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PHYSICS GRADE NINE SHORT NOTE AND

PRACTICE QUESTIONS
PREPARED BY BORU BEJIGA

ADDRESS
Phone No:- 0947252967
EMAIAL:- [email protected]

APRIL,2020

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UNIT 5

Simple machines

• Simple machines are often describes as elementary building block from which all other complex
machines are made.

Purposes of machines

• Simple’s machines are a device that makes works easier by performing one or more of the
following:
o It may increases the effect of force (Force multiplier)
o It may increases the distance against the applied force (Speed multiplier)
o It may change the direction of the applied force.

The term of simple machine is refers to:

➢ a device that only requires a single force to do work.

➢ a device for doing work that has only one part and
➢ a device that use a single effort to do work against a single load.

Note that: no machine can create extra energy. Because the law of conservation is obeyed in any
machines or energy cannot be created or destroyed. This means the work output obtained from the
machine is cannot be greater than the work input.

Terms used to describe simple machines

1. Input force ( Effort)

It is the force exerted to the machine.
2. Output force (Load, weight…)
It is the force produced by the machine
3. Mechanical advantage (MA)
It is the ratio between the load and the effort.
load outputforce
Mechanical advantage = =
effort inputforce
FL
MA =
FE
There are two types of mechanical advantage

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3.1 Actual mechanical advantage (AMA)

Is the ratio between the load and the effort taking account there is energy losses due to
friction.
FL
AMA =
FE
3.2 Ideal mechanical advantage ( IMA)
Is the ratio between the load and the effort, assuming there is no energy losses due to
friction.
FL
IMA =
FE
4. Velocity ratio ( VR)
Velocity ratio is the ratio between the distances moved by the effort and the distance moved
the load.
Velocity ratio = distance moved by effort/ distance moved by load.
VR = SE/SL.
5. Input work (Wi)
Input work is a work done on the machine.
In put work = effort force x distance moved by the effort.
Wi = FE x SE
6. Output work (Wo)
It is work done by the machine or work obtained from the machines.
In put work = load x distance moved by the load.
Wo = FL x SL
7. Efficiency ( )
Efficiency is the work capacity on the performance of a machine.
Efficiency is defined as the ratio of the work output and work input.
𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘
Efficiency = 𝑥100
𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘

 = W 0 x100 or
W i

AMA
= x100
VR

I f the machine was 100% efficient then  =AMA/VR = 1, in this case there are no energy
losses then AMA = IMA= VR

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Note that:
o MA, VR and  have no units since its ratio
o Wo and Wi are measured in joule (J)
o Wastage energy = Wi – Wo
o If FL > FE and SE>SL then the machine considered as force multiplier
o If FL < FE and SE<SL then the machine considered as speed multiplier
o If MA & VR > 1 then the machine considered as force multiplier
o If MA & VR <1 then the machine considered as speed multiplier
o If MA & VR =1 then the machine considered as direction changers.
Example: 5.1
A simple machine able to moves a load of 2000N through a distance of 40cm when a
100N moves through a distance of 10m. Calculate:
A) The work on done the machine
B) The work by done the machine
C) The actual mechanical advantage
D) The velocity ratio
E) The efficiency of the machine
F) The wasted energy
G) The purposes of the machine.
Solution: given A) Wi = FEXSE
FL =2000N = 100Nx10m
FE= 100N =1000J
SL= 40cm =0.4m B) W0 = FLxSL
SE = 10m = 2000Nx0.4m
Required = 800J
𝐹𝐿 2000𝑁
A) Wi =? C) AMA= = =20
𝐹𝐸 100𝑁
𝑆𝐸 10𝑚
B) Wo =? D) VR = 𝑆𝐿 = 0.4𝑚 = 25
C) AMA =? E) η = 𝐴𝑀𝐴
𝑉𝑅
x100= 20
25
x100 = 80%
D) VR =? F) EW = Wi – W0 = 1000J – 800J = 200J
E) Ew =? Since FL>FE, then the machine is considered as
force multiplier
Types of simple machines
There are six types’ simple machines. These are:
Inclined plane lever
Wedge pulley
Screw wheel and axle
• Simple machine can be split into two groups.
• Wedge and screw can be thought of as special kinds of inclined plane.
• Pulley and wheel and axle can be considered to be as special kinds of lever.

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1. Inclined plane
• Inclined plane is one of the simplest devices for raising heavy load.
• You know that its easier pushes a heavy object up ramp than its lift the same height. This is
because inclined plane reduced the force necessary to move a load. e.g

FN
l
FE

h
mgsin𝜃
mgco𝑠𝜃

mgsin𝜃
𝜃

If the block is moving along the inclined plane mgwith constant then AMA is given by:
FL
AMA = ,
FE
I. If there is no friction
FL
AMA = , in this case FL= mg and FE= mgsinθ
FE
mg
AMA =
mg sin 

1 0 or
AMA =
sin 

i. IF there is no friction AMA = VR

SE
AMA = , but SE = l and SL = h
SL
l
AMA = , but h = l sin
h
l
AMA =
l sin 

1
AMA =
sin 

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II. In reality when you push upward, you need to exert an effort greater than mgsin𝜃 in
order to overcome the force due to friction. So AMA is given by:
FL
AMA = , but FL = mg and FE= mgsinθ+ fk
FE
mg
AMA = But fk = kmg cos
mg sin  + fk
mg
AMA =
mg sin  + kmg cos

mg (1)
AMA =
mg (sin  + k cos )

1
AMA =
sin  + k cos

Now the efficiency is given by

 = W 0 x100 , but W0 = mgh and Wi = (mgsin𝜃+𝜇𝑘mgcos𝜃)l

W i

mgh
=
(mh sin + kmg cos )l
mg (h )
=
mg (sin  + k cos )l
h
= But h = lsin𝜃
(sin + k cos)l
l sin 
=
(sin  + k cos )l
sin 
= x100
sin  + k cos

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Example: 5.2
A block of mass 20kg is pulled up with a constant velocity over an inclined plane surface 20m
long that makes an angle of 530 with a horizontal surface. Calculate
A) The effort needed if the inclined plane is smooth
B) The input and output work
C) AMA and VR if 𝜇𝑘 = 0.2
Solution: given A) FE= mgsinθ
l = 20m FE = 20kgx10m/s2xsin530
m= 20kg FE = 160N
θ =53 0
B) Wi = (mgsinθ)l
2
g = 10m/s =20kgx10m/s2xsin530x20m
Required = 4000Jx0.8
A) FE =? = 3200J
B) Wi and W0 =?W0= mgh but, h=lsinθ
C) AMA and VR=? =mglsin530 = 20kgx10m/s2x20mx0.8
W0=3200J
1 1
D) AMA = = = 1.1
0
+ k cos
0
0.8 + (0.2)(0.6)
sin 53 53
SE
VR = In this case SE = l and SL =h but h=lsinθ
SL
1 1
VR = = =1.25
sin  0 .8

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1. The Wedge
➢ Wedge is a simple machine which are sharper at one edge than at another.
➢ Wedges are used to separate two objects or split objects apart.
➢ A wedge can be composed of two or one inclined plane.
MA, VR and efficiency of a wedge

Consider a wedge of length (l) and thickness (t) is used to split a log of wood by an effort (E)

Effort

the thickness (t)

Penetration (l)
Load

F
i. MA = FL
E

SE
ii. VR = but SE = l and SL = t
SL

l
VR =
t
iii. The efficiency is given by
AMA FL l
= = /
VR FE t
FL  t
=
FE  l

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2. The Screw
➢ The term screw refers to any cylindrical with thread around it.
➢ Screw is important (useful machine) that is used to:
✓ load object together
✓ dig into the ground
✓ bore through the materials
➢ In one turn, the moves a distance equal to the separation between threads. This distance is
called pitch (p) of the screw.
➢ The maximum theoretical mechanical advantage is given by
S
a. IMA = SE but SE = πd and SL = p
L

πd
IMA = where p = the pitch of the screw in m
p

πd= circumference of the screw shaft

2πr
IMA = or
p

2πr
VR =
p
Example 5.3
In order to displace 50N of wood sideways a wedge of length 40cm and thickness 8cm is used. If
the mechanical advantage of the machine is 4, then what is:
A) The velocity ratio
B) The efficiency
C) Its purposes
Solution:
Given: t = 8cm, l = 40cm, MA =4
Required: VR =?  = ?
l 40cm
A) VR = t= =5
8cm
AMA 4
B)  =  100 =  100 = (0.8) (100) = 80%
VR 5

C) Since SE> SL or FL >FE, then the machine is considered as force multiplier

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Example 5.4
Suppose the pitch of the screw is 0.5cm and effort applied at the end of the spanner describes a circle
of radius 10cm calculate the velocity ratio.
Given
r = 10cm = 0.1m
p = 0.5cm
Required
VR =?
2πr 2  3.14 10cm
VR = = = 124.6
p 0.5cm

5.3 Levers
Lever is a bar which is free to turn around a fixed point. This fixed point is called the fulcrum (pivot).
E.g.

Effort Load

Fulcrum

The MA, VR and efficiency of a lever

➢ The mechanical advantage of the lever is given by

F
MA = FL
E

➢ The velocity ratio of the lever is given by

SE
VR = Where SE = is the distance from the effort to the fulcrum
SL

SL= is the distance from the load to the fulcrum

➢ The efficiency of the lever is given by
AMA
 =  100
VR

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Different classes of lever

There are three different classes (order) of lever depending on the relative position of the load, fulcrum
and effort.
1. 1st class of lever
Fulcrum is between the load and the effort.
Example:
o hammer
o see-saw
o scissors
2. 2nd class of lever
Load is between the effort and the fulcrum.
Example:
o wheel barrow
o nut cracker
3. 3rd class of lever
Effort is between the load and the fulcrum.
Example:
o ice tongs
o spade
o catapult
o fishing rod
Example 5.5
In iron bar 4m long is used to lift a 1200kg block. The fulcrum is placed 1m from the load block.
Calculate: A) the velocity ratio
B) the input force required
Solution: given
SE=3m A) 𝑉𝑅 = 𝑆𝐸⁄𝑆𝐿 = 3𝑚⁄1𝑚 = 3
SL=1m 𝐼𝑀𝐴 = 𝑉𝑅 = 3
FL =12000N B) 3 = 𝐹𝐿⁄𝐹𝐸
Required 𝐹𝐸 = 𝐹𝐿⁄3 = 12000𝑁⁄3
A) VR=? 𝐹𝐸 = 4000𝑁
B) FE=?

