery.
ENV 1992, Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures.
ENV 1993, Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures.
ENV 1994, Eurocode 4: Design of composite steel and concrete structures.
ENV 1995, Eurocode 5: Design of timber structures.
ENV 1996, Eurocode 6: Design of masonry structures.
ENV 1997, Eurocode 7: Geotechnical design.
ENV 1998, Eurocode 8: Earthquake resistant design of structures.
ENV 1999, Eurocode 9: Design of aluminium alloy structures.

1.3 Distinction between principles and application rules

1) Depending on the character of the individual clauses, distinction is made in this part between principles
and application rules.
2) The principles comprise:
— general statements and definitions for which there is no alternative, as well as
— requirements and analytical models for which no alternative is permitted unless specifically stated.
3) The principles are identified by the letter P following the paragraph number.
4) The application rules are generally recognized rules which follow the principles and satisfy their
requirements.
5) It is permissible to use alternative rules different from the application rules given in this Eurocode,
provided it is shown that the alternative rules accord with the relevant principles and have at least the
same reliability.
6) In this Part the application rules are identified by a number in brackets e.g. as this clause.

1.4 Definitions
1) For the purposes of this prestandard, a basic list of definitions is provided in ENV 1991-1, “Basis of
design”.

1.5 Symbols
1) For the purpose of this Prestandard, the following symbols apply.
NOTE The notation used is based on ISO 3898:1987
2) A basic list of notations is provided in ENV 1991-1, “Basis of design” and the additional notations below
are specific to this Part.
Latin upper case letters
Ce exposure coefficient
Ct thermal coefficient

Latin lower case letters

Fs force exerted by a sliding mass of snow
b width
h height
k coefficient to take account of the irregular shape of snow
ls length of snow drift
s snow load on the roof
sk characteristic value of snow on the ground
se snow load per metre width due to overhang

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 ENV 1991-2-3:1995

Greek Lower case letters

! pitch of roof, measured from horizontal [°]
" angle between the horizontal and the tangent to the curve for a cylindrical roof
* weight density of snow
4 snow load shape coefficient

Section 2. Classification of actions

1) P Snow loads are classified as variable free actions, see ENV 1991-1.
2) In particular cases, snow load can be treated as an accidental action. For the specific climatic regions to
which 6.2 applies, the local drifting of snow on roofs is considered to form exceptional snow loads because
of the rarity with which they occur and are treated as accidental loads in accordance with ENV 1991-1.

Section 3. Design situations

1) P The relevant snow loads shall be determined for each design situation identified, in accordance with
ENV 1991-1.
2) P For roofed bridges, the snow loads and traffic loads shall be considered to occur simultaneously.
Additional guidance is given in ENV 1991-3, Annexes C, D and H.
3) For bridges other than roofed bridges, the snow loads and traffic loads may not be generally considered
as simultaneous.

Section 4. Representation of actions

4.1 Nature of the load
1) Snow can be deposited on a roof in many different patterns depending on the shape of the roof, its
thermal properties, the roughness of its surface, the amount of heat generated under the roof, the proximity
of nearby buildings, the surrounding terrain and the local meteorological climate; in particular its
windiness, temperature variations, and likelihood of precipitation (either as rain or as snow). Furthermore
the deposits of snow can be due to an accumulation of snow from different directions or to one or more falls
of snow within an individual weather system.

4.2 Modelling of the load

1) For assessment of snow load it is usual to consider primarily the uniform snow which has accumulated
under calm air conditions, the shape of the roof and the snow pattern caused by windy conditions.

Section 5. Load arrangements

5.1 Snow load on roofs
1) P The snow loads on a roof shall be determined from:
s = 4 i C e C t sk (5.1)

where:
4i is the snow load shape coefficient (see section 7)
sk is the characteristic value of the snow load on the ground [kN/m2] (see section 6)
Ce is the exposure coefficient, which usually has the value 1,0
Ct is the thermal coefficient, which usually has the value 1,0

2) P The load shall be assumed to act vertically and shall refer to a horizontal projection of the area of the
roof.
3) P Loads according to this Part have been derived for natural deposition patterns and do not account for
local imbalances due to artificial removal or redistribution of snow on a roof. In such cases suitable load
arrangements shall be considered.

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4) The snow load shape coefficients are defined in section 7 assuming the exposure coefficient is equal
to 1,0. A reduction in the snow load on the roof may be permitted by the introduction of values of exposure
coefficient less than 1,0, to take account of the effect of more severe wind conditions.
5) For normal standards of thermal insulation the thermal coefficient is assumed to be equal to 1,0. A
reduction in the snow load on the roof may be permitted by the introduction of values of thermal coefficient
less than 1,0, to take account of the effect of heat loss through the roof.

5.2 Snow overhanging the edge of a roof

1) P The design of those parts of a roof cantilevered out beyond the walls shall take account of snow
overhanging the edge of the roof, in addition to the load on that part of the roof. The loads due to the
overhang shall be assumed to act at the edge of the roof and shall be calculated as follows:
se = k 4i2 sk2/* (5.2)

where:
se is the snow load per metre width due to the overhang, [kN/m]
4i is the snow load shape coefficient appropriate to the roof
sk is the snow load on the ground, [kN/m2]
k is a coefficient to take account of the irregular shape of the snow, and will be within the range 0,0
to 2,5 depending on climate and roofing material.
* is the weight density of snow which for this calculation may be taken as 3 kN/m3

Figure 5.1 — Snow overhanging the edge of a roof

5.3 Snow loads on snowguards and obstacles

1) P The coefficient of friction between the snow and the roof shall be zero. Thus the force Fs exerted by a
sliding mass of snow, in the direction of slide, per unit width shall be:
Fs = s b sin ! (5.3)

where:
s = 4isk the snow load on the roof [kN/m2];
b is the distance on plan from the guard or obstacle to the ridge [m];
! pitch of the roof, measured from the horizontal [°].
4 is the snow load shape coefficient to the appropriate roof

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 ENV 1991-2-3:1995

2) P The snow load on the roof shall be obtained from 5.1 1) P and shall correspond to the most unfavourable
distributed snow load.

5.4 Snow loads on bridges

1) P For roofed bridges, the snow loads shall be determined by the same procedure used for buildings.
2) For mechanically-moveable bridges a non-symmetrical distribution should be defined in the project
specifications.
3) P When justified by climatic conditions and by the duration of the erection process, the snow load for the
verification of static equilibrium during erection shall be considered as composed of a non-symmetrical
distribution of snow located in the most unfavourable position. For this verification the snow loads shall be
assumed to be [25 %] of the characteristic snow load on the ground.

