CIS Amazon Linux 2023

Benchmark
v1.0.0 - 06-26-2023
Terms of Use
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Table of Contents
Terms of Use ................................................................................................................. 1
Table of Contents .......................................................................................................... 2
Overview ........................................................................................................................ 9
Intended Audience................................................................................................................. 9
Consensus Guidance ...........................................................................................................10
Typographical Conventions .................................................................................................11
Recommendation Definitions ..................................................................................... 12
Title ........................................................................................................................................12
Assessment Status...............................................................................................................12
Automated ............................................................................................................................................ 12
Manual ................................................................................................................................................... 12
Profile ....................................................................................................................................12
Description ............................................................................................................................12
Rationale Statement .............................................................................................................12
Impact Statement ..................................................................................................................13
Audit Procedure ....................................................................................................................13
Remediation Procedure........................................................................................................13
Default Value .........................................................................................................................13
References ............................................................................................................................13
CIS Critical Security Controls® (CIS Controls®) ..................................................................13
Additional Information..........................................................................................................13
Profile Definitions .................................................................................................................14
Acknowledgements ..............................................................................................................15
Recommendations ...................................................................................................... 16
1 Initial Setup ........................................................................................................................16
1.1 Filesystem Configuration .............................................................................................................. 17
1.1.1 Configure Filesystem Kernel Modules ................................................................................... 18
1.1.1.1 Ensure mounting of squashfs filesystems is disabled (Automated) ................................................ 19
1.1.1.2 Ensure mounting of udf filesystems is disabled (Automated) .......................................................... 24
1.1.1.3 Ensure mounting of cramfs filesystems is disabled (Automated) .................................................... 29
1.1.1.4 Ensure mounting of freevxfs filesystems is disabled (Automated) .................................................. 34
1.1.1.5 Ensure mounting of jffs2 filesystems is disabled (Automated) ........................................................ 39
1.1.1.6 Ensure mounting of hfs filesystems is disabled (Automated) .......................................................... 44
1.1.1.7 Ensure mounting of hfsplus filesystems is disabled (Automated) ................................................... 49
1.1.2 Configure /tmp .......................................................................................................................... 54
1.1.2.1 Ensure /tmp is a separate partition (Automated) ............................................................................. 55
1.1.2.2 Ensure nodev option set on /tmp partition (Automated) .................................................................. 58

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 1.1.2.3 Ensure noexec option set on /tmp partition (Automated) ................................................................ 60
1.1.2.4 Ensure nosuid option set on /tmp partition (Automated) ................................................................. 62
1.1.3 Configure /var ........................................................................................................................... 64
1.1.3.1 Ensure separate partition exists for /var (Automated) ..................................................................... 65
1.1.3.2 Ensure nodev option set on /var partition (Automated) ................................................................... 68
1.1.3.3 Ensure nosuid option set on /var partition (Automated) .................................................................. 70
1.1.4 Configure /var/tmp ................................................................................................................... 72
1.1.4.1 Ensure separate partition exists for /var/tmp (Automated) .............................................................. 73
1.1.4.2 Ensure noexec option set on /var/tmp partition (Automated) .......................................................... 76
1.1.4.3 Ensure nosuid option set on /var/tmp partition (Automated) ........................................................... 78
1.1.4.4 Ensure nodev option set on /var/tmp partition (Automated) ............................................................ 80
1.1.5 Configure /var/log..................................................................................................................... 82
1.1.5.1 Ensure separate partition exists for /var/log (Automated) ............................................................... 83
1.1.5.2 Ensure nodev option set on /var/log partition (Automated) ............................................................. 85
1.1.5.3 Ensure noexec option set on /var/log partition (Automated) ............................................................ 87
1.1.5.4 Ensure nosuid option set on /var/log partition (Automated) ............................................................. 89
1.1.6 Configure /var/log/audit ........................................................................................................... 91
1.1.6.1 Ensure separate partition exists for /var/log/audit (Automated) ....................................................... 92
1.1.6.2 Ensure noexec option set on /var/log/audit partition (Automated) ................................................... 94
1.1.6.3 Ensure nodev option set on /var/log/audit partition (Automated)..................................................... 96
1.1.6.4 Ensure nosuid option set on /var/log/audit partition (Automated) .................................................... 98
1.1.7 Configure /home ..................................................................................................................... 100
1.1.7.1 Ensure separate partition exists for /home (Automated) ............................................................... 101
1.1.7.2 Ensure nodev option set on /home partition (Automated) ............................................................. 104
1.1.7.3 Ensure nosuid option set on /home partition (Automated) ............................................................ 106
1.1.8 Configure /dev/shm ................................................................................................................ 108
1.1.8.1 Ensure /dev/shm is a separate partition (Automated) ................................................................... 109
1.1.8.2 Ensure nodev option set on /dev/shm partition (Automated) ......................................................... 111
1.1.8.3 Ensure noexec option set on /dev/shm partition (Automated) ....................................................... 113
1.1.8.4 Ensure nosuid option set on /dev/shm partition (Automated) ........................................................ 115
1.1.9 Ensure usb-storage is disabled (Automated) ................................................................................... 117
1.2 Configure Software and Patch Management ............................................................................ 121
1.2.1 Ensure GPG keys are configured (Manual) ..................................................................................... 122
1.2.2 Ensure gpgcheck is globally activated (Automated) ......................................................................... 125
1.2.3 Ensure package manager repositories are configured (Manual) ...................................................... 127
1.2.4 Ensure repo_gpgcheck is globally activated (Manual) ..................................................................... 129
1.3 Filesystem Integrity Checking .................................................................................................... 131
1.3.1 Ensure AIDE is installed (Automated) .............................................................................................. 132
1.3.2 Ensure filesystem integrity is regularly checked (Automated) .......................................................... 134
1.3.3 Ensure cryptographic mechanisms are used to protect the integrity of audit tools (Automated) ...... 137
1.4 Secure Boot Settings................................................................................................................... 139
1.4.1 Ensure permissions on bootloader config are configured (Automated) ............................................ 140
1.5 Additional Process Hardening ................................................................................................... 144
1.5.1 Ensure address space layout randomization (ASLR) is enabled (Automated) ................................. 145
1.5.2 Ensure ptrace_scope is restricted (Automated) ............................................................................... 149
1.5.3 Ensure core dump storage is disabled (Automated) ........................................................................ 153
1.5.4 Ensure core dump backtraces are disabled (Automated) ................................................................ 155
1.6 Mandatory Access Control ......................................................................................................... 157
1.6.1 Configure SELinux ................................................................................................................. 158
1.6.1.1 Ensure SELinux is installed (Automated) ...................................................................................... 160
1.6.1.2 Ensure SELinux is not disabled in bootloader configuration (Automated) ..................................... 162

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 1.6.1.3 Ensure SELinux policy is configured (Automated) ........................................................................ 165
1.6.1.4 Ensure the SELinux mode is not disabled (Automated) ................................................................ 167
1.6.1.5 Ensure the SELinux mode is enforcing (Automated) .................................................................... 170
1.6.1.6 Ensure no unconfined services exist (Manual) .............................................................................. 173
1.6.1.7 Ensure SETroubleshoot is not installed (Automated) .................................................................... 175
1.6.1.8 Ensure the MCS Translation Service (mcstrans) is not installed (Automated) .............................. 177
1.7 Command Line Warning Banners .............................................................................................. 179
1.7.1 Ensure message of the day is configured properly (Automated)...................................................... 180
1.7.2 Ensure local login warning banner is configured properly (Automated) ........................................... 182
1.7.3 Ensure remote login warning banner is configured properly (Automated)........................................ 184
1.7.4 Ensure permissions on /etc/motd are configured (Automated) ........................................................ 186
1.7.5 Ensure permissions on /etc/issue are configured (Automated) ........................................................ 188
1.7.6 Ensure permissions on /etc/issue.net are configured (Automated) .................................................. 190
1.8 Ensure updates, patches, and additional security software are installed (Manual) ............................. 192
1.9 Ensure system-wide crypto policy is not legacy (Automated) ............................................................. 195

2 Services............................................................................................................................197
2.1 Configure Time Synchronization ............................................................................................... 198
2.1.1 Ensure time synchronization is in use (Automated) ......................................................................... 199
2.1.2 Ensure chrony is configured (Automated) ........................................................................................ 201
2.2 Configure Special Purpose Services ......................................................................................... 203
2.2.1 Ensure xorg-x11-server-common is not installed (Automated) ........................................................ 204
2.2.2 Ensure avahi is not installed (Automated) ........................................................................................ 206
2.2.3 Ensure a print server is not installed (Automated) ........................................................................... 208
2.2.4 Ensure a dhcp server is not installed (Automated) ........................................................................... 210
2.2.5 Ensure a dns server is not installed (Automated) ............................................................................. 212
2.2.6 Ensure an ftp server is not installed (Automated) ............................................................................ 214
2.2.7 Ensure a tftp server is not installed (Automated) ............................................................................. 216
2.2.8 Ensure a web server is not installed (Automated) ............................................................................ 218
2.2.9 Ensure IMAP and POP3 server is not installed (Automated) ........................................................... 220
2.2.10 Ensure Samba is not installed (Automated) ................................................................................... 222
2.2.11 Ensure HTTP Proxy Server is not installed (Automated) ............................................................... 224
2.2.12 Ensure net-snmp is not installed or the snmpd service is not enabled (Automated) ...................... 226
2.2.13 Ensure telnet-server is not installed (Automated) .......................................................................... 229
2.2.14 Ensure dnsmasq is not installed (Automated) ................................................................................ 231
2.2.15 Ensure mail transfer agent is configured for local-only mode (Automated) .................................... 232
2.2.16 Ensure nfs-utils is not installed or the nfs-server service is masked (Automated).......................... 234
2.2.17 Ensure rpcbind is not installed or the rpcbind services are masked (Automated) .......................... 237
2.2.18 Ensure rsync-daemon is not installed or the rsyncd service is masked (Automated) ..................... 240
2.3 Service Clients ............................................................................................................................. 242
2.3.1 Ensure telnet client is not installed (Automated) .............................................................................. 243
2.3.2 Ensure LDAP client is not installed (Automated) .............................................................................. 245
2.3.3 Ensure FTP client is not installed (Automated) ................................................................................ 247
2.4 Ensure nonessential services listening on the system are removed or masked (Manual) .................. 249

3 Network Configuration ....................................................................................................251

3.1 Disable unused network protocols and devices ...................................................................... 252
3.1.1 Ensure IPv6 status is identified (Manual) ......................................................................................... 253
3.1.2 Ensure DCCP is disabled (Automated) ............................................................................................ 255
3.1.3 Ensure SCTP is disabled (Automated)............................................................................................. 260
3.1.4 Ensure RDS is disabled (Automated) .............................................................................................. 265
3.1.5 Ensure TIPC is disabled (Automated) .............................................................................................. 270
3.2 Configure Network Parameters (Host Only) ............................................................................. 275

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 3.2.1 Ensure IP forwarding is disabled (Automated) ................................................................................. 276
3.2.2 Ensure packet redirect sending is disabled (Automated) ................................................................. 280
3.3 Configure Network Parameters (Host and Router) .................................................................. 284
3.3.1 Ensure source routed packets are not accepted (Automated) ......................................................... 285
3.3.2 Ensure ICMP redirects are not accepted (Automated) ..................................................................... 290
3.3.3 Ensure secure ICMP redirects are not accepted (Automated) ......................................................... 294
3.3.4 Ensure suspicious packets are logged (Automated) ........................................................................ 298
3.3.5 Ensure broadcast ICMP requests are ignored (Automated) ............................................................. 302
3.3.6 Ensure bogus ICMP responses are ignored (Automated) ................................................................ 306
3.3.7 Ensure Reverse Path Filtering is enabled (Automated) ................................................................... 310
3.3.8 Ensure TCP SYN Cookies is enabled (Automated) ......................................................................... 314
3.3.9 Ensure IPv6 router advertisements are not accepted (Automated) .................................................. 318
3.4 Configure Host Based Firewall ................................................................................................... 322
3.4.1 Configure a firewall utility ..................................................................................................... 323
3.4.1.1 Ensure nftables is installed (Automated) ....................................................................................... 324
3.4.1.2 Ensure a single firewall configuration utility is in use (Automated) ................................................ 326
3.4.2 Configure firewall rules ......................................................................................................... 330
3.4.2.1 Ensure firewalld default zone is set (Automated) .......................................................................... 334
3.4.2.2 Ensure at least one nftables table exists (Automated) .................................................................. 337
3.4.2.3 Ensure nftables base chains exist (Automated) ............................................................................ 339
3.4.2.4 Ensure host based firewall loopback traffic is configured (Automated) ......................................... 341
3.4.2.5 Ensure firewalld drops unnecessary services and ports (Manual) ................................................ 346
3.4.2.6 Ensure nftables established connections are configured (Manual) ............................................... 348
3.4.2.7 Ensure nftables default deny firewall policy (Automated) .............................................................. 350

4 Access, Authentication and Authorization ....................................................................352

4.1 Configure time-based job schedulers ....................................................................................... 353
4.1.1 Ensure cron daemon is installed and enabled (Automated) ............................................................. 354
4.1.2 Ensure permissions on /etc/crontab are configured (Automated) .................................................... 356
4.1.3 Ensure permissions on /etc/cron.hourly are configured (Automated) ............................................... 358
4.1.4 Ensure permissions on /etc/cron.daily are configured (Automated) ................................................. 360
4.1.5 Ensure permissions on /etc/cron.weekly are configured (Automated) ............................................. 362
4.1.6 Ensure permissions on /etc/cron.monthly are configured (Automated) ............................................ 364
4.1.7 Ensure permissions on /etc/cron.d are configured (Automated) ...................................................... 366
4.1.8 Ensure cron is restricted to authorized users (Automated) .............................................................. 368
4.1.9 Ensure at is restricted to authorized users (Automated) .................................................................. 370
4.2 Configure SSH Server ................................................................................................................. 373
4.2.1 Ensure permissions on /etc/ssh/sshd_config are configured (Automated) ....................................... 374
4.2.2 Ensure permissions on SSH private host key files are configured (Automated) .............................. 376
4.2.3 Ensure permissions on SSH public host key files are configured (Automated) ................................ 380
4.2.4 Ensure SSH access is limited (Automated)...................................................................................... 384
4.2.5 Ensure SSH LogLevel is appropriate (Automated) .......................................................................... 387
4.2.6 Ensure SSH PAM is enabled (Automated)....................................................................................... 390
4.2.7 Ensure SSH root login is disabled (Automated) ............................................................................... 392
4.2.8 Ensure SSH HostbasedAuthentication is disabled (Automated) ...................................................... 394
4.2.9 Ensure SSH PermitEmptyPasswords is disabled (Automated) ........................................................ 396
4.2.10 Ensure SSH PermitUserEnvironment is disabled (Automated) ...................................................... 398
4.2.11 Ensure SSH IgnoreRhosts is enabled (Automated) ....................................................................... 400
4.2.12 Ensure SSH X11 forwarding is disabled (Automated) .................................................................... 402
4.2.13 Ensure SSH AllowTcpForwarding is disabled (Automated) ........................................................... 404
4.2.14 Ensure system-wide crypto policy is not over-ridden (Automated)................................................. 407
4.2.15 Ensure SSH warning banner is configured (Automated) ................................................................ 408

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 4.2.16 Ensure SSH MaxAuthTries is set to 4 or less (Automated) ............................................................ 409
4.2.17 Ensure SSH MaxStartups is configured (Automated) .................................................................... 411
4.2.18 Ensure SSH MaxSessions is set to 10 or less (Automated) ........................................................... 414
4.2.19 Ensure SSH LoginGraceTime is set to one minute or less (Automated) ........................................ 416
4.2.20 Ensure SSH Idle Timeout Interval is configured (Automated) ........................................................ 418
4.3 Configure privilege escalation ................................................................................................... 421
4.3.1 Ensure sudo is installed (Automated) .............................................................................................. 422
4.3.2 Ensure sudo commands use pty (Automated) ................................................................................. 424
4.3.3 Ensure sudo log file exists (Automated) ........................................................................................... 426
4.3.4 Ensure re-authentication for privilege escalation is not disabled globally (Automated) .................... 428
4.3.5 Ensure sudo authentication timeout is configured correctly (Automated)......................................... 430
4.3.6 Ensure access to the su command is restricted (Automated) .......................................................... 432
4.4 Configure authselect ................................................................................................................... 434
4.4.1 Ensure custom authselect profile is used (Manual) .......................................................................... 435
4.4.2 Ensure authselect includes with-faillock (Automated) ...................................................................... 438
4.5 Configure PAM ............................................................................................................................. 440
4.5.1 Ensure password creation requirements are configured (Automated) ............................................. 441
4.5.2 Ensure lockout for failed password attempts is configured (Automated) .......................................... 445
4.5.3 Ensure password reuse is limited (Automated) ................................................................................ 448
4.5.4 Ensure password hashing algorithm is SHA-512 (Automated) ........................................................ 451
4.6 User Accounts and Environment ............................................................................................... 455
4.6.1 Set Shadow Password Suite Parameters ............................................................................ 456
4.6.1.1 Ensure password expiration is 365 days or less (Automated) ....................................................... 457
4.6.1.2 Ensure minimum days between password changes is configured (Automated) ........................... 459
4.6.1.3 Ensure password expiration warning days is 7 or more (Automated) ........................................... 461
4.6.1.4 Ensure inactive password lock is 30 days or less (Automated) ..................................................... 463
4.6.1.5 Ensure all users last password change date is in the past (Automated) ....................................... 465
4.6.2 Ensure system accounts are secured (Automated) ......................................................................... 467
4.6.3 Ensure default user shell timeout is 900 seconds or less (Automated) ............................................ 470
4.6.4 Ensure default group for the root account is GID 0 (Automated) ..................................................... 474
4.6.5 Ensure default user umask is 027 or more restrictive (Automated) .................................................. 476
4.6.6 Ensure root password is set (Manual) .............................................................................................. 481

5 Logging and Auditing ......................................................................................................483

5.1 Configure Logging ....................................................................................................................... 484
5.1.1 Configure rsyslog................................................................................................................... 485
5.1.1.1 Ensure rsyslog is installed (Manual).............................................................................................. 486
5.1.1.2 Ensure rsyslog service is enabled (Manual).................................................................................. 488
5.1.1.3 Ensure journald is configured to send logs to rsyslog (Manual) .................................................... 490
5.1.1.4 Ensure rsyslog default file permissions are configured (Automated) ............................................ 493
5.1.1.5 Ensure logging is configured (Manual) .......................................................................................... 496
5.1.1.6 Ensure rsyslog is configured to send logs to a remote log host (Manual) ..................................... 498
5.1.1.7 Ensure rsyslog is not configured to receive logs from a remote client (Automated) ...................... 500
5.1.2 Configure journald ................................................................................................................. 503
5.1.2.1.1 Ensure systemd-journal-remote is installed (Manual) ................................................................ 505
5.1.2.1.2 Ensure systemd-journal-remote is configured (Manual) ............................................................. 507
5.1.2.1.3 Ensure systemd-journal-remote is enabled (Manual) ................................................................. 509
5.1.2.1.4 Ensure journald is not configured to receive logs from a remote client (Automated) ................. 511
5.1.2.2 Ensure journald service is enabled (Automated) ........................................................................... 513
5.1.2.3 Ensure journald is configured to compress large log files (Automated)......................................... 515
5.1.2.4 Ensure journald is configured to write logfiles to persistent disk (Automated)............................... 517
5.1.2.5 Ensure journald is not configured to send logs to rsyslog (Manual) .............................................. 519

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 5.1.2.6 Ensure journald log rotation is configured per site policy (Manual) ............................................... 521
5.1.2.7 Ensure journald default file permissions configured (Manual) ....................................................... 523
5.1.3 Ensure all logfiles have appropriate permissions and ownership (Automated) ................................ 525
5.2 Configure System Accounting (auditd) ..................................................................................... 531
5.2.1 Ensure auditing is enabled ................................................................................................... 533
5.2.1.1 Ensure auditd is installed (Automated).......................................................................................... 534
5.2.1.2 Ensure auditing for processes that start prior to auditd is enabled (Automated) ........................... 536
5.2.1.3 Ensure audit_backlog_limit is sufficient (Automated) .................................................................... 538
5.2.1.4 Ensure auditd service is enabled (Automated) .............................................................................. 540
5.2.2 Configure Data Retention ...................................................................................................... 542
5.2.2.1 Ensure audit log storage size is configured (Automated) .............................................................. 543
5.2.2.2 Ensure audit logs are not automatically deleted (Automated) ....................................................... 545
5.2.2.3 Ensure system is disabled when audit logs are full (Automated) .................................................. 547
5.2.3 Configure auditd rules ........................................................................................................... 550
5.2.3.1 Ensure changes to system administration scope (sudoers) is collected (Automated) ................... 551
5.2.3.2 Ensure actions as another user are always logged (Automated) .................................................. 554
5.2.3.3 Ensure events that modify the sudo log file are collected (Automated) ......................................... 558
5.2.3.4 Ensure events that modify date and time information are collected (Automated) ......................... 562
5.2.3.5 Ensure events that modify the system's network environment are collected (Automated) ............ 566
5.2.3.6 Ensure use of privileged commands are collected (Automated) ................................................... 570
5.2.3.7 Ensure unsuccessful file access attempts are collected (Automated) ........................................... 574
5.2.3.8 Ensure events that modify user/group information are collected (Automated) .............................. 578
5.2.3.9 Ensure discretionary access control permission modification events are collected (Automated) .. 582
5.2.3.10 Ensure successful file system mounts are collected (Automated) .............................................. 587
5.2.3.11 Ensure session initiation information is collected (Automated) ................................................... 591
5.2.3.12 Ensure login and logout events are collected (Automated) ......................................................... 595
5.2.3.13 Ensure file deletion events by users are collected (Automated) .................................................. 598
5.2.3.14 Ensure events that modify the system's Mandatory Access Controls are collected (Automated)602
5.2.3.15 Ensure successful and unsuccessful attempts to use the chcon command are recorded
(Automated) .............................................................................................................................................. 606
5.2.3.16 Ensure successful and unsuccessful attempts to use the setfacl command are recorded
(Automated) .............................................................................................................................................. 610
5.2.3.17 Ensure successful and unsuccessful attempts to use the chacl command are recorded
(Automated) .............................................................................................................................................. 614
5.2.3.18 Ensure successful and unsuccessful attempts to use the usermod command are recorded
(Automated) .............................................................................................................................................. 618
5.2.3.19 Ensure kernel module loading unloading and modification is collected (Automated) .................. 622
5.2.3.20 Ensure the audit configuration is immutable (Automated) ........................................................... 627
5.2.3.21 Ensure the running and on disk configuration is the same (Manual) ........................................... 629
5.2.4 Configure auditd file access ................................................................................................. 631
5.2.4.1 Ensure audit log files are mode 0640 or less permissive (Automated) ......................................... 632
5.2.4.2 Ensure only authorized users own audit log files (Automated) ...................................................... 634
5.2.4.3 Ensure only authorized groups are assigned ownership of audit log files (Automated) ................ 636
5.2.4.4 Ensure the audit log directory is 0750 or more restrictive (Automated) ......................................... 638
5.2.4.5 Ensure audit configuration files are 640 or more restrictive (Automated) ...................................... 640
5.2.4.6 Ensure audit configuration files are owned by root (Automated) ................................................... 642
5.2.4.7 Ensure audit configuration files belong to group root (Automated) ............................................... 644
5.2.4.8 Ensure audit tools are 755 or more restrictive (Automated) .......................................................... 646
5.2.4.9 Ensure audit tools are owned by root (Automated) ....................................................................... 648
5.2.4.10 Ensure audit tools belong to group root (Automated) .................................................................. 650
5.3 Ensure logrotate is configured (Manual) ............................................................................................. 652