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4. Wheel and axle

A wheel is a circular disk attached to central rod called axle (see figure below)

Wheel
Axle

Effort

➢ The actual mechanical advantage is given by

Load FL
AMA = Effort = FE

➢ The VR of the wheel and axle is the ratio of radius of the wheel to the radius of the axle.
Because when the wheel turns it cover a distance of 2πr and in the same time the axle is cover
a distance of 2πr
distance moved by effort
VR = distance moved by load
2πR
VR = 2πr
R
VR = r

If the machine was 100% efficient then

IMA = VR = AMA
R
IMA = r

• Depending on the relative radii, wheel and axle can be thought as force and speed multiplier.
i. When force is applied to wheel in the order to turn the axle, it is force multiplier. In this
case VR is become
R
VR = r

ii. When force is applied to axle in the order to turn the wheel, it is force multiplier. In this
case VR is given

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r
VR = R

Pulley system

• A pulley is a device consisting of a wheel over which a rope or chain is pulled in order to lift
heavy object.
• Pulley is a simple machine made with a rope or chain wrapped around a wheel.
➢ There are different types of pulley but the most common are:
✓ fixed pulley
✓ movable pulley
✓ compound pulley (back and tackle pulley)
✓ differential pulley (chain hoist)
1. Fixed pulley (simplest pulley)
o This is the simplest form of pulley.
o Fixed pulley does not move with the load but it rotates about a fixed axis.
o The wheel on your school flag pole is a good example. E.g.

SE SL

Effort
Load
❖ the graph we observe that FL = FE and SL = SE then its velocity ratio is 1 (VR = 1). Therefore a
fixed pulley neither force or speed multiplier. Its advantage is only to change direction.

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2. Movable pulley
• It is a kind of pulley where the pulley is moving together with the load and is not fixed with
the stand. e.g.

Effort
T1
T2

Load

The distance moved by effort twice the distance moved by the load.
SE =2SL
FL =T1+T2, but T1 = T2 =FE
FL=FE+FE
FL=2FE
Now if there is no losses of energy, IMA=VR
FL
VR = , but FL=2FE
FE
2 FE
VR =
FE
VR = 2

• Hence the movable pulley has a velocity ratio of two. This pulley system is used to half force
the load in order to lift.

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3. Compound pulley
• Compound pulley is the combination of fixed and movable pulley.
• The movable pulley provides the MA and whereas fixed pulley changes the direction of the
force. This makes it easy to lift the load.
➢ The velocity of the compound pulley is obtained by simple counting the number of the ropes
supporting the movable pulley.
Example.
𝑉𝑅 = 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑙𝑖𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑

Fixed
pulley
Effort
Movable pulley

Load

SE =2SL and VR=2 because N=2

Effort

Load

SE =3SL and VR=3 because N=3

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Example 5.5 for the following pulley system calculate

A) The velocity ratio
B) The force need to lift 8000N load

Given Solution
N=4 a) VR = 4 because N = 4
FL = 8000N b) FL = T1 + T2 + T3 + T4
but T1 = T2 = T3 = T4 = FE
Required
FL = FE + F E + FE + FE
a) VR =?
FL = 4FE
b) FE =?
FL
FE =
4
800N
FE =
FL = 8000N 4
FE = 2000N
Review exercise for unit 5
1. Which one of the following quantities cannot be increased by any machines?
A. Distance B. Speed C. force D. Energy
2. Mechanical advantage is the amount by which a machine can multiply a force. The force that
the machine applies to the object is called the …
A. input force B. output force C. force ratio D. Newton force
3. 16 cm thick and 40 cm long wedge is used to split a 6m long log of diameter 30cm. What is
the velocity ratio of the wedge?
A. 0.4 B. 5 C. 2.5 D.0.2
4. What is the ratio if the pitch of the screw is 0.8cm and the effort applied at the end of the
spanner describes a circle of radius 10cm?
A. 13.4 B. 78.5 C. 157 D. 234
5. Which of the following devices is always a force multiplier?
A. 1st class of lever C. 2ndclass of lever
B. 3rd class of lever D. Wheel and axle
6. A simple machine has an efficiency of 75% and VR of 12. If an effort applied to the machine is
100N, then which of the following is NOT true about the machine?
A. MA of the machine is 9
B. Magnitude of the load is 900N

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C. 25% of energy lost due to friction

D. The machine used as speed multiplier
7. Three of the following simple machines are basically the same. Choose the one that does not
belong with the group.
A. Pulley B. wedge C. lever D. wheel and axle
8. The diameter of the two upper pulleys of a chain hoist are 20cm and 16cm. if the efficiency of
the hoist is 50 percent what force is required to lift a 600kg load? (use g=10m/s2)
A. 1200N B. 2200N C. 3200N D. 4200N
9. If the velocity ratio of a simple of machine is greater than one, then the simple machine is
called_______________
A. Speed multiplier B. Force multiplier
C. Distance multiplier D. Power multiple
10. Usually the purpose of using a bicycle is:
A. To multiply force C. To multiply power
B. To multiply energy D. To multiply speed
11. An inclined plane of height 4m and a length of 10m are used to raise a 100N a load. If the
surface is smooth, what is the effort required.
A. 20N B. 30N C. 40N D. 50N
12. What is the purpose of using an inclined plane
A. Multiplying distance C. Multiplying energy
B. Multiplying force D. Multiplying speed
13. The difference in 1st, 2nd, and 3rdclass levers is
A. The order the fulcrum, load and effort C. The amount of effort used
B. The size of the load D. The distance between the effort and the load
14. A simple wheel and axle is used to lift a bucket of water out of a well. The radii of the wheel
and axle are 20cm and 4cm, respectively. What is the theoretical effort required to lift a load of
300N when it is applied on the wheel, assuming no energy losses?
A. 600N B. 150N C. 30N D. 60N
15. A 7cm thick and 20cm long wedge is used to pierce a 2cm long log of diameter 20cm. what is
the velocity ratio of the wedge
A. 10 B 2.14 C. 0.1 D. 0.47
16. Which one of the following is NOT the purpose of machines?
A. Multiplying force C. Multiplying speed
B. Transferring energy D. Multiplying energy
17. A force of 80N is needed to raise a 240N load with pulley system. The load goes up 2m for
every 10m of the rope pulled through the pulleys. What is the efficiency of the pulley system?
A. 48% B. 50% C. 60% D 75%
18. The following would increase a wedge's mechanical advantage:
A. Increase thickness and increase length
B. Decrease thickness and increase length
C. Increase thickness and decrease length
D. Decrease thickness and decrease length

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19. A simple wheel and axle is used to lift a bucket of water out of a well. The radii of the wheel
and axle are 20cm and 4cm, respectively. What is the theoretical effort required to lift a load of
300N when it is applied on the wheel, assuming no energy losses?
A. 600N B. 150N C. 30N D. 60N
20. the pulley system shown bellow is a combination of movable and fixed pulley. what is AMA
of the pulley?
A. 1 C. 3 T T

B. 2 D. 4 E

L
=
21. The following would decrease a wedge's velocity ratio:
1
A. increase thickness and increase length 0
B. decrease thickness and increase length 0
0
C. increase thickness and decrease length
N
D. decrease thickness and decrease length
22. How is the efficiency of a simple machine defined?
A. the ratio of the ideal mechanical advantage to the actual mechanical advantage
B. the ratio of the work input to the work output
C. the ratio of the load to the force on machine
D. the ratio of the actual mechanical advantage to the velocity ratio
23. Which of the following devices is always a speed multiplier?
A. 1st class of lever C. 2 nd class of lever
B. 3rd class of lever D. Wheel and axle
24. If the mechanical advantage of a simple machine is 10, then the
A. output force is 10 times the effort
B. effort is 10 times the output force
C. efficiency is 10%
D. the work output is 10times the input
25. A differential pulley with radii r = 15cm and R = 18cm are fastened together and turn on the
same axle. If a force of F = 200N is applied on the rope to lift a load W=2000N then what is
the efficiency?
A. 63.3% B. 73.3% C. 83.3% D. 93.3%
26. A block of weight 4000N is pushed up a slope by a force of 400N. Assume there is no friction
then calculate the velocity ratio
A. 5 B. 10 C. 15 D. 20

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27. A pulley system shown in the figure is used two movable pulley, one fixed and two mass less
string over frictionless pulleys to lift a load of mass 100kg.
What is the effort required to lift this load? (Use g = 10m / s 2 )
A. 250N E

B. 500N
C. 750N 100kg

D. 1000N

28. On a 2.5m long first class lever a load is placed 0.5m away from the fulcrum. How large is the
velocity ratio of the lever?
A. 0.5 B. 2.5 C. 4 D. 5
29. An inclined plane is used to lift an object that weighs 360N by using 60N effort along a slope
of length 20m and at 60° with the horizontal. What is the velocity ratio of this machine? (use
1 √3
cos60° = 2 , and sin60° = )
2
2√3 √3 3√2 1
A. B. C. D.
3 2 2 3

30. The following would increase a lever's mechanical advantage:

A. Increase the load arm length
B. Increase the effort arm length
C. Double both the load and effort arm length
D. Halve both the load and effort arm length

31. Scissors are a combination of what two machines?

A. lever and wedge C. wheel and axle
B. lever & inclined plane D. wedge and inclined plane
32. A wheelbarrow is an example of what simple machine?
A. Class 1 lever B. Class 2 lever C. Class 3 lever D. Wheel and Axle
33. An effort is applied on a block to raise a body on rough inclined plane of sloping at an angle of  with
the horizontal. If the object is moving up with uniform velocity which one of the following is the
expression of its efficiency?
1 sin 
A. tan  B. C. g cos D.
sin  +  cos sin  +  cos

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34. Consider active twin of the inclined planes joined back-to-back and their sloping sides are outside as
shown below. Which one of the following is the correct expression of the velocity ratio of this wedge?
1 l t l
A. B. C. D.
2 tan  tan 2 2 tan  2 tan 

l 𝑡

35. A lever used with the fulcrum at one end and the effort at the other is 3m long. A load of 600N is
60cm from the fulcrum and is raised by an effort of 200N .What is the efficiency of the lever?
A. 60% B. 75% C. 40% D. 25%
36. Which one of the following NOT correct about the three classes of lever?
A. For 1st class lever, velocity ratio could have a value greater than, less than or equal to 1 .
B. For 2st class lever, velocity ratio is always greater than 1 .
C. For 3st class lever, velocity ratio is always less than 1 .
D. For 2st class lever, velocity ratio is always less than 1 .