Section 6. Snow load on the ground — characteristic values

1) The characteristic values of the snow load on the ground to be used in design for each of the CEN member
states is given in Annex A. Altitude, return period and other correction factors are given in
Annex A and should be applied where appropriate.
NOTE The snow load on the ground depends on the geographical location and the altitude of the site being considered. The
characteristic value of the snow load on the ground is based on an annual probability of exceedance of 0,02, and should be determined
from national snow load data.
In special cases the characteristic value of the snow load on the ground, sk, should be obtained from an appropriate statistical analysis
of long records of snow load taken in a well sheltered area near the site. As there is usually a considerable variability in recorded
maximum winter values, records for periods of less than 20 years will not generally be suitable. The statistical analysis should result
in a characteristic snow load conforming with 1). However, for some climatic regions it may be more appropriate to take as the
characteristic value a value defined by the Competent Authority.
2) In particular regions, snow load records show individual, extreme values which cannot be treated by the
usual statistical methods used to evaluate the characteristic value determined according to 6 1). For these
regions the extreme values may be considered as accidental loads.

Section 7. Snow load shape coefficients

7.1 General
1) P In general the snow load shape coefficients given in this clause shall be used. However, depending on
a regions climatic conditions the snow load shape coefficient given in Annex B may be used. The indicated
values of the snow load shape coefficients are nominal values.
2) In general three primary loading arrangements can be identified and are accounted for in the coefficients
in 7.2:
— that resulting from a uniformly distributed layer of snow over the complete roof, likely to occur when
snow falls with little wind;
— that resulting from either an initially unbalanced distribution, local drifting at obstructions, or a
redistribution of snow which affects the load distribution on the complete roof, eg snow transported from
the windward slope of a pitched roof to the leeward slope (due to drifting);
— that resulting from a redistribution of snow from an upper part of the building (due to sliding).

7.2 Pitched roofs

1) The values of the snow load shape coefficients for the roofs detailed in this clause are summarised
in Figure 7.1

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Figure 7.1 — Snow load shape coefficients — pitched roofs

Monopitch roofs
2) P The snow load shape coefficients for monopitch roofs are given in Table 7.1. It is assumed that the snow
is not prevented from sliding off the roof. If the lower edge of the roof is terminated with a parapet, snow
fence, or other obstruction then the snow load shape coefficient shall not be reduced below 0,8.
3) Two arrangements should be considered
— the uniform load arrangement [Figure 7.2(i)]
— the load arrangement consisting of half of the load intensity, acting over the most unfavourable half
of the roof [Figure 7.2(ii)]

Figure 7.2 — Snow load shape coefficient — monopitch roof

Table 7.1 — Snow load shape coefficient — monopitch roofs

Angle of pitch of roof 0° k ! k 30° 30° < ! < 60° ! U 60°
Shape coefficient 41 0,8 0,8(60 – !)/30 0,0

Duo pitched roofs

5) P The snow load shape coefficients for duopitch roofs are given in Table 7.2. It is assumed that the snow
is not prevented from sliding off the roof. If an edge of the roof is terminated by a parapet, snow fence or
other obstruction then the snow load shape coefficient for that side of the roof shall not be reduced
below 0,8.

10 © BSI 02-2000
 ENV 1991-2-3:1995

Figure 7.3 — Snow load shape coefficients — duopitched roofs

Table 7.2 — Snow load shape coefficient — duopitch roofs

Angle of pitch of roof, 0° k ! k 15° 15° < ! k 30° 30° < ! < 60° ! U 60°
Shape coefficient 41 0,8 0,8 0,8(60 – !)/30 0,0
Shape coefficient 42 0,8 0,8 + 0,6(! – 15)/30 1,1(60 – !)/30 0,0

6) The most unfavourable of the load arrangements shown in Figure 7.3 is to be considered.
Multipitch Roofs
7) For multipitch roofs consideration should be given to either the uniform or asymmetric snow loads
derived from 7.2 5) or the drift loading shown in Figure 7.4, whichever produces the most adverse effect.
The snow load shape coefficients are given in Table 7.3.

Figure 7.4 — Snow load shape coefficients — multipitch roofs

Table 7.3 — Snow load shape coefficients —
multipitch roofs
Angle of pitch of roof 0° k ! k 30° 30° < ! < 60°
Shape coefficient 41 0,8 0,8(60 – !)/30
Shape coefficient 43 0,8 + 0,8!/30 1,6

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ENV 1991-2-3:1995

8) Special consideration should be given to the snow load shape coefficients to be used for the design of
multi-pitch roofs, where one or both sides of the valley have a slope greater than 60°.

7.3 Cylindrical roofs

1) For cylindrical roofs either the uniform or asymmetric snow loads shown in Figure 7.5, should be
considered, whichever produces the most adverse effect. Cylindrical roofs include all cylindrical shells of
any shape and single convex curvature. The values of the snow load shape coefficients are summarised
in Figure 7.6. It is assumed that snow is not prevented from sliding off the roof.

Figure 7.5 — Snow load shape coefficients — cylindrical roof

2) The snow load shape coefficient are determined as follows:

For " k 60°, 41 = 0,8 (7.1)
42 = 0,2 + 10h/l with the restriction 42 k [2,0] (7.2)
43 = 0,5 42 (7.3)
For " > 60°, 41 = 42 = 43 = 0 (7.4)

Figure 7.6 — Snow load shape coefficients for cylindrical roofs of differing rise to span ratios

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7.4 Abrupt changes of roof heights

1) P At an abrupt change of roof height, either the uniform or asymmetric snow loading derived from 7.2,
or the drift loading shown in Figure 7.7 shall be considered, whichever produces the most adverse effect.

Figure 7.7 — Snow load shape coefficients — abrupt change of roof height

2) The accumulation of snow on multilevel roofs is due to the transportation of snow by the wind and snow
sliding from the roof above. The snow load shape coefficients are determined as follows:
41 = 0,8 (assuming the lower roof is flat) (7.5)
42 = 4s + 4w (7.6)

where:
4s is the snow load shape coefficient due to sliding
4w is the snow load shape coefficient due to wind
3) The snow load shape coefficient due to sliding is determined as follows:
For ! k 15°, 4s = 0,
For ! > 15°, 4s is determined from an additional load amounting to 50 % of the maximum snow
load, on the adjacent slope of the upper roof calculated according to 7.2

4) The snow load shape coefficient due to wind is determined from:

4w = (b1 + b2)/2h k *h/sk, (7.7)
with the restriction: 0,8 k 4w k [4,0]
where:
* is the weight density of snow, which for this calculation may be taken as 2kN/m3

5) The drift length is limited to:

ls = 2h
with the restriction: 5 k ls k 15m (7.8)

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NOTE If b2 < ls the coefficient at the end of the lower roof is determined by interpolation between 41 and 42 truncated at the end of
the lower roof.