6 System Maintenance .......................................................................................................654

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 6.1 System File Permissions ............................................................................................................ 655
6.1.1 Ensure permissions on /etc/passwd are configured (Automated) .................................................... 656
6.1.2 Ensure permissions on /etc/passwd are configured (Automated) .................................................... 658
6.1.3 Ensure permissions on /etc/passwd- are configured (Automated) ................................................... 660
6.1.4 Ensure permissions on /etc/group are configured (Automated) ....................................................... 662
6.1.5 Ensure permissions on /etc/group- are configured (Automated) ...................................................... 664
6.1.6 Ensure permissions on /etc/shadow are configured (Automated) .................................................... 666
6.1.7 Ensure permissions on /etc/shadow- are configured (Automated) ................................................... 668
6.1.8 Ensure permissions on /etc/gshadow are configured (Automated) .................................................. 670
6.1.9 Ensure permissions on /etc/gshadow- are configured (Automated) ................................................. 672
6.1.10 Audit system file permissions (Manual) .......................................................................................... 674
6.1.11 Ensure world writable files and directories are secured (Automated) ............................................ 677
6.1.12 Ensure no unowned or ungrouped files or directories exist (Automated) ....................................... 682
6.1.13 Ensure SUID and SGID files are reviewed (Manual)...................................................................... 685
6.2 Local User and Group Settings .................................................................................................. 688
6.2.1 Ensure accounts in /etc/passwd use shadowed passwords (Automated) ........................................ 689
6.2.2 Ensure /etc/shadow password fields are not empty (Automated) .................................................... 691
6.2.3 Ensure all groups in /etc/passwd exist in /etc/group (Automated) .................................................... 693
6.2.4 Ensure no duplicate UIDs exist (Automated) ................................................................................... 694
6.2.5 Ensure no duplicate GIDs exist (Automated) ................................................................................... 695
6.2.6 Ensure no duplicate user names exist (Automated) ......................................................................... 696
6.2.7 Ensure no duplicate group names exist (Automated) ...................................................................... 697
6.2.8 Ensure root PATH Integrity (Automated).......................................................................................... 698
6.2.9 Ensure root is the only UID 0 account (Automated) ......................................................................... 700
6.2.10 Ensure local interactive user home directories are configured (Automated) .................................. 701
6.2.11 Ensure local interactive user dot files access is configured (Automated) ....................................... 706

Appendix: Summary Table ....................................................................................... 712

Appendix: Change History ....................................................................................... 779

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Overview
All CIS Benchmarks focus on technical configuration settings used to maintain and/or
increase the security of the addressed technology, and they should be used in
conjunction with other essential cyber hygiene tasks like:
• Monitoring the base operating system for vulnerabilities and quickly updating with
the latest security patches
• Monitoring applications and libraries for vulnerabilities and quickly updating with
the latest security patches

In the end, the CIS Benchmarks are designed as a key component of a comprehensive
cybersecurity program.

This document provides prescriptive guidance for establishing a secure configuration

posture for Amazon Linux 2023 running on x86_64 platforms.
The guidance within broadly assumes that operations are being performed as the root
user, and executed under the default Bash version for the applicable distribution.
Operations performed using sudo instead of the root user, or executed under another
shell, may produce unexpected results, or fail to make the intended changes to the
system. Non-root users may not be able to access certain areas of the system,
especially after remediation has been performed. It is advisable to verify root users
path integrity and the integrity of any programs being run prior to execution of
commands and scripts included in this benchmark.
The default prompt for the root user is #, and as such all sample commands will have #
as an additional indication that it is to be executed as root.
To obtain the latest version of this guide, please visit http://workbench.cisecurity.org. If
you have questions, comments, or have identified ways to improve this guide, please
write us at [email protected].

Intended Audience
This benchmark is intended for system and application administrators, security
specialists, auditors, help desk, and platform deployment personnel who plan to
develop, deploy, assess, or secure solutions that incorporate Amazon Linux 2023 on
x86_64 platforms.

Page 9
Consensus Guidance
This CIS Benchmark was created using a consensus review process comprised of a
global community of subject matter experts. The process combines real world
experience with data-based information to create technology specific guidance to assist
users to secure their environments. Consensus participants provide perspective from a
diverse set of backgrounds including consulting, software development, audit and
compliance, security research, operations, government, and legal.
Each CIS Benchmark undergoes two phases of consensus review. The first phase
occurs during initial Benchmark development. During this phase, subject matter experts
convene to discuss, create, and test working drafts of the Benchmark. This discussion
occurs until consensus has been reached on Benchmark recommendations. The
second phase begins after the Benchmark has been published. During this phase, all
feedback provided by the Internet community is reviewed by the consensus team for
incorporation in the Benchmark. If you are interested in participating in the consensus
process, please visit https://workbench.cisecurity.org/.

Page 10
Typographical Conventions
The following typographical conventions are used throughout this guide:

Convention Meaning

Used for blocks of code, command, and script

Stylized Monospace font examples. Text should be interpreted exactly as
presented.

Monospace font Used for inline code, commands, or examples.

Text should be interpreted exactly as presented.

Italic texts set in angle brackets denote a variable

<italic font in brackets> requiring substitution for a real value.

Used to denote the title of a book, article, or other

Italic font
publication.

Note Additional information or caveats

Page 11
Recommendation Definitions
The following defines the various components included in a CIS recommendation as
applicable. If any of the components are not applicable it will be noted or the
component will not be included in the recommendation.

Title
Concise description for the recommendation's intended configuration.

Assessment Status
An assessment status is included for every recommendation. The assessment status
indicates whether the given recommendation can be automated or requires manual
steps to implement. Both statuses are equally important and are determined and
supported as defined below:

Automated
Represents recommendations for which assessment of a technical control can be fully
automated and validated to a pass/fail state. Recommendations will include the
necessary information to implement automation.

Manual
Represents recommendations for which assessment of a technical control cannot be
fully automated and requires all or some manual steps to validate that the configured
state is set as expected. The expected state can vary depending on the environment.

Profile
A collection of recommendations for securing a technology or a supporting platform.
Most benchmarks include at least a Level 1 and Level 2 Profile. Level 2 extends Level 1
recommendations and is not a standalone profile. The Profile Definitions section in the
benchmark provides the definitions as they pertain to the recommendations included for
the technology.

Description
Detailed information pertaining to the setting with which the recommendation is
concerned. In some cases, the description will include the recommended value.

Rationale Statement
Detailed reasoning for the recommendation to provide the user a clear and concise
understanding on the importance of the recommendation.

Page 12
Impact Statement
Any security, functionality, or operational consequences that can result from following
the recommendation.

Audit Procedure
Systematic instructions for determining if the target system complies with the
recommendation

Remediation Procedure
Systematic instructions for applying recommendations to the target system to bring it
into compliance according to the recommendation.

Default Value
Default value for the given setting in this recommendation, if known. If not known, either
not configured or not defined will be applied.

References
Additional documentation relative to the recommendation.

CIS Critical Security Controls® (CIS Controls®)

The mapping between a recommendation and the CIS Controls is organized by CIS
Controls version, Safeguard, and Implementation Group (IG). The Benchmark in its
entirety addresses the CIS Controls safeguards of (v7) “5.1 - Establish Secure
Configurations” and (v8) '4.1 - Establish and Maintain a Secure Configuration Process”
so individual recommendations will not be mapped to these safeguards.

Additional Information
Supplementary information that does not correspond to any other field but may be
useful to the user.

Page 13
Profile Definitions
The following configuration profiles are defined by this Benchmark:

• Level 1 - Server

Items in this profile intend to:

o be practical and prudent;

o provide a clear security benefit; and
o not inhibit the utility of the technology beyond acceptable means.

This profile is intended for servers.

• Level 2 - Server

This profile extends the "Level 1 - Server" profile. Items in this profile exhibit one
or more of the following characteristics:

o are intended for environments or use cases where security is paramount.

o acts as defense in depth measure.
o may negatively inhibit the utility or performance of the technology.

This profile is intended for servers.

Page 14
Acknowledgements
This Benchmark exemplifies the great things a community of users, vendors, and
subject matter experts can accomplish through consensus collaboration. The CIS
community thanks the entire consensus team with special recognition to the following
individuals who contributed greatly to the creation of this guide:
This benchmark is based upon previous Linux benchmarks published and would not be
possible without the contributions provided over the history of all of these benchmarks.
The CIS community thanks everyone who has contributed to the Linux benchmarks.
Contributor
Graham Eames
Simon John
Agustin Gonzalez
Tamas Tevesz
Beni Williamson

Editor
Jonathan Lewis Christopherson
Eric Pinnell
Justin Brown

Page 15
Recommendations
1 Initial Setup
Items in this section are advised for all systems, but may be difficult or require extensive
preparation after the initial setup of the system.

Page 16
1.1 Filesystem Configuration

Directories that are used for system-wide functions can be further protected by placing
them on separate partitions. This provides protection for resource exhaustion and
enables the use of mounting options that are applicable to the directory's intended use.
Users' data can be stored on separate partitions and have stricter mount options. A user
partition is a filesystem that has been established for use by the users and does not
contain software for system operations.
The recommendations in this section are easier to perform during initial system
installation. If the system is already installed, it is recommended that a full backup be
performed before repartitioning the system.
Note: If you are repartitioning a system that has already been installed (This may
require the system to be in single-user mode):

• Mount the new partition to a temporary mountpoint e.g. mount /dev/sda2 /mnt
• Copy data from the original partition to the new partition. e.g. cp /var/tmp/*
/mnt
• Verify that all data is present on the new partition. e.g. ls -la /mnt
• Unmount the new partition. e.g. umount /mnt
• Remove the data from the original directory that was in the old partition. e.g. rm -
Rf /var/tmp/* Otherwise it will still consume space in the old partition that will be
masked when the new filesystem is mounted.
• Mount the new partition to the desired mountpoint. e.g. mount /dev/sda2
/var/tmp
• Update /etc/fstab with the new mountpoint. e.g. /dev/sda2 /var/tmp xfs
defaults,rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime 0 0

Page 17
1.1.1 Configure Filesystem Kernel Modules

A number of uncommon filesystem types are supported under Linux. Removing support
for unneeded filesystem types reduces the local attack surface of the system. If a
filesystem type is not needed it should be disabled. Native Linux file systems are
designed to ensure that built-in security controls function as expected. Non-native
filesystems can lead to unexpected consequences to both the security and functionality
of the system and should be used with caution. Many filesystems are created for niche
use cases and are not maintained and supported as the operating systems are updated
and patched. Users of non-native filesystems should ensure that there is attention and
ongoing support for them, especially in light of frequent operating system changes.
Standard network connectivity and Internet access to cloud storage may make the use
of non-standard filesystem formats to directly attach heterogeneous devices much less
attractive.
Note: This should not be considered a comprehensive list of filesystems. You may wish
to consider additions to those listed here for your environment. For the current available
file system modules on the system see /usr/lib/modules/$(uname -r)/kernel/fs
Start up scripts

Kernel modules loaded directly via insmod will ignore what is configured in the relevant
/etc/modprobe.d/*.conf files. If modules are still being loaded after a reboot whilst
having the correctly configured blacklist and install command, check for insmod
entries in start up scripts such as .bashrc.
You may also want to check /lib/modprobe.d/. Please note that this directory should
not be used for user defined module loading. Ensure that all such entries resides in
/etc/modprobe.d/*.conf files.

Return values

By using /bin/false as the command in disabling a particular module serves two

purposes; to convey the meaning of the entry to the user and cause a non-zero return
value. The latter can be tested for in scripts. Please note that insmod will ignore what is
configured in the relevant /etc/modprobe.d/*.conf files. The preferred way to load
modules is with modprobe.

Page 18
1.1.1.1 Ensure mounting of squashfs filesystems is disabled
(Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 2 - Server
Description:
The squashfs filesystem type is a compressed read-only Linux filesystem embedded in
small footprint systems. A squashfs image can be used without having to first
decompress the image.
Rationale:
Removing support for unneeded filesystem types reduces the local attack surface of the
system. If this filesystem type is not needed, disable it.
Impact:
As Snap packages utilizes squashfs as a compressed filesystem, disabling squashfs
will cause Snap packages to fail.
Snap application packages of software are self-contained and work across a range of
Linux distributions. This is unlike traditional Linux package management approaches,
like APT or RPM, which require specifically adapted packages per Linux distribution on
an application update and delay therefore application deployment from developers to
their software's end-user. Snaps themselves have no dependency on any external store
("App store"), can be obtained from any source and can be therefore used for upstream
software deployment.
Audit:
Run the following script to verify the squashfs module is disabled:
If the module is available in the running kernel:

• An entry including /bin/true or /bin/false exists in a file within the

/etc/modprobe.d/ directory
• The module is deny listed in a file within the /etc/modprobe.d/ directory
• The module is not loaded in the kernel

If available in ANY installed kernel:

• The module is deny listed in a file within the /etc/modprobe.d/ directory

If the kernel module is not available on the system, or pre-compiled into the kernel:

• No additional configuration is necessary

Page 19
#!/usr/bin/env bash

{
l_output="" l_output2="" l_output3="" l_dl="" # Unset output variables
l_mname="squashfs" # set module name
l_mtype="fs" # set module type
l_searchloc="/lib/modprobe.d/*.conf /usr/local/lib/modprobe.d/*.conf /run/modprobe.d/*.conf
/etc/modprobe.d/*.conf"
l_mpath="/lib/modules/**/kernel/$l_mtype"
l_mpname="$(tr '-' '_' <<< "$l_mname")"
l_mndir="$(tr '-' '/' <<< "$l_mname")"

module_loadable_chk()
{
# Check if the module is currently loadable
l_loadable="$(modprobe -n -v "$l_mname")"
[ "$(wc -l <<< "$l_loadable")" -gt "1" ] && l_loadable="$(grep -P --
"(^\h*install|\b$l_mname)\b" <<< "$l_loadable")"
if grep -Pq -- '^\h*install \/bin\/(true|false)' <<< "$l_loadable"; then
l_output="$l_output\n - module: \"$l_mname\" is not loadable: \"$l_loadable\""
else
l_output2="$l_output2\n - module: \"$l_mname\" is loadable: \"$l_loadable\""
fi
}
module_loaded_chk()
{
# Check if the module is currently loaded
if ! lsmod | grep "$l_mname" > /dev/null 2>&1; then
l_output="$l_output\n - module: \"$l_mname\" is not loaded"
else
l_output2="$l_output2\n - module: \"$l_mname\" is loaded"
fi
}
module_deny_chk()
{
# Check if the module is deny listed
l_dl="y"
if modprobe --showconfig | grep -Pq -- '^\h*blacklist\h+'"$l_mpname"'\b'; then
l_output="$l_output\n - module: \"$l_mname\" is deny listed in: \"$(grep -Pls --
"^\h*blacklist\h+$l_mname\b" $l_searchloc)\""
else
l_output2="$l_output2\n - module: \"$l_mname\" is not deny listed"
fi
}
# Check if the module exists on the system
for l_mdir in $l_mpath; do
if [ -d "$l_mdir/$l_mndir" ] && [ -n "$(ls -A $l_mdir/$l_mndir)" ]; then
l_output3="$l_output3\n - \"$l_mdir\""
[ "$l_dl" != "y" ] && module_deny_chk
if [ "$l_mdir" = "/lib/modules/$(uname -r)/kernel/$l_mtype" ]; then
module_loadable_chk
module_loaded_chk
fi
else
l_output="$l_output\n - module: \"$l_mname\" doesn't exist in \"$l_mdir\""
fi
done
# Report results. If no failures output in l_output2, we pass
[ -n "$l_output3" ] && echo -e "\n\n -- INFO --\n - module: \"$l_mname\" exists in:$l_output3"
if [ -z "$l_output2" ]; then
echo -e "\n- Audit Result:\n ** PASS **\n$l_output\n"
else
echo -e "\n- Audit Result:\n ** FAIL **\n - Reason(s) for audit failure:\n$l_output2\n"
[ -n "$l_output" ] && echo -e "\n- Correctly set:\n$l_output\n"
fi
}

Page 20
Note: On operating systems where squashfs is pre-build into the kernel:

• This is considered an acceptable "passing" state

• The kernel should not be re-compiled to remove squashfs
• This audit will return as passing state with "module: "squashfs" doesn't exist in ..."

Remediation:
Run the following script to disable the squashfs module:
If the module is available in the running kernel:

• Create a file with install squashfs /bin/false in the /etc/modprobe.d/

directory
• Create a file with blacklist squashfs in the /etc/modprobe.d/ directory
• Unload squashfs from the kernel

If available in ANY installed kernel:

• Create a file with blacklist squashfs in the /etc/modprobe.d/ directory

If the kernel module is not available on the system or pre-compiled into the kernel:

• No remediation is necessary

Page 21
#!/usr/bin/env bash

{
l_mname="squashfs" # set module name
l_mtype="fs" # set module type
l_mpath="/lib/modules/**/kernel/$l_mtype"
l_mpname="$(tr '-' '_' <<< "$l_mname")"
l_mndir="$(tr '-' '/' <<< "$l_mname")"

module_loadable_fix()
{
# If the module is currently loadable, add "install {MODULE_NAME} /bin/false" to a file in
"/etc/modprobe.d"
l_loadable="$(modprobe -n -v "$l_mname")"
[ "$(wc -l <<< "$l_loadable")" -gt "1" ] && l_loadable="$(grep -P --
"(^\h*install|\b$l_mname)\b" <<< "$l_loadable")"
if ! grep -Pq -- '^\h*install \/bin\/(true|false)' <<< "$l_loadable"; then
echo -e "\n - setting module: \"$l_mname\" to be not loadable"
echo -e "install $l_mname /bin/false" >> /etc/modprobe.d/"$l_mpname".conf
fi
}
module_loaded_fix()
{
# If the module is currently loaded, unload the module
if lsmod | grep "$l_mname" > /dev/null 2>&1; then
echo -e "\n - unloading module \"$l_mname\""
modprobe -r "$l_mname"
fi
}
module_deny_fix()
{
# If the module isn't deny listed, denylist the module
if ! modprobe --showconfig | grep -Pq -- "^\h*blacklist\h+$l_mpname\b"; then
echo -e "\n - deny listing \"$l_mname\""
echo -e "blacklist $l_mname" >> /etc/modprobe.d/"$l_mpname".conf
fi
}
# Check if the module exists on the system
for l_mdir in $l_mpath; do
if [ -d "$l_mdir/$l_mndir" ] && [ -n "$(ls -A $l_mdir/$l_mndir)" ]; then
echo -e "\n - module: \"$l_mname\" exists in \"$l_mdir\"\n - checking if disabled..."
module_deny_fix
if [ "$l_mdir" = "/lib/modules/$(uname -r)/kernel/$l_mtype" ]; then
module_loadable_fix
module_loaded_fix
fi
else
echo -e "\n - module: \"$l_mname\" doesn't exist in \"$l_mdir\"\n"
fi
done
echo -e "\n - remediation of module: \"$l_mname\" complete\n"
}

References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7

Page 22
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

4.8 Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on

Enterprise Assets and Software
v8 Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, ● ●
such as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service
function.