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UNIT 6

FLUID STATICS
Fluid is a substance that can flow. This includes both liquid and gasses.
The study about the density and pressure of the fluid at rest is known as fluid statics.
Air pressure
• Pressure is defined as the amount of force acting per unit area
• Pressure is the ratio of force to contact area that is perpendicular to the force.
Mathematically
Force
Pr essure =
Area
Where, P= pressure in Pa
F
P= F = force in N
A A = area in m2

Note that:
I. When the area of contact is made small, the force per unit area is larger or
pressure is large.
II. When the area of contact is relatively large, the force per unit area is small
or pressure is small.
Pressure is a scalar quantity and measured in Pascal (Pa)

1Pa = N = kg
m2 ms 2
Example 6.1

An elephant has a mass of 4000kg. Each of its feet covers an area equal to 0.8m2. What is the pressure
from each foot?

F
Solution: Given P= but, F=mg= 4000kgx10m/s2 = 40,000N
A

40,000N
m=4000kg P=
0.8m 2

A= 0.8m2 p = 50000Pa

Required: P=?

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Atmospheric pressure

✓ The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds (covers) the Earth.
✓ The pressure of the atmosphere is known as atmospheric pressure.

Atmospheric pressure is varies with:

❖ Temperature
❖ The altitude above the sea level
❖ The impact of weather change
The atmospheric pressure at sea level is 1.01x105Pa
1atm = 1.01x105Pa =76mmHg = 101kPa
• Barometer is a device used to measure the atmospheric pressure. There are different types of
barometer. The most common used barometer are mercury barometer and aneroid barometer.
Some uses of air pressure
Atmospheric pressure widely used in
• Drinking strew
• Force pump
• Suction pad
• Lifting pump
• Siphon

6.2 Fluid pressure

✓ Pressure in static fluid is due to the weight of the fluid.

✓ Liquid is one of the state of matter which has its own definite volume but
not its own definite shape instead it take the shape of the container. E.g

F
P= but, F= mg
A

mg 𝒎
P= but, 𝝆 = →m = 𝜌𝑉 h
A 𝑽

Vg
P= but, V = Ah
A

Ahg
P=
A

P = gh

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i. Pressure in fluid is depending up on:

❖ The depth of the fluid
❖ The density of the fluid
❖ The acceleration of the gravity
ii. Pressure increases with depth
iii. Pressure is acts equally in all direction at the same point.
iv. Pressure of the liquid does not depend on the shape of the object

Example 6.2

What pressure is exerted by the water at bottom of a sea whose depth of 2000m?

Take (density of water =1010kg/m3 and g = 10m/s2)

Solution: Given

h = 2000m P = 𝜌𝑔ℎ

ρ = 1010kg/m3 = 1010kg/m3x10m/s2x2000m

g = 10m/s2 = 20200000Pa

Required = 2.02x107Pa

P =?

Fluid density

Density is mass of substance divided by its volume.

mass
Density =
volume

m Where, 𝜌 = Greek letter (rho) stands for density

=
V
m = mass of substance

V = volume substance.

Density is a scalar quantity and its measure in kg/m3. It also measured in g/cm3

1g/cm3 = 1000kg/m3

Note that: liquids have higher density than gases because the particles are closed together in liquid
than gases.

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Relative density

✓ Relative density is the density of a substance to the density of a standard substance under
specific condition.
✓ The relative density is the ratio between its density and the density of water.
𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
Re lativeDensity = 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
❖ Relative density sometimes called specific gravity and has no units since its ratio.
Example 6.3
The density of oil is 800kg/m3 then what is the specific gravity when compared to water?
Take (density of water =1000kg/m3)
Solution: Given

Ρoil = 800kg/m3 R.D =

 oil

 water

800kg / m 3
Ρwater = 1000kg/m3 R.D =
1000kg / m 3
Required R.D = 0.8
R.D =?
Total pressure
The total pressure is the sum of the pressure due to the fluid (gauge pressure) and atmospheric
pressure. So
Total pressure = Atmospheric pressure + gauge pressure.
PT = Patm + gh
What is the difference between atmospheric gauge and absolute pressure?
1. Absolute pressure (Ps)
It’s a pressure exerted at a point by a fluid including atmospheric pressure. Absolute pressure is
called total pressure of the system.
2. Atmospheric pressure (Patm)
It’s a pressure of the surrounding air when measured at the surface of the earth.
3. Gauge pressure (Pg)
It’s a pressure exerted by a fluid without including atmospheric pressure.
Absolute pressure = Atmospheric pressure + Gauge pressure
Ps = Patm + Pg
p =P −P
g s atm

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Example 6.4
Water stands 10m deep in a storage tank whose top is open to the atmosphere. What are the
absolute and gauge pressure at the bottom of the tank? Take (Patm = 101kPa)
Solution: Given
h=10m Pg = gh
Patm = 1.01x105Pa = 1000kg/m3x10m/s2x10m
 w
=1000kg/m3 =100,000Pa =1.0x105Pa
g =10m/s2 Ps = Patm + P g
Required =1.01x105Pa +1.0x105Pa
Ps & P g = ? = (1.01+1.0)x105Pa

= 2.01x105Pa

Pascal’s principle

• When a force is applied any part of confined fluids, it creates pressure inside the fluid. This
pressure is transmitted throughout the fluid and is the same value everywhere.
➢ Pascal’s principle states: ‘The pressure applied to an enclosed fluid is transmitted to every
part of the fluid as well as to the wall of the container without reducing in value’
✓ For example look at the following diagram
W
F1
P2
P1

• If force F1 is applied to left hand piston (P1), it creates a pressure inside the fluid. This pressure
is transmitted throughout the liquid as well as the same everywhere and exerts a force F2 on
piston (P2).
• According to the Pascal’s principle pressure is constant.
Mathematically
F F
P =P → A = A
1 2
1 2

1 2

F 1
= F 2

2 r
2
2 r
2 This is known as Pascal’s principle
1 2

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 Page 26 of 61

Application of Pascal’s principle

• Pascal’s principle widely applied to:

❖ Hydraulic lift
❖ Hydraulic presses
❖ Hydraulic brake system of the car
Example 6.5
Two pistons are connected together to make hydraulic lift. The smaller piston has an area of
0.05m2 and the larger piston has an area of 4m2. Calculate
A) the pressure in the lift
B) the force at the larger piston if the force on the smaller piston is 400N

Solution: Given A) Pressure is constant

A1 = 0.05m2 P = F =F
1 2

A A
1 2

A2 = 4m2 = F 1
=
400N
= 800Pa
A 1
0.05m 2

F1 = 400N B) From Pascal’s principle we have

F =F
1 2

Required A A1 2

 
A) P =? F =  F 1  A2 = 800Pa x4m2 =3200N
2  
 A1 
B) F2 =?

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FORCE IN FLUID

• An object in water seems less heavy. This is due to a force from the water pushes it up against
gravity. This force is called buoyant force (upthrust force).
• Buoyant force is a force from the water which is pushes a body up ward against gravity
(weight). This force rises due to the fact that pressure is increases with depth. This means if
you immersed an object in a fluid the pressure on the bottom will be greater than the pressure
on the top. e.g

Ptop

∆P = P at bottom – P at top

∆P = Patm +𝜌𝑔ℎ - Patm

∆P = ρgh

Pbottom
This implies difference in pressure means there is also a difference force acting on the top and the
bottom of the object.
• The size of buoyant force depends on:
• The density of the liquid
• The volume of the object
APPARENT WEIGHT
• As we mentioned, object seems to less heavy in water because the buoyant force pushing up
ward against the object weight and so the weight appears to be drops. The weight of a body
immersed in water (fluids) is known as apparent weight. Apparent weight of an object
immersed in the fluids is the difference between the real weight and the buoyant force.
o Apparent weight = real weight – buoyant force
o Buoyant force = real weight – apparent weight
o Real weight = apparent weight +buoyant force
Example 6.6
A body that weight in 40N air is found to weight of 22N when immersed in water. What is buoyant
force of the water?
Solution: Given Fb = Wr - Wap
Wr =40NFb = 40N – 22N
Wap = 22N Fb = 18N
Required

Fb =?

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ARCHIMEDE’S PRINCIPLE

• Archimedes’ realize that when an object immersed in a liquids it displace a certain volume of
the liquids.
• Archimedes principle states: ‘an object wholly or partially immersed in fluid buoyant up
by force equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object” in other words, the
buoyant force acting on the object is equal to the weight of displaced liquids.