7.5 Drifting at projections and obstructions

1) In windy conditions drifting of snow can occur on any roof which has obstructions as these cause areas
of aerodynamic shade in which the snow accumulates (see Figure 7.8).
2) The snow load shape coefficients and drift lengths should be taken as follows:
41 = 0,8 42 = *h/sk (7.9)
with the restriction: 0,8 k 42 k 2,0 (7.10)

where:
* is the weight density of snow, which for this calculation may be taken as 2kN/m3
ls = 2h (7.11)
with the restriction: 5 k ls k 15m

Figure 7.8 — Snow load shape coefficients at projections and obstructions

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Annex A (informative)
Characteristic values of snow load on the ground
1) This annex gives the data of the snow load on the ground data for CEN member states. The source of the
data is indicated for each country in the appropriate section of this annex. This was the most recent
information at the time of the presentation of this part. The user should ensure that this data has not been
superseded.
2) In most countries the value of the site snow load is dependent on the site altitude as well as the site
location. For altitudes above those covered by the following clauses advice should be sought from the
National Competent Authority.
3) Unless stated otherwise, all values of snow load given in this annex are characteristic values, as defined
in 6.
A.1 AUSTRIA
For the National Zones defined in Figure A.1 the characteristic snow loads on the ground are as given in
the following subclauses.
A.1.1 National Zone A

altitude (m) < 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1 000 1 100 1 200
sk (kN/m )2 0,75 0,85 1,00 1,20 1,45 1,75 2,10 2,55 3,00 3,50 4,05

A.1.2 National Zone B

altitude (m) < 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1 000 1 100 1 200
sk (kN/m2) 1,55 1,55 1,60 1,75 2,00 2,30 2,65 3,10 3,65 4,25 4,95

A.1.3 National Zone C

altitude (m) < 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1 000 1 100 1 200
sk (kN/m2) — — 2,15 2,35 2,70 3,10 3,60 4,20 4,95 5,75 6,65

For areas with heavy snowfalls due to orographic lifting a minimum load of 3,80 kN/m2 should be assumed.
The loads should be increased by 20 % for these areas where altitudes are above 700 m.
A.1.4 National Zone D

altitude (m) < 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1 000 1 100 1 200
sk (kN/m )2 — — — — 1,00 1,20 1,45 1,75 2,10 2,50 3,00

In this Zone the maximum load should not exceed 4,50 kN/m2.

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Figure A.1 — Austria — snow zones

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A.2 BELGIUM
The characteristic snow load on the ground shall be calculated from the formulae:
sk = 0,50 (kN/m2) altitude (m) A k 100
sk = 0,50 + 0,007(A – 100)/6 (kN/m ) altitude (m)
2 100 < A k 700

A.3 DENMARK
The characteristic snow load on the ground shall be taken as:
sk = 1,0 kN/m2
A.4 FINLAND
The characteristic snow load on the ground should be taken from Figure A.2.
A.5 FRANCE
Metropolitan France (for the island of Saint-Pierre and Miquelon, the national Canadian building code for
adjacent zones may be applied. It leads to s0 = 3 kN/m2) is divided into four zones for the characteristic snow
loads. Zones 1 and 2 are subdivided for an accidental load, according to clause 6 2) (load to be used with the
accidental combinations of actions as given in ENV 1991-1) in the south of France.
The zones on the map are defined by administrative boundaries (“departments” and “cantons”) which can
be obtained from French building organisations.
Zone 1A 1B 2A 2B 3 4

sk kN/m2 0,45 0,45 0,55 0,55 0,65 0,40

sA accidental load kN/m2 — 1,00 1,00 1.35 1,35 1,80

sA takes account of the situation when a rain fall immediately follows snow falls, but not of water
accumulating in zones of roofs with very small slopes.

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Figure A.2 — Finland — Characteristic snow load on the ground

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Snow Loads: Definition of zones, by departments and cantons

Zone 1A: Aisne, Ardennes, Aube, Calvados, Charente-Maritime, Cher, Côte d’Or, Côtes d’Amor, Eure,
Eure-et-Loire, Finistère, Ile et Viliane, Indre, Indre-et-Loire, Loir-et-Cher, Loire-Atlantique,
Loiret, Maine-et-Loire, Manche, Marne, Haute-Marne, Mayenne, Meurthe-et-Moselle (*),
Meuse, Morbihan, Moselle (*), Nièvre, Nord, Oise, Orne, Pas-de-Calais, Sarthe,
Seine-Maritime, Deux-Sèvres, Somme, Vendée, Vienne, Vosges (*), Yonne.
Région Ile-de-France: Ville de Paris, Seine-et-Marne, Yvelines, Essonne,
Hauts-de-Seine, Seine-Saint-Denis, Val-de-Marne, Val d’Oise.
Zone 1B: Allier, Alpes-Maritimes, Bouches-du-Rhône, Cantal, Corrèze, Haute-Corse, Corse-Sud,
Creuse, Dordogne, Haute-Garonne, Gers, Gironde, Landes, Lot, Lot-et-Garonne,
Puy-de-Dôme, Pyrénées-Atlantiques, Hautes-Pyrénées, Saône-et-Loire (*),
Tarn-et-Garonne, Var (*), Haute-Vienne.
Zone 2A: Ain, Alpes-Haute-Provence, Hautes-Alpes, Ariège, Aveyron, Doubs, Jura, Loire,
Haute-Loire, Lozére, Meurthe-et-Moselle (*), Moselle (*), Bas-Rhin, Haut-Rhin, Rhône,
Haute-Saône, Saône-et-Loire (*), Tarn (*), Var (*), Vosges (*).
Zone 2B: Gard, Hérault (*), Vaucluse
Zone 3: Ain (*), Ardèche, Ariège (*), Aude (*), Drôme, Hérault (*), Isère, Pyrénées-Orientales (*),
Savoie, Haute-Savoie, Tarn (*), Var (*), Belfort (Territoire).
Zone 4: Aude (*), Pyrénées-Orientales (*)
(*) pour une partie du département (for part of the department)

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Figure A.3 — France — snow zones

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A.6 GERMANY
For the National Zones defined in Figure A.4 the characteristic snow loads on the ground are as given
in A.6.1 to A.6.4.
A.6.1 National Zone I

altitude (m) < 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1 000
sk (kN/m2) 1,13 1,13 1,13 1,13 1,28 1,58 1,88 2,25 2,70

A.6.2 National Zone II

altitude (m) < 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1 000
sk (kN/m ) 2 1,13 1,13 1,13 1,35 1,73 2,25 2,78 3,45 4,20

A.6.3 National Zone III

altitude (m) < 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1 000 1 100 1 200 1 300 1 400 1 500
sk (kN/m ) 2 1,13 1,13 1,50 1,88 2,40 3,00 3,83 4,65 5,70 6,95 8,20 9,60 11,10 12,70

A.6.4 National Zone IV

altitude (m) < 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1 000 1 100 1 200 1 300 1 400 1 500
sk (kN/m ) 2 1,50 1,73 2,33 3,15 3,90 4,88 5,85 6,98 8,25 9,40 10,60 11,75 12,90 14,10

For sites situated in Zone IV but near to the boundary with Zone III, the snow load derived from A.6.4 may
be reduced by linear interpolation according to the formula —
sk = sk,IV – [(a/5)(sk,IV – sk,III)]
where sk,III and sk,IV are the snow load values given in the tables for the altitude of the site;
a is the shortest distance from the site to the boundary between Zones IV and III (km).