9.2 Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services

v7 Are Running ● ●
Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system
with validated business needs, are running on each system.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1005, T1005.000 TA0005 M1050

Page 23
1.1.1.2 Ensure mounting of udf filesystems is disabled
(Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 2 - Server
Description:
The udf filesystem type is the universal disk format used to implement ISO/IEC 13346
and ECMA-167 specifications. This is an open vendor filesystem type for data storage
on a broad range of media. This filesystem type is necessary to support writing DVDs
and newer optical disc formats.
Rationale:
Removing support for unneeded filesystem types reduces the local attack surface of the
system. If this filesystem type is not needed, disable it.
Audit:
Run the following script to verify the udf module is disabled:
If the module is available in the running kernel:

• An entry including /bin/true or /bin/false exists in a file within the

/etc/modprobe.d/ directory
• The module is deny listed in a file within the /etc/modprobe.d/ directory
• The module is not loaded in the kernel

If available in ANY installed kernel:

• The module is deny listed in a file within the /etc/modprobe.d/ directory

If the kernel module is not available on the system, or pre-compiled into the kernel:

• No additional configuration is necessary

Page 24
#!/usr/bin/env bash

{
l_output="" l_output2="" l_output3="" l_dl="" # Unset output variables
l_mname="udf" # set module name
l_mtype="fs" # set module type
l_searchloc="/lib/modprobe.d/*.conf /usr/local/lib/modprobe.d/*.conf /run/modprobe.d/*.conf
/etc/modprobe.d/*.conf"
l_mpath="/lib/modules/**/kernel/$l_mtype"
l_mpname="$(tr '-' '_' <<< "$l_mname")"
l_mndir="$(tr '-' '/' <<< "$l_mname")"

module_loadable_chk()
{
# Check if the module is currently loadable
l_loadable="$(modprobe -n -v "$l_mname")"
[ "$(wc -l <<< "$l_loadable")" -gt "1" ] && l_loadable="$(grep -P --
"(^\h*install|\b$l_mname)\b" <<< "$l_loadable")"
if grep -Pq -- '^\h*install \/bin\/(true|false)' <<< "$l_loadable"; then
l_output="$l_output\n - module: \"$l_mname\" is not loadable: \"$l_loadable\""
else
l_output2="$l_output2\n - module: \"$l_mname\" is loadable: \"$l_loadable\""
fi
}
module_loaded_chk()
{
# Check if the module is currently loaded
if ! lsmod | grep "$l_mname" > /dev/null 2>&1; then
l_output="$l_output\n - module: \"$l_mname\" is not loaded"
else
l_output2="$l_output2\n - module: \"$l_mname\" is loaded"
fi
}
module_deny_chk()
{
# Check if the module is deny listed
l_dl="y"
if modprobe --showconfig | grep -Pq -- '^\h*blacklist\h+'"$l_mpname"'\b'; then
l_output="$l_output\n - module: \"$l_mname\" is deny listed in: \"$(grep -Pls --
"^\h*blacklist\h+$l_mname\b" $l_searchloc)\""
else
l_output2="$l_output2\n - module: \"$l_mname\" is not deny listed"
fi
}
# Check if the module exists on the system
for l_mdir in $l_mpath; do
if [ -d "$l_mdir/$l_mndir" ] && [ -n "$(ls -A $l_mdir/$l_mndir)" ]; then
l_output3="$l_output3\n - \"$l_mdir\""
[ "$l_dl" != "y" ] && module_deny_chk
if [ "$l_mdir" = "/lib/modules/$(uname -r)/kernel/$l_mtype" ]; then
module_loadable_chk
module_loaded_chk
fi
else
l_output="$l_output\n - module: \"$l_mname\" doesn't exist in \"$l_mdir\""
fi
done
# Report results. If no failures output in l_output2, we pass
[ -n "$l_output3" ] && echo -e "\n\n -- INFO --\n - module: \"$l_mname\" exists in:$l_output3"
if [ -z "$l_output2" ]; then
echo -e "\n- Audit Result:\n ** PASS **\n$l_output\n"
else
echo -e "\n- Audit Result:\n ** FAIL **\n - Reason(s) for audit failure:\n$l_output2\n"
[ -n "$l_output" ] && echo -e "\n- Correctly set:\n$l_output\n"
fi
}

Page 25
Remediation:
Run the following script to disable the udf module:
If the module is available in the running kernel:

• Create a file with install udf /bin/false in the /etc/modprobe.d/ directory

• Create a file with blacklist udf in the /etc/modprobe.d/ directory
• Unload udf from the kernel

If available in ANY installed kernel:

• Create a file with blacklist udf in the /etc/modprobe.d/ directory

If the kernel module is not available on the system or pre-compiled into the kernel:

• No remediation is necessary

Page 26
#!/usr/bin/env bash

{
l_mname="udf" # set module name
l_mtype="fs" # set module type
l_mpath="/lib/modules/**/kernel/$l_mtype"
l_mpname="$(tr '-' '_' <<< "$l_mname")"
l_mndir="$(tr '-' '/' <<< "$l_mname")"

module_loadable_fix()
{
# If the module is currently loadable, add "install {MODULE_NAME} /bin/false" to a file in
"/etc/modprobe.d"
l_loadable="$(modprobe -n -v "$l_mname")"
[ "$(wc -l <<< "$l_loadable")" -gt "1" ] && l_loadable="$(grep -P --
"(^\h*install|\b$l_mname)\b" <<< "$l_loadable")"
if ! grep -Pq -- '^\h*install \/bin\/(true|false)' <<< "$l_loadable"; then
echo -e "\n - setting module: \"$l_mname\" to be not loadable"
echo -e "install $l_mname /bin/false" >> /etc/modprobe.d/"$l_mpname".conf
fi
}
module_loaded_fix()
{
# If the module is currently loaded, unload the module
if lsmod | grep "$l_mname" > /dev/null 2>&1; then
echo -e "\n - unloading module \"$l_mname\""
modprobe -r "$l_mname"
fi
}
module_deny_fix()
{
# If the module isn't deny listed, denylist the module
if ! modprobe --showconfig | grep -Pq -- "^\h*blacklist\h+$l_mpname\b"; then
echo -e "\n - deny listing \"$l_mname\""
echo -e "blacklist $l_mname" >> /etc/modprobe.d/"$l_mpname".conf
fi
}
# Check if the module exists on the system
for l_mdir in $l_mpath; do
if [ -d "$l_mdir/$l_mndir" ] && [ -n "$(ls -A $l_mdir/$l_mndir)" ]; then
echo -e "\n - module: \"$l_mname\" exists in \"$l_mdir\"\n - checking if disabled..."
module_deny_fix
if [ "$l_mdir" = "/lib/modules/$(uname -r)/kernel/$l_mtype" ]; then
module_loadable_fix
module_loaded_fix
fi
else
echo -e "\n - module: \"$l_mname\" doesn't exist in \"$l_mdir\"\n"
fi
done
echo -e "\n - remediation of module: \"$l_mname\" complete\n"
}

References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7

Page 27
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

4.8 Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on

Enterprise Assets and Software
v8 Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, ● ●
such as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service
function.

9.2 Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services

v7 Are Running ● ●
Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system
with validated business needs, are running on each system.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1005, T1005.000 TA0005 M1050

Page 28
1.1.1.3 Ensure mounting of cramfs filesystems is disabled
(Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
The cramfs filesystem type is a compressed read-only Linux filesystem embedded in
small footprint systems. A cramfs image can be used without having to first decompress
the image.
Rationale:
Removing support for unneeded filesystem types reduces the local attack surface of the
system. If this filesystem type is not needed, disable it.
Audit:
Run the following script to verify the cramfs module is disabled:
If the module is available in the running kernel:

• An entry including /bin/true or /bin/false exists in a file within the

/etc/modprobe.d/ directory
• The module is deny listed in a file within the /etc/modprobe.d/ directory
• The module is not loaded in the kernel

If available in ANY installed kernel:

• The module is deny listed in a file within the /etc/modprobe.d/ directory

If the kernel module is not available on the system, or pre-compiled into the kernel:

• No additional configuration is necessary

Page 29
#!/usr/bin/env bash

{
l_output="" l_output2="" l_output3="" l_dl="" # Unset output variables
l_mname="cramfs" # set module name
l_mtype="fs" # set module type
l_searchloc="/lib/modprobe.d/*.conf /usr/local/lib/modprobe.d/*.conf /run/modprobe.d/*.conf
/etc/modprobe.d/*.conf"
l_mpath="/lib/modules/**/kernel/$l_mtype"
l_mpname="$(tr '-' '_' <<< "$l_mname")"
l_mndir="$(tr '-' '/' <<< "$l_mname")"

module_loadable_chk()
{
# Check if the module is currently loadable
l_loadable="$(modprobe -n -v "$l_mname")"
[ "$(wc -l <<< "$l_loadable")" -gt "1" ] && l_loadable="$(grep -P --
"(^\h*install|\b$l_mname)\b" <<< "$l_loadable")"
if grep -Pq -- '^\h*install \/bin\/(true|false)' <<< "$l_loadable"; then
l_output="$l_output\n - module: \"$l_mname\" is not loadable: \"$l_loadable\""
else
l_output2="$l_output2\n - module: \"$l_mname\" is loadable: \"$l_loadable\""
fi
}
module_loaded_chk()
{
# Check if the module is currently loaded
if ! lsmod | grep "$l_mname" > /dev/null 2>&1; then
l_output="$l_output\n - module: \"$l_mname\" is not loaded"
else
l_output2="$l_output2\n - module: \"$l_mname\" is loaded"
fi
}
module_deny_chk()
{
# Check if the module is deny listed
l_dl="y"
if modprobe --showconfig | grep -Pq -- '^\h*blacklist\h+'"$l_mpname"'\b'; then
l_output="$l_output\n - module: \"$l_mname\" is deny listed in: \"$(grep -Pls --
"^\h*blacklist\h+$l_mname\b" $l_searchloc)\""
else
l_output2="$l_output2\n - module: \"$l_mname\" is not deny listed"
fi
}
# Check if the module exists on the system
for l_mdir in $l_mpath; do
if [ -d "$l_mdir/$l_mndir" ] && [ -n "$(ls -A $l_mdir/$l_mndir)" ]; then
l_output3="$l_output3\n - \"$l_mdir\""
[ "$l_dl" != "y" ] && module_deny_chk
if [ "$l_mdir" = "/lib/modules/$(uname -r)/kernel/$l_mtype" ]; then
module_loadable_chk
module_loaded_chk
fi
else
l_output="$l_output\n - module: \"$l_mname\" doesn't exist in \"$l_mdir\""
fi
done
# Report results. If no failures output in l_output2, we pass
[ -n "$l_output3" ] && echo -e "\n\n -- INFO --\n - module: \"$l_mname\" exists in:$l_output3"
if [ -z "$l_output2" ]; then
echo -e "\n- Audit Result:\n ** PASS **\n$l_output\n"
else
echo -e "\n- Audit Result:\n ** FAIL **\n - Reason(s) for audit failure:\n$l_output2\n"
[ -n "$l_output" ] && echo -e "\n- Correctly set:\n$l_output\n"
fi
}

Page 30
Remediation:
Run the following script to disable the cramfs module:
If the module is available in the running kernel:

• Create a file with install cramfs /bin/false in the /etc/modprobe.d/ directory

• Create a file with blacklist cramfs in the /etc/modprobe.d/ directory
• Unload cramfs from the kernel

If available in ANY installed kernel:

• Create a file with blacklist cramfs in the /etc/modprobe.d/ directory

If the kernel module is not available on the system or pre-compiled into the kernel:

• No remediation is necessary

Page 31
#!/usr/bin/env bash

{
l_mname="cramfs" # set module name
l_mtype="fs" # set module type
l_mpath="/lib/modules/**/kernel/$l_mtype"
l_mpname="$(tr '-' '_' <<< "$l_mname")"
l_mndir="$(tr '-' '/' <<< "$l_mname")"

module_loadable_fix()
{
# If the module is currently loadable, add "install {MODULE_NAME} /bin/false" to a file in
"/etc/modprobe.d"
l_loadable="$(modprobe -n -v "$l_mname")"
[ "$(wc -l <<< "$l_loadable")" -gt "1" ] && l_loadable="$(grep -P --
"(^\h*install|\b$l_mname)\b" <<< "$l_loadable")"
if ! grep -Pq -- '^\h*install \/bin\/(true|false)' <<< "$l_loadable"; then
echo -e "\n - setting module: \"$l_mname\" to be not loadable"
echo -e "install $l_mname /bin/false" >> /etc/modprobe.d/"$l_mpname".conf
fi
}
module_loaded_fix()
{
# If the module is currently loaded, unload the module
if lsmod | grep "$l_mname" > /dev/null 2>&1; then
echo -e "\n - unloading module \"$l_mname\""
modprobe -r "$l_mname"
fi
}
module_deny_fix()
{
# If the module isn't deny listed, denylist the module
if ! modprobe --showconfig | grep -Pq -- "^\h*blacklist\h+$l_mpname\b"; then
echo -e "\n - deny listing \"$l_mname\""
echo -e "blacklist $l_mname" >> /etc/modprobe.d/"$l_mpname".conf
fi
}
# Check if the module exists on the system
for l_mdir in $l_mpath; do
if [ -d "$l_mdir/$l_mndir" ] && [ -n "$(ls -A $l_mdir/$l_mndir)" ]; then
echo -e "\n - module: \"$l_mname\" exists in \"$l_mdir\"\n - checking if disabled..."
module_deny_fix
if [ "$l_mdir" = "/lib/modules/$(uname -r)/kernel/$l_mtype" ]; then
module_loadable_fix
module_loaded_fix
fi
else
echo -e "\n - module: \"$l_mname\" doesn't exist in \"$l_mdir\"\n"
fi
done
echo -e "\n - remediation of module: \"$l_mname\" complete\n"
}

References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7

Page 32
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

4.8 Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on

Enterprise Assets and Software
v8 Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, ● ●
such as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service
function.

9.2 Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services

v7 Are Running ● ●
Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system
with validated business needs, are running on each system.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1005, T1005.000 TA0005 M1050

Page 33
1.1.1.4 Ensure mounting of freevxfs filesystems is disabled
(Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
The freevxfs filesystem type is a free version of the Veritas type filesystem. This is the
primary filesystem type for HP-UX operating systems.
Rationale:
Removing support for unneeded filesystem types reduces the local attack surface of the
system. If this filesystem type is not needed, disable it.
Audit:
Run the following script to verify the freevxfs module is disabled:
If the module is available in the running kernel:

• An entry including /bin/true or /bin/false exists in a file within the

/etc/modprobe.d/ directory
• The module is deny listed in a file within the /etc/modprobe.d/ directory
• The module is not loaded in the kernel

If available in ANY installed kernel:

• The module is deny listed in a file within the /etc/modprobe.d/ directory

If the kernel module is not available on the system, or pre-compiled into the kernel:

• No additional configuration is necessary

Page 34
#!/usr/bin/env bash

{
l_output="" l_output2="" l_output3="" l_dl="" # Unset output variables
l_mname="freevxfs" # set module name
l_mtype="fs" # set module type
l_searchloc="/lib/modprobe.d/*.conf /usr/local/lib/modprobe.d/*.conf /run/modprobe.d/*.conf
/etc/modprobe.d/*.conf"
l_mpath="/lib/modules/**/kernel/$l_mtype"
l_mpname="$(tr '-' '_' <<< "$l_mname")"
l_mndir="$(tr '-' '/' <<< "$l_mname")"
module_loadable_chk()
{
# Check if the module is currently loadable
l_loadable="$(modprobe -n -v "$l_mname")"
[ "$(wc -l <<< "$l_loadable")" -gt "1" ] && l_loadable="$(grep -P --
"(^\h*install|\b$l_mname)\b" <<< "$l_loadable")"
if grep -Pq -- '^\h*install \/bin\/(true|false)' <<< "$l_loadable"; then
l_output="$l_output\n - module: \"$l_mname\" is not loadable: \"$l_loadable\""
else
l_output2="$l_output2\n - module: \"$l_mname\" is loadable: \"$l_loadable\""
fi
}
module_loaded_chk()
{
# Check if the module is currently loaded
if ! lsmod | grep "$l_mname" > /dev/null 2>&1; then
l_output="$l_output\n - module: \"$l_mname\" is not loaded"
else
l_output2="$l_output2\n - module: \"$l_mname\" is loaded"
fi
}
module_deny_chk()
{
# Check if the module is deny listed
l_dl="y"
if modprobe --showconfig | grep -Pq -- '^\h*blacklist\h+'"$l_mpname"'\b'; then
l_output="$l_output\n - module: \"$l_mname\" is deny listed in: \"$(grep -Pls --
"^\h*blacklist\h+$l_mname\b" $l_searchloc)\""
else
l_output2="$l_output2\n - module: \"$l_mname\" is not deny listed"
fi
}
# Check if the module exists on the system
for l_mdir in $l_mpath; do
if [ -d "$l_mdir/$l_mndir" ] && [ -n "$(ls -A $l_mdir/$l_mndir)" ]; then
l_output3="$l_output3\n - \"$l_mdir\""
[ "$l_dl" != "y" ] && module_deny_chk
if [ "$l_mdir" = "/lib/modules/$(uname -r)/kernel/$l_mtype" ]; then
module_loadable_chk
module_loaded_chk
fi
else
l_output="$l_output\n - module: \"$l_mname\" doesn't exist in \"$l_mdir\""
fi
done
# Report results. If no failures output in l_output2, we pass
[ -n "$l_output3" ] && echo -e "\n\n -- INFO --\n - module: \"$l_mname\" exists in:$l_output3"
if [ -z "$l_output2" ]; then
echo -e "\n- Audit Result:\n ** PASS **\n$l_output\n"
else
echo -e "\n- Audit Result:\n ** FAIL **\n - Reason(s) for audit failure:\n$l_output2\n"
[ -n "$l_output" ] && echo -e "\n- Correctly set:\n$l_output\n"
fi
}

Page 35
Remediation:
Run the following script to disable the freevxfs module:
If the module is available in the running kernel:

• Create a file with install freevxfs /bin/false in the /etc/modprobe.d/

directory
• Create a file with blacklist freevxfs in the /etc/modprobe.d/ directory
• Unload freevxfs from the kernel

If available in ANY installed kernel:

• Create a file with blacklist freevxfs in the /etc/modprobe.d/ directory

If the kernel module is not available on the system or pre-compiled into the kernel:

• No remediation is necessary

Page 36
#!/usr/bin/env bash

{
l_mname="freevxfs" # set module name
l_mtype="fs" # set module type
l_mpath="/lib/modules/**/kernel/$l_mtype"
l_mpname="$(tr '-' '_' <<< "$l_mname")"
l_mndir="$(tr '-' '/' <<< "$l_mname")"

module_loadable_fix()
{
# If the module is currently loadable, add "install {MODULE_NAME} /bin/false" to a file in
"/etc/modprobe.d"
l_loadable="$(modprobe -n -v "$l_mname")"
[ "$(wc -l <<< "$l_loadable")" -gt "1" ] && l_loadable="$(grep -P --
"(^\h*install|\b$l_mname)\b" <<< "$l_loadable")"
if ! grep -Pq -- '^\h*install \/bin\/(true|false)' <<< "$l_loadable"; then
echo -e "\n - setting module: \"$l_mname\" to be not loadable"
echo -e "install $l_mname /bin/false" >> /etc/modprobe.d/"$l_mpname".conf
fi
}
module_loaded_fix()
{
# If the module is currently loaded, unload the module
if lsmod | grep "$l_mname" > /dev/null 2>&1; then
echo -e "\n - unloading module \"$l_mname\""
modprobe -r "$l_mname"
fi
}
module_deny_fix()
{
# If the module isn't deny listed, denylist the module
if ! modprobe --showconfig | grep -Pq -- "^\h*blacklist\h+$l_mpname\b"; then
echo -e "\n - deny listing \"$l_mname\""
echo -e "blacklist $l_mname" >> /etc/modprobe.d/"$l_mpname".conf
fi
}
# Check if the module exists on the system
for l_mdir in $l_mpath; do
if [ -d "$l_mdir/$l_mndir" ] && [ -n "$(ls -A $l_mdir/$l_mndir)" ]; then
echo -e "\n - module: \"$l_mname\" exists in \"$l_mdir\"\n - checking if disabled..."
module_deny_fix
if [ "$l_mdir" = "/lib/modules/$(uname -r)/kernel/$l_mtype" ]; then
module_loadable_fix
module_loaded_fix
fi
else
echo -e "\n - module: \"$l_mname\" doesn't exist in \"$l_mdir\"\n"
fi
done
echo -e "\n - remediation of module: \"$l_mname\" complete\n"
}

References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7

Page 37
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

9.2 Use DNS Filtering Services

v8 Use DNS filtering services on all enterprise assets to block access to known ● ● ●
malicious domains.

4.8 Log and Alert on Changes to Administrative Group

v7 Membership ● ●
Configure systems to issue a log entry and alert when an account is added
to or removed from any group assigned administrative privileges.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1005, T1005.000 TA0005 M1050

Page 38
1.1.1.5 Ensure mounting of jffs2 filesystems is disabled
(Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
The jffs2 (journaling flash filesystem 2) filesystem type is a log-structured filesystem
used in flash memory devices.
Rationale:
Removing support for unneeded filesystem types reduces the local attack surface of the
system. If this filesystem type is not needed, disable it.
Audit:
Run the following script to verify the jffs2 module is disabled:
If the module is available in the running kernel:

• An entry including /bin/true or /bin/false exists in a file within the

/etc/modprobe.d/ directory
• The module is deny listed in a file within the /etc/modprobe.d/ directory
• The module is not loaded in the kernel

If available in ANY installed kernel:

• The module is deny listed in a file within the /etc/modprobe.d/ directory

If the kernel module is not available on the system, or pre-compiled into the kernel:

• No additional configuration is necessary

Page 39
#!/usr/bin/env bash

{
l_output="" l_output2="" l_output3="" l_dl="" # Unset output variables
l_mname="jffs2" # set module name
l_mtype="fs" # set module type
l_searchloc="/lib/modprobe.d/*.conf /usr/local/lib/modprobe.d/*.conf /run/modprobe.d/*.conf
/etc/modprobe.d/*.conf"
l_mpath="/lib/modules/**/kernel/$l_mtype"
l_mpname="$(tr '-' '_' <<< "$l_mname")"
l_mndir="$(tr '-' '/' <<< "$l_mname")"

module_loadable_chk()
{
# Check if the module is currently loadable
l_loadable="$(modprobe -n -v "$l_mname")"
[ "$(wc -l <<< "$l_loadable")" -gt "1" ] && l_loadable="$(grep -P --
"(^\h*install|\b$l_mname)\b" <<< "$l_loadable")"
if grep -Pq -- '^\h*install \/bin\/(true|false)' <<< "$l_loadable"; then
l_output="$l_output\n - module: \"$l_mname\" is not loadable: \"$l_loadable\""
else
l_output2="$l_output2\n - module: \"$l_mname\" is loadable: \"$l_loadable\""
fi
}
module_loaded_chk()
{
# Check if the module is currently loaded
if ! lsmod | grep "$l_mname" > /dev/null 2>&1; then
l_output="$l_output\n - module: \"$l_mname\" is not loaded"
else
l_output2="$l_output2\n - module: \"$l_mname\" is loaded"
fi
}
module_deny_chk()
{
# Check if the module is deny listed
l_dl="y"
if modprobe --showconfig | grep -Pq -- '^\h*blacklist\h+'"$l_mpname"'\b'; then
l_output="$l_output\n - module: \"$l_mname\" is deny listed in: \"$(grep -Pls --
"^\h*blacklist\h+$l_mname\b" $l_searchloc)\""
else
l_output2="$l_output2\n - module: \"$l_mname\" is not deny listed"
fi
}
# Check if the module exists on the system
for l_mdir in $l_mpath; do
if [ -d "$l_mdir/$l_mndir" ] && [ -n "$(ls -A $l_mdir/$l_mndir)" ]; then
l_output3="$l_output3\n - \"$l_mdir\""
[ "$l_dl" != "y" ] && module_deny_chk
if [ "$l_mdir" = "/lib/modules/$(uname -r)/kernel/$l_mtype" ]; then
module_loadable_chk
module_loaded_chk
fi
else
l_output="$l_output\n - module: \"$l_mname\" doesn't exist in \"$l_mdir\""
fi
done
# Report results. If no failures output in l_output2, we pass
[ -n "$l_output3" ] && echo -e "\n\n -- INFO --\n - module: \"$l_mname\" exists in:$l_output3"
if [ -z "$l_output2" ]; then
echo -e "\n- Audit Result:\n ** PASS **\n$l_output\n"
else
echo -e "\n- Audit Result:\n ** FAIL **\n - Reason(s) for audit failure:\n$l_output2\n"
[ -n "$l_output" ] && echo -e "\n- Correctly set:\n$l_output\n"
fi
}

Page 40
Remediation:
Run the following script to disable the jffs2 module:
If the module is available in the running kernel:

• Create a file with install jffs2 /bin/false in the /etc/modprobe.d/ directory

• Create a file with blacklist jffs2 in the /etc/modprobe.d/ directory
• Unload jffs2 from the kernel

If available in ANY installed kernel:

• Create a file with blacklist jffs2 in the /etc/modprobe.d/ directory

If the kernel module is not available on the system or pre-compiled into the kernel:

• No remediation is necessary

Page 41
#!/usr/bin/env bash

{
l_mname="jffs2" # set module name
l_mtype="fs" # set module type
l_mpath="/lib/modules/**/kernel/$l_mtype"
l_mpname="$(tr '-' '_' <<< "$l_mname")"
l_mndir="$(tr '-' '/' <<< "$l_mname")"

module_loadable_fix()
{
# If the module is currently loadable, add "install {MODULE_NAME} /bin/false" to a file in
"/etc/modprobe.d"
l_loadable="$(modprobe -n -v "$l_mname")"
[ "$(wc -l <<< "$l_loadable")" -gt "1" ] && l_loadable="$(grep -P --
"(^\h*install|\b$l_mname)\b" <<< "$l_loadable")"
if ! grep -Pq -- '^\h*install \/bin\/(true|false)' <<< "$l_loadable"; then
echo -e "\n - setting module: \"$l_mname\" to be not loadable"
echo -e "install $l_mname /bin/false" >> /etc/modprobe.d/"$l_mpname".conf
fi
}
module_loaded_fix()
{
# If the module is currently loaded, unload the module
if lsmod | grep "$l_mname" > /dev/null 2>&1; then
echo -e "\n - unloading module \"$l_mname\""
modprobe -r "$l_mname"
fi
}
module_deny_fix()
{
# If the module isn't deny listed, denylist the module
if ! modprobe --showconfig | grep -Pq -- "^\h*blacklist\h+$l_mpname\b"; then
echo -e "\n - deny listing \"$l_mname\""
echo -e "blacklist $l_mname" >> /etc/modprobe.d/"$l_mpname".conf
fi
}
# Check if the module exists on the system
for l_mdir in $l_mpath; do
if [ -d "$l_mdir/$l_mndir" ] && [ -n "$(ls -A $l_mdir/$l_mndir)" ]; then
echo -e "\n - module: \"$l_mname\" exists in \"$l_mdir\"\n - checking if disabled..."
module_deny_fix
if [ "$l_mdir" = "/lib/modules/$(uname -r)/kernel/$l_mtype" ]; then
module_loadable_fix
module_loaded_fix
fi
else
echo -e "\n - module: \"$l_mname\" doesn't exist in \"$l_mdir\"\n"
fi
done
echo -e "\n - remediation of module: \"$l_mname\" complete\n"
}

References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7

Page 42
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

4.8 Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on

Enterprise Assets and Software
v8 Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, ● ●
such as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service
function.