𝑩𝒖𝒐𝒚𝒂𝒏𝒕 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆 = 𝑾𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒑𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒅 𝒇𝒍𝒖𝒊𝒅

Note that: the greater the value of liquids displaced the greater the buoyant force

The apparent weight in light of Archimedes principle

Apparent weight = real weight – buoyant force

Apparent weight = real weight – weight of displaced fluid

Because buoyant force = weight of displaced fluid

When an object is immersed totally in fluid the volume of the displaced fluid is equal to the volume of
immersed object
𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒐𝒃𝒋𝒆𝒄𝒕 = 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒅 𝒇𝒍𝒖𝒊𝒅

Application Archimedes principle

o Determine the volume of solid
o Determine the density of liquid
Example 6.7
A solid has a weight of 20N in air when submerged in water its weight drops into 15N and
when it’s submerged in unknown liquid its weight become 10N. Calculate:
A) The buoyant force
B) The volume of the water displaced
C) The density of the solid
D) The density of the unknown liquids
Solution: Given
Wr = 20N A) Fb= Wr - Wap
Wap =15N =20N- 15N
Wap = 10N = 5N
ρw = 1000kg/m 3
B) Fb = Wd

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Required 5N= 𝝆wVdg

A) Fb =? Vd = 𝟓𝑵⁄𝝆𝒘g
5N
B) Vd =? = 3 2
1000kg / m x10m / s
C) Ρs=? = 0.0005m3
D) Ρun =?
C) For submerged solid the volume of liquid displaced is equal to the volume the solid.
𝑊 20𝑁
W =mg  m = 𝑔 = 10𝑘𝑔/𝑠2 = 2kg


m 2𝑘𝑔
=
= 0.0005𝑚3 = 4000kg/m3
V s

D) Fb = Wr – Wap
= 20N- 10N =10N

Fb= the weight of displaced in fluid

10N = Wd but, W d
= V d
g
l

10N = V l d
g


10N 10N
= =
l
V d g (0.0005)(10m / s2)
 l
= 2000kg/m3

Floating or sinking

• An object floats on or sink in a fluid depend on:

o The weight of an object
o The size of the buoyant force acting on the object and
o The relative density between the object and the fluid
The law of the floatation states:
“If the buoyant force is equal to the weight of the object then the object will floats” or
“If the weight of the volume of the fluid displaced is equal to the weight of an object then the
object will float” moreover, we can think of the following.
i. If the density of the object is greater than the density of the fluid , it will sink
(Relative density> 1)
ii. If the density of the object is less than the density of the fluid , it will float
(Relative density<1)

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➢ Generally if an object is floating

𝐵𝑢𝑜𝑦𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 = 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 = 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡

 V ob
g= V l
g
ob l

 obV ob =  lV l
This equation applied, if the object is floating

iii. If the weight of an object is greater than the buoyant force an object will sink

 V ob
g V l
g
ob l

Example 6.7
A floating wooden block has a volume of 1m3 and displaces 0.75m3 of water. What is the
density of the block?
Solution; Given from the law of floatation, we have
 = 1000kg/m3  V ob =  V w
V
w ob w

Vw= 0.75m3  ob =
w w

V ob

1000𝑘𝑔/𝑚3𝑋0.75𝑚3
Vob = 1m3 = 1𝑚3
g =10m/s2 =750kg/m3
Required
 =?ob
Example 6.8
A solid cube of material is 10cm on each side. If its floats on oil of density 800kg/m3with 2/3
of the block out of oil then, what is the density of the material?
Solution:
Give: h =10cm,  = 800kg/m3, Vd= Voil =1/3Vsolid
oil

Required:  m
=?
Use the law of floatation

V m V butV
m
=
oil oil oil
=V m
3
 
 V =   V3 
m m oil
m

 

 =  3 = 800kg / m3 3
m
oil

 = 266.6kg/m3
m

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Review exercise for unit 6

1. If an object is rising up through water, which one of the following relation between buoyant
force of water and weight of the object is correct
A. Buoyant force > weight C. Buoyant force = weight
B. Buoyant force < weight D. they do not have any relation
2. At what depth of a sea water of density 1000kgm-3 would the pressure be 4.01x105 Pa?
(patm=1.01x105 Pa, g=10m/s2)
A. 20m B. 40m C. 30m D. 50m
3. A floating wooden block has a volume of 0.4m3 and displaces 0.3m3 of water. What is the
relative density of the block?
A. 1 B. 0.5 C. 0.75 D. 0.85
4. A solid cube of material is 20cm on each side. If its floats in one oil density 850kg/m3 with 2/3
of the block out of oil. What is density of the solid cube of material?
A. 450kg/m3 B. 283.3kg/m3 C. 566.6kg/m3 D. 1000kg/m3
5. In a hydraulic press a force of 24N is applied to a smaller piston of area 0.4m2. What load will
be supported by the larger piston whose area is 0.7m2?
A. 42N B. 24N C. 48N D. 84N
6. Which one of the following is the unit of pressure?
A. mmHg B. Pascal C. Nm2 D. 1atm
7. Pressure in a liquid at rest doesn’t depend on:
A. Depth C. acceleration due to gravity
B. Density of liquid D. shape of container
8. What pressure is exerted by the water at the bottom of a sea whose depth is 100m ( use density
of sea water =1030kg/m3& g =10m/s2)
A. 1.03x106pa B. 2.03x106pa C. 3.06x106pa D. 4.08x106pa
9. A body that weight 40N in air is found to be weight 32N when immersed in water what
buoyant force of water?
A. 72N B. 40N C. 30N D. 8N
10. What is the buoyant force on 5kg solid object has a density of 2x104kg/m3 when immersed in
fluid having a density of 5x103kg/m3?
A. 12.5N B. 20N C. 24.5 D. 40
11. Which one of the following are not the properties of pressure of the liquid at rest?
A. It independent on the shape of the container
B. It depend of the mass of the liquid above the surface
C. It increase as depth increase
D. It depends on the acceleration of gravity.
12. “ when a body is immersed either totally or partially in a fluid, it experiences a buoyant force
equal to the weight of the fluid displaced “ this principle is:
A. Pascal’s principle C. Bernoulli’s principle
B. Archimedes’ principle D. Continuity principle

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13. Which one of the following does the buoyant force depend on?
A. The volume of the object C. The density of the fluid
B. The density of the object D. A and C are correct
14. A container holds water of density 1000kg/m3. Taking the gravitational acceleration as 10m/s2,
the pressure at a depth of 100 mm is:
A. 1kPa B. 1MPa C. 100Pa D. 1Pa
5
15. If the absolute pressure at the bottom of a freshwater pond is 2.313x10 Pa, what will be the
depth of the pond?
A. 33m B. 23.13m C. 13m D.10.13m
16. A plastic cube having a side of length 10cm floats on freshwater. If the volume of the cube
that’s submerged in water is 60 percent of its total volume. What is the density of the cube? (
ρwater = 1000kg/m3 )
A. 1000kg/m3 B. 800kg/m3 C. 700kg/m3 D. 600kg/m3
17. A very large tank is full of oil whose density is 800kg/m3. If the absolute pressure at bottom of
the tank is 1.81x105pa, then what is the depth of the oil? ( take that atmospheric pressure is
1.01x105pa)
A. 100m B. 75m C. 10m D. 9.5m
18. If you feel a pressure three times that of atmospheric pressure when you are deep under water.
How high is the water level from your position? (1atm = 1x105Pa,& ρw = 1000kg/m3)
A. 10m B. 20m C. 30m D. 40m
19. The gauge pressure of fluid in a pipe is 70kPa and the atmospheric pressure is 100kPa. The
absolute pressure of the fluid in the pipe is:
A. 7 MPa B. 30 kPa C. 170kPa D. 10/7kPa
20. A certain objects float in the three fluids F1, F2 and F3 of densities 0.9ρ, ρ and 1.2ρ
respectively. The volume of the displaced fluid by the object is
A. Least F1 B. Least F3 C. Least F2 D. greatest for F2
21. An object weight is 4N in air and has a density of 8g/cm3 when totally immersed in the water
what will be the apparent weight?
A. 1N B. 2N C. 3N D. 4N
22. A book rest on a table which it’s face having a sides 30cm by 25cm. if it exerts a pressure of
200Pa then determine the mass of the block.
A. 3kg B. 2.5kg C. 2kg D. 1.5kg
23. An open tank filled with water to depth of 3m. What is the absolute pressure at the point 1.2m
below the upper surface of water? (take Patm =1.01x105Pa)
A. 1.22x105Pa B. 1.13x105Pa C. 2.11x105Pa D. 2.13x105Pa

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24. The relative density of a substance is defined as the

A. product of the density of water and the density of a substance
B. difference between the density of a substance and the density of water
C. ratio of the density of a substance to the density of water
D. Ratio of the density of a water to the density of substance.
25. Atmospheric pressure increases as
A. Altitude decreases. C. air temperature increases
B. Air density decreases. D. latitude decreases
26. As the temperature increases air pressure_________
A. Increases B. decreases C. stay the same D. doesn’t change
27. A cubic block of wood of relative density 0.85 floats in water. If vb represents the volume of
the block, then what is the volume of the submerged portion of the block?
( Use  H 2O = 103 kg / m 3 )
A. vb B. 0.85vb C. 0.15vb D. 0.5vb
28. An object weight 40N in air and has a density of 10g/cm3. When totally immersed in water
then what will be the apparent?
A. 20N B. 30N C. 36N D. 40N
29. A solid of cube of material is 10cm on each edge. If it’s floats in an oil of density 900kg/m 3
with one - third of the block is out of oil. What is the density of the materials?
A. 300kg/m3 B. 600kg/m3 C. 900kg/m3 D. 1200kg/m3
30. Which one of the following is the property of sound wave that is related to frequency?
A. Loudness B. Intensity C. Pitch D. Timber
31. Which physical quantity increase as sound travel from air to water?
A. Frequency B. Period C. Seed D. Wavelength
32. A ray of light enters from air to a glass medium whose index of refraction is 3/2. If the angle of
incidence is 300, what is the sin of the angle of refraction? (use sin 300=0.5,cos 300=0.86)
A. 3/2 B. 1/3 C. 3/4 D. 4/3
33. In what temperature will the speed of sound in air be 348m/s? ( use v = 330m/s)
A. 30℃ B. 50℃ C. 70℃ D. 90℃
34. An electromagnetic wave propagates in vacuum at speed v & wave length λ as the wave enter
some unknown medium its speed decreases to 0.6v. What is the wavelength of unknown
medium
A. 0.4λ B. 0.5λ C. 0.6λ D. 0.7λ
35. In high air pressure the molecules are__________
A. Warm and moving slow C. far apart and moving fast
B. Cloth together and moving slow D. hot and moving rapidly
36. Rectangular box measures 10mx5mx20m and its weight is 800N. The least pressure it can
exert when it rests on a flat surface is:
A. 4N B. 16Pa C. 8Pa D. 2Pa

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UNIT 7

Temperature and heat

✓ Temperature and heat are two important and interrelated but they are different physical
quantities. The main differences between them are the following:
✓ Temperature is a measure of the degree of hotness and coldness of substances while heat is a
form energy that transferred from one object to another.
✓ Heat is flow energy from hotter region to colder region while temperature indicates the direction
of heat flow.
✓ Temperature is a basic quantity but heat is a derived physical quantity.
✓ The heat added to a body is the sum of the kinetic energy and potential energy of the particles.
That is,
Heat = ∑Kinetic energy + ∑ Potential energy
Q = ∑KE + ∑U
Both heat and temperature are scalar quantities.
Heat is measured in joule (J) and temperature is measured in kelvin (K)
➢ Heat can flow from one region to another in three different ways.
o Conduction
o Convention
o Radiation
Temperature scales.
Temperature scales are uses in measuring temperature. These are Celsius scale (c0), Kelvin
scale (K) and Fahrenheit scale (F0). To design a temperature scale two fixed reference
points have to be used. These points are freezing point of water (ice point of temperature)
and boiling point of water (steam point temperature).
Absolute zero is the temperature at which a substance has no thermal energy.
1. Celsius scale (℃)
• The temperature scale where the freezing point of the water is fixed at 0℃ and the boiling
point of water is fixed at 100℃.
2. Kelvin scale(K)
It uses absolute zero as one of its fixed point.
In Kelvin scale the freezing point of water is 273k and the boiling point of water is 373k.
3. The Fahrenheit scale (℉)
In Fahrenheit scale, the freezing point of water is 32℉ and the boiling of the water is
212℉.
Note that: kelvin and Celsius scales are often used together as the have the same scale
division. This means the change in the temperature in both scales are the same.
(∆Tc= ∆Tk).
To convert Celsius temperature to kelvin temperature or Fahrenheit temperature and vice-
verse, the following relations are used.