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Figure A.4 — Germany — Snow zones

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A.7 GREECE
The national Snow Zones are shown in Figure A.5.
A.7.1 National Zone I
Regions: Peloponessos, West Sterea, Hepirus, Islands (except altitudes > 600 m on the islands of Euvia and
Krete)

A.7.2 National Zone II

Regions: Thrace, Macedonia, Thessalia, East Sterea, Euvia and Krete (for altitudes > 600 and < 1 000 m
on these islands)

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Figure A.5 — Greece — Snow zones

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A.8 ICELAND
The National Snow Zones are shown in Figure A.6. Special conditions apply in the highlands.
A.9 IRELAND
The loads given in A.9 are applicable without modification to sites at altitudes of less than 100 m. They are
not applicable for sites at altitudes greater than 500 m.
For sites at altitudes greater than 100 m but less than 500 m the characteristic snow load on the ground
shall be calculated from the formula —
sk = sb + (0,1 sb + 0,09)(A – 100)/100 (kN/m2)

where:
sb is the basic snow load on the ground, obtained from Figure A.10 and is the load intensity of
undrifted snow in a sheltered area at an assumed ground level datum of 100 m above mean sea
level.

To adjust the return period of ground snow load the coefficient of variation of the annual maximum snow
load shall be taken as 1,4 for insertion in the formula of Annex D. In this case the ground snow load with
a return period n years may be calculated from:
sn = sk[0,0564 – 0,5554 log10(1/n)]

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Figure A.6 — Iceland — Snow zones

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A.10 ITALY
For the National Zones defined in A.10.1 to A.10.3 and shown in Figure A.7, the characteristic snow loads
on the ground are to be calculated from the formulae given. The ss values represent characteristic snow
loads taking into account uncertainties relating to shape coefficients. (The values may be considered to
have a return period of about 200 years).
A.10.1 National Zone I
Regions: Valle d’Aosta, Piemonte, Lombardia, Trentino Alto Adige, Emilia Romagna, Friuli Venezia
Giulia, Veneto, Abruzzi Molise, Marche
sk = 1,60 kN/m2 A <= 200 m
sk = 1,60 + 3 (A – 200)/1000 kN/m2 200 < A <= 750 m
sk = 3,25 + 8,5 (A – 750)/1000 kN/m2 A > 750 m

A.10.2 National Zone II

Regions: Liguria, Toscana, Umbria, Lazio, Campania (only Provinces of Caserta, Benevento, Avellino),
Puglia (only Province of Foggia)
sk = 1,15 kN/m2 A<= 200 m
sk = 1,15 + 2,6 (A – 200)/1000 KN/m 2 200 < A <= 750 m
sk = 2,58 + 8,5 (A – 750)/1000 kN/m 2 A > 750 m

A.10.3 National Zone III

Regions: Campania (excluding Provinces of Caserta, Benevento, Avellino), Puglia (excluding Province of
Foggia), Basilicata, Calabria, Sardegna, Sicili
sk = 0,75 kN/m2 A <= 200 m
sk = 0,75 + 2,2 (A – 200)/1000 kN/m 2 200 < A <= 750 m
sk = 1,96 + 8,5 (A – 750)/1000 kN/m2 A > 750 m

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Figure A.7 — Italy — Snow zones

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A.11 LUXEMBOURG
The characteristic snow load on the ground shall be calculated from the formulae:
sk = 0,50 (kN/m2) altitude (m) A k 100
sk = 0,50 + 0.007(A – 100)/6 (kN/m ) altitude (m)
2 100 < A k 700

A.12 NETHERLANDS
The characteristic snow load on the ground shall be considered a short term load and shall be taken as —
sk = 0,70 (kN/m2) altitude (m)

The ground snow load with a return period of n years shall be calculated from:
sn = sk [1 + (1/g)ln(n/50)]
A.13 NORWAY
The snow load on the ground for each district shall be taken from Table A.1. The loads given have a return
period of 5 years.
NOTE The loads given in Table A.1 will be replaced by loads having a return period of 50 years when available.

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Table A.1 — Snow loads on the ground for Norwegian municipalities

(Norwegian Standard NS 3479: Tillegg C)
List of counties
Østfold .................... Rogaland ....................
Akershus .................... Hordaland ....................
Oslo .................... Sogn og Fjordane ....................
Hedmark .................... Møre og Romsdal ....................
Oppland .................... Sør-Trøndelag ....................
Buskerud .................... Nord-Trøodelag ....................
Vestfold .................... Nordland ....................
Telemark .................... Troms ....................
Aust-Agder .................... Finnmark ....................
Vest-Agder ....................

Snow loads on the ground are given for each municipality in Norway. The values given are in round figures with a return period
of 5 years. With a few exceptions the values are only representative for locations below 600 m above sea level.

Østfold fylke Akershus fylke

Municipality Ground snow load Municipality Ground snow load

kN/m2 kN/m2
Aremark ................ 2,5 Asker
Askim ................ 2,5 for 0–100 m o.h. ................ 2,5
Borge ................ 2,5 for 100–250 m o.h ................ 3,5
Eidsberg ................ 2,5 over 250 m o.h ................ 4,5
Fredrikstad ................ 2,5 Aurskog-Høland ................ 2,5
Halden ................ 2,5 Bærum
Hobøl ................ 2,5 for 0–100 m o.h ................ 2,5
Hvaler ................ 2,5 for 100–250 m o.h ................ 3,5
Kråkerøy ................ 2,5 over 250 m o.h ................ 4,5
Marker ................ 2,5 Eidsvoll ................ 2,5
Moss ................ 2,5 Enebakk ................ 2,5
Onsøy ................ 2,5 Fet ................ 2,5
Rakkestad ................ 2,5 Frogn ................ 3,5
Rolvsøy ................ 2,5 Gjerdrum ................ 3,5
Rygge ................ 2,5 Hurdal ................ 3,5
Rømskog ................ 2,5 Lørenskog ................ 2,5
Råde ................ 2,5 Nannestad ................ 3,5
Sarpsborg ................ 2,5 Nes ................ 1,5
Skiptvedt ................ 2,5 Nesodden ................ 2,5
Skjeberg ................ 2,5 Nittedal ................ 2,5
Spydeberg ................ 2,5 Oppegård ................ 2,5
Trøgstad ................ 2,5 Rælingen ................ 2,5
Tune ................ 2,5 Skedsmo ................ 2,5
Varteig ................ 2,5 Ski ................ 2,5
Våler ................ 2,5 Sørum ................ 2,5
Ullensaker ................ 2,5
Vestby ................ 2,5
Ås ................ 2,5
Oslo fylke

Municipality Ground snow load

kN/m2

Oslo
for 0–75 m o.h ................ 1,5
for 75–200 m o.h ................ 2,5
over 200 m o.h ................ 3,5

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Table A.1 — Snow loads on the ground for Norwegian municipalities