9.2 Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services

v7 Are Running ● ●
Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system
with validated business needs, are running on each system.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1005, T1005.000 TA0005 M1050

Page 43
1.1.1.6 Ensure mounting of hfs filesystems is disabled
(Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
The hfs filesystem type is a hierarchical filesystem that allows you to mount Mac OS
filesystems.
Rationale:
Removing support for unneeded filesystem types reduces the local attack surface of the
system. If this filesystem type is not needed, disable it.
Audit:
Run the following script to verify the hfs module is disabled:
If the module is available in the running kernel:

• An entry including /bin/true or /bin/false exists in a file within the

/etc/modprobe.d/ directory
• The module is deny listed in a file within the /etc/modprobe.d/ directory
• The module is not loaded in the kernel

If available in ANY installed kernel:

• The module is deny listed in a file within the /etc/modprobe.d/ directory

If the kernel module is not available on the system, or pre-compiled into the kernel:

• No additional configuration is necessary

Page 44
#!/usr/bin/env bash

{
l_output="" l_output2="" l_output3="" l_dl="" # Unset output variables
l_mname="hfs" # set module name
l_mtype="fs" # set module type
l_searchloc="/lib/modprobe.d/*.conf /usr/local/lib/modprobe.d/*.conf /run/modprobe.d/*.conf
/etc/modprobe.d/*.conf"
l_mpath="/lib/modules/**/kernel/$l_mtype"
l_mpname="$(tr '-' '_' <<< "$l_mname")"
l_mndir="$(tr '-' '/' <<< "$l_mname")"

module_loadable_chk()
{
# Check if the module is currently loadable
l_loadable="$(modprobe -n -v "$l_mname")"
[ "$(wc -l <<< "$l_loadable")" -gt "1" ] && l_loadable="$(grep -P --
"(^\h*install|\b$l_mname)\b" <<< "$l_loadable")"
if grep -Pq -- '^\h*install \/bin\/(true|false)' <<< "$l_loadable"; then
l_output="$l_output\n - module: \"$l_mname\" is not loadable: \"$l_loadable\""
else
l_output2="$l_output2\n - module: \"$l_mname\" is loadable: \"$l_loadable\""
fi
}
module_loaded_chk()
{
# Check if the module is currently loaded
if ! lsmod | grep "$l_mname" > /dev/null 2>&1; then
l_output="$l_output\n - module: \"$l_mname\" is not loaded"
else
l_output2="$l_output2\n - module: \"$l_mname\" is loaded"
fi
}
module_deny_chk()
{
# Check if the module is deny listed
l_dl="y"
if modprobe --showconfig | grep -Pq -- '^\h*blacklist\h+'"$l_mpname"'\b'; then
l_output="$l_output\n - module: \"$l_mname\" is deny listed in: \"$(grep -Pls --
"^\h*blacklist\h+$l_mname\b" $l_searchloc)\""
else
l_output2="$l_output2\n - module: \"$l_mname\" is not deny listed"
fi
}
# Check if the module exists on the system
for l_mdir in $l_mpath; do
if [ -d "$l_mdir/$l_mndir" ] && [ -n "$(ls -A $l_mdir/$l_mndir)" ]; then
l_output3="$l_output3\n - \"$l_mdir\""
[ "$l_dl" != "y" ] && module_deny_chk
if [ "$l_mdir" = "/lib/modules/$(uname -r)/kernel/$l_mtype" ]; then
module_loadable_chk
module_loaded_chk
fi
else
l_output="$l_output\n - module: \"$l_mname\" doesn't exist in \"$l_mdir\""
fi
done
# Report results. If no failures output in l_output2, we pass
[ -n "$l_output3" ] && echo -e "\n\n -- INFO --\n - module: \"$l_mname\" exists in:$l_output3"
if [ -z "$l_output2" ]; then
echo -e "\n- Audit Result:\n ** PASS **\n$l_output\n"
else
echo -e "\n- Audit Result:\n ** FAIL **\n - Reason(s) for audit failure:\n$l_output2\n"
[ -n "$l_output" ] && echo -e "\n- Correctly set:\n$l_output\n"
fi
}

Page 45
Remediation:
Run the following script to disable the hfs module:
If the module is available in the running kernel:

• Create a file with install hfs /bin/false in the /etc/modprobe.d/ directory

• Create a file with blacklist hfs in the /etc/modprobe.d/ directory
• Unload hfs from the kernel

If available in ANY installed kernel:

• Create a file with blacklist hfs in the /etc/modprobe.d/ directory

If the kernel module is not available on the system or pre-compiled into the kernel:

• No remediation is necessary

Page 46
#!/usr/bin/env bash

{
l_mname="hfs" # set module name
l_mtype="fs" # set module type
l_mpath="/lib/modules/**/kernel/$l_mtype"
l_mpname="$(tr '-' '_' <<< "$l_mname")"
l_mndir="$(tr '-' '/' <<< "$l_mname")"

module_loadable_fix()
{
# If the module is currently loadable, add "install {MODULE_NAME} /bin/false" to a file in
"/etc/modprobe.d"
l_loadable="$(modprobe -n -v "$l_mname")"
[ "$(wc -l <<< "$l_loadable")" -gt "1" ] && l_loadable="$(grep -P --
"(^\h*install|\b$l_mname)\b" <<< "$l_loadable")"
if ! grep -Pq -- '^\h*install \/bin\/(true|false)' <<< "$l_loadable"; then
echo -e "\n - setting module: \"$l_mname\" to be not loadable"
echo -e "install $l_mname /bin/false" >> /etc/modprobe.d/"$l_mpname".conf
fi
}
module_loaded_fix()
{
# If the module is currently loaded, unload the module
if lsmod | grep "$l_mname" > /dev/null 2>&1; then
echo -e "\n - unloading module \"$l_mname\""
modprobe -r "$l_mname"
fi
}
module_deny_fix()
{
# If the module isn't deny listed, denylist the module
if ! modprobe --showconfig | grep -Pq -- "^\h*blacklist\h+$l_mpname\b"; then
echo -e "\n - deny listing \"$l_mname\""
echo -e "blacklist $l_mname" >> /etc/modprobe.d/"$l_mpname".conf
fi
}
# Check if the module exists on the system
for l_mdir in $l_mpath; do
if [ -d "$l_mdir/$l_mndir" ] && [ -n "$(ls -A $l_mdir/$l_mndir)" ]; then
echo -e "\n - module: \"$l_mname\" exists in \"$l_mdir\"\n - checking if disabled..."
module_deny_fix
if [ "$l_mdir" = "/lib/modules/$(uname -r)/kernel/$l_mtype" ]; then
module_loadable_fix
module_loaded_fix
fi
else
echo -e "\n - module: \"$l_mname\" doesn't exist in \"$l_mdir\"\n"
fi
done
echo -e "\n - remediation of module: \"$l_mname\" complete\n"
}

References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7

Page 47
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

4.8 Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on

Enterprise Assets and Software
v8 Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, ● ●
such as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service
function.

9.2 Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services

v7 Are Running ● ●
Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system
with validated business needs, are running on each system.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1005, T1005.000 TA0005 M1050

Page 48
1.1.1.7 Ensure mounting of hfsplus filesystems is disabled
(Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
The hfsplus filesystem type is a hierarchical filesystem designed to replace hfs that
allows you to mount Mac OS filesystems.
Rationale:
Removing support for unneeded filesystem types reduces the local attack surface of the
system. If this filesystem type is not needed, disable it.
Audit:
Run the following script to verify the hfsplus module is disabled:
If the module is available in the running kernel:

• An entry including /bin/true or /bin/false exists in a file within the

/etc/modprobe.d/ directory
• The module is deny listed in a file within the /etc/modprobe.d/ directory
• The module is not loaded in the kernel

If available in ANY installed kernel:

• The module is deny listed in a file within the /etc/modprobe.d/ directory

If the kernel module is not available on the system, or pre-compiled into the kernel:

• No additional configuration is necessary

Page 49
#!/usr/bin/env bash

{
l_output="" l_output2="" l_output3="" l_dl="" # Unset output variables
l_mname="hfsplus" # set module name
l_mtype="fs" # set module type
l_searchloc="/lib/modprobe.d/*.conf /usr/local/lib/modprobe.d/*.conf /run/modprobe.d/*.conf
/etc/modprobe.d/*.conf"
l_mpath="/lib/modules/**/kernel/$l_mtype"
l_mpname="$(tr '-' '_' <<< "$l_mname")"
l_mndir="$(tr '-' '/' <<< "$l_mname")"

module_loadable_chk()
{
# Check if the module is currently loadable
l_loadable="$(modprobe -n -v "$l_mname")"
[ "$(wc -l <<< "$l_loadable")" -gt "1" ] && l_loadable="$(grep -P --
"(^\h*install|\b$l_mname)\b" <<< "$l_loadable")"
if grep -Pq -- '^\h*install \/bin\/(true|false)' <<< "$l_loadable"; then
l_output="$l_output\n - module: \"$l_mname\" is not loadable: \"$l_loadable\""
else
l_output2="$l_output2\n - module: \"$l_mname\" is loadable: \"$l_loadable\""
fi
}
module_loaded_chk()
{
# Check if the module is currently loaded
if ! lsmod | grep "$l_mname" > /dev/null 2>&1; then
l_output="$l_output\n - module: \"$l_mname\" is not loaded"
else
l_output2="$l_output2\n - module: \"$l_mname\" is loaded"
fi
}
module_deny_chk()
{
# Check if the module is deny listed
l_dl="y"
if modprobe --showconfig | grep -Pq -- '^\h*blacklist\h+'"$l_mpname"'\b'; then
l_output="$l_output\n - module: \"$l_mname\" is deny listed in: \"$(grep -Pls --
"^\h*blacklist\h+$l_mname\b" $l_searchloc)\""
else
l_output2="$l_output2\n - module: \"$l_mname\" is not deny listed"
fi
}
# Check if the module exists on the system
for l_mdir in $l_mpath; do
if [ -d "$l_mdir/$l_mndir" ] && [ -n "$(ls -A $l_mdir/$l_mndir)" ]; then
l_output3="$l_output3\n - \"$l_mdir\""
[ "$l_dl" != "y" ] && module_deny_chk
if [ "$l_mdir" = "/lib/modules/$(uname -r)/kernel/$l_mtype" ]; then
module_loadable_chk
module_loaded_chk
fi
else
l_output="$l_output\n - module: \"$l_mname\" doesn't exist in \"$l_mdir\""
fi
done
# Report results. If no failures output in l_output2, we pass
[ -n "$l_output3" ] && echo -e "\n\n -- INFO --\n - module: \"$l_mname\" exists in:$l_output3"
if [ -z "$l_output2" ]; then
echo -e "\n- Audit Result:\n ** PASS **\n$l_output\n"
else
echo -e "\n- Audit Result:\n ** FAIL **\n - Reason(s) for audit failure:\n$l_output2\n"
[ -n "$l_output" ] && echo -e "\n- Correctly set:\n$l_output\n"
fi
}

Page 50
Remediation:
Run the following script to disable the hfsplus module:
If the module is available in the running kernel:

• Create a file with install hfsplus /bin/false in the /etc/modprobe.d/ directory

• Create a file with blacklist hfsplus in the /etc/modprobe.d/ directory
• Unload hfsplus from the kernel

If available in ANY installed kernel:

• Create a file with blacklist hfsplus in the /etc/modprobe.d/ directory

If the kernel module is not available on the system or pre-compiled into the kernel:

• No remediation is necessary

Page 51
#!/usr/bin/env bash

{
l_mname="hfsplus" # set module name
l_mtype="fs" # set module type
l_mpath="/lib/modules/**/kernel/$l_mtype"
l_mpname="$(tr '-' '_' <<< "$l_mname")"
l_mndir="$(tr '-' '/' <<< "$l_mname")"

module_loadable_fix()
{
# If the module is currently loadable, add "install {MODULE_NAME} /bin/false" to a file in
"/etc/modprobe.d"
l_loadable="$(modprobe -n -v "$l_mname")"
[ "$(wc -l <<< "$l_loadable")" -gt "1" ] && l_loadable="$(grep -P --
"(^\h*install|\b$l_mname)\b" <<< "$l_loadable")"
if ! grep -Pq -- '^\h*install \/bin\/(true|false)' <<< "$l_loadable"; then
echo -e "\n - setting module: \"$l_mname\" to be not loadable"
echo -e "install $l_mname /bin/false" >> /etc/modprobe.d/"$l_mpname".conf
fi
}
module_loaded_fix()
{
# If the module is currently loaded, unload the module
if lsmod | grep "$l_mname" > /dev/null 2>&1; then
echo -e "\n - unloading module \"$l_mname\""
modprobe -r "$l_mname"
fi
}
module_deny_fix()
{
# If the module isn't deny listed, denylist the module
if ! modprobe --showconfig | grep -Pq -- "^\h*blacklist\h+$l_mpname\b"; then
echo -e "\n - deny listing \"$l_mname\""
echo -e "blacklist $l_mname" >> /etc/modprobe.d/"$l_mpname".conf
fi
}
# Check if the module exists on the system
for l_mdir in $l_mpath; do
if [ -d "$l_mdir/$l_mndir" ] && [ -n "$(ls -A $l_mdir/$l_mndir)" ]; then
echo -e "\n - module: \"$l_mname\" exists in \"$l_mdir\"\n - checking if disabled..."
module_deny_fix
if [ "$l_mdir" = "/lib/modules/$(uname -r)/kernel/$l_mtype" ]; then
module_loadable_fix
module_loaded_fix
fi
else
echo -e "\n - module: \"$l_mname\" doesn't exist in \"$l_mdir\"\n"
fi
done
echo -e "\n - remediation of module: \"$l_mname\" complete\n"
}

References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7

Page 52
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

4.8 Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on

Enterprise Assets and Software
v8 Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, ● ●
such as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service
function.

9.2 Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services

v7 Are Running ● ●
Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system
with validated business needs, are running on each system.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1005, T1005.000 TA0005 M1050

Page 53
1.1.2 Configure /tmp

The /tmp directory is a world-writable directory used for temporary storage by all users
and some applications.

Page 54
1.1.2.1 Ensure /tmp is a separate partition (Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
The /tmp directory is a world-writable directory used for temporary storage by all users
and some applications.
Rationale:
Making /tmp its own file system allows an administrator to set additional mount options
such as the noexec option on the mount, making /tmp useless for an attacker to install
executable code. It would also prevent an attacker from establishing a hard link to a
system setuid program and wait for it to be updated. Once the program was updated,
the hard link would be broken and the attacker would have his own copy of the program.
If the program happened to have a security vulnerability, the attacker could continue to
exploit the known flaw.
This can be accomplished by either mounting tmpfs to /tmp, or creating a separate
partition for /tmp.

Impact:
By design files saved to /tmp should have no expectation of surviving a reboot of the
system. tmpfs is ram based and all files stored to tmpfs will be lost when the system is
rebooted.
If files need to be persistent through a reboot, they should be saved to /var/tmp not
/tmp.

Since the /tmp directory is intended to be world-writable, there is a risk of resource

exhaustion if it is not bound to tmpfs or a separate partition. Running out of /tmp space
is a problem regardless of what kind of filesystem lies under it, but in a configuration
where /tmp is not a separate file system it will essentially have the whole disk available,
as the default installation only creates a single / partition. On the other hand, a RAM-
based /tmp (as with tmpfs) will almost certainly be much smaller, which can lead to
applications filling up the filesystem much more easily. Another alternative is to create a
dedicated partition for /tmp from a separate volume or disk. One of the downsides of a
disk-based dedicated partition is that it will be slower than tmpfs which is RAM-based.

Page 55
Audit:
Run the following command and verify the output shows that /tmp is mounted. Particular
requirements pertaining to mount options are covered in ensuing sections.
# findmnt -nk /tmp
Example output:
/tmp tmpfs tmpfs rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec
Ensure that systemd will mount the /tmp partition at boot time.
# systemctl is-enabled tmp.mount
Example output:
generated
Verify output is not masked or disabled.
Note: By default systemd will output generated if there is an entry in /etc/fstab for
/tmp. This just means systemd will use the entry in /etc/fstab instead of its default unit
file configuration for /tmp.

Remediation:
First ensure that systemd is correctly configured to ensure that /tmp will be mounted at
boot time.
# systemctl unmask tmp.mount
For specific configuration requirements of the /tmp mount for your environment, modify
/etc/fstab.
Example of using tmpfs with specific mount options:
tmpfs /tmp tmpfs defaults,rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,size=2G 0
0
Example of using a volume or disk with specific mount options. The source location of
the volume or disk will vary depending on your environment.
<device> /tmp <fstype> defaults,nodev,nosuid,noexec 0 0

References:

1. https://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/APIFileSystems/
2. https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/systemd-fstab-generator.html
3. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7

Page 56
Additional Information:
If an entry for /tmp exists in /etc/fstab it will take precedence over entries in systemd
default unit file located at /usr/lib/systemd/system/tmp.mount.
/tmp utilizing tmpfs can be resized using the size={size} parameter in the relevant
entry in /etc/fstab.
Note: In an environment where the main system is diskless and connected to iSCSI,
entries in /etc/fstab may not take precedence.
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

4.8 Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on

Enterprise Assets and Software
v8 Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, ● ●
such as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service
function.

9.2 Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services

v7 Are Running ● ●
Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system
with validated business needs, are running on each system.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1499, T1499.001 TA0005 M1022

Page 57
1.1.2.2 Ensure nodev option set on /tmp partition (Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
The nodev mount option specifies that the filesystem cannot contain special devices.

Rationale:
Since the /tmp filesystem is not intended to support devices, set this option to ensure
that users cannot create a block or character special devices in /tmp.

Audit:
Verify that the nodev option is set for the /tmp mount.
Run the following command to verify that the nodev mount option is set.
Example:
# findmnt -kn /tmp | grep nodev

/tmp tmpfs tmpfs rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,seclabel

Remediation:
Edit the /etc/fstab file and add nodev to the fourth field (mounting options) for the /tmp
partition.
Example:
<device> /tmp <fstype> defaults,rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime 0 0
Run the following command to remount /tmp with the configured options:
# mount -o remount /tmp

References:

1. See the fstab(5) manual page for more information.

Additional Information:
NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5:

• CM-7

Page 58
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

4.8 Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on

Enterprise Assets and Software
v8 Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, ● ●
such as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service
function.

9.2 Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services

v7 Are Running ● ●
Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system
with validated business needs, are running on each system.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1200, T1200.000 TA0005 M1022

Page 59
1.1.2.3 Ensure noexec option set on /tmp partition (Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
The noexec mount option specifies that the filesystem cannot contain executable
binaries.
Rationale:
Since the /tmp filesystem is only intended for temporary file storage, set this option to
ensure that users cannot run executable binaries from /tmp.

Audit:
Verify that the noexec option is set for the /tmp mount.
Run the following command to verify that the noexec mount option is set.
Example:
# findmnt -kn /tmp | grep noexec

/tmp tmpfs tmpfs rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,seclabel

Remediation:
Edit the /etc/fstab file and add noexec to the fourth field (mounting options) for the
/tmp partition.
Example:
<device> /tmp <fstype> defaults,rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime 0 0
Run the following command to remount /tmp with the configured options:
# mount -o remount /tmp

References:

1. See the fstab(5) manual page for more information.

2. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2

Page 60
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

3.3 Configure Data Access Control Lists

v8 Configure data access control lists based on a user’s need to know. Apply data
access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file
● ● ●
systems, databases, and applications.

14.6 Protect Information through Access Control Lists

Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share,
v7 claims, application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will
enforce the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the
● ● ●
information based on their need to access the information as a part of their
responsibilities.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1204, T1204.002 TA0005 M1022

Page 61
1.1.2.4 Ensure nosuid option set on /tmp partition (Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
The nosuid mount option specifies that the filesystem cannot contain setuid files.

Rationale:
Since the /tmp filesystem is only intended for temporary file storage, set this option to
ensure that users cannot create setuid files in /tmp.

Audit:
Verify that the nosuid option is set for the /tmp mount.
Run the following command to verify that the nosuid mount option is set.
Example:
# findmnt -kn /tmp | grep nosuid

/tmp tmpfs tmpfs rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,seclabel

Remediation:
Edit the /etc/fstab file and add nosuid to the fourth field (mounting options) for the
/tmp partition.
Example:
<device> /tmp <fstype> defaults,rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime 0 0
Run the following command to remount /tmp with the configured options:
# mount -o remount /tmp

References:

1. See the fstab(5) manual page for more information.

2. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2

Page 62
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

3.3 Configure Data Access Control Lists

v8 Configure data access control lists based on a user’s need to know. Apply data
access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file
● ● ●
systems, databases, and applications.