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 Page 35 of 61

1. TK = TC + 273K or TC = TK – 273K
5 9
2. TC = (TF – 32) or TF = (TC) + 32
9 5
What happen when a substance absorbs heat energy?
As a substance absorbs heat energy, the particles vibrate move in solid and move faster
in fluid because the heat energy converted into kinetic energy as temperature is rises.
This means the substance (particles) will expand (increases in size).
The expansion of substances on heating is called thermal expansion.
Thermal equilibrium
Thermal equilibrium is a situation where is no net movement of heat between the two
bodies. If two bodies are in thermal equilibrium, they will also have the same
temperature.
The details of how two bodies are obtained thermal equilibrium are governed by the 1 st
law and 2nd law thermodynamics.
Frist law of thermodynamics
Thermodynamics is about the way system exchange energy with its environments.
The 1st law of thermodynamics is state that, “the increase in internal energy of the
system is equal to the sum of the energy entering through the heating and the work
done on the system.
Mathematically
∆U = ∆Q + ∆W
Where, ∆U = increase in internal energy of the system
∆Q = the amount of heat energy transferred to the system
∆W = the amount of work done on the system
Note: internal energy of the system is the sum of the kinetic energy and potential energy
Second law of thermodynamics
The 2nd law of thermodynamics concerns the direction of heat flow between two bodies.

Example 7.1

Supposes 2000J of heat added to water in boiling without doing work done on the water. What is the
internal energy of the water?

Solution: Given from the 1st law of thermodynamics we have,

∆Q = 2000J ∆U = ∆Q + ∆W

∆W = 0 ∆U = 2000J + 0

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 Page 36 of 61

Required: ∆U =? ∆U = 2000J

7.2 Expansion of solid liquid and gases

The e expansion of solids

• When a solid heated its particles move further apart causing the solid to expand. The amounts
of expansion in a solid depend on:
➢ The nature of the solid
➢ The rise of the temperature
• There are three types of expansion of solid. These are
❖ Linear expansion ( one dimension expansion)
❖ Area expansion ( two dimension expansion)
❖ Volume expansion( three dimension expansion)
1. Linear expansion of solid
When a metal rod is heated it expands and increases in length. This expansion is
called linear expansion. The diagram in figure below represents a metal rod of
length l0 before heating and lf after heating.

Before heating l0
After heating l0
∆l

lf

As the temperature of the rod increases from T0 to TF its length changes by ∆l = lf – l0

According the law of expansion on, the change in length of the rod is directly proportional to both the
original length (l0) and the rise of the temperature (∆T).
Mathematically
∆l ~ l0and ∆l ~ l0∆T
➢ ∆l ~ l0 ∆T
∆𝑙
➢ = constant = α
𝑙0∆𝑇
➢ α= ∆l/( l0∆T ) Where ,α is called the coefficient linear expansion and is the increase in the
length of a 1m rod of given substance when its temperature is increase by 1K.
α= ∆l/( l0∆T)
∆l = l α∆T but, ∆l = lf – l0
0

lf – l0 = l0 α∆T
lf = l0 + l0 α∆T
lf = l0(1+ α∆T)

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Example 7.2

If a 4m copper wire is heated and its temperature rises from 10℃ to 110℃ if (α = 1.7x10-5℃ − 1)then
calculate

A) the change in the length of the wire

B) the final length of the wire
Solution: Given A) ∆l = l0 α∆T
l0 = 4 ∆l = 4m x1.7x10-5 ℃-1x100℃
∆T = Tf – T0 ∆l = (4x1.7)x10-3m
∆T = 110℃ - 10℃ = 100℃ = 6.8x10-3m
α = 1.7x10-5 ℃-1 = 0.0068m
Required B) ∆l = lf – l0
A) ∆l =? lf = l0 + ∆l
B) lf = ?= 4m + 0.0068m
= 4.0068m
Surface (area) expansion of solid (superficial)
When metal plate is heated it expands and increases in size. This expansion is called surface or
area expansion.

Heating
A0 AF

If the metal plate of original (A0) is heated to a temperature of (∆T) then, the increase or change in
area (∆A) of the plate after heating is given by

∆A = A0β∆T

Where, β (beta) is coefficient of surface expansion and is equal to β =2 α

The final area of the plate after heating is given by;

• ∆A = AF –A0
• AF = A0 +∆A
• AF = A0 + A0β∆T
AF = A0(1+ β∆T)
•

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Example 7.3

Calculate the change in the surface of copper plate with an area 8.85m2 at 20℃ when heated to
temperature of 120℃. (β = 3.4x10-5 ℃-1)

Given

A0 = 085m2 ∆A = A0β∆T

β = 3.4x10-5 ℃-1 = (085m2)(3.4x10-5 ℃-1)(100℃)

∆T = 100℃ = 2.89x10-3m2

Required

∆A =?

Volume expansion

Volume expansion is take place in three dimensions

Volume expansion is the increase in length, width and height of a substance due to heating. For
example consider a solid cube of side l0 at temperature T0 before heating as shown in fig. (a). then the
cube is heated to a final temperature Tf and after heating the cube attain the side lf as show in fig. (b)

T0 Tf
Heating
V0 Vf

Fig. (a) Fig. (b)

As the temperature of the cube increases from T0 to Tf it expands in all sides and its volume changes
from VO to V f hence ∆V = Vf - V0

According to the law of expansion the change in volume of substances depend on the original volume
and the rise of temperature. Mathematically

➢ ∆V ~ V0∆T
∆𝑉
➢ = Constant
𝑉0∆𝑇
∆𝑉
➢ =¥
𝑉0∆𝑇
➢
∆𝑉 = V0¥∆𝑇

𝛾 = 3𝜎

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Where,𝛾(gamma) is called coefficient volume expansion and equal to,

➢ ∆V = V0𝛾∆T
➢ ∆V = Vf- V0
➢ Vf- V0 = V0𝛾∆T
➢ Vf = V0 +V0𝛾∆T
➢ Vf= V0( 1+𝛾∆T)
➢

Example 7.4

A rectangular block 50cm by 40cm and 20cm at 20℃ is heated to temperature of 220℃. If the linear
coefficient of the solid is 1.5x10-61/℃ then what is the increase in volume?

Solution: Given ∆V = V03α∆T

V0 = lxwxh= (4x104cm3)(3x1.5x10-61/℃)(200℃)

V0 = 50cmx40cmx20cm = 14.4cm3

V0= 4x104cm3

∆T = 200℃

α= 1.5x10-61/℃

Required

∆V =?

Application of thermal expansion

Thermal expansion widely uses in the following

❖ Bimetallic strips
❖ Bimetallic strip as a switch and Thermostat

Bimetallic strips

• Bimetallic strip is a strip made of two different metals bonded together along their length.
For example if iron and brass bonded together, the coefficient of linear expansion of iron
1 1
(1.1x10-5℃) is less than that of the brass (1.9x10-5℃). When the strip is heated the brass
expands more than the iron and the strip bend.
➢ Note that the bimetallic strip bends towards the metal which expands less when heated and
bends toward the metal which contrast most when cooled.

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Expansion of liquids

Liquids increase in volume with increasing temperature and have larger coefficient of volume
expansion than solid. For liquid we have two types of expansion

1. Real expansion: is the actual increases (expansion) of the size of the liquids.
2. Apparent expansion: is the observed expansion of liquid which may affected by the expansion the
container.
The law of volume expansion can applied to the liquids.
∆V = V0¥∆T
∆
Real expansion of liquid = apparent expansion + volume expansion of the container

∆Vreal = ∆Vapp + ∆Vcont

(𝛾 re)V0∆T = (𝛾 ap)V0∆T +(𝛾 con)V0∆T

(𝛾 re)V0∆T = (𝛾 ap +𝛾 con)V0∆T

𝛾re=𝛾ap +𝛾con

Example: 7.4

Calculate the real and apparent expansion of 1000cm3water in glass when it’s heated from 20℃ to
1
120℃. Take (𝛾 glass = 9.9x10-6 ℃ and 𝛾 water= 2.1x10-4 1/℃)

Solution: Given ∆Vre= V0γw∆T

∆T = 100℃= 1.0X103cm3x2.1x10-41/℃x100℃

V0 = 1000cm3=1.0x103cm3 =21cm3

γglass = 9.9x10-61 ∆Vap= V0γap∆T but, γap = γre– γcon

water= 2.1x10-41/℃ = 1.0x10 3cm3(2.1x10-4-9.9x10-6)x100℃

Required = (1.0x103cm3)(2.0x10-41/℃)(100℃)

∆V rel&∆Vapp =? =20cm3

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Expansion of gases

The expansion of gases is much larger that of that liquid and solids. This is because gas molecules are
very far apart and can move feely than the molecules of liquids and solids.

We know that there is no volume expansion coefficient for gases. This is because the volume of the
gases is detected by a number of factors. These are:

➢ Temperature
➢ Pressure
➢ The amount of number of molecules present in the gases.
The relationship between the volume of the gases and its temperature can be expressed as
PV = nRT

Where, P = pressure of the gas in Pa

V= volume of the gas in m3

n= number of the moles of gases

T= absolute temperature

R= universal gas constant

If a change in temperature occurs at constant pressure its possible determines the change in volume of
the gases using the ideal gas equation.