(Norwegian Standard NS 3479: Tillegg C)
Hedmark fylke Oppland fylke
Municipality Ground snow load Municipality Ground sn.
.w load
kN/m2 kN/m2
Alvdal ..................... 2,5 Dovre ..................... 2,5
Eidskog ..................... 2,5 Etnedal ..................... 3,5
Elverum ..................... 2,5 Gausdal ..................... 3,5
Engerdal ..................... 2,5 Gjøvik ..................... 2,5
Folldal ................... 2,5 Gran ................ 3,5
Grue ..................... 2,5 Jenaker ..................... 2,5
Hamar ..................... 2,5 Lesja
Kongsvinger ..................... 2,5 vest for Rise bru ..................... 3,5
Loten ..................... 2,5 øst for Rise bru ..................... 1,5
unntak for hyttebebyggelse Lillehammer ..................... 2,5
Nord-Odal ..................... 2,5 over 500 m o.h ..................... 3,5
Os ..................... 2,5 Lom
Rendalen ..................... 2,5 opp til 500 m o.h for områdene
Ringsaker ..................... 2,5 Fossebergom og Gardemo ........... 1,5
over 500 m o.h ..................... 3,5 Bøverdalen ..................... 2,5
Stange ..................... 2,5 Lunner ..................... 3,5
Stor-Elvdal ..................... 2,5 Nord-Aurdal ..................... 2,5
Sør-Odal ..................... 2,5 Nord-Fron ..................... 2,5
Tolga ..................... 2,5 Nordre Land ..................... 3,5
Trysil ..................... 2,5 Ringebu ..................... 2,5
Tynset ..................... 2,5 Sel ..................... 2,5
Vang ..................... 2,5 Skjåk ..................... 2,5
Våler ..................... 2,5 Søndre Land ..................... 2,5
Åmot ..................... 2,5 Sør-Aurdal ..................... 2,5
Åsnes ..................... 2,5 Sør-Fron ..................... 2,5
Vang ..................... 3,5
Vestre Slidre ..................... 3,5
Vestre Toten ..................... 2,5
Vågå ..................... 2,5
Østre Toten ..................... 2,5
Øyer ..................... 2,5
Øystre Slidre ..................... 3,5
Buskerud fylke Vestfold fylke
Municipality Ground snow load Municipality Ground snow load
kN/m2 kN/m2
Drammen ..................... 3,5 Andebu ..................... 3,5
Flesberg ..................... 3,5 Borre ..................... 3,5
Flå ..................... 2,5 for områdene på østsiden av Raet,
Gol ..................... 2,5 Kirkebakken og områdene øst for
Hemsedal ..................... 2,5 vannskillet mellom Oslo-fjorden og
Hol ..................... 3,5 Borrevannet til Falkensten 2,5
Hole ..................... 2,5 Hof ..................... 3,5
Hurum ..................... 3,5 Holmestrand ..................... 3,5
Kongsberg ..................... 3,5 Lardal ..................... 3,5
Krødsherad ..................... 2,5 Larvik ..................... 2,5
Lier ..................... 3,5 nord for Kvelde ................. 3,5
Modum ..................... 3,5 Nøtterøy ..................... 2,5
Nedre Eiker ..................... 3,5 Ramnes ..................... 3,5
Nes ..................... 2,5 Sande ..................... 3,5
Nore og Uvdal ..................... 2,5 Sandefjord ..................... 2,5
Ringerike ..................... 2,5 Stokke ..................... 2,5
Rollag ..................... 3,5 Svelvik ..................... 3,5
Røyken ..................... 3,5 Tjøme ..................... 2,5
Sigdal ..................... 3,5 Tønsberg ..................... 2,5
Øvre Eikez ..................... 3,5 Våle ..................... 3,5
Ål ..................... 2,5

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Table A.1 — Snow loads on the ground for Norwegian municipalities

(Norwegian Standard NS 3479: Tillegg C)
Telemark fylke Vest-Agder fylke
Municipality Ground snow load Municipality Ground sn.
.w load
kN/m2 kN/m2
Bamble ..................... 2,5 Audnedal ..................... 3,5
Bø ..................... 3,5 Farsund ..................... 2,5
for områder under 200 m o.h 2,5 Flekkefjord ..................... 2,5
Drangedal ..................... 3,5 Hægebostad ..................... 3,5
Fyresdal ..................... 3,5 Kristiansand ..................... 3,5
Hjartdal ..................... 3,5 Kvinesdal ..................... 3,5
Kragerø ..................... 2,5 Lindesnes ..................... 2,5
Kviteseid ..................... 3,5 Lyngdal ..................... 2,5
Nissedal ..................... 3,5 Mandal ..................... 2,5
Nome ..................... 3,5 Marnardal ..................... 3,5
Notodden ..................... 2,5 Sirdal ..................... 3,5
strengere krav i spesielle områder Songdalen ..................... 3,5
Porsgrunn ..................... 2,5 Søgne ..................... 3,5
Sauherad ..................... 2,5 Vennesia ..................... 3,5
strengere krav i spesielle områder Åseral ..................... 3,5
Seljord ..................... 3,5
Siljan ..................... 3,5
Skien ..................... 2,5
Tinn ..................... 2,5
for bøyfjellsområdene .............. 3,5
Tokke ..................... 3,5
Vinje ..................... 3,5

Aust-Agder fylke Rogaland fylke

Municipality Ground snow load Municipality Ground snow load

kN/m2 kN/m2
Arendal ..................... 3,5 Bjerkreim ..................... 1,5
Birkenes ..................... 3,5 Bokn ..................... 1,5
Bygland ..................... 3,5 Eigersund ..................... 1,5
Bykle ..................... 3,5 Finnøy ..................... 1,5
Evje og Hornnes ..................... 3,5 Forsand ..................... 1,5
Froland ..................... 3,5 Gjesdal ..................... 2,5
Gjerstad ..................... 3,5 for områder under 200 m o.h. .. 1,5
Grimstad ..................... 3,5 Haugesund ..................... 1,5
Hisøy ..................... 2,5 Hjelmeland
Iveland ..................... 3,5 i de bosatte områder ............... 1,5
Lillesand ..................... 3,5 Hå ..................... 1,5
Moland ..................... 3,5 Karmøy ..................... 1,5
Risør ..................... 3,5 Klepp ..................... 1,5
Tromøy ..................... 2,5 Kvitsøy ..................... 1,5
Tvedestrand ..................... 3,5 Lund ..................... 2,5
Valle ..................... 3,5 Randaberg ..................... 1,5
Vegårdshei ..................... 3,5 Rennesøy ..................... 1,5
Øyestad ..................... 3,5 Sandnes ..................... 1,5
Åmli ..................... 3,5 Sauda ..................... 2,5
Sokndal ..................... 1,5
Sola ..................... 1,5
Stavanger ..................... 1,5
Strand ..................... 1,5
Suldal ..................... 2,5
Time ..................... 1,5
Tysvær ..................... 1,5
Utsira ..................... 1,5
Vindafjord ..................... 2,5

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Table A.1 — Snow loads on the ground for Norwegian municipalities