14.6 Protect Information through Access Control Lists

Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share,
v7 claims, application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will
enforce the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the
● ● ●
information based on their need to access the information as a part of their
responsibilities.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1548, T1548.001 TA0005 M1022

Page 63
1.1.3 Configure /var

The /var directory is used by daemons and other system services to temporarily store
dynamic data. Some directories created by these processes may be world-writable.

Page 64
1.1.3.1 Ensure separate partition exists for /var (Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 2 - Server
Description:
The /var directory is used by daemons and other system services to temporarily store
dynamic data. Some directories created by these processes may be world-writable.
Rationale:
The reasoning for mounting /var on a separate partition is as follows.
Protection from resource exhaustion

The default installation only creates a single / partition. Since the /var directory may
contain world-writable files and directories, there is a risk of resource exhaustion. It will
essentially have the whole disk available to fill up and impact the system as a whole. In
addition, other operations on the system could fill up the disk unrelated to /var and
cause unintended behavior across the system as the disk is full. See man auditd.conf
for details.
Fine grained control over the mount

Configuring /var as its own file system allows an administrator to set additional mount
options such as noexec/nosuid/nodev. These options limits an attackers ability to create
exploits on the system. Other options allow for specific behavior. See man mount for
exact details regarding filesystem-independent and filesystem-specific options.
Protection from exploitation

An example of exploiting /var may be an attacker establishing a hard-link to a system

setuid program and wait for it to be updated. Once the program was updated, the hard-
link would be broken and the attacker would have his own copy of the program. If the
program happened to have a security vulnerability, the attacker could continue to exploit
the known flaw.
Impact:
Resizing filesystems is a common activity in cloud-hosted servers. Separate filesystem
partitions may prevent successful resizing, or may require the installation of additional
tools solely for the purpose of resizing operations. The use of these additional tools may
introduce their own security considerations.

Page 65
Audit:
Run the following command and verify output shows /var is mounted.
Example:
# findmnt --kernel /var

TARGET SOURCE FSTYPE OPTIONS

/var /dev/sdb ext4 rw,relatime,seclabel,data=ordered

Remediation:
For new installations, during installation create a custom partition setup and specify a
separate partition for /var.
For systems that were previously installed, create a new partition and configure
/etc/fstab as appropriate.

References:

1. AJ Lewis, "LVM HOWTO", http://tldp.org/HOWTO/LVM-HOWTO/

2. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: MP-2, AC-3

Additional Information:
When modifying /var it is advisable to bring the system to emergency mode (so auditd
is not running), rename the existing directory, mount the new file system, and migrate
the data over before returning to multi-user mode.
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

3.3 Configure Data Access Control Lists

v8 Configure data access control lists based on a user’s need to know. Apply data
access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file
● ● ●
systems, databases, and applications.

14.6 Protect Information through Access Control Lists

Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share,
v7 claims, application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will
enforce the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the
● ● ●
information based on their need to access the information as a part of their
responsibilities.

Page 66
MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1499, T1499.001 TA0006 M1022

Page 67
1.1.3.2 Ensure nodev option set on /var partition (Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
The nodev mount option specifies that the filesystem cannot contain special devices.

Rationale:
Since the /var filesystem is not intended to support devices, set this option to ensure
that users cannot create a block or character special devices in /var.

Audit:
Verify that the nodev option is set for the /var mount.
Run the following command to verify that the nodev mount option is set.
Example:
# findmnt --kernel /var | grep nodev

/var /dev/sdb ext4 rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,seclabel

Remediation:
Edit the /etc/fstab file and add nodev to the fourth field (mounting options) for the /var
partition.
Example:
<device> /var <fstype> defaults,rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime 0 0
Run the following command to remount /var with the configured options:
# mount -o remount /var

References:

1. See the fstab(5) manual page for more information.

2. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2

Page 68
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

3.3 Configure Data Access Control Lists

v8 Configure data access control lists based on a user’s need to know. Apply data
access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file
● ● ●
systems, databases, and applications.

14.6 Protect Information through Access Control Lists

Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share,
v7 claims, application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will
enforce the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the
● ● ●
information based on their need to access the information as a part of their
responsibilities.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1200, T1200.000 TA0005 M1022

Page 69
1.1.3.3 Ensure nosuid option set on /var partition (Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
The nosuid mount option specifies that the filesystem cannot contain setuid files.

Rationale:
Since the /var filesystem is only intended for variable files such as logs, set this option
to ensure that users cannot create setuid files in /var.

Audit:
Verify that the nosuid option is set for the /var mount.
Run the following command to verify that the nosuid mount option is set.
Example:
# findmnt --kernel /var | grep nosuid

/var /dev/sdb ext4 rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,seclabel

Remediation:
Edit the /etc/fstab file and add nosuid to the fourth field (mounting options) for the
/var partition.
Example:
<device> /var <fstype> defaults,rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime 0 0
Run the following command to remount /var with the configured options:
# mount -o remount /var

References:

1. See the fstab(5) manual page for more information.

2. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2

Page 70
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

3.3 Configure Data Access Control Lists

v8 Configure data access control lists based on a user’s need to know. Apply data
access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file
● ● ●
systems, databases, and applications.

14.6 Protect Information through Access Control Lists

Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share,
v7 claims, application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will
enforce the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the
● ● ●
information based on their need to access the information as a part of their
responsibilities.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1548, T1548.001 TA0005 M1022

Page 71
1.1.4 Configure /var/tmp

The /var/tmp directory is a world-writable directory used for temporary storage by all
users and some applications. Temporary files residing in /var/tmp are to be preserved
between reboots.

Page 72
1.1.4.1 Ensure separate partition exists for /var/tmp (Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 2 - Server
Description:
The /var/tmp directory is a world-writable directory used for temporary storage by all
users and some applications. Temporary files residing in /var/tmp are to be preserved
between reboots.
Rationale:
The reasoning for mounting /var/tmp on a separate partition is as follows.
Protection from resource exhaustion

The default installation only creates a single / partition. Since the /var/tmp directory
may contain world-writable files and directories, there is a risk of resource exhaustion. It
will essentially have the whole disk available to fill up and impact the system as a whole.
In addition, other operations on the system could fill up the disk unrelated to /var/tmp
and cause potential disruption to daemons as the disk is full.
Fine grained control over the mount

Configuring /var/tmp as its own file system allows an administrator to set additional
mount options such as noexec/nosuid/nodev. These options limits an attackers ability to
create exploits on the system. Other options allow for specific behavior. See man mount
for exact details regarding filesystem-independent and filesystem-specific options.
Protection from exploitation

An example of exploiting /var/tmp may be an attacker establishing a hard-link to a

system setuid program and wait for it to be updated. Once the program was updated,
the hard-link would be broken and the attacker would have his own copy of the
program. If the program happened to have a security vulnerability, the attacker could
continue to exploit the known flaw.
Impact:
Resizing filesystems is a common activity in cloud-hosted servers. Separate filesystem
partitions may prevent successful resizing, or may require the installation of additional
tools solely for the purpose of resizing operations. The use of these additional tools may
introduce their own security considerations.

Page 73
Audit:
Run the following command and verify output shows /var/tmp is mounted.
Example:
# findmnt --kernel /var/tmp

TARGET SOURCE FSTYPE OPTIONS

/var/tmp /dev/sdb ext4 rw,relatime,seclabel,data=ordered

Remediation:
For new installations, during installation create a custom partition setup and specify a
separate partition for /var/tmp.
For systems that were previously installed, create a new partition and configure
/etc/fstab as appropriate.

References:

1. AJ Lewis, "LVM HOWTO", http://tldp.org/HOWTO/LVM-HOWTO/

2. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-6

Additional Information:
When modifying /var/tmp it is advisable to bring the system to emergency mode (so
auditd is not running), rename the existing directory, mount the new file system, and
migrate the data over before returning to multi-user mode.
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

3.3 Configure Data Access Control Lists

v8 Configure data access control lists based on a user’s need to know. Apply data
access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file
● ● ●
systems, databases, and applications.

14.6 Protect Information through Access Control Lists

Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share,
v7 claims, application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will
enforce the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the
● ● ●
information based on their need to access the information as a part of their
responsibilities.

Page 74
MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1499, T1499.001 TA0005 M1022

Page 75
1.1.4.2 Ensure noexec option set on /var/tmp partition
(Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
The noexec mount option specifies that the filesystem cannot contain executable
binaries.
Rationale:
Since the /var/tmp filesystem is only intended for temporary file storage, set this option
to ensure that users cannot run executable binaries from /var/tmp.

Audit:
Verify that the noexec option is set for the /var/tmp mount.
Run the following command to verify that the noexec mount option is set.
Example:
# findmnt --kernel /var/tmp | grep noexec

/var/tmp /dev/sdb ext4 rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,seclabel

Remediation:
Edit the /etc/fstab file and add noexec to the fourth field (mounting options) for the
/var/tmp partition.
Example:
<device> /var/tmp <fstype> defaults,rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime 0
0
Run the following command to remount /var/tmp with the configured options:
# mount -o remount /var/tmp

References:

1. See the fstab(5) manual page for more information.

2. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2

Page 76
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

3.3 Configure Data Access Control Lists

v8 Configure data access control lists based on a user’s need to know. Apply data
access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file
● ● ●
systems, databases, and applications.

14.6 Protect Information through Access Control Lists

Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share,
v7 claims, application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will
enforce the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the
● ● ●
information based on their need to access the information as a part of their
responsibilities.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1204, T1204.002 TA0005 M1022

Page 77
1.1.4.3 Ensure nosuid option set on /var/tmp partition (Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
The nosuid mount option specifies that the filesystem cannot contain setuid files.

Rationale:
Since the /var/tmp filesystem is only intended for temporary file storage, set this option
to ensure that users cannot create setuid files in /var/tmp.

Audit:
Verify that the nosuid option is set for the /var/tmp mount.
Run the following command to verify that the nosuid mount option is set.
Example:
# findmnt --kernel /var/tmp | grep nosuid

/var/tmp /dev/sdb ext4 rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,seclabel

Remediation:
Edit the /etc/fstab file and add nosuid to the fourth field (mounting options) for the
/var/tmp partition.
Example:
<device> /var/tmp <fstype> defaults,rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime 0
0
Run the following command to remount /var/tmp with the configured options:
# mount -o remount /var/tmp

References:

1. See the fstab(5) manual page for more information.

2. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2

Page 78
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

3.3 Configure Data Access Control Lists

v8 Configure data access control lists based on a user’s need to know. Apply data
access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file
● ● ●
systems, databases, and applications.

14.6 Protect Information through Access Control Lists

Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share,
v7 claims, application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will
enforce the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the
● ● ●
information based on their need to access the information as a part of their
responsibilities.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1548, T1548.001 TA0005 M1022

Page 79
1.1.4.4 Ensure nodev option set on /var/tmp partition (Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
The nodev mount option specifies that the filesystem cannot contain special devices.

Rationale:
Since the /var/tmp filesystem is not intended to support devices, set this option to
ensure that users cannot create a block or character special devices in /var/tmp.

Audit:
Verify that the nodev option is set for the /var/tmp mount.
Run the following command to verify that the nodev mount option is set.
Example:
# findmnt --kernel /var/tmp | grep nodev

/var/tmp /dev/sdb ext4 rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,seclabel

Remediation:
Edit the /etc/fstab file and add nodev to the fourth field (mounting options) for the
/var/tmp partition.
Example:
<device> /var/tmp <fstype> defaults,rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime 0
0
Run the following command to remount /var/tmp with the configured options:
# mount -o remount /var/tmp

References:

1. See the fstab(5) manual page for more information.

2. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2

Page 80
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

3.3 Configure Data Access Control Lists

v8 Configure data access control lists based on a user’s need to know. Apply data
access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file
● ● ●
systems, databases, and applications.

14.6 Protect Information through Access Control Lists

Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share,
v7 claims, application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will
enforce the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the
● ● ●
information based on their need to access the information as a part of their
responsibilities.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1499, T1499.001 TA0005 M1022

Page 81
1.1.5 Configure /var/log

The /var/log directory is used by system services to store log data.

Page 82
1.1.5.1 Ensure separate partition exists for /var/log (Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 2 - Server
Description:
The /var/log directory is used by system services to store log data.

Rationale:
The reasoning for mounting /var/log on a separate partition is as follows.
Protection from resource exhaustion

The default installation only creates a single / partition. Since the /var/log directory
contains log files which can grow quite large, there is a risk of resource exhaustion. It
will essentially have the whole disk available to fill up and impact the system as a whole.
Fine grained control over the mount

Configuring /var/log as its own file system allows an administrator to set additional
mount options such as noexec/nosuid/nodev. These options limit an attackers ability to
create exploits on the system. Other options allow for specific behavior. See man mount
for exact details regarding filesystem-independent and filesystem-specific options.
Protection of log data

As /var/log contains log files, care should be taken to ensure the security and integrity
of the data and mount point.
Impact:
Resizing filesystems is a common activity in cloud-hosted servers. Separate filesystem
partitions may prevent successful resizing, or may require the installation of additional
tools solely for the purpose of resizing operations. The use of these additional tools may
introduce their own security considerations.

Page 83
Audit:
Run the following command and verify output shows /var/log is mounted:
# findmnt --kernel /var/log

TARGET SOURCE FSTYPE OPTIONS

/var/log /dev/sdb ext4 rw,relatime,seclabel,data=ordered

Remediation:
For new installations, during installation create a custom partition setup and specify a
separate partition for /var/log .
For systems that were previously installed, create a new partition and configure
/etc/fstab as appropriate.

References:

1. AJ Lewis, "LVM HOWTO", http://tldp.org/HOWTO/LVM-HOWTO/

2. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-6

Additional Information:
When modifying /var/log it is advisable to bring the system to emergency mode (so
auditd is not running), rename the existing directory, mount the new file system, and
migrate the data over before returning to multiuser mode.
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

8.3 Ensure Adequate Audit Log Storage

v8 Ensure that logging destinations maintain adequate storage to comply with ● ● ●
the enterprise’s audit log management process.

6.4 Ensure adequate storage for logs

v7 Ensure that all systems that store logs have adequate storage space for the ● ●
logs generated.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1499, T1499.001 TA0005 M1022

Page 84
1.1.5.2 Ensure nodev option set on /var/log partition (Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
The nodev mount option specifies that the filesystem cannot contain special devices.

Rationale:
Since the /var/log filesystem is not intended to support devices, set this option to
ensure that users cannot create a block or character special devices in /var/log.

Audit:
Verify that the nodev option is set for the /var/log mount.
Run the following command to verify that the nodev mount option is set.
Example:
# findmnt --kernel /var/log | grep nodev

/var/log /dev/sdb ext4 rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,seclabel

Remediation:
Edit the /etc/fstab file and add nodev to the fourth field (mounting options) for the
/var/log partition.
Example:
<device> /var/log <fstype> defaults,rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime 0
0
Run the following command to remount /var/log with the configured options:
# mount -o remount /var/log

References:

1. See the fstab(5) manual page for more information.

2. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2

Page 85
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

3.3 Configure Data Access Control Lists

v8 Configure data access control lists based on a user’s need to know. Apply data
access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file
● ● ●
systems, databases, and applications.

14.6 Protect Information through Access Control Lists

Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share,
v7 claims, application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will
enforce the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the
● ● ●
information based on their need to access the information as a part of their
responsibilities.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1200, T1200.000 TA0005 M1038

Page 86
1.1.5.3 Ensure noexec option set on /var/log partition (Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
The noexec mount option specifies that the filesystem cannot contain executable
binaries.
Rationale:
Since the /var/log filesystem is only intended for log files, set this option to ensure that
users cannot run executable binaries from /var/log.

Audit:
Verify that the noexec option is set for the /var/log mount.
Run the following command to verify that the noexec mount option is set.
Example:
# findmnt --kernel /var/log | grep noexec

/var/log /dev/sdb ext4 rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,seclabel

Remediation:
Edit the /etc/fstab file and add noexec to the fourth field (mounting options) for the
/var/log partition.
Example:
<device> /var/log <fstype> defaults,rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime 0
0
Run the following command to remount /var/log with the configured options:
# mount -o remount /var/log

References:

1. See the fstab(5) manual page for more information.

2. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2

Page 87
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

3.3 Configure Data Access Control Lists

v8 Configure data access control lists based on a user’s need to know. Apply data
access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file
● ● ●
systems, databases, and applications.

14.6 Protect Information through Access Control Lists

Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share,
v7 claims, application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will
enforce the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the
● ● ●
information based on their need to access the information as a part of their
responsibilities.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1204, T1204.002 TA0005 M1022

Page 88
1.1.5.4 Ensure nosuid option set on /var/log partition (Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
The nosuid mount option specifies that the filesystem cannot contain setuid files.

Rationale:
Since the /var/log filesystem is only intended for log files, set this option to ensure that
users cannot create setuid files in /var/log.

Audit:
Verify that the nosuid option is set for the /var/log mount.
Run the following command to verify that the nosuid mount option is set.
Example:
# findmnt --kernel /var/log | grep nosuid

/var/log /dev/sdb ext4 rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,seclabel

Remediation:
Edit the /etc/fstab file and add nosuid to the fourth field (mounting options) for the
/var/log partition.
Example:
<device> /var/log <fstype> defaults,rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime 0
0
Run the following command to remount /var/log with the configured options:
# mount -o remount /var/log

References:

1. See the fstab(5) manual page for more information.

2. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2

Page 89
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

3.3 Configure Data Access Control Lists

v8 Configure data access control lists based on a user’s need to know. Apply data
access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file
● ● ●
systems, databases, and applications.

14.6 Protect Information through Access Control Lists

Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share,
v7 claims, application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will
enforce the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the
● ● ●
information based on their need to access the information as a part of their
responsibilities.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1548, T1548.001 TA0005 M1022

Page 90
1.1.6 Configure /var/log/audit

The auditing daemon, auditd, stores log data in the /var/log/audit directory.

Page 91
1.1.6.1 Ensure separate partition exists for /var/log/audit
(Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 2 - Server
Description:
The auditing daemon, auditd, stores log data in the /var/log/audit directory.

Rationale:
The reasoning for mounting /var/log/audit on a separate partition is as follows.
Protection from resource exhaustion

The default installation only creates a single / partition. Since the /var/log/audit
directory contains the audit.log file which can grow quite large, there is a risk of
resource exhaustion. It will essentially have the whole disk available to fill up and impact
the system as a whole. In addition, other operations on the system could fill up the disk
unrelated to /var/log/audit and cause auditd to trigger it's space_left_action as the
disk is full. See man auditd.conf for details.
Fine grained control over the mount

Configuring /var/log/audit as its own file system allows an administrator to set

additional mount options such as noexec/nosuid/nodev. These options limit an
attacker's ability to create exploits on the system. Other options allow for specific
behavior. See man mount for exact details regarding filesystem-independent and
filesystem-specific options.
Protection of audit data

As /var/log/audit contains audit logs, care should be taken to ensure the security and
integrity of the data and mount point.
Impact:
Resizing filesystems is a common activity in cloud-hosted servers. Separate filesystem
partitions may prevent successful resizing, or may require the installation of additional
tools solely for the purpose of resizing operations. The use of these additional tools may
introduce their own security considerations.

Page 92
Audit:
Run the following command and verify output shows /var/log/audit is mounted:
# findmnt --kernel /var/log/audit

TARGET SOURCE FSTYPE OPTIONS

/var/log/audit /dev/sdb ext4 rw,relatime,seclabel,data=ordered

Remediation:
For new installations, during installation create a custom partition setup and specify a
separate partition for /var/log/audit.
For systems that were previously installed, create a new partition and configure
/etc/fstab as appropriate.

References:

1. AJ Lewis, "LVM HOWTO", http://tldp.org/HOWTO/LVM-HOWTO/

2. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-6

Additional Information:
When modifying /var/log/audit it is advisable to bring the system to emergency mode
(so auditd is not running), rename the existing directory, mount the new file system, and
migrate the data over before returning to multi-user mode.
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

8.3 Ensure Adequate Audit Log Storage

v8 Ensure that logging destinations maintain adequate storage to comply with ● ● ●
the enterprise’s audit log management process.

6.4 Ensure adequate storage for logs

v7 Ensure that all systems that store logs have adequate storage space for the ● ●
logs generated.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1499, T1499.001 TA0005 M1022

Page 93
1.1.6.2 Ensure noexec option set on /var/log/audit partition
(Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
The noexec mount option specifies that the filesystem cannot contain executable
binaries.
Rationale:
Since the /var/log/audit filesystem is only intended for audit logs, set this option to
ensure that users cannot run executable binaries from /var/log/audit.

Audit:
Verify that the noexec option is set for the /var/log/audit mount.
Run the following command to verify that the noexec mount option is set.
Example:
# findmnt --kernel /var/log/audit | grep noexec

/var/log/audit /dev/sdb ext4 rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,seclabel

Remediation:
Edit the /etc/fstab file and add noexec to the fourth field (mounting options) for the
/var partition.
Example:
<device> /var/log/audit <fstype>
defaults,rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime 0 0
Run the following command to remount /var/log/audit with the configured options:
# mount -o remount /var/log/audit

References:

1. See the fstab(5) manual page for more information.

2. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2

Page 94
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

3.3 Configure Data Access Control Lists

v8 Configure data access control lists based on a user’s need to know. Apply data
access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file
● ● ●
systems, databases, and applications.

14.6 Protect Information through Access Control Lists

Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share,
v7 claims, application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will
enforce the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the
● ● ●
information based on their need to access the information as a part of their
responsibilities.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1204, T1204.002 TA0005 M1022

Page 95
1.1.6.3 Ensure nodev option set on /var/log/audit partition
(Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
The nodev mount option specifies that the filesystem cannot contain special devices.

Rationale:
Since the /var/log/audit filesystem is not intended to support devices, set this option
to ensure that users cannot create a block or character special devices in
/var/log/audit.

Audit:
Verify that the nodev option is set for the /var/log/audit mount.
Run the following command to verify that the nodev mount option is set.
Example:
# findmnt --kernel /var/log/audit | grep nodev

/var/log/audit /dev/sdb ext4 rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,seclabel

Remediation:
Edit the /etc/fstab file and add nodev to the fourth field (mounting options) for the
/var/log/audit partition.
Example:
<device> /var/log/audit <fstype>
defaults,rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime 0 0
Run the following command to remount /var/log/audit with the configured options:
# mount -o remount /var/log/audit

References:

1. See the fstab(5) manual page for more information.

2. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2

Page 96
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

3.3 Configure Data Access Control Lists

v8 Configure data access control lists based on a user’s need to know. Apply data
access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file
● ● ●
systems, databases, and applications.

14.6 Protect Information through Access Control Lists

Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share,
v7 claims, application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will
enforce the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the
● ● ●
information based on their need to access the information as a part of their
responsibilities.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1200, T1200.000 TA0005 M1022

Page 97
1.1.6.4 Ensure nosuid option set on /var/log/audit partition
(Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
The nosuid mount option specifies that the filesystem cannot contain setuid files.