∆V = nR ∆T/P

Quantity of heat, specific heat capacity and heat capacity

The amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of substance is depend on:

➢ The types (nature) of substance being heated.

➢ The mass of the substances
➢ The temperature rise required
Mathematically
Q = mc∆T

The unit of energy is called joule (J). Another unit is called calorie (cal).
One calorie is the quantity of heat energy required to increase the temperature of 1g of water
by 1℃. 1cal = 4.2J
What is meant by the specific heat capacity heat capacity?

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Specific heat capacity is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1kg of given
substance by one 1k.
Mathematically
𝑄
c=𝑚∆𝑇 .
Where, m= mass of substance
C= specific heat capacity
∆T = change in temperature.
𝐽 𝐽
The unit of specific heat capacity is 𝑘𝑔℃ or 𝑘𝑔𝑘
Heat capacity is the heat energy required to raise the temperature of a body by 1k.
Mathematically
𝑄
C = ∆𝑇
𝐽 𝐽
The unit of specific capacity is ℃ or 𝑘
Specific heat capacity (c) and heat capacity (C) can be related as follows
𝑄
➢ C = ∆𝑇 but Q= mc∆T
𝑚𝑐∆𝑇
➢ C= ∆𝑇
➢
C = mc

Example 7.5

Calculate the quantity of heat energy required to heat 2kg block of iron from 20℃ to 140℃. (c i =
𝐽
470𝑘𝑔℃ )

Solution: Given Q = mc∆T

𝐽
M = 2kg =2kgx470𝑘𝑔℃x120℃
∆T = 120℃ = 112,800J = 1.128x105J
ci = 470J/kg℃
Require
Q =?

7.4 Change of state

✓ State or phase, the distinct form of a substance under different condition, example solid, liquid
and gas.
✓ The heat required to change the state of the substance without change the temperature is known
as latent heat (hidden heat).

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Heating and cooling curves

Heating curve: is a graph showing the temperature of a substance against time as heat energy
applied and it change state.

For example look at the following graph.

Temperature

gas
Boiling point
Liquid to gas
liquid
Melting point
Solid to liquid

solid

Time

Cooling curve: is a graph showing the temperature of a substance against time as heat energy losses
and it change state. For example in the figure below shows a gas cooling t eventually becomes a solid.

temperature
gas

Gas to liquid
Boiling point
liquid
Liquid to solid
Melting point
solid

time
Definition of specific latent heat
The specific latent heat (L) is the quantity of heat energy required to change 1kg of a substance from
one state to another at constant temperature. Mathematically
𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑
Specific latent heat =
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑚𝑒𝑙𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑏𝑜𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑑
𝑄
L=𝑚 Q= mL
𝐽
The unit of specific latent heat is 𝑘𝑔

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However there are two change of state to be considered, liquid to gas and solid to liquid. So we use
two different version of latent heat, latent heat fusion (melting) and latent heat of vaporization
(boiling)

Latent heat of fusion: is the amount of heat energy required to change the state of substance from a
solid to a liquid at constant temperature.

Latent heat of vaporization: is the amount of heat energy required to change the state of substance
from a liquid to a gas at constant temperature

Specific latent heat of fusion (Lf) is the amount of heat energy required to change 1kg of a substance
from a solid to a liquid at constant temperature

Mathematically
𝑄
Lf = 𝑚 → Q = mLf

Specific latent heat of vaporization (LV) is the amount of heat energy required to change 1kg of a
substance from a liquid to a gas at constant temperature.
Mathematically
𝑄
LV = 𝑚 → Q = mLV

We can use specific heat capacity and specific latent heats to calculate the total energy required when
substances are heated.
state
Total energy required = energy required increase temperature + energy required to change

Qtotal = mc∆𝑇 + Ml
Example: 7.5

Calculate the amount of heat required to convert 200g of water at 100℃ completely to steam at100℃.
Take (LV = 2.258x106 J/kg).
Solution: given
m = 200g= 0.2kg Q = mLV

LV = 2.258x106 J/kg = 0.2kgx2.258x106 J/kg

Required Q = 4.516x105J
Q =?

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Example: 7.6

How much energy isneeded required increasing to change 200g of ice at 0℃ to water of 80℃?

Take (c = 4200J/kg.℃ and Lf = 3.336x105J/kg)

Solution: there are two stages

➢ The heat energy required to melt the water

Q1 = mLf = 0.2kgx3.336x105J/kg
Q1 = 6.672x104J = 66,720J
➢ The heat energy required to heat the water from 0℃ to 80℃
Q2 = mc∆𝑇 = 0.2kgx4200J/kg℃ x80℃
Q2 = 67,200J
Thus, the total amount of heat required is
Qtotal = Q1 +Q2 = 66,720J +67,200J
Qtotal =133,920J

Review questions for unit 7

1. Which of the following is the best definition of thermal expansion?

A. Molecules moving faster
B. An object increasing in size due to increased temperature.
C. An object decreasing in size due to increased temperature
D. An object remaining the same in size no matter the temperature
2. Thermal expansion of material has units as
A. J/kg.k B. J/mol.k C. W/m.k D 1/k
3. When two bodies are in thermal equilibrium, they will have equal:
A. Thermal conductivity C. temperature
B. Specific heat D. heat energy
4. What is the ratio of the coefficient of linear expansion to coefficient of area expansion?

A. 1: 2 B. 1: 3 C. 1: 4 D. 1:5
5. when an object contract up on cooling
A. Volume increasing and density increasing
B. Volume decreasing and density decreasing
C. Volume increasing and density decreasing
D. Volume decreasing and density increasing

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6. If a 10m copper wire is heated and its temperature rises from 20℃ to 120℃ if (α = 1.8x10-
4 0-1
c ) then what is the change in the length of the wire?
A. 5.18m B. 0.18m C. 15.18m D. 20.18m
7. Which of the following term correctly describes the mechanism of heat transfer by which
you get heat holding a piece of metal?
A. Radiation B. Convection C. Conduction D. Thermal equilibrium.
8. A physics student derived the formula for the volume expansion, V, of a cubic box in terms
of its linear expansion coefficient, α. Which of the following formulas it possibly derived
by the student? ( assume T is the change in temperature of the box and V o is its initial
volume)
A. ∆V = 3Voα∆T B. ∆V = 2Vo α∆T C. ∆V = 3/2Vo α∆T D. ∆V = Vo α∆T
9. If the coefficient of linear expansion of solid is 5x10-4c0-1 what is coefficient of surface and
coefficient volume expansion will be:
A. 0.0001 And 0.00015 C. 0.001 and 0.0015
B. 0.002 And 0.005 D. 0.01 and 0.015
10. The temperature at which a substance has no thermal energy is ____________
A. Absolute value B. Absolute zero C. Celsius scale D. Kelvin scale
11. A solid block requires 3000J of heat energy to increase its temperature by 60K. What is the
block’s heat capacity?
A. 150 J/K B. 50 J/K. C. 1550 J/K D. 350 J/K
12. The heat capacity of object B twice that of A. initially A is at 200C0 and B is 350C0. They
are placed in thermal contact and the combination is isolated. What is the final
temperature?
A. 300℃ B. 350℃ C. 400℃ D. 450℃
13. Suppose 1000J of heat added to a gas and at same time of 400J of work is done in
compressing then calculate the change in the internal energy of the gas?
A. 600J B. 400J C. 1000J D. 1400J
14. 8000J of heat is required to raise the temperature of a body from 20℃ to100℃. What heat
is needed to raise the temperature of the same body at 60? ℃?
A. 2000J B. 4000J C. 6000J D. 8000J
15. What is the heat energy required to melt 4kg of copper at its melting
point?(Lf=2.09x105J/kg)
A. 418000J B. 836000J C. 234000J D. 812000J
16. Which physical quantity remain a constant during a change of state?
A. Volume B. Heat energy C. Temperature D. Density
17. gaps are left in railway track to compensate thermal expansion during
A. Rain season B. Winter C. Hot season D. wind
18. Coefficient of volume expansion of solid is
A. greater than liquids and gases C. less than liquids and gases
B. equals to gases D. equal to liquids

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19. When a bimetallic strip made of two metals A and B is cooled the strip is seen to bend
toward A as shown figure below. The likely reason for this to happen is
A. Metal A is stronger than metal B
B. Metal B is stronger than metal A A B
C. Metal A has greater coefficient of expansion than metal B.
D. Metal B has greater coefficient of expansion than metal A
20. Specific capacity is
A. measured in J/kg
B. the heat energy required to raise the temperature of a body by 1℃
C. determine the rate at which heat flows between two bodies in contact
D. different for different substances.
21. molecules of solid vibrates with large amplitude at
A. zero temperature C. higher temperature
B. lower temperature D. pressure
22. Thin strips of iron and zinc are riveted together to form a bimetallic strip that bend when
heated. the iron is on the inside of the bend because
A. it has a higher specific heat
B. it has a lower specific heat
C. it has a higher coefficient of linear expansion
D. it has a lower coefficient of linear expansion
23.
A hot allow with specific heat capacity of 200J/kg.c0 cooled to 50c0 when added in to
water. What amount of energy is given off by the allow if its mass is 0.3kg?
A. 3000J B. 1000J C. 1500J D. 5000J
24. When a substance changes state from gas to liquids state , which one of the following
occurs,
A. Heat is absorbed by the substance
B. Heat is given off by the substance
C. The temperature of the substance increases.
D. The temperature of the substance decreases
25. The most suitable material for cooking is the one having
A. High specific heat and low conductivity
B. Low specific heat and low conductivity
C. Low specific heat and high conductivity
D. High specific heat and low conductivity
26. A body “A” is ten times the mass and half times the specific heat capacity of body “B”. If
they applied with equal amount of heat, how do their temperature changes compared?
A. Change of temperature in A is 10 times greater
B. Change of temperature in A is 5 times greater
C. Change of temperature in B is 10 times greater
D. Change of temperature in B is 5 times greater