(Norwegian Standard NS 3479: Tillegg C)
Hordaland fylke Sogn og Fjordane fylke
Municipality Ground snow load Municipality Ground sn.
.w load
kN/m2 kN/m2
Askøy ..................... 1,5 Askvoll ..................... 1,5
Austevold ..................... 1,5 Aurland ..................... 2,5
Austrheim ..................... 1,5 Balestrand .....................
Bergen ..................... 1,5 fra Dragsvik t.o.m. Høyander . 2,5
strengere krav for spesielle strøk fra Fjærland t.o.m. Farnes .. 3,5
Bømlo ..................... 1,5 Bremanger
Eme ..................... 2,5 for ytre strøk ..................... 1,5
Eidfjord ..................... 2,5 for indre strøk ..................... 2,5
Fedje ..................... 1,5 Eid ..................... 2,5
Fitjar ..................... 1,5 Fjalar ..................... 2,5
Fjell ..................... 1,5 Flora ..................... 1,5
Fusa ..................... 2,5 indre deler av kommunen ...... 2,5
Granvin ..................... 3,5 Førde ..................... 2,5
Jondal ..................... 2,5 i Angedalen ovenfor
Kvam ..................... 2,5 Ryggjabrua og Haukedalen ..... 3,5
Kvinnherad ..................... 1,5 Gaular ..................... 2,5
strengere krav over 150 m o.h. Gloppen ..................... 2,5
Lindås ..................... 2,5 strengere krav for spesielle strøk
Masfjorden ..................... 2,5 Gulen ..................... 2,5
Meland ..................... 1,5 områdene langs Eidsfjorden,
Modalen ..................... 3,5 Nordgulfjorden, Rutledal
Odda og vestenfor ..................... 1,5
for 0–200 m o.h .............. 2,5 Hornindal ..................... 3,5
over 200 m o.h ................ 3,5 Hyllestad ..................... 2,5
Os ..................... 1,5 Høyanger (i lavere strøk) .... 2,5
Osterøy ..................... 2,5 i Lavikdal og Rørvik ....... 3,5
Radøy ..................... 1,5 Jølster ..................... 3,5
Samnanger ..................... 2,5 Leikanger ..................... 2,5
Stord ..................... 1,5 Luster
Sund ..................... 1,5 0 til 150 m o.h .................. 2,5
Sveio ..................... 1,5 150 til 300 m o.h ................. 4,5
Tysnes ..................... 1,5 over 300 m o.h ..................... 6,5
Ullensvang ..................... 2,5 Lærdal ..................... 2,5
Ulvik ..................... 3,5 Naustdal ..................... 2,5
Osa, Vagnstrond og Hallanger ... 2,5 ovenfor Styggelia og området Øvre
Vaksdal ..................... 2,5 Åsdalen kirke/Nordheim ......... 3,5
Bergsdalen og Hissingedalen ..... 6,5 Selje ..................... 1,5
Voss ogndal ..................... 3,5
områder under 250 m o.h rundt Solund ..................... 1,5
Vossevangen ..................... 2,5 Stryn ..................... 3,5
alle andre områder under Vik ..................... 2,5
600 m o.h ..................... 4,5 Vågsøy ..................... 1.5
Ølen ..................... 2,5 Årdal ..................... 2.5
Øygarden .................. 1,5

© BSI 02-2000 33
ENV 1991-2-3:1995

Table A.1 — Snow loads on the ground for Norwegian municipalities

(Norwegian Standard NS 3479: Tillegg C)
Møre og Romsdal fylke Sor-Trondelag fylke
Ground snow load Ground sn.
.w load
Municipality Municipality
kN/m2 kN/m2
Aukra ..................... 1,5 Rissa ..................... 3,5
Aure ..................... 3,5 Roan ..................... 2,5
Averøy ..................... 2,5 Rørås ..................... 2,5
Eide ..................... 2,5 Selbu ..................... 3,5
Frei ..................... 2,5 Skaun ..................... 2,5
Fræna ..................... 2,5 Snillfjood ..................... 3,5
Giske ..................... 1,5 Trondheim .....................
Gjemnes ..................... 3,5 Område I
Halsa ..................... 3,5 Omradet begrenses av Nidelva,
Haram ..................... 2,5 Trondheimsfjorden, rette linjer
Hareid ..................... 2,5 Digermulen — Storheia —Huåsen
Herøy ..................... 1,5 Lauvåsen — Våttåsen og
Kristiansund ..................... 1,5 kommunegrensa:
Midsund ..................... 2,5 0–150 m o.h. ..................... 3,5
Molde ..................... 3,5 150–250 m o.h. ..................... 4,5
Nesset ..................... 3,5 250–300 m o.h. ..................... 5,5
Norddal ..................... 3,5 350–450 m o.h. ..................... 6,5
Rauma ..................... 3,5 Område II
Rindal ..................... 4,5 Området omfatter resten av kommunen
Sande ..................... 1,5 Lastene i område II reduseres med
Sandøy ..................... 1,5 1 kN/m2 i forhold til last ved samme
Skodje ..................... 2,5 m o.h. i område L
Smøla ..................... 1,5 For en stripe langs fjorden med m o.h.
Stordal ..................... 3,5 lavere enn 50, reduseres snølasten
Stranda ..................... 3,5 i begge områder med 1,0 kN/m2
Sula ..................... 2,5 Tydal ..................... 3,5
Sunndal ..................... 3,5 Ørland ..................... 2,5
Surnadal ..................... 3,5 Åfjord
Sykkylven ..................... 3,5 0 til 100 m o.h. .......... 2,5
Tingvoll ..................... 3,5
Tustna ..................... 2,5 Nord-Trondelag fylke
Ulstein ..................... 1,5 Municipality Ground snow load
Vanylven ..................... 2,5 kN/m2
Vestnes ..................... 3,5 Flatanger ..................... 2,5
Volda ..................... 3,5 Fosnes ..................... 3,5
Ørskog ..................... 3,5 Frosta ..................... 2,5
Ørsta ..................... 3,5 Grong ..................... 3,5
Ålesund ..................... 2,5 Høylandet ..................... 3,5
Inderøy ..................... 2,5
Sor-Trondelag fylke Leka ..................... 1,5
Leksvik ..................... 3,5
Municipality Ground snow load Levanger ..................... 3,5
kN/m2 Lierne ..................... 3,5
Agdenes ..................... 3,5 nord for Gaster-og Holandsfjellet 4,5
Bjugn ..................... 2,5 Meråker ..................... 3,5
Frøya ..................... 1,5 Mosvik ..................... 3,5
Hemne Namdalseid ..................... 3,5
0 til 100 m o.h. ............ 2,5 Namsos ..................... 2,5
over 100 m o.h. ............ 3,5 Namsskogen ..................... 3,5
Hitra ..................... 1,5 Nærøy ..................... 3,5
Holtålen ..................... 3,5 Overhalla ..................... 3,5
Klæbu ..................... 3,5 Røyrvik ..................... 4,5
Malvik ..................... 3,5 Snåsa ..................... 3,5
Meldal ..................... 3,5 Steinkjer ..................... 3,5
Melhus ..................... Stjørdal ..................... 3,5
0 til 150 m o.h. ............ 2,5 Verdal .....................
over 150 m o.h. ............. 3,5 0–120 m o.h. vest for
Midtre Gauldal 3,5 koordinat y-52 200 ......... 2,5
Oppdal ..................... 3,5 øvrige områder i kommunen .... 3,5
Orkdal ..................... 3,5 Verran ..................... 3,5
Osen ..................... 2,5 Vikna ..................... 2,5
Rennebu ..................... 3,5