Rationale:
Since the /var/log/audit filesystem is only intended for variable files such as logs, set
this option to ensure that users cannot create setuid files in /var/log/audit.

Audit:
Verify that the nosuid option is set for the /var/log/audit mount.
Run the following command to verify that the nosuid mount option is set.
Example:
# findmnt --kernel /var/log/audit | grep nosuid

/var/log/audit /dev/sdb ext4 rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,seclabel

Remediation:
Edit the /etc/fstab file and add nosuid to the fourth field (mounting options) for the
/var/log/audit partition.
Example:
<device> /var/log/audit <fstype>
defaults,rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime 0 0
Run the following command to remount /var/log/audit with the configured options:
# mount -o remount /var/log/audit

References:

1. See the fstab(5) manual page for more information.

2. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2

Page 98
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

3.3 Configure Data Access Control Lists

v8 Configure data access control lists based on a user’s need to know. Apply data
access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file
● ● ●
systems, databases, and applications.

14.6 Protect Information through Access Control Lists

Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share,
v7 claims, application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will
enforce the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the
● ● ●
information based on their need to access the information as a part of their
responsibilities.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1548, T1548.001 TA0005 M1022

Page 99
1.1.7 Configure /home

Please note that home directories could be mounted anywhere and are not necessarily
restricted to /home, nor restricted to a single location, nor is the name restricted in any
way.
Checks can be made by looking in /etc/passwd, looking over the mounted file systems
with mount or querying the relevant database with getent.

Page 100
1.1.7.1 Ensure separate partition exists for /home (Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 2 - Server
Description:
The /home directory is used to support disk storage needs of local users.

Rationale:
The reasoning for mounting /home on a separate partition is as follows.
Protection from resource exhaustion

The default installation only creates a single / partition. Since the /home directory
contains user generated data, there is a risk of resource exhaustion. It will essentially
have the whole disk available to fill up and impact the system as a whole. In addition,
other operations on the system could fill up the disk unrelated to /home and impact all
local users.
Fine grained control over the mount

Configuring /home as its own file system allows an administrator to set additional mount
options such as noexec/nosuid/nodev. These options limit an attacker's ability to create
exploits on the system. In the case of /home options such as usrquota/grpquota may be
considered to limit the impact that users can have on each other with regards to disk
resource exhaustion. Other options allow for specific behavior. See man mount for exact
details regarding filesystem-independent and filesystem-specific options.
Protection of user data

As /home contains user data, care should be taken to ensure the security and integrity of
the data and mount point.
Impact:
Resizing filesystems is a common activity in cloud-hosted servers. Separate filesystem
partitions may prevent successful resizing, or may require the installation of additional
tools solely for the purpose of resizing operations. The use of these additional tools may
introduce their own security considerations.

Page 101
Audit:
Run the following command and verify output shows /home is mounted:
# findmnt --kernel /home

TARGET SOURCE FSTYPE OPTIONS

/home /dev/sdb ext4 rw,relatime,seclabel

Remediation:
For new installations, during installation create a custom partition setup and specify a
separate partition for /home.
For systems that were previously installed, create a new partition and configure
/etc/fstab as appropriate.

References:

1. AJ Lewis, "LVM HOWTO", http://tldp.org/HOWTO/LVM-HOWTO/

2. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-6

Additional Information:
When modifying /home it is advisable to bring the system to emergency mode (so auditd
is not running), rename the existing directory, mount the new file system, and migrate
the data over before returning to multi-user mode.
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

3.3 Configure Data Access Control Lists

v8 Configure data access control lists based on a user’s need to know. Apply data
access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file
● ● ●
systems, databases, and applications.

14.6 Protect Information through Access Control Lists

Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share,
v7 claims, application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will
enforce the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the
● ● ●
information based on their need to access the information as a part of their
responsibilities.

Page 102
MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1499, T1499.001 TA0005 M1022

Page 103
1.1.7.2 Ensure nodev option set on /home partition (Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
The nodev mount option specifies that the filesystem cannot contain special devices.

Rationale:
Since the /home filesystem is not intended to support devices, set this option to ensure
that users cannot create a block or character special devices in /var.

Audit:
Verify that the nodev option is set for the /home mount.
Run the following command to verify that the nodev mount option is set.
Example:
# findmnt --kernel /home | grep nodev

/home /dev/sdb ext4 rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,seclabel

Remediation:
Edit the /etc/fstab file and add nodev to the fourth field (mounting options) for the
/home partition.
Example:
<device> /home <fstype> defaults,rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime 0 0
Run the following command to remount /home with the configured options:
# mount -o remount /home

References:

1. See the fstab(5) manual page for more information.

2. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2

Page 104
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

3.3 Configure Data Access Control Lists

v8 Configure data access control lists based on a user’s need to know. Apply data
access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file
● ● ●
systems, databases, and applications.

14.6 Protect Information through Access Control Lists

Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share,
v7 claims, application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will
enforce the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the
● ● ●
information based on their need to access the information as a part of their
responsibilities.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1200, T1200.000 TA0005 M1038

Page 105
1.1.7.3 Ensure nosuid option set on /home partition (Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
The nosuid mount option specifies that the filesystem cannot contain setuid files.

Rationale:
Since the /home filesystem is only intended for user file storage, set this option to ensure
that users cannot create setuid files in /home.

Audit:
Verify that the nosuid option is set for the /home mount.
Run the following command to verify that the nosuid mount option is set.
Example:
# findmnt --kernel /home | grep nosuid

/home /dev/sdb ext4 rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,seclabel

Remediation:
Edit the /etc/fstab file and add nosuid to the fourth field (mounting options) for the
/home partition.
Example:
<device> /home <fstype> defaults,rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime 0 0
Run the following command to remount /home with the configured options:
# mount -o remount /home

References:

1. See the fstab(5) manual page for more information.

2. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2

Page 106
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

3.3 Configure Data Access Control Lists

v8 Configure data access control lists based on a user’s need to know. Apply data
access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file
● ● ●
systems, databases, and applications.

14.6 Protect Information through Access Control Lists

Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share,
v7 claims, application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will
enforce the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the
● ● ●
information based on their need to access the information as a part of their
responsibilities.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1548, T1548.001 TA0005 M1022

Page 107
1.1.8 Configure /dev/shm

The /dev/shm directory is a world-writable directory that can function as shared memory
that facilitates inter process communication (IPC)

Page 108
1.1.8.1 Ensure /dev/shm is a separate partition (Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
The /dev/shm directory is a world-writable directory that can function as shared memory
that facilitates inter process communication (IPC).
Rationale:
Making /dev/shm its own file system allows an administrator to set additional mount
options such as the noexec option on the mount, making /dev/shm useless for an
attacker to install executable code. It would also prevent an attacker from establishing a
hard link to a system setuid program and wait for it to be updated. Once the program
was updated, the hard link would be broken and the attacker would have his own copy
of the program. If the program happened to have a security vulnerability, the attacker
could continue to exploit the known flaw.
This can be accomplished by mounting tmpfs to /dev/shm.

Impact:
Since the /dev/shm directory is intended to be world-writable, there is a risk of resource
exhaustion if it is not bound to a separate partition.
/dev/shm utilizing tmpfs can be resized using the size={size} parameter in the relevant
entry in /etc/fstab.

Audit:
IF /dev/shm is to be used on the system, run the following command and verify the
output shows that /dev/shm is mounted. Particular requirements pertaining to mount
options are covered in ensuing sections.
# findmnt --kernel /dev/shm

TARGET SOURCE FSTYPE OPTIONS

/dev/shm tmpfs tmpfs rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,seclabel

Page 109
Remediation:
For specific configuration requirements of the /dev/shm mount for your environment,
modify /etc/fstab.
Example of using tmpfs with specific mount options:
tmpfs /dev/shm tmpfs
defaults,rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,size=2G 0 0

References:

1. https://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/APIFileSystems/
2. https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/systemd-fstab-generator.html
3. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7

CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

4.8 Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on

Enterprise Assets and Software
v8 Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, ● ●
such as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service
function.

9.2 Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services

v7 Are Running ● ●
Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system
with validated business needs, are running on each system.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1499, T1499.001 TA0005 M1022

Page 110
1.1.8.2 Ensure nodev option set on /dev/shm partition
(Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
The nodev mount option specifies that the filesystem cannot contain special devices.

Rationale:
Since the /dev/shm filesystem is not intended to support devices, set this option to
ensure that users cannot attempt to create special devices in /dev/shm partitions.

Audit:
Verify that the nodev option is set if a /dev/shm partition exists.
Run the following command and verify that nothing is returned:
# mount | grep -E '\s/dev/shm\s' | grep -v nodev

Remediation:
Edit the /etc/fstab file and add nodev to the fourth field (mounting options) for the
/dev/shm partition. See the fstab(5) manual page for more information.
Run the following command to remount /dev/shm using the updated options from
/etc/fstab:
# mount -o remount /dev/shm

References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2

Additional Information:
Some distributions mount /dev/shm through other means and require /dev/shm to be
added to /etc/fstab even though it is already being mounted on boot. Others may
configure /dev/shm in other locations and may override /etc/fstab configuration.
Consult the documentation appropriate for your distribution.

Page 111
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

3.3 Configure Data Access Control Lists

v8 Configure data access control lists based on a user’s need to know. Apply data
access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file
● ● ●
systems, databases, and applications.

14.6 Protect Information through Access Control Lists

Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share,
v7 claims, application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will
enforce the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the
● ● ●
information based on their need to access the information as a part of their
responsibilities.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1200, T1200.000 TA0005 M1038

Page 112
1.1.8.3 Ensure noexec option set on /dev/shm partition
(Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
The noexec mount option specifies that the filesystem cannot contain executable
binaries.
Rationale:
Setting this option on a file system prevents users from executing programs from shared
memory. This deters users from introducing potentially malicious software on the
system.
Audit:
Verify that the noexec option is set for the /dev/shm mount.
Run the following command to verify that the noexec mount option is set.
Example:
# findmnt --kernel /dev/shm | grep noexec

/dev/shm tmpfs tmpfs rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,seclabel

Remediation:
Edit the /etc/fstab file and add noexec to the fourth field (mounting options) for the
/dev/shm partition.
Example:
<device> /dev/shm <fstype> defaults,rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime 0
0
Run the following command to remount /dev/shm with the configured options:
# mount -o remount /dev/shm
NOTE It is recommended to use tmpfs as the device/filesystem type as /dev/shm is
used as shared memory space by applications.
References:

1. See the fstab(5) manual page for more information.

2. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2

Page 113
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

3.3 Configure Data Access Control Lists

v8 Configure data access control lists based on a user’s need to know. Apply data
access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file
● ● ●
systems, databases, and applications.

14.6 Protect Information through Access Control Lists

Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share,
v7 claims, application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will
enforce the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the
● ● ●
information based on their need to access the information as a part of their
responsibilities.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1204, T1204.002 TA0005 M1022

Page 114
1.1.8.4 Ensure nosuid option set on /dev/shm partition
(Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
The nosuid mount option specifies that the filesystem cannot contain setuid files.

Rationale:
Setting this option on a file system prevents users from introducing privileged programs
onto the system and allowing non-root users to execute them.
Audit:
Verify that the nosuid option is set if a /dev/shm partition exists.
Run the following command and verify that nothing is returned:
# mount | grep -E '\s/dev/shm\s' | grep -v nosuid

Remediation:
Edit the /etc/fstab file and add nosuid to the fourth field (mounting options) for the
/dev/shm partition. See the fstab(5) manual page for more information.
Run the following command to remount /dev/shm using the updated options from
/etc/fstab:
# mount -o remount /dev/shm

References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2

Additional Information:
Some distributions mount /dev/shm through other means and require /dev/shm to be
added to /etc/fstab even though it is already being mounted on boot. Others may
configure /dev/shm in other locations and may override /etc/fstab configuration.
Consult the documentation appropriate for your distribution.

Page 115
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

3.3 Configure Data Access Control Lists

v8 Configure data access control lists based on a user’s need to know. Apply data
access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file
● ● ●
systems, databases, and applications.

14.6 Protect Information through Access Control Lists

Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share,
v7 claims, application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will
enforce the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the
● ● ●
information based on their need to access the information as a part of their
responsibilities.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1548, T1548.001 TA0005 M1022

Page 116
1.1.9 Ensure usb-storage is disabled (Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
USB storage provides a means to transfer and store files ensuring persistence and
availability of the files independent of network connection status. Its popularity and utility
has led to USB-based malware being a simple and common means for network
infiltration and a first step to establishing a persistent threat within a networked
environment.
Rationale:
Restricting USB access on the system will decrease the physical attack surface for a
device and diminish the possible vectors to introduce malware.
Impact:
Disabling the usb-storage module will disable any usage of USB storage devices.
If requirements and local site policy allow the use of such devices, other solutions
should be configured accordingly instead. One example of a commonly used solution is
USBGuard.

Page 117
Audit:
Run the following script to verify usb-storage is disabled:
#!/usr/bin/env bash

{
l_output="" l_output2=""
l_mname="usb-storage" # set module name
# Check if the module exists on the system
if [ -z "$(modprobe -n -v "$l_mname" 2>&1 | grep -Pi --
"\h*modprobe:\h+FATAL:\h+Module\h+$l_mname\h+not\h+found\h+in\h+directory")"
]; then
# Check how module will be loaded
l_loadable="$(modprobe -n -v "$l_mname")"
[ "$(wc -l <<< "$l_loadable")" -gt "1" ] && l_loadable="$(grep -P --
"(^\h*install|\b$l_mname)\b" <<< "$l_loadable")"
if grep -Pq -- '^\h*install \/bin\/(true|false)' <<< "$l_loadable";
then
l_output="$l_output\n - module: \"$l_mname\" is not loadable:
\"$l_loadable\""
else
l_output2="$l_output2\n - module: \"$l_mname\" is loadable:
\"$l_loadable\""
fi
# Check is the module currently loaded
if ! lsmod | grep "$l_mname" > /dev/null 2>&1; then
l_output="$l_output\n - module: \"$l_mname\" is not loaded"
else
l_output2="$l_output2\n - module: \"$l_mname\" is loaded"
fi
# Check if the module is deny listed
if modprobe --showconfig | grep -Pq -- "^\h*blacklist\h+$(tr '-' '_'
<<< "$l_mname")\b"; then
l_output="$l_output\n - module: \"$l_mname\" is deny listed in:
\"$(grep -Pl -- "^\h*blacklist\h+$l_mname\b" /etc/modprobe.d/*)\""
else
l_output2="$l_output2\n - module: \"$l_mname\" is not deny listed"
fi
else
l_output="$l_output\n - Module \"$l_mname\" doesn't exist on the
system"
fi
# Report results. If no failures output in l_output2, we pass
if [ -z "$l_output2" ]; then
echo -e "\n- Audit Result:\n ** PASS **\n$l_output\n"
else
echo -e "\n- Audit Result:\n ** FAIL **\n - Reason(s) for audit
failure:\n$l_output2\n"
[ -n "$l_output" ] && echo -e "\n- Correctly set:\n$l_output\n"
fi
}

Page 118
Remediation:
Run the following script to disable usb-storage:
#!/usr/bin/env bash

{
l_mname="usb-storage" # set module name
# Check if the module exists on the system
if [ -z "$(modprobe -n -v "$l_mname" 2>&1 | grep -Pi --
"\h*modprobe:\h+FATAL:\h+Module\h+$l_mname\h+not\h+found\h+in\h+directory")"
]; then
# Remediate loadable
l_loadable="$(modprobe -n -v "$l_mname")"
[ "$(wc -l <<< "$l_loadable")" -gt "1" ] && l_loadable="$(grep -P --
"(^\h*install|\b$l_mname)\b" <<< "$l_loadable")"
if ! grep -Pq -- '^\h*install \/bin\/(true|false)' <<< "$l_loadable";
then
echo -e " - setting module: \"$l_mname\" to be not loadable"
echo -e "install $l_mname /bin/false" >>
/etc/modprobe.d/"$l_mname".conf
fi
# Remediate loaded
if lsmod | grep "$l_mname" > /dev/null 2>&1; then
echo -e " - unloading module \"$l_mname\""
modprobe -r "$l_mname"
fi
# Remediate deny list
if ! modprobe --showconfig | grep -Pq -- "^\h*blacklist\h+$(tr '-' '_'
<<< "$l_mname")\b"; then
echo -e " - deny listing \"$l_mname\""
echo -e "blacklist $l_mname" >> /etc/modprobe.d/"$l_mname".conf
fi
else
echo -e " - Nothing to remediate\n - Module \"$l_mname\" doesn't exist
on the system"
fi
}

Page 119
References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: SI-3

Additional Information:
An alternative solution to disabling the usb-storage module may be found in USBGuard.
Use of USBGuard and construction of USB device policies should be done in alignment
with site policy.
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

v8 10.3 Disable Autorun and Autoplay for Removable Media ● ● ●

Disable autorun and autoplay auto-execute functionality for removable media.

13.7 Manage USB Devices

v7 If USB storage devices are required, enterprise software should be used that
can configure systems to allow the use of specific devices. An inventory of such
● ●
devices should be maintained.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1052, T1052.001, T1091,

T1091.000, T1200, TA0001, TA0010 M1034
T1200.000

Page 120
1.2 Configure Software and Patch Management

Fedora 34/CentOS 9 stream derived Linux distributions use dnf (previously yum) to
install and update software packages. Patch management procedures may vary widely
between enterprises. Large enterprises may choose to install a local updates server that
can be used in place of their distributions servers, whereas a single deployment of a
system may prefer to get updates directly. Updates can be performed automatically or
manually, depending on the site's policy for patch management. Organizations may
prefer to test patches against their environment on a non-production system before
rolling out to production.
Outdated software is vulnerable to cyber criminals and hackers. Software updates help
reduce the risk to your organization. The release of software update notes often reveal
the patched exploitable entry points to the public. Public knowledge of these exploits
cans your organization more vulnerable to malicious actors attempting to gain entry to
your system's data.
Software updates often offer new and improved features and speed enhancements
For the purpose of this benchmark, the requirement is to ensure that a patch
management process is defined and maintained, the specifics of which are left to the
organization.

Page 121
1.2.1 Ensure GPG keys are configured (Manual)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
The RPM Package Manager implements GPG key signing to verify package integrity
during and after installation.
Rationale:
It is important to ensure that updates are obtained from a valid source to protect against
spoofing that could lead to the inadvertent installation of malware on the system. To this
end, verify that GPG keys are configured correctly for your system.
Audit:
List all GPG key URLs

Each repository should have a gpgkey with a URL pointing to the location of the GPG
key, either local or remote.
# grep -r gpgkey /etc/yum.repos.d/* /etc/dnf/dnf.conf
List installed GPG keys

Run the following command to list the currently installed keys. These are the active keys
used for verification and installation of RPMs. The packages are fake, they are
generated on the fly by dnf or rpm during the import of keys from the URL specified in
the repository configuration.
Example:

Page 122
# for RPM_PACKAGE in $(rpm -q gpg-pubkey); do
echo "RPM: ${RPM_PACKAGE}"
RPM_SUMMARY=$(rpm -q --queryformat "%{SUMMARY}" "${RPM_PACKAGE}")
RPM_PACKAGER=$(rpm -q --queryformat "%{PACKAGER}" "${RPM_PACKAGE}")
RPM_DATE=$(date +%Y-%m-%d -d "1970-1-1+$((0x$(rpm -q --queryformat
"%{RELEASE}" "${RPM_PACKAGE}") ))sec")
RPM_KEY_ID=$(rpm -q --queryformat "%{VERSION}" "${RPM_PACKAGE}")
echo "Packager: ${RPM_PACKAGER}
Summary: ${RPM_SUMMARY}
Creation date: ${RPM_DATE}
Key ID: ${RPM_KEY_ID}
"
done

RPM: gpg-pubkey-9db62fb1-59920156
Packager: Fedora 28 (28) <[email protected]>
Summary: gpg(Fedora 28 (28) <[email protected]>)
Creation date: 2017-08-14
Key ID: 9db62fb1

RPM: gpg-pubkey-09eab3f2-595fbba3
Packager: RPM Fusion free repository for Fedora (28) <rpmfusion-
[email protected]>
Summary: gpg(RPM Fusion free repository for Fedora (28) <rpmfusion-
[email protected]>)
Creation date: 2017-07-07
Key ID: 09eab3f2
The format of the package (gpg-pubkey-9db62fb1-59920156) is important to understand
for verification. Using the above example, it consists of three parts:

1. The general prefix name for all imported GPG keys: gpg-pubkey-
2. The version, which is the GPG key ID: 9db62fb1
3. The release is the date of the key in UNIX timestamp in hexadecimal: 59920156

With both the date and the GPG key ID, check the relevant repositories public key page
to confirm that the keys are indeed correct.
Query locally available GPG keys

Repositories that store their respective GPG keys on disk should do so in

/etc/pki/rpm-gpg/. These keys are available for immediate import either when dnf is
asked to install a relevant package from the repository or when an administrator imports
the key directly with the rpm --import command.
To find where these keys come from run:
# for PACKAGE in $(find /etc/pki/rpm-gpg/ -type f -exec rpm -qf {} \; | sort
-u); do rpm -q --queryformat "%{NAME}-%{VERSION} %{PACKAGER} %{SUMMARY}\\n"
"${PACKAGE}"; done

Remediation:
Update your package manager GPG keys in accordance with site policy.

Page 123
References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: SI-2

CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

7.3 Perform Automated Operating System Patch

v8 Management ● ● ●
Perform operating system updates on enterprise assets through automated
patch management on a monthly, or more frequent, basis.

7.4 Perform Automated Application Patch Management

v8 Perform application updates on enterprise assets through automated patch ● ● ●
management on a monthly, or more frequent, basis.

3.4 Deploy Automated Operating System Patch

Management Tools
v7 Deploy automated software update tools in order to ensure that the operating ● ● ●
systems are running the most recent security updates provided by the software
vendor.

3.5 Deploy Automated Software Patch Management

Tools
v7 Deploy automated software update tools in order to ensure that third-party ● ● ●
software on all systems is running the most recent security updates provided by
the software vendor.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1195, T1195.001 TA0001 M1051

Page 124
1.2.2 Ensure gpgcheck is globally activated (Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
The gpgcheck option, found in the main section of the /etc/dnf/dnf.conf and individual
/etc/yum.repos.d/* files, determines if an RPM package's signature is checked prior to
its installation.
Rationale:
It is important to ensure that an RPM's package signature is always checked prior to
installation to ensure that the software is obtained from a trusted source.
Audit:
Global configuration. Run the following command and verify that gpgcheck is set to 1:
# grep ^gpgcheck /etc/dnf/dnf.conf

gpgcheck=1
Configuration in /etc/yum.repos.d/ takes precedence over the global configuration.
Run the following command and verify that there are no instances of entries starting
with gpgcheck returned set to 0. Nor should there be any invalid (non-boolean) values.
When dnf encounters such invalid entries they are ignored and the global configuration
is applied.
# grep -Prs -- '^\h*gpgcheck\h*=\h*(0|[2-9]|[1-9][0-9]+|[a-zA-Z_]+)\b'
/etc/yum.repos.d/

Remediation:
Edit /etc/dnf/dnf.conf and set gpgcheck=1 in the [main] section.
Example:
# sed -i 's/^gpgcheck\s*=\s*.*/gpgcheck=1/' /etc/dnf/dnf.conf
Edit any failing files in /etc/yum.repos.d/* and set all instances starting with gpgcheck
to 1.
Example:
# find /etc/yum.repos.d/ -name "*.repo" -exec echo "Checking:" {} \; -exec
sed -i 's/^gpgcheck\s*=\s*.*/gpgcheck=1/' {} \;

References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: SI-2

Page 125
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

7.3 Perform Automated Operating System Patch

v8 Management ● ● ●
Perform operating system updates on enterprise assets through automated
patch management on a monthly, or more frequent, basis.