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27. A sheet of silver with dimension of 40cmx50cm that is at room temperature of 25℃ is
heated to a temperature of 125℃. What will the new of the sheet be? (𝛼 = 1.9𝑥10−5 1/℃)
A. 7.6cm2 B. 76cm2 C. 3.8cm2 D. 38cm2
28. Which one of the following method of transfer of heat is effectively used for liquid and
gases?
A. Conduction B. Convection C. Radiation D. Expansion
29. The temperature of an object rises by 60℃. By how much degree has its kelvin
temperature increased?
A. 60 B. 212 C. 333 D. 273
30. The density of water is maximum at
A. 0℃ B. 10℃ C. 100℃ D. 4℃

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UNIT 8

WAVE MOTION AND SOUND

Wave propagation
A wave is the process of propagation of oscillation in a medium.
A wave is disturbance that produced at some part of the medium and transporting energy or
sometimes information from one place to another place.
Waves are a series disturbance (vibration) that travels through a medium.
Wave is transporting energy without transporting matter
Types of waves
Based on the direction of energy propagation or direction of vibration, in relative to the
direction of wave movement, wave classified into two. These are
➢ Transvers wave
➢ Longitudinal wave
Transverse wave
✓ Transverse waves are where the oscillation of the particles is perpendicular to the direction
of wave motion.
✓ In transverse waves the direction of the vibration and the direction of wave propagation are
right angle to each other.
✓ Wave direction means the direction in which wave is travelling or the direction in energy
propagating. e.g

Crest

Direction of oscillation

Trough

Direction of wave propagation

✓ Transverse waves can be represented by a series up and down movement of

particles.
Crest is the maximum point of the transverse wave
Troughs is the minimum point of the transverse wave
➢ Examples of transverse waves are:
❖ All electromagnetic waves
❖ Waves on string particles are parallel to the directionof wave motion?
❖ S- wave in earth quakes

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Longitudinal wave
✓ Longitudinal wave is a wave where the oscillations of the particles forwards
and backwards along the wave motion.
✓ In longitudinal waves, the direction of the vibration and the direction of the
wave motion are parallel.
➢ Examples of longitudinal waves are:
o Sound waves
o Pressure waves
o P- Wave in earth quakes
Wave characteristics
The following terms are used to express any type’s waves
1. Speed waves
Wave speed is the speed at which a wave moves (propagating).
2. Amplitude
Amplitude is the maximum distance from equilibrium position.
Amplitude is highest crest or trough measured from equilibrium position.
3. Wavelength (  )
The wave length is distance of one complete wave cycle.
The wavelength is the distance between two identical points’ on adjacent
waves.

Wavelength is the distance between two successive crests or trough.

Crest  Crest


Trough Trough

4. Period (T)
Period is the time required to complete one full cycle of oscillation.
Period is measured in second (s).

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5. frequency (f)
A wave frequency is the number of oscillation or cycles per unit time.
The frequency tells us how frequently or rapidly an oscillation takes place.
For example 20Hz means 20 complete oscillations per second.
Mathematically
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒
Frequency = 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛
Frequency is measured in hertz (Hz) and 1Hz = s-1
Frequency related to the time period by

1 1
f = Or T=
T f

The wave equation

The equation that related, wave speed, wavelength and frequency of the wave is known as
wave equation.
𝒘𝒂𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒉𝒕
𝒘𝒂𝒗𝒆 𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒆𝒅 =
𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆 𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒐𝒅
 𝟏
v = but 𝑓 =
T 𝑻

v = f

Example: 8.1
An FM radio station broad cast at a frequency of 100MHz. What is the period?
Solution: given
f= 100MHz = 1x108Hz 𝑇 = 1⁄𝑓
Require =1/1x108Hz
T=? = 1x10-8sec
Example: 8.2
A string makes 20 vibration in50secons. Calculate:
A) the period
B) frequency of the oscillation
Solution: given
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛
Number cycle oscillation = 20 A)𝑇 = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑠𝑐𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜
Time = 50 sec =𝟓𝟎⁄𝟐𝟎 = 2.5sec
𝒏𝒐𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒐𝒔𝒄𝒊𝒍𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
Required B)𝑓 = 𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆 𝒕𝒂𝒌𝒆𝒏
A) T=? =20⁄50 = 0.4 Hz
B) f=?

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Mechanical vs electromagnetic waves

The wave categorized into wave based on the matter they are able to travels through it. These
are:
o mechanical wave
o electromagnetic wave
1. mechanical wave
❖ Mechanical wave is a wave that requires a material medium or a substance for
propagation and production.
❖ A wave that not capable propagating energy through a vacuum.
➢ Examples of mechanical waves are;
o Sound wave
o Water wave
o Pressure wave
2. Electromagnetic wave
❖ A waves characterized by the oscillation of electromagnetic field
❖ A wave can propagate through vacuum as well as through matter (medium).
❖ All electromagnetic waves propagating with the speed of the light
(v=3x108m/s) in vacuum.
➢ Examples of electromagnetic waves are:
o Radio wave ultraviolet wave
o Micro wave x-ray
o Infrared wave gamma-ray
o Visible wave
Wave behavior
All types of waves have four properties in common. These are:
1. Reflection
❖ Reflection occurs when the waves bounce off a fixed surface and change direction
❖ A turning back of the wave from the give surface
❖ A ray coming to the reflecting surface is called incident ray and that leave the
reflecting surface is called reflected ray. e.g

Reflected ray
Incident ray

𝜃𝑖 𝜃𝑟

The law of reflection

The law of reflection is state that: ‘the angle of incident (𝜃𝑖) of awave is equal totha angle
reflected (𝜃𝑟) of a wave.
𝜃𝑖 = 𝜃𝑟

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1. Refraction
• As the waves enters different medium, its speed may change so the wave bends in one
particular direction. This bending of the wave is called refraction.
• The light ray (wave) is bent away from the normal line as its pass from lighter to denser
medium.
• The light ray (wave) is bent away from the normal line as its pass from denser to lighter
medium. E.g

.
Incident ray

 1
𝜃𝑖
V1 n1

V2 n2
 2 𝜃𝑟
Refracted ray

The law of refraction

• The law of refraction state that “the ratio of the sine angle of incident to the sine angle
refraction is constant”.
Mathematically
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽𝒊
= 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽𝒓
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑖 𝑛2
= 𝑛 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒, 𝑛 = 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛 =
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑟 𝑛1

sin i n2 1 v1
= = =
sin r n1  2 v2 → This is called smell’s law

Note that; the refractive index of the light in the vacuum is 1

2. Diffraction
Diffraction is the spread out of the wave when the wave passes through gap or around
obstacle.
3. Interference
Interference is the mixing up of two or more waves either to add up or cancel out each
other. There are two types of interference. These are:

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4. Constructive interference
❖ It occurs where two waves that are in phase combine to make a large amplitude.
❖ It occurs when two identical waves meet their crest to crest or trough to trough this give a
large oscillation
5. Destructive interference
❖ It occurs where two waves that are out of phase combine to cancel each other.
❖ It occurs when a crest of one wave coincide with a trough of another waves, a wave small
or zero oscillation is established
Example: 8.3
The speed of the light in a glass is 2x108m/s. What is the refractive index of the glass?
Solution: given
n1 = 1 From Snell’s law we have,

V2=2x108m/s n = v → = v1
2 1
n2 v 2
n v 1 2
8
V1=3x10 m/s n = 3x108m/s/2x108m/s
2

Required n =3/2 =1.5

2

n 2
=?

8.4 Sound wave

• Sound is a longitudinal mechanical wave which is created by oscillation of abject and audibly
perceived through a sense of hearing
Hearing
• The human ear is capable detecting sound with a range of frequencies between 20Hz to
20,000Hz. This is referred to as audible range.
o Any sound frequency below 20Hz is known as infrasound or infrasonic.
o Any sound frequency above 20,000Hz is known as ultrasound or ultrasonic

The speed of sound

• Sound propagates at different speed through different medium. For example sound waves
travels faster in solid than in liquid and faster in liquid than in gases.
➢ The speed of sound across a medium (matter) depend on:
o The nature of the medium
o The temperature of the medium.
The experiment shows that the speed of the sound is increases by 0.6m/s for every
degree Celsius increases in temperature of gases. So

V =330m/s + 0.6m/s(Tc)

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Example: 8.4

What is the speed of sound in air at temperature of 60℃?

Solution: given
V=330m/s at 0℃ V= 330m/s + 0.6m/s(Tc)
Tc =60℃ V= 330m/s +0.6m/s(60)
Required V = 330m/s +36m/s
V=? at 60℃ V=366m/s
How do we describe sound waves?
o Loudness
➢ Loudness is audible strength of sound which depend on the amplitude of the sound
wave
o Pitch
➢ A characteristic of sound wave which distinguishes a sharp or shrill sound from a
grave or dull sound. It depends upon frequency.
o Timber
A quality of sound (tone)
o Echoes
➢ A reflecting of sound is called echoes. If the reflecting surface is “s” distance from
the source and “t” is the time taken by the observer to hear echo, the velocity of
sound v is calculate as follow
𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
𝒗= but, Stotal= 2s
𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆 𝒕𝒂𝒌𝒆𝒏

2s
v=
t

Example; 8:5

A person is standing 100m away from the wall. The person bangs a drum and hears the echoes 0.5
second later. What is the speed of the sound?

Solution: Given

ST =2X100m = 200m and t=0.5sec

Required: v=?

v= s
T
= 200m = 400m / s
t 0.5 sec

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The intensity of sound wave

The intensity of sound is the energy received by each square meter per second.

Mathematically
𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚
⁄𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆
𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒚 = 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂

𝑬⁄
𝑰= 𝒕
but, 𝑬⁄𝒕 = 𝑷
𝑨

𝑷
𝑰= 𝒃𝒖𝒕, 𝑨 = 𝟒𝝅𝒓𝟐 Because sound is transmitted in all direction so the area will be spherical
𝑨

𝑃
𝐼=
4𝜋𝑟 2

The intensity of sound is measured in 𝑊⁄𝑚2

The intensity of I1 at a distance r1 from the source and the intensity of I2 at another distance r2 from the
source related by the formula of the following.