34 © BSI 02-2000
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Table A.1 — Snow loads on the ground for Norwegian municipalities

(Norwegian Standard NS 3479: Tillegg C)
Nordland fylke Troms fylke
Municipality Ground snow load Municipality Ground sn..w load
kN/m2 kN/m2
Alstahaug ..................... 2,5 Balsfjord ..................... 3,5
Andøoy ..................... 2,5 Bardu ..................... 3,5
Ballangen ..................... 2,5 Berg ..................... 3,5
Beiarn ..................... 3,5 Bjarkøy ..................... 3,5
Bindal ..................... 3,5 Dyrøy ..................... 3,5
Bodø ..................... 2,5 Gratangen ..................... 3,5
Brønnøy Lavangen ..................... 3,5
for ytre strøk ..................... 2,5 Harstad ..................... 3,5
for indre strøk ..................... 3,5 Ibestad ..................... 2,5
Bø ..................... 2,5 Karlsøy ..................... 3,5
strengere krav for spesielle strøk Kvæfjord ..................... 3,5
Dønna ..................... 1,5 Kvænangen ..................... 3,5
Evenes ..................... 3,5 Kåfjord ..................... 3,5
Fauske ..................... 3,5 Lenvik ..................... 3,5
Flakstad ..................... 2,5 Lyngen ..................... 3,5
Gildeskål ..................... 2,5 Målselv ..................... 3,5
Grane ..................... 4,5 Nordreisa ..................... 3,5
(snødybdermålingene viser Salangen ..................... 3,5
betydelige variasjoner) Skjervøy ..................... 3,5
Hadsel ..................... 3,5 Skånland ..................... 3,5
Hamarøy ..................... 2,5 Storfjord ..................... 2,5
Hattfjelldal ..................... 4,5 Sørreisa ..................... 3,5
i Susendal og Hattfjelldal sentrum Torsken ..................... 2,5
under 300 m o.h. ..................... 3,5 Tranøy
Hemnes ..................... 3,5 de deler av kommunen som er sør
for fjordområdene og Korgen ..... 2,5 for Gammelseterelva ........... 2,5
Røssvatnetområdet ........... 5,5 områdene nord for
Herøy ..................... 1,5 Gammelseterelva ..................... 3,5
Leirfjord ..................... 2,5 Tromsø ..................... 3,5
Lurøy ..................... 1,5
Lødingen ..................... 4,5
Meløy ..................... 2,5 Finnmark fylke
Moskenes ..................... 2,5 Municipality Ground snow load
Narvik ..................... 2,5 kN/m2
Nesna ..................... 1,5 Alta ..................... 2,5
Rana Berlevåg ..................... 2,5
Mo og sydsiden av Ranfjorden til Båtsfjord ..................... 2,5
Hemnes, Selfors, Gruben og Gemvik ..................... 2,5
Utskarpen-Skjona ............. 2,5 Hammerfest ..................... 2,5
øvrige områder i kommunen ......... 3,5 Hasvik ..................... 2,5
Rødøy ..................... 2,5 Karasjok ..................... 2,5
Røst ..................... 1,5 Kautokeino ..................... 2,5
Saltdal ..................... 3,5 Kvalsund ..................... 2,5
Skjerstad ..................... 2,5 Vardo ..................... 2,5
Sortland ..................... 3,5 Lebesby ..................... 2,5
Steigen ..................... 2,5 Loppa ..................... 2,5
Sørfold ..................... 2,5 Måsoy ..................... 2,5
Somna Nesseby ..................... 2,5
for vestlige områder av kommunen 2,5 Nordkapp ..................... 2,5
for østlige områder av kommunen 3,5 Porsanger ..................... 2,5
Tjeldsund ..................... 3,5 Sør-Varanger ..................... 2,5
Træna ..................... 1,5 Sørøysund ..................... 2,5
Tysfjord ..................... 2,5 Tana ..................... 2,5
Vefsn ..................... 3,5 Vadsø ..................... 2,5
langs Vefsnfjorden og innenfor om-rådene
begrenset av kommune-planene Mosjøen,
Skaland/Søfting og Holandsvika ............... 2,5
Vega ..................... 1,5
Vestvågøy ..................... 2,5
Vevelstad ..................... 2,5
Værøy ..................... 1,5
Vågan ..................... 2,5
Øksnes ..................... 2,5

© BSI 02-2000 35
ENV 1991-2-3:1995

A.14 PORTUGAL (including Madiera and Azores)

The characteristic snow load on the ground is dependent on the location and altitude, as given in A.14.1
to A.14.2.
A.14.1 At altitudes of 200 m or above in the Regions: Viana do Castelo, Braga, VilaReal, Braganca,
Porto, Aveiro, Viseu, Guarda, Coimbra, Leiria, Castelo Branco, Portalegre
sk = (A – 50)/400 (kN/m2)

A.14.2 Locations not included in A.14.1 above

sk = 0,0 (kN/m2)

A.15 SPAIN
The loads given in A.15 are applicable to sites at altitudes of less than 2 000 m.
For the National Zones defined in Figure A.15.1 the characteristic snow loads on the ground are dependent
on the altitude, as given in Table A.15.1.
Table A.15.1 — Spain — Snow loads on the ground depending on the
Snow zone and the altitude
sk
[kN/m2]
Altitude
[m] Zone II Zone IV
Zone I North-Mediterranean Zone III Penibetic mountains
North-Atlantic South-peninsular
and Balearic Islands and Canary Islands
2 000 7,4 6,2 4,8 4,8
1 900 6,3 5,6 4,1 4,1
1 800 5,3 5,0 3,5 3,5
1 700 4,5 4,5 3,0 3,0
1 600 3,8 4,0 2,6 2,6
1 500 3,2 3,6 2,2 2,2
1 400 2,2 2,6 1,6 1,6
1 300 1,9 2,4 1,4 1,4
1 200 1,8 2,1 1,2 1,2
1 100 1,6 1,9 1,0 1,0
1 000 1,1 1,7 0,9 0,9
900 0,7 1,1 0,6 0,0
800 0,6 1,0 0,5 0,0
700 0,5 0,7 0,3 0,0
600 0,3 0,6 0,3 0,0
500 0,3 0,6 0,2 0,0
400 0,2 0,5 0,2 0,0
200 0,2 0,4 0,2 0,0

36 © BSI 02-2000
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Figure A.15.1 — Spain — Snow zones

A.16 SWEDEN
For the National Zones defined in Figure A.8 the characteristic snow loads on the ground are as given
in Figure A.8 and Table A.2.
Table A.2
Basic value of
Snow
snow load sk
zone
(kN/m2)
4 4,0
3 3,0
2,5 2,5
2 2,0
1,5 1,5
1 1,0

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Figure A.8 — Sweden — Snow zones

38 © BSI 02-2000
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SWITZERLAND
At altitudes of less than 1 500 m —
sk = 0,4[1,0 + (Aref/350)2] kN/m2
where:
sk is the ground snow load and has a minimum value of 0,9 kN/m2
Aref is the reference altitude from Figure A.9 (m).