3.4 Deploy Automated Operating System Patch

Management Tools
v7 Deploy automated software update tools in order to ensure that the operating ● ● ●
systems are running the most recent security updates provided by the software
vendor.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1195, T1195.001 TA0005

Page 126
1.2.3 Ensure package manager repositories are configured
(Manual)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
Systems need to have the respective package manager repositories configured to
ensure that the system is able to receive the latest patches and updates.
Rationale:
If a system's package repositories are misconfigured, important patches may not be
identified or a rogue repository could introduce compromised software.
Audit:
Run the following command to verify repositories are configured correctly. The output
may vary depending on which repositories are currently configured on the system.
Example:
# dnf repolist

repo id repo name

amazonlinux Amazon Linux 2023 repository
kernel-livepatch Amazon Linux 2023 Kernel Livepatch repositor
For the repositories in use, inspect the configuration file to ensure all settings are
correctly applied according to site policy.
Example:
Depending on the distribution being used the repo file name might differ.
cat /etc/yum.repos.d/*.repo

Remediation:
Configure your package manager repositories according to site policy.
References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: SI-2

Additional Information:
For further information about Fedora repositories see: https://docs.fedoraproject.org/en-
US/quick-docs/repositories/

Page 127
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

7.3 Perform Automated Operating System Patch

v8 Management ● ● ●
Perform operating system updates on enterprise assets through automated
patch management on a monthly, or more frequent, basis.

7.4 Perform Automated Application Patch Management

v8 Perform application updates on enterprise assets through automated patch ● ● ●
management on a monthly, or more frequent, basis.

3.4 Deploy Automated Operating System Patch

Management Tools
v7 Deploy automated software update tools in order to ensure that the operating ● ● ●
systems are running the most recent security updates provided by the software
vendor.

3.5 Deploy Automated Software Patch Management

Tools
v7 Deploy automated software update tools in order to ensure that third-party ● ● ●
software on all systems is running the most recent security updates provided by
the software vendor.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1195, T1195.001 TA0001 M1051

Page 128
1.2.4 Ensure repo_gpgcheck is globally activated (Manual)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 2 - Server
Description:
The repo_gpgcheck option, found in the main section of the /etc/dnf/dnf.conf and
individual /etc/yum.repos.d/* files, will perform a GPG signature check on the
repodata.
Rationale:
It is important to ensure that the repository data signature is always checked prior to
installation to ensure that the software is not tampered with in any way.
Impact:
Not all repositories, notably RedHat, support repo_gpgcheck. Take care to set this value
to false (default) for particular repositories that do not support it. If enabled on
repositories that do not support repo_gpgcheck installation of packages will fail.
Research is required by the user to determine which repositories is configured on the
local system and, from that list, which support repo_gpgcheck.

Audit:
Global configuration

Run the following command:

grep ^repo_gpgcheck /etc/dnf/dnf.conf
Verify that repo_gpgcheck is set to 1
Per repository configuration

Configuration in /etc/yum.repos.d/ takes precedence over the global configuration.

As an example, to list all the configured repositories, excluding "fedoraproject.org", that
specifically disables repo_gpgcheck, run the following command:
# REPO_URL="fedoraproject.org"
# for repo in $(grep -l "repo_gpgcheck=0" /etc/yum.repos.d/* ); do
if ! grep "${REPO_URL}" "${repo}" &>/dev/null; then
echo "${repo}"
fi
done
Per the research that was done on which repositories does not support repo_gpgcheck,
change the REPO_URL variable and run the test.

Page 129
Remediation:
Global configuration

Edit /etc/dnf/dnf.conf and set repo_gpgcheck=1 in the [main] section.

Example:
[main]
repo_gpgcheck=1
Per repository configuration

First check that the particular repository support GPG checking on the repodata.
Edit any failing files in /etc/yum.repos.d/* and set all instances starting with
repo_gpgcheck to 1.

References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: SI-2

CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

7.3 Perform Automated Operating System Patch

v8 Management ● ● ●
Perform operating system updates on enterprise assets through automated
patch management on a monthly, or more frequent, basis.

3.4 Deploy Automated Operating System Patch

Management Tools
v7 Deploy automated software update tools in order to ensure that the operating ● ● ●
systems are running the most recent security updates provided by the software
vendor.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1195, T1195.001 TA0005

Page 130
1.3 Filesystem Integrity Checking

AIDE is a file integrity checking tool, similar in nature to Tripwire. While it cannot prevent
intrusions, it can detect unauthorized changes to configuration files by alerting when the
files are changed. When setting up AIDE, decide internally what the site policy will be
concerning integrity checking. Review the AIDE quick start guide and AIDE
documentation before proceeding.

Page 131
1.3.1 Ensure AIDE is installed (Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
Advanced Intrusion Detection Environment (AIDE) is a intrusion detection tool that uses
predefined rules to check the integrity of files and directories in the Linux operating
system. AIDE has its own database to check the integrity of files and directories.
AIDE takes a snapshot of files and directories including modification times, permissions,
and file hashes which can then be used to compare against the current state of the
filesystem to detect modifications to the system.
Rationale:
By monitoring the filesystem state compromised files can be detected to prevent or limit
the exposure of accidental or malicious misconfigurations or modified binaries.
Audit:
Run the following command and verify aide is installed:
# rpm -q aide

aide-<version>

Remediation:
Run the following command to install AIDE:
# dnf install aide
Configure AIDE as appropriate for your environment. Consult the AIDE documentation
for options.
Initialize AIDE:
Run the following commands:
# aide --init
# mv /var/lib/aide/aide.db.new.gz /var/lib/aide/aide.db.gz

References:

1. AIDE stable manual: http://aide.sourceforge.net/stable/manual.html

2. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-2

Page 132
Additional Information:
The prelinking feature can interfere with AIDE because it alters binaries to speed up
their start up times. Run prelink -ua to restore the binaries to their prelinked state, thus
avoiding false positives from AIDE.
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

v8 3.14 Log Sensitive Data Access ●

Log sensitive data access, including modification and disposal.

14.9 Enforce Detail Logging for Access or Changes to

Sensitive Data
v7 Enforce detailed audit logging for access to sensitive data or changes to ●
sensitive data (utilizing tools such as File Integrity Monitoring or Security
Information and Event Monitoring).

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1565, T1565.001 TA0001 M1022

Page 133
1.3.2 Ensure filesystem integrity is regularly checked (Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
Periodic checking of the filesystem integrity is needed to detect changes to the
filesystem.
Rationale:
Periodic file checking allows the system administrator to determine on a regular basis if
critical files have been changed in an unauthorized fashion.
Audit:
Run the following commands to verify a cron job scheduled to run the aide check.
# grep -Ers '^([^#]+\s+)?(\/usr\/s?bin\/|^\s*)aide(\.wrapper)?\s(--?\S+\s)*(-
-(check|update)|\$AIDEARGS)\b' /etc/cron.* /etc/crontab /var/spool/cron/
Ensure a cron job in compliance with site policy is returned.
OR run the following commands to verify that aidecheck.service and aidecheck.timer
are enabled and aidcheck.timer is running
# systemctl is-enabled aidecheck.service

# systemctl is-enabled aidecheck.timer

# systemctl status aidecheck.timer

Page 134
Remediation:
If cron will be used to schedule and run aide check
Run the following command:
# crontab -u root -e
Add the following line to the crontab:
0 5 * * * /usr/sbin/aide --check
OR if aidecheck.service and aidecheck.timer will be used to schedule and run aide
check:
Create or edit the file /etc/systemd/system/aidecheck.service and add the following
lines:
[Unit]
Description=Aide Check

[Service]
Type=simple
ExecStart=/usr/sbin/aide --check

[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target
Create or edit the file /etc/systemd/system/aidecheck.timer and add the following lines:
[Unit]
Description=Aide check every day at 5AM

[Timer]
OnCalendar=*-*-* 05:00:00
Unit=aidecheck.service

[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target
Run the following commands:
# chown root:root /etc/systemd/system/aidecheck.*
# chmod 0644 /etc/systemd/system/aidecheck.*

# systemctl daemon-reload

# systemctl enable aidecheck.service

# systemctl --now enable aidecheck.timer

References:

1. https://github.com/konstruktoid/hardening/blob/master/config/aidecheck.service
2. https://github.com/konstruktoid/hardening/blob/master/config/aidecheck.timer
3. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-2

Page 135
Additional Information:
The checking in this recommendation occurs every day at 5am. Alter the frequency and
time of the checks in compliance with site policy.
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

v8 3.14 Log Sensitive Data Access ●

Log sensitive data access, including modification and disposal.

14.9 Enforce Detail Logging for Access or Changes to

Sensitive Data
v7 Enforce detailed audit logging for access to sensitive data or changes to ●
sensitive data (utilizing tools such as File Integrity Monitoring or Security
Information and Event Monitoring).

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1036, T1036.005 TA0040 M1022

Page 136
1.3.3 Ensure cryptographic mechanisms are used to protect the
integrity of audit tools (Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
Audit tools include, but are not limited to, vendor-provided and open source audit tools
needed to successfully view and manipulate audit information system activity and
records. Audit tools include custom queries and report generators.
Rationale:
Protecting the integrity of the tools used for auditing purposes is a critical step toward
ensuring the integrity of audit information. Audit information includes all information
(e.g., audit records, audit settings, and audit reports) needed to successfully audit
information system activity.
Attackers may replace the audit tools or inject code into the existing tools with the
purpose of providing the capability to hide or erase system activity from the audit logs.
Audit tools should be cryptographically signed in order to provide the capability to
identify when the audit tools have been modified, manipulated, or replaced. An example
is a checksum hash of the file or files.
Audit:
Verify that Advanced Intrusion Detection Environment (AIDE) is properly configured .
Run the following command to verify that AIDE is configured to use cryptographic
mechanisms to protect the integrity of audit tools:
# grep -Ps -- '(\/sbin\/(audit|au)\H*\b)' /etc/aide.conf.d/*.conf
/etc/aide.conf
Verify the output includes:
/sbin/auditctl p+i+n+u+g+s+b+acl+xattrs+sha512
/sbin/auditd p+i+n+u+g+s+b+acl+xattrs+sha512
/sbin/ausearch p+i+n+u+g+s+b+acl+xattrs+sha512
/sbin/aureport p+i+n+u+g+s+b+acl+xattrs+sha512
/sbin/autrace p+i+n+u+g+s+b+acl+xattrs+sha512
/sbin/augenrules p+i+n+u+g+s+b+acl+xattrs+sha512

Page 137
Remediation:
Add or update the following selection lines for to a file ending in .conf in the
/etc/aide.conf.d/ directory or to /etc/aide.conf to protect the integrity of the audit
tools:
# Audit Tools
/sbin/auditctl p+i+n+u+g+s+b+acl+xattrs+sha512
/sbin/auditd p+i+n+u+g+s+b+acl+xattrs+sha512
/sbin/ausearch p+i+n+u+g+s+b+acl+xattrs+sha512
/sbin/aureport p+i+n+u+g+s+b+acl+xattrs+sha512
/sbin/autrace p+i+n+u+g+s+b+acl+xattrs+sha512
/sbin/augenrules p+i+n+u+g+s+b+acl+xattrs+sha512

References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-2

CIS Controls:

Controls Version Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3

v8 3.14 Log Sensitive Data Access ●

Log sensitive data access, including modification and disposal.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1070, T1070.002, T1083,

TA0007 M1022
T1083.000

Page 138
1.4 Secure Boot Settings

The recommendations in this section focus on securing the bootloader and settings
involved in the boot process directly.
Note:

• In Fedora 28 based distributions, the kernel command-line parameters for

systems using the GRUB2 bootloader were defined in the kernelopts
environment variable. This variable was stored in the /boot/grub2/grubenv file
for each kernel boot entry. However, storing the kernel command-line parameters
using kernelopts was not robust. Therefore, the kernelopts has been removed
and the kernel command-line parameters are now stored in the Boot Loader
Specification (BLS) snippet, instead of in the
/boot/loader/entries/<KERNEL_BOOT_ENTRY>.conf file.
• Boot loader configuration files are unified across CPU architectures
o Configuration files for the GRUB boot loader are now stored in the
/boot/grub2/ directory on all supported CPU architectures. The
/boot/efi/EFI/redhat/grub.cfg file, which GRUB previously used as the
main configuration file on UEFI systems, now simply loads the
/boot/grub2/grub.cfg file.
o This change simplifies the layout of the GRUB configuration file, improves
user experience, and provides the following notable benefits:
▪ You can boot the same installation with either EFI or legacy BIOS.
▪ You can use the same documentation and commands for all
architectures.
▪ GRUB configuration tools are more robust, because they no longer
rely on symbolic links and they do not have to handle platform-
specific cases.
▪ The usage of the GRUB configuration files is aligned with images
generated by CoreOS Assembler (COSA) and OSBuild.
▪ The usage of the GRUB configuration files is aligned with other
Linux distributions.
▪ Fedora 34 based distributions no longer boot on 32-bit UEFI
• Support for the 32-bit UEFI firmware was removed from the GRUB and shim boot
loaders. As a consequence, Fedora 34 based distributions requires a 64-bit
UEFI, and can no longer boot on 64-bit systems that use a 32-bit UEFI.
o The following packages have been removed as part of this change:
o grub2-efi-ia32
o grub2-efi-ia32-cdboot
o grub2-efi-ia32-modules
o shim-ia32

Reference: https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-
us/red_hat_enterprise_linux/9/html/considerations_in_adopting_rhel_9/assembly_kernel
_considerations-in-adopting-rhel-9

Page 139
1.4.1 Ensure permissions on bootloader config are configured
(Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
The grub files contain information on boot settings and passwords for unlocking boot
options.
Rationale:
Setting the permissions to read and write for root only prevents non-root users from
seeing the boot parameters or changing them. Non-root users who read the boot
parameters may be able to identify weaknesses in security upon boot and be able to
exploit them.
Audit:
Run the following script to verify grub configuration files:

• For systems using UEFI (Files located in /boot/efi/EFI/*):

o Mode is 0700 or more restrictive
• For systems using BIOS (Files located in /boot/grub2/*):
o Mode is 0600 or more restrictive
• Owner is the user root
• Group owner is group root

Page 140
#!/usr/bin/env bash

{
l_output="" l_output2=""
file_mug_chk()
{
l_out="" l_out2=""
[[ "$(dirname "$l_file")" =~ ^\/boot\/efi\/EFI ]] && l_pmask="0077" ||
l_pmask="0177"
l_maxperm="$( printf '%o' $(( 0777 & ~$l_pmask )) )"
if [ $(( $l_mode & $l_pmask )) -gt 0 ]; then
l_out2="$l_out2\n - Is mode \"$l_mode\" and should be mode:
\"$l_maxperm\" or more restrictive"
else
l_out="$l_out\n - Is correctly mode: \"$l_mode\" which is mode:
\"$l_maxperm\" or more restrictive"
fi
if [ "$l_user" = "root" ]; then
l_out="$l_out\n - Is correctly owned by user: \"$l_user\""
else
l_out2="$l_out2\n - Is owned by user: \"$l_user\" and should be
owned by user: \"root\""
fi
if [ "$l_group" = "root" ]; then
l_out="$l_out\n - Is correctly group-owned by group: \"$l_user\""
else
l_out2="$l_out2\n - Is group-owned by group: \"$l_user\" and
should be group-owned by group: \"root\""
fi
[ -n "$l_out" ] && l_output="$l_output\n - File: \"$l_file\"$l_out\n"
[ -n "$l_out2" ] && l_output2="$l_output2\n - File:
\"$l_file\"$l_out2\n"
}
while IFS= read -r -d $'\0' l_gfile; do
while read -r l_file l_mode l_user l_group; do
file_mug_chk
done <<< "$(stat -Lc '%n %#a %U %G' "$l_gfile")"
done < <(find /boot -type f \( -name 'grub*' -o -name 'user.cfg' \) -
print0)
if [ -z "$l_output2" ]; then
echo -e "\n- Audit Result:\n *** PASS ***\n- * Correctly set *
:\n$l_output\n"
else
echo -e "\n- Audit Result:\n ** FAIL **\n - * Reasons for audit
failure * :\n$l_output2\n"
[ -n "$l_output" ] && echo -e " - * Correctly set * :\n$l_output\n"
fi
}

Page 141
Remediation:
Run the following to update the mode, ownership, and group ownership of the grub
configuration files:
-- IF -- the system uses UEFI (Files located in /boot/efi/EFI/*)
Edit /etc/fstab and add the fmask=0077, uid=0, and gid=0 options:
Example:
<device> /boot/efi vfat defaults,umask=0027,fmask=0077,uid=0,gid=0 0 0
Note: This may require a re-boot to enable the change
-- OR --
-- IF -- the system uses BIOS (Files located in /boot/grub2/*)
Run the following commands to set ownership and permissions on your grub
configuration file(s):
# [ -f /boot/grub2/grub.cfg ] && chown root:root /boot/grub2/grub.cfg
# [ -f /boot/grub2/grub.cfg ] && chmod u-x,go-rwx /boot/grub2/grub.cfg

# [ -f /boot/grub2/grubenv ] && chown root:root /boot/grub2/grubenv

# [ -f /boot/grub2/grubenv ] && chmod u-x,go-rwx /boot/grub2/grubenv

# [ -f /boot/grub2/user.cfg ] && chown root:root /boot/grub2/user.cfg

# [ -f /boot/grub2/user.cfg ] && chmod u-x,go-rwx /boot/grub2/user.cfg

Additional Information:
This recommendation is designed around the grub bootloader, if LILO or another
bootloader is in use in your environment enact equivalent settings.
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

3.3 Configure Data Access Control Lists

v8 Configure data access control lists based on a user’s need to know. Apply data
access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file
● ● ●
systems, databases, and applications.

14.6 Protect Information through Access Control Lists

Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share,
v7 claims, application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will
enforce the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the
● ● ●
information based on their need to access the information as a part of their
responsibilities.

Page 142
MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1542, T1542.000 TA0005, TA0007 M1022

Page 143
1.5 Additional Process Hardening

Page 144
1.5.1 Ensure address space layout randomization (ASLR) is
enabled (Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
Address space layout randomization (ASLR) is an exploit mitigation technique which
randomly arranges the address space of key data areas of a process.
Rationale:
Randomly placing virtual memory regions will make it difficult to write memory page
exploits as the memory placement will be consistently shifting.
Audit:
Run the following script to verify the following kernel parameter is set in the running
configuration and correctly loaded from a kernel parameter configuration file:

• kernel.randomize_va_space is set to 2

Note: kernel parameters are loaded by file and parameter order precedence. The
following script observes this precedence as part of the auditing procedure. The
parameters being checked may be set correctly in a file. If that file is superseded, the
parameter is overridden by an incorrect setting later in that file, or in a conically later file,
that "correct" setting will be ignored both by the script and by the system during a
normal kernel parameter load sequence.

Page 145
#!/usr/bin/env bash

{
l_output="" l_output2=""
a_parlist=("kernel.randomize_va_space=2")
l_ufwscf="$([ -f /etc/default/ufw ] && awk -F= '/^\s*IPT_SYSCTL=/ {print $2}'
/etc/default/ufw)"
kernel_parameter_chk()
{
l_krp="$(sysctl "$l_kpname" | awk -F= '{print $2}' | xargs)" # Check running configuration
if [ "$l_krp" = "$l_kpvalue" ]; then
l_output="$l_output\n - \"$l_kpname\" is correctly set to \"$l_krp\" in the running
configuration"
else
l_output2="$l_output2\n - \"$l_kpname\" is incorrectly set to \"$l_krp\" in the running
configuration and should have a value of: \"$l_kpvalue\""
fi
unset A_out; declare -A A_out # Check durable setting (files)
while read -r l_out; do
if [ -n "$l_out" ]; then
if [[ $l_out =~ ^\s*# ]]; then
l_file="${l_out//# /}"
else
l_kpar="$(awk -F= '{print $1}' <<< "$l_out" | xargs)"
[ "$l_kpar" = "$l_kpname" ] && A_out+=(["$l_kpar"]="$l_file")
fi
fi
done < <(/usr/lib/systemd/systemd-sysctl --cat-config | grep -Po
'^\h*([^#\n\r]+|#\h*\/[^#\n\r\h]+\.conf\b)')
if [ -n "$l_ufwscf" ]; then # Account for systems with UFW (Not covered by systemd-sysctl -
-cat-config)
l_kpar="$(grep -Po "^\h*$l_kpname\b" "$l_ufwscf" | xargs)"
l_kpar="${l_kpar//\//.}"
[ "$l_kpar" = "$l_kpname" ] && A_out+=(["$l_kpar"]="$l_ufwscf")
fi
if (( ${#A_out[@]} > 0 )); then # Assess output from files and generate output
while IFS="=" read -r l_fkpname l_fkpvalue; do
l_fkpname="${l_fkpname// /}"; l_fkpvalue="${l_fkpvalue// /}"
if [ "$l_fkpvalue" = "$l_kpvalue" ]; then
l_output="$l_output\n - \"$l_kpname\" is correctly set to \"$l_krp\" in \"$(printf
'%s' "${A_out[@]}")\"\n"
else
l_output2="$l_output2\n - \"$l_kpname\" is incorrectly set to \"$l_fkpvalue\" in
\"$(printf '%s' "${A_out[@]}")\" and should have a value of: \"$l_kpvalue\"\n"
fi
done < <(grep -Po -- "^\h*$l_kpname\h*=\h*\H+" "${A_out[@]}")
else
l_output2="$l_output2\n - \"$l_kpname\" is not set in an included file\n ** Note:
\"$l_kpname\" May be set in a file that's ignored by load procedure **\n"
fi
}
while IFS="=" read -r l_kpname l_kpvalue; do # Assess and check parameters
l_kpname="${l_kpname// /}"; l_kpvalue="${l_kpvalue// /}"
if ! grep -Pqs '^\h*0\b' /sys/module/ipv6/parameters/disable && grep -q '^net.ipv6.' <<<
"$l_kpname"; then
l_output="$l_output\n - IPv6 is disabled on the system, \"$l_kpname\" is not applicable"
else
kernel_parameter_chk
fi
done < <(printf '%s\n' "${a_parlist[@]}")
if [ -z "$l_output2" ]; then # Provide output from checks
echo -e "\n- Audit Result:\n ** PASS **\n$l_output\n"
else
echo -e "\n- Audit Result:\n ** FAIL **\n - Reason(s) for audit failure:\n$l_output2\n"
[ -n "$l_output" ] && echo -e "\n- Correctly set:\n$l_output\n"
fi
}

Page 146
Remediation:
Set the following parameter in /etc/sysctl.conf or a file in /etc/sysctl.d/ ending in
.conf:

• kernel.randomize_va_space = 2

Example:
# printf "
kernel.randomize_va_space = 2
" >> /etc/sysctl.d/60-kernel_sysctl.conf
Run the following command to set the active kernel parameter:
# sysctl -w kernel.randomize_va_space=2
Note: If these settings appear in a conically later file, or later in the same file, these
settings will be overwritten
Default Value:
kernel.randomize_va_space = 2
References:

1. CCI-000366: The organization implements the security configuration settings

2. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-6

CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

10.5 Enable Anti-Exploitation Features

Enable anti-exploitation features on enterprise assets and software, where
v8 possible, such as Microsoft® Data Execution Prevention (DEP), Windows® ● ●
Defender Exploit Guard (WDEG), or Apple® System Integrity Protection (SIP) and
Gatekeeper™.