𝐼1 = 𝑃⁄4𝜋𝑟1 r 2 𝐼2 = 𝑃⁄4𝜋𝑟22
2
I 21 =𝑎𝑛𝑑
2
I 2 r 1

 2  2
→ I 1 = I 2 2 = and I 2 = I 1  r12 
 r 2
   
 r1   r2 

Example: 8.5s
A sound produced from a certain source has an intensity of4x10-4W/m2at 20m from the source.
What will be the intensity of sound at distance of 60m?
Solution: given
I1 = 4X10-4W/m2, r1 =20m and r2 =60m
Required: I2=?
2
 2  2

I 1
=r 2  r 1 2  20 
→ I 2 = I 1 2 = (4X10 W/m )
-4

I
2    2
2 1 r  r2   60 
I2 = 4.4x10-5W/m2

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Application of sound wave

• Sound waves have many uses in addition to their uses in communication and music
The following are some application of sound.
o To determine the depth of sea or ocean
o For medical diagnosis
o For searching food
o Uses for blind person
o For find oil(mineral) underground

Practice questions for unit 8

1. What do wave transport from one place to another?

A. Energy B. Wavelength C. mass D. Amplitude
2. Which one the following does not belong to the common properties of the wave?
A. Interface B. Polarization C. Refraction D. Diffraction
3. Which physical quantities decrease as sound travels from water to air?
A. Frequency and period C. Frequency and wavelength
B. Speed and frequency D. Wavelength and speed
4. What is the wavelength in a vacuum of microwave of a frequency of 15x109Hz?
A. 5m B. 2.5m C. 0.2m D. 0.02m
5. Refraction is the
A. bending the light as it passes through a small gap
B. Change in the intensity of light as it crosses the boundary between two transparent media.
C. Bending of light as it crosses the boundary between two transparent media.
D. Change in the frequency of light as it crosses the boundary between two transparent media
6. What is the velocity of a wave whose wavelength is 2m and whose frequency is 5 Hz?
A. 20 m/s B. 2.5 m/s C. 0.4 m/s D. 10 m/s
7. the frequency of a wave is the
A. number of complete waves passing a given point per second
B. time taken for one complete wave to pass a given point
C. distance the wave travels in one second
D. minimum distance between identical point on adjacent waves
8. The phenomena of bending of light round corners is called
A. Interference of light C Diffraction
B. Polarization D Refraction

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9. When a ray of light passes from a rarer to a denser medium it’s

A. Wavelength decreases C. Wavelength and frequency unchanged
B. Frequency decreases D. Frequency increases
10. An electromagnetic wave can be produced by
A. A steady current C. Any moving charge
B. Electromagnetic fields D. Any accelerating charge
11. What is the basic difference between mechanical and electromagnetic waves?
A. Mechanical waves are longitudinal waves while electromagnetic waves are transverse.
B. Mechanical waves require material medium while electromagnetic waves do not.
C. Mechanical waves are compression while electromagnetic waves rarefaction.
D. Mechanical waves travel in one direction while electromagnetic waves do in all
direction.
12. A constructive interference is a wave phenomenon that occurs when two waves moves in
A. The same direction in phase C. opposite directions out of phase
B. The same directions out of phase D. opposite directions in phase
13. All electromagnetic waves travel with the same speed in
A. Air B. Water C. Mirror D. Vacuum
14. Which one of the following cannot pass through the vacuum?
A. Ultraviolet C. x- ray
B. Infrared rays D. Sound wave.
15. In a certain wave oscillation of the particles is right angle to the direction of the wave
propagation. Which one is not true about wave?
A. It is a longitudinal wave C. It is electromagnetic wave
B. It is a transverse wave D. It is a radio wave
16. A ray of light reflected from the smooth surface. Which of the following about the ratio of
the angle of incidence to the angle of reflection is true?
A. It is less than one C. It is equal to one
B. It is greater than one D. It is impossible to determine.
17. The property of a sound wave that is related to the loudness is:
A. The wavelength B. the pitch C. The speed D. The intensity
18. Which one of the following activities is possible without electromagnetic radiation?
A. Speaking with a friend. C. Satellite communication
B. Reading a book D. Watching a television program
19. As wind blows across a field of grain, the tops of the plants move back and forth when a
waves travels across the field. This wave is a
A. Transverse wave C. electromagnetic wave
B. Polarized wave D. longitudinal wave

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20. The intensity of a sound 2m away from the speaker 100W/m2. What will be the intensity
at a distance of 10m away from the speaker?
A. 16W/m2 B. 4W/m2 C. 32W/m2 D. 100W/m2.
21. An electromagnetic wave propagates in vacuum at speed v & wave length λ as the wave
enter some unknown medium its speed decreases to 0.6v. What is the wavelength of
unknown medium?
A. 0.4λ B. 0.5λ C. 0.6λ D. 0.7λ
22. A wave has a speed of 50m/s and a wavelength of 25,000m. What is the frequency of the
wave?
A. 2x10-3Hz B. 6x102 Hz C. 5x102Hz D. 1.8x106Hz
23. The distance between the adjacent crests or troughs in a transverse wave is 20cm. if the
frequency of the wave is 800Hz, then what is the speed of the wave?
A. 16m/s B. 32m/s C. 160m/s D. 320m/s
24. The property of a sound wave that is related to the loudness is:
A. The wavelength B. The pitch C. The speed D. The intensity
25. A sound wave is sent to a rigid wall 75m from the source. If the reflected sound is
received after 0.5sec, then what is the speed of the sound waves?
A. 150m/s B. 300m/s C. 330m/s D. 165m/s
26. light travels from x to medium y as shown in the diagram below

Which one of the following is correct?

A. Speed decreases and the wavelength increases

B. Both the speed and wavelength decreases
C. Both the speed and wavelength increases
D. Both the speed and wavelength unchanged
27. The distance between two nearby crest of the water wave in a pond is measured to be
0.8m. If ten crests are passing at point every second without considering the reference
crest, what is speed of the wave?
A. 4.8m/s B. 24m/s C. 8m/s D. 80m/s

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28. What will be the effect of temperature on speed of sound?

A. The speed of sound decreases with the increases of temperature of the medium.
B. The speed of sound decreases with the decrease of temperature of the medium.
C. The speed of sound increases with the decrease of temperature of the medium.
D. The speed of sound increases with the increase of temperature of the medium.
29. A light travel in a block of plastic that has an index of refraction of 2 then what is the
speed of light in the plastic?
A. 1x108m/s B. 1.5x108m/s C. 2x108m/s D. 3x108m/s
30. Tola shouts into a hard dark cave; after fraction of second, he hears the sound of his own
voice. This phenomena is:
A. Interference C. Reflection
B. Diffraction D. refraction
31. Student counts 40 complete oscillations in 8second. What is its period?
A. 5 sec C. 0.2 sec
B. 0.25 sec D. 0.4 sec
32. The distance between consecutive crests of a water wave is 0.5m. what is the frequency of
the wave, its speed 40m/s?
A. 20 Hz B. 50Hz C. 60Hz D. 80Hz
33. The frequency of the wave on a rope shown in the figure below is 20Hz. what is the speed
of this wave?
30m

A. 20m/s B. 30m/s C. 100m/s D. 600m/s

34. The distance between two successive crest and trough of a transverse wave is equal to:
A. 2λ B. λ C. λ/2 D. λ/4
35. The speed of sound through sea water is about 4000m/s and a wave pulse is sent from the
ship and takes 0.8 sec to return back. What is the depth of the sea water?
A. 800m B. 1600m C. 2000m D. 4000m
36. the frequency range to which a normal ear can detect varies from_________to______
A. 20Hz to 20,000Hz C. 20Hz to 40,000Hz
B. 20Hz to 200,000Hz D. 100Hz to 10,000Hz

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Answer of review exercise

Unit five
1. ___D______ 10. ____D_____ 19. ___D______ 28. ___C______
2. ___B______ 11. ____C_____ 20. ___B______ 29. ___A______
3. ___B______ 12. ____B_____ 21. ___C______ 30. ___B______
4. ___B_____ 13. ____A_____ 22. ___D______ 31. ___A______
5. ____C_____ 14. ____D_____ 23. ___C______ 32. ___B______
6. ___D______ 15. ____B_____ 24. ___A______ 33. ___D______
7. ___B______ 16. ___D______ 25. __C_______ 34. ___A______
8. __A_______ 17. ___C______ 26. -_ B________ 35. ___B______
9. ___B______ 18. ___B______ 27. ___A______ 36. ____D_____
Unit six
1. _A________ 10. __B_______ 19. __C_______ 28. ___C______
2. _C________ 11. __B_______ 20. __B_______ 29. ___B______
3. _C________ 12. __B_______ 21. ___B______ 30. ____C_____
4. _B________ 13. __D_______ 22. ___D______ 31. ____D_____
5. _A________ 14. __A_______ 23. ___B______ 32. ____B_____
6. _B________ 15. __C_______ 24. ___C______ 33. ___A______
7. _D________ 16. __D_______ 25. ___A______ 34. ___C______
8. _A________ 17. __C_______ 26. -___B______ 35. ___B______
9. __D_______ 18. __B_______ 27. ___B______ 36. ____A_____
Unit seven
1. ___B______ 7. ___C______ 13. __D_______ 19. ___D______ 25. ___C______
2. ___D______ 8. ___A______ 14. __C_______ 20. ___D______ 26. _D_______
3. ___C______ 9. ___C______ 15. __B_______ 21. ___C______ 27. ___A______
4. ___A______ 10. ___B______ 16. __C_______ 22. ___D______ 28. ___B______
5. ___D______ 11. __B_______ 17. ___C______ 23. ___A______ 29. ___C______
6. ___B______ 12. __A_______ 18. ___C______ 24. ___B______ 30. ___D______
Unit eight
1. ___A______ 10. ___B______ 19. ___D______ 28. ___D______
2. ___B______ 11. ___B______ 20. ___B______ 29. ___B______
3. ___D______ 12. ___A______ 21. ___C______ 30. ____C_____
4. ___D______ 13. ___D______ 22. ___A______ 31. ____C_____
5. ___C______ 14. ___D______ 23. ___C______ 32. ____A_____
6. ___D______ 15. ___A______ 24. __D_______ 33. ____C_____
7. ___A______ 16. ___C______ 25. ___B______ 34. ____A_____
8. ___C______ 17. ___D______ 26. -___A______ 35. ____B_____
9. ___A______ 18. ___A______ 27. ___C______ 36. ____A_____

61