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Figure A.9 — Switzerland — Altitudes

40 © BSI 02-2000
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A.18 UNITED KINGDOM

The loads given in A.18 are applicable to sites at altitudes of less than 100 m. They are not applicable for
sites at altitudes of greater than 500 m.
For sites at altitudes of greater than 100 m but less than 500 m the characteristic snow load on the ground
shall be calculated from the formula:
sk = sb + (0,1sb + 0,09)(A – 100)/100 (kN/m2)

where:
sb is the basic snow load on the ground, obtained from Figure A.10 and is the load intensity of
undrifted snow in a sheltered area at an assumed ground level datum of 100 m above mean sea
level.
To adjust the return period of ground snow load the
coefficient of variation of the annual maximum
snow load shall be taken as 1,4. In this case the
ground snow load with a return period n years may
be calculated from:
sn = sk[0,0564 – 0,5554 log10(1/n)]

© BSI 02-2000 41
ENV 1991-2-3:1995

NOTE 1 Basic snow load on the ground, sb, kN/m2.

NOTE 2 Ground level is assumed to be 100 m above mean sea level.
Figure A.10 — Ireland & United Kingdom: — Basic snow load on the ground

42 © BSI 02-2000
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Annex B (normative)
Snow load shape coefficients for specific climatic regions
B.1 Range of application
1) P This annex gives snow load shape coefficients for regions where the National Competent Authority
dictates that climatic-conditions are such as to warrant their use. Such use will usually be for regions
where all the snow normally melts and clears between individual weather systems and wind speeds are
high.
2) P The most unfavourable of the load cases determined in accordance with this annex shall be used for
the design. Each snow load case shall be considered to act individually, i.e. not in combination with any
other load case due to snow.
3) P The local drift loads calculated in accordance with B.2.3, B.3 and B.4 shall be considered to be
exceptional loads and shall be treated in design in the manner prescribed by the National Competent
Authority.
B.2 Pitched roofs
B.2.1 Monopitch and duo-pitched roofs
1) For monopitch and duo-pitched roofs, the shape coefficients are those indicated in 7.2, unless otherwise
stated by the National Competent Authority.
B.2.2 Multi-pitch roofs
P 2) B.2.2 is applicable only to multi-pitch roofs with equal ridge heights, equal angles of pitch and equal
spans. Uniform and asymmetric snow load cases shall be derived from sub-clause B.2.1. The drift load in
the valley shall be determined from this sub-clause.

Figure B.1 — Drift length and snow load shape coefficient — multi-pitch roof

a) Drift length
3) The drift length, ls, should be taken as follows
For b k 15 m : ls = b (B.1)
For b > 15 m : ls = 15 m (B.2)

b) Snow load shape coefficient

4) The value of snow load shape coefficient, 43, should be calculated as
È3 = 2h/sk (B.3)

with the restriction 0.8 k È3 k 3

© BSI 02-2000 43
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B.3 Cylindrical roofs

1) For cylindrical roofs, the shape coefficients are those indicated in clause 7.3, unless otherwise stated by
the National Competent Authority.
B.4 Abrupt changes of roof height
1) P B.4 is applicable where there is an abrupt change of roof height greater than or equal to 1 m and the
lower roof is flat. Snow load cases for the upper and lower roofs shall be determined in accordance with B.2.
The drift load on the lower roof at the abrupt change of roof height shall be determined from this clause.

Figure B.2 — Drift length and snow load shape coefficient for local drift at abrupt change of
roof height
B.4.1 Drift length
2) The drift length, ls, should be taken as the least value of 5h, b2 and 15 m.
B.4.2 Snow load shape coefficient
3) The value of snow load shape coefficient, 44, should be calculated as the lesser of:
2h/sk and 2b/ls (where b is the larger of b1 and b2)
with the restriction that 0,8 k 44 k 8
B.5 Drifting at projections and obstructions
1) P Projections and obstructions with a vertical elevation area of less than 1 m2 need not be considered.
2) P Snow load distributions shall be determined for the roof from the shape coefficients given in B.2. Load
cases due to local drifting at projections and obstructions shall be determined from B.5.
P 3) Where the roof extends on both sides of the obstruction, load cases shall be considered for drifts
occurring on both sides simultaneously and on each side alone.

44 © BSI 02-2000
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Figure B.3 — Snow load shape coefficients — drifts at obstructions

B.5.1 Drift length

4) The drift length, lsi, should be taken as the following:
For bi < 5 m : lsi = bi (B.6)
For bi U 5 m : lsi shall be taken as the least value of 5h, bi and 15 m, (B.7)
with the restriction, lsi U 5 m.

B.5.2 Snow load shape coefficient

5) The snow load shape coefficients should be calculated individually for the local drifts on each side of the
obstruction.
The value of snow load shape coefficient, 4i, should be taken to be the lesser of:
2h/sk and 2b/lsi (where b is the larger of b5 and b6) (B.8)
with the restriction 0,8 k 4i k 5.

Annex C (informative)
Adjustment of the return period of ground snow load
C.1 Ground level snow loads for any mean recurrence interval different to that for the characteristic snow
load, sk, (which by definition is based on an annual probability of exceedance of 0,02) may be adjusted to
correspond to characteristic values by application of D.2 to D.4. However, the formule given should not be
applied for probabilities of greater than 0,2 (i.e. n less than approximately 5 years).
C.2 If the available data show that the annual maximum snow load can be assumed to follow ca Gumbel
probability distribution, then the relation between the characteristic value of the snow load on the ground
and the snow load on the ground for a mean recurrence interval of n years is given by the formula:

(C.1)

© BSI 02-2000 45
ENV 1991-2-3:1995

where:
sk is the characteristic snow load on the ground (with a return period of 50 years); (kN/m2)
sn is the ground snow load with a return period of n years;
Pn is the annual probability of exceedance [equivalent to approximately 1/n, where n is the
corresponding recurrence interval (years)];,
V is the coefficient of variation

Where there is insufficient information for determination of the coefficient of variation, it may be assumed
to have a value 0,5; in which case:

(C.2)

C.3 The formulae given above may also be adapted to calculate snow loads on the ground for other
probabilities of exceedance, where permitted by the National Competent Authority. For example, for:
a) structures where a higher risk of exceedance is deemed acceptable
b) structures where greater than normal safety is required
C.4 Where appropriate the National Competent Authority may define another distribution function for the
adjustment of the return period of ground snow load.

Annex D (informative)
Bulk weight density of snow
D.1 The bulk weight density of snow varies. In general it increases with the duration of the snow cover and
depends on the site location, climate and altitude.
D.2 Except where specified in the main part of this document indicative values for the mean bulk weight
density of snow on the ground are given in Table 1.
Table 1 — Mean bulk weight density of snow
Bulk weight density
Type of snow
[kN/m3]
Fresh 1,0
Settled (several hours or days after its fall) 2,0
Old (several weeks or months after its fall) 2,5 – 3,5
Wet 4,0

46 © BSI 02-2000
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1991-2-3:1996
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