8.3 Enable Operating System Anti-Exploitation Features/

Deploy Anti-Exploit Technologies
v7 Enable anti-exploitation features such as Data Execution Prevention (DEP) or
Address Space Layout Randomization (ASLR) that are available in an operating
● ●
system or deploy appropriate toolkits that can be configured to apply protection to a
broader set of applications and executables.

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Page 148
1.5.2 Ensure ptrace_scope is restricted (Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
The ptrace() system call provides a means by which one process (the "tracer") may
observe and control the execution of another process (the "tracee"), and examine and
change the tracee's memory and registers.
Rationale:
If one application is compromised, it would be possible for an attacker to attach to other
running processes (e.g. Bash, Firefox, SSH sessions, GPG agent, etc) to extract
additional credentials and continue to expand the scope of their attack.
Enabling restricted mode will limit the ability of a compromised process to
PTRACE_ATTACH on other processes running under the same user. With restricted
mode, ptrace will continue to work with root user.
Audit:
Run the following script to verify the following kernel parameter is set in the running
configuration and correctly loaded from a kernel parameter configuration file:

• kernel.yama.ptrace_scope is set to 1

Note: kernel parameters are loaded by file and parameter order precedence. The
following script observes this precedence as part of the auditing procedure. The
parameters being checked may be set correctly in a file. If that file is superseded, the
parameter is overridden by an incorrect setting later in that file, or in a conically later file,
that "correct" setting will be ignored both by the script and by the system during a
normal kernel parameter load sequence.

Page 149
#!/usr/bin/env bash

{
l_output="" l_output2=""
a_parlist=("kernel.yama.ptrace_scope=1")
l_ufwscf="$([ -f /etc/default/ufw ] && awk -F= '/^\s*IPT_SYSCTL=/ {print $2}'
/etc/default/ufw)"
kernel_parameter_chk()
{
l_krp="$(sysctl "$l_kpname" | awk -F= '{print $2}' | xargs)" # Check running configuration
if [ "$l_krp" = "$l_kpvalue" ]; then
l_output="$l_output\n - \"$l_kpname\" is correctly set to \"$l_krp\" in the running
configuration"
else
l_output2="$l_output2\n - \"$l_kpname\" is incorrectly set to \"$l_krp\" in the running
configuration and should have a value of: \"$l_kpvalue\""
fi
unset A_out; declare -A A_out # Check durable setting (files)
while read -r l_out; do
if [ -n "$l_out" ]; then
if [[ $l_out =~ ^\s*# ]]; then
l_file="${l_out//# /}"
else
l_kpar="$(awk -F= '{print $1}' <<< "$l_out" | xargs)"
[ "$l_kpar" = "$l_kpname" ] && A_out+=(["$l_kpar"]="$l_file")
fi
fi
done < <(/usr/lib/systemd/systemd-sysctl --cat-config | grep -Po
'^\h*([^#\n\r]+|#\h*\/[^#\n\r\h]+\.conf\b)')
if [ -n "$l_ufwscf" ]; then # Account for systems with UFW (Not covered by systemd-sysctl -
-cat-config)
l_kpar="$(grep -Po "^\h*$l_kpname\b" "$l_ufwscf" | xargs)"
l_kpar="${l_kpar//\//.}"
[ "$l_kpar" = "$l_kpname" ] && A_out+=(["$l_kpar"]="$l_ufwscf")
fi
if (( ${#A_out[@]} > 0 )); then # Assess output from files and generate output
while IFS="=" read -r l_fkpname l_fkpvalue; do
l_fkpname="${l_fkpname// /}"; l_fkpvalue="${l_fkpvalue// /}"
if [ "$l_fkpvalue" = "$l_kpvalue" ]; then
l_output="$l_output\n - \"$l_kpname\" is correctly set to \"$l_krp\" in \"$(printf
'%s' "${A_out[@]}")\"\n"
else
l_output2="$l_output2\n - \"$l_kpname\" is incorrectly set to \"$l_fkpvalue\" in
\"$(printf '%s' "${A_out[@]}")\" and should have a value of: \"$l_kpvalue\"\n"
fi
done < <(grep -Po -- "^\h*$l_kpname\h*=\h*\H+" "${A_out[@]}")
else
l_output2="$l_output2\n - \"$l_kpname\" is not set in an included file\n ** Note:
\"$l_kpname\" May be set in a file that's ignored by load procedure **\n"
fi
}
while IFS="=" read -r l_kpname l_kpvalue; do # Assess and check parameters
l_kpname="${l_kpname// /}"; l_kpvalue="${l_kpvalue// /}"
if ! grep -Pqs '^\h*0\b' /sys/module/ipv6/parameters/disable && grep -q '^net.ipv6.' <<<
"$l_kpname"; then
l_output="$l_output\n - IPv6 is disabled on the system, \"$l_kpname\" is not applicable"
else
kernel_parameter_chk
fi
done < <(printf '%s\n' "${a_parlist[@]}")
if [ -z "$l_output2" ]; then # Provide output from checks
echo -e "\n- Audit Result:\n ** PASS **\n$l_output\n"
else
echo -e "\n- Audit Result:\n ** FAIL **\n - Reason(s) for audit failure:\n$l_output2\n"
[ -n "$l_output" ] && echo -e "\n- Correctly set:\n$l_output\n"
fi
}

Page 150
Remediation:
Set the following parameter in /etc/sysctl.conf or a file in /etc/sysctl.d/ ending in
.conf:

• kernel.yama.ptrace_scope = 1

Example:
# printf "
kernel.yama.ptrace_scope = 1
" >> /etc/sysctl.d/60-kernel_sysctl.conf
Run the following command to set the active kernel parameter:
# sysctl -w kernel.yama.ptrace_scope=1
Note: If these settings appear in a conically later file, or later in the same file, these
settings will be overwritten
Default Value:
kernel.yama.ptrace_scope=1
References:

1. https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/security/Yama.txt
2. https://github.com/raj3shp/termspy
3. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-6

Additional Information:
Ptrace is very rarely used by regular applications and is mostly used by debuggers such
as gdb and strace.

CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

4.8 Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on

Enterprise Assets and Software
v8 Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, ● ●
such as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service
function.

9.2 Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services

v7 Are Running ● ●
Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system
with validated business needs, are running on each system.

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1.5.3 Ensure core dump storage is disabled (Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
A core dump is the memory of an executable program. It is generally used to determine
why a program aborted. It can also be used to glean confidential information from a core
file.
Rationale:
A core dump includes a memory image taken at the time the operating system
terminates an application. The memory image could contain sensitive data and is
generally useful only for developers trying to debug problems.
Audit:
Run the following command to verify Storage is set to none in
/etc/systemd/coredump.conf:

# grep -i '^\s*storage\s*=\s*none' /etc/systemd/coredump.conf

Storage=none

Remediation:
Edit /etc/systemd/coredump.conf and edit or add the following line:
Storage=none

References:

1. https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/coredump.conf.html
2. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7

CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

13.2 Remove Sensitive Data or Systems Not Regularly

Accessed by Organization
v7 Remove sensitive data or systems not regularly accessed by the organization
from the network. These systems shall only be used as stand alone systems
● ● ●
(disconnected from the network) by the business unit needing to occasionally use
the system or completely virtualized and powered off until needed.

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1.5.4 Ensure core dump backtraces are disabled (Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
A core dump is the memory of an executable program. It is generally used to determine
why a program aborted. It can also be used to glean confidential information from a core
file.
Rationale:
A core dump includes a memory image taken at the time the operating system
terminates an application. The memory image could contain sensitive data and is
generally useful only for developers trying to debug problems, increasing the risk to the
system.
Audit:
Run the following command to verify ProcessSizeMax is set to 0 in
/etc/systemd/coredump.conf:

# grep -Pi '^\h*ProcessSizeMax\h*=\h*0\b' /etc/systemd/coredump.conf || echo

-e "\n- Audit results:\n ** Fail **\n - \"ProcessSizeMax\" is: \"$(grep -i
'ProcessSizeMax' /etc/systemd/coredump.conf)\""

Remediation:
Edit or add the following line in /etc/systemd/coredump.conf:
ProcessSizeMax=0

Default Value:
ProcessSizeMax=2G
References:

1. https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/coredump.conf.html
2. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-6

Page 155
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

13.2 Remove Sensitive Data or Systems Not Regularly

Accessed by Organization
v7 Remove sensitive data or systems not regularly accessed by the organization
from the network. These systems shall only be used as stand alone systems
● ● ●
(disconnected from the network) by the business unit needing to occasionally use
the system or completely virtualized and powered off until needed.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1005, T1005.000 TA0007 M1057

Page 156
1.6 Mandatory Access Control

Mandatory Access Control (MAC) provides an additional layer of access restrictions to

processes on top of the base Discretionary Access Controls. By restricting how
processes can access files and resources on a system the potential impact from
vulnerabilities in the processes can be reduced.
Impact: Mandatory Access Control limits the capabilities of applications and daemons
on a system, while this can prevent unauthorized access the configuration of MAC can
be complex and difficult to implement correctly preventing legitimate access from
occurring.

Page 157
1.6.1 Configure SELinux

SELinux implements Mandatory Access Control (MAC). Every process and system
resource has a special security label called an SELinux context. A SELinux context,
sometimes referred to as an SELinux label, is an identifier which abstracts away the
system-level details and focuses on the security properties of the entity. Not only does
this provide a consistent way of referencing objects in the SELinux policy, but it also
removes any ambiguity that can be found in other identification methods. For example,
a file can have multiple valid path names on a system that makes use of bind mounts.
The SELinux policy uses these contexts in a series of rules which define how processes
can interact with each other and the various system resources. By default, the policy
does not allow any interaction unless a rule explicitly grants access.
In Fedora 34 Family Linux distributions, system services are controlled by the systemd
daemon; systemd starts and stops all services, and users and processes communicate
with systemd using the systemctl utility. The systemd daemon can consult the SELinux
policy and check the label of the calling process and the label of the unit file that the
caller tries to manage, and then ask SELinux whether or not the caller is allowed the
access. This approach strengthens access control to critical system capabilities, which
include starting and stopping system services.
This automatically limits the damage that the software can do to files accessible by the
calling user. The user does not need to take any action to gain this benefit. For an
action to occur, both the traditional DAC permissions must be satisfied as well as the
SELinux MAC rules. The action will not be allowed if either one of these models does
not permit the action. In this way, SELinux rules can only make a system's permissions
more restrictive and secure. SELinux requires a complex policy to allow all the actions
required of a system under normal operation. Two such policies have been designed for
use with Fedora 34 Family Linux distributions and are included with the system:
targeted and mls. These are described as follows:

• targeted: targeted processes run in their own domain, called a confined domain.
In a confined domain, the files that a targeted process has access to are limited.
If a confined process is compromised by an attacker, the attacker’s access to
resources and the possible damage they can do is also limited. SELinux denies
access to these resources and logs the denial.
• mls: implements Multi-Level Security (MLS), which introduces even more kinds of
labels (sensitivity and category) and rules that govern access based on these.

This section provides guidance for the configuration of the targeted policy.

Page 158
Notes:

• Remember that SELinux policy rules are checked after DAC rules. SELinux
policy rules are not used if DAC rules deny access first, which means that no
SELinux denial is logged if the traditional DAC rules prevent the access.
• This section only applies if SELinux is in use on the system. Additional
Mandatory Access Control systems exist.
• To avoid incorrect SELinux labeling and subsequent problems, ensure that you
start services using a systemctl start command.

References:

1. NSA SELinux resources:

1. http://www.nsa.gov/research/selinux
2. http://www.nsa.gov/research/selinux/list.shtml
2. Fedora SELinux resources:
1. FAQ: http://docs.fedoraproject.org/selinux-faq
2. User Guide: https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-
us/red_hat_enterprise_linux/8/html-single/using_selinux/index
3. Managing Services Guide: http://docs.fedoraproject.org/selinux-managing-
confined-services-guide
3. SELinux Project web page and wiki:
1. http://www.selinuxproject.org

Page 159
1.6.1.1 Ensure SELinux is installed (Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
SELinux provides Mandatory Access Control.
Rationale:
Without a Mandatory Access Control system installed only the default Discretionary
Access Control system will be available.
Audit:
Verify SELinux is installed.
Run the following command:
# rpm -q libselinux

libselinux-<version>

Remediation:
Run the following command to install SELinux:
# dnf install libselinux

References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2

CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

3.3 Configure Data Access Control Lists

v8 Configure data access control lists based on a user’s need to know. Apply data
access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file
● ● ●
systems, databases, and applications.

14.6 Protect Information through Access Control Lists

Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share,
v7 claims, application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will
enforce the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the
● ● ●
information based on their need to access the information as a part of their
responsibilities.

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1.6.1.2 Ensure SELinux is not disabled in bootloader configuration
(Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
Configure SELINUX to be enabled at boot time and verify that it has not been
overwritten by the grub boot parameters.
Rationale:
SELinux must be enabled at boot time in your grub configuration to ensure that the
controls it provides are not overridden.
Impact:
Files created while SELinux is disabled are not labeled at all. This behavior causes
problems when changing to enforcing mode because files are labeled incorrectly or are
not labeled at all. To prevent incorrectly labeled and unlabeled files from causing
problems, file systems are automatically relabeled when changing from the disabled
state to permissive or enforcing mode. This can be a long running process that should
be accounted for as it may extend downtime during initial re-boot.
Audit:
Run the following command to verify that neither the selinux=0 or enforcing=0
parameters have been set:
# grubby --info=ALL | grep -Po '(selinux|enforcing)=0\b'
Nothing should be returned

Page 162
Remediation:
Run the following command to remove the selinux=0 and enforcing=0 parameters:
grubby --update-kernel ALL --remove-args "selinux=0 enforcing=0"
Run the following command to remove the selinux=0 and enforcing=0 parameters if
they were created by the deprecated grub2-mkconfig command:
# grep -Prsq --
'\h*([^#\n\r]+\h+)?kernelopts=([^#\n\r]+\h+)?(selinux|enforcing)=0\b'
/boot/grub2 /boot/efi && grub2-mkconfig -o "$(grep -Prl --
'\h*([^#\n\r]+\h+)?kernelopts=([^#\n\r]+\h+)?(selinux|enforcing)=0\b'
/boot/grub2 /boot/efi)"

References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: SI-7

Additional Information:
This recommendation is designed around the grub 2 bootloader, if another bootloader is
in use in your environment enact equivalent settings.
grubby is a command line tool for updating and displaying information about the
configuration files for the grub2 and zipl boot loaders. It is primarily designed to be used
from scripts which install new kernels and need to find information about the current
boot environment.

• All bootloaders define the boot entries as individual configuration fragments that
are stored by default in /boot/loader/entries. The format for the config files is
specified at https://systemd.io/BOOT_LOADER_SPECIFICATION. The grubby
tool is used to update and display the configuration defined in the
BootLoaderSpec fragment files.
• There are a number of ways to specify the kernel used for --info, --remove-
kernel, and --update-kernel. Specifying DEFAULT or ALL selects the de‐fault
entry and all of the entries, respectively. Also, the title of a boot entry may be
specified by using TITLE=title as the argument; all entries with that title are used.

Page 163
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

3.3 Configure Data Access Control Lists

v8 Configure data access control lists based on a user’s need to know. Apply data
access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file
● ● ●
systems, databases, and applications.

14.6 Protect Information through Access Control Lists

Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share,
v7 claims, application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will
enforce the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the
● ● ●
information based on their need to access the information as a part of their
responsibilities.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1068, T1068.000 TA0003 M1026

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1.6.1.3 Ensure SELinux policy is configured (Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
Configure SELinux to meet or exceed the default targeted policy, which constrains
daemons and system software only.
Rationale:
Security configuration requirements vary from site to site. Some sites may mandate a
policy that is stricter than the default policy, which is perfectly acceptable. This item is
intended to ensure that at least the default recommendations are met.
Audit:
Run the following commands and ensure output matches either " targeted " or " mls ":
# grep -E '^\s*SELINUXTYPE=(targeted|mls)\b' /etc/selinux/config

SELINUXTYPE=targeted
# sestatus | grep Loaded

Loaded policy name: targeted

Remediation:
Edit the /etc/selinux/config file to set the SELINUXTYPE parameter:
SELINUXTYPE=targeted

References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2

Additional Information:
If your organization requires stricter policies, ensure that they are set in the
/etc/selinux/config file.

Page 165
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

3.3 Configure Data Access Control Lists

v8 Configure data access control lists based on a user’s need to know. Apply data
access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file
● ● ●
systems, databases, and applications.

14.6 Protect Information through Access Control Lists

Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share,
v7 claims, application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will
enforce the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the
● ● ●
information based on their need to access the information as a part of their
responsibilities.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1068, T1068.000 TA0005 M1048

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1.6.1.4 Ensure the SELinux mode is not disabled (Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
SELinux can run in one of three modes: disabled, permissive, or enforcing:

• Enforcing - Is the default, and recommended, mode of operation; in enforcing

mode SELinux operates normally, enforcing the loaded security policy on the
entire system.
• Permissive - The system acts as if SELinux is enforcing the loaded security
policy, including labeling objects and emitting access denial entries in the logs,
but it does not actually deny any operations. While not recommended for
production systems, permissive mode can be helpful for SELinux policy
development.
• Disabled - Is strongly discouraged; not only does the system avoid enforcing the
SELinux policy, it also avoids labeling any persistent objects such as files,
making it difficult to enable SELinux in the future

Note: you can set individual domains to permissive mode while the system runs in
enforcing mode. For example, to make the httpd_t domain permissive:
# semanage permissive -a httpd_t

Rationale:
Running SELinux in disabled mode is strongly discouraged; not only does the system
avoid enforcing the SELinux policy, it also avoids labeling any persistent objects such
as files, making it difficult to enable SELinux in the future.

Page 167
Audit:
Run the following commands and ensure output matches:
Run the following command to verify SELinux's current mode:
# getenforce

Enforcing
-OR-
Permissive
Run the following command to verify SELinux's configured mode:
# grep -Ei '^\s*SELINUX=(enforcing|permissive)' /etc/selinux/config

SELINUX=enforcing
-OR-
SELINUX=permissive

Remediation:
Run one of the following commands to set SELinux's running mode:
To set SELinux mode to Enforcing:
# setenforce 1
OR
To set SELinux mode to Permissive:
# setenforce 0
Edit the /etc/selinux/config file to set the SELINUX parameter:
For Enforcing mode:
SELINUX=enforcing
OR
For Permissive mode:
SELINUX=permissive

References:

1. https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-
us/red_hat_enterprise_linux/7/html/selinux_users_and_administrators_guide/sect
-security-enhanced_linux-introduction-selinux_modes
2. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2

Page 168
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

3.3 Configure Data Access Control Lists

v8 Configure data access control lists based on a user’s need to know. Apply data
access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file
● ● ●
systems, databases, and applications.

14.6 Protect Information through Access Control Lists

Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share,
v7 claims, application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will
enforce the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the
● ● ●
information based on their need to access the information as a part of their
responsibilities.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1068, T1068.000, T1565,

TA0003 M1026
T1565.001, T1565.003

Page 169
1.6.1.5 Ensure the SELinux mode is enforcing (Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 2 - Server
Description:
SELinux can run in one of three modes: disabled, permissive, or enforcing:

• Enforcing - Is the default, and recommended, mode of operation; in enforcing

mode SELinux operates normally, enforcing the loaded security policy on the
entire system.
• Permissive - The system acts as if SELinux is enforcing the loaded security
policy, including labeling objects and emitting access denial entries in the logs,
but it does not actually deny any operations. While not recommended for
production systems, permissive mode can be helpful for SELinux policy
development.
• Disabled - Is strongly discouraged; not only does the system avoid enforcing the
SELinux policy, it also avoids labeling any persistent objects such as files,
making it difficult to enable SELinux in the future

Note: you can set individual domains to permissive mode while the system runs in
enforcing mode. For example, to make the httpd_t domain permissive:
# semanage permissive -a httpd_t

Rationale:
Running SELinux in disabled mode the system not only avoids enforcing the SELinux
policy, it also avoids labeling any persistent objects such as files, making it difficult to
enable SELinux in the future.
Running SELinux in Permissive mode, though helpful for developing SELinux policy,
only logs access denial entries, but does not deny any operations.

Page 170
Audit:
Run the following commands and ensure output matches:
Run the following command to verify SELinux's current mode:
# getenforce

Enforcing
Run the following command to verify SELinux's configured mode:
# grep -i SELINUX=enforcing /etc/selinux/config

SELINUX=enforcing

Remediation:
Run the following command to set SELinux's running mode:
# setenforce 1
Edit the /etc/selinux/config file to set the SELINUX parameter:
For Enforcing mode:
SELINUX=enforcing

References:

1. https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-
us/red_hat_enterprise_linux/7/html/selinux_users_and_administrators_guide/sect
-security-enhanced_linux-introduction-selinux_modes
2. CCI-002165: The information system enforces organization-defined discretionary
access control policies over defined subjects and objects.
3. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, SI-6
4. CCI-002696: The information system verifies correct operation of organization-
defined security functions.

CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

3.3 Configure Data Access Control Lists

v8 Configure data access control lists based on a user’s need to know. Apply data
access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file
● ● ●
systems, databases, and applications.

14.6 Protect Information through Access Control Lists

Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share,
v7 claims, application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will
enforce the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the
● ● ●
information based on their need to access the information as a part of their
responsibilities.

Page 171
MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1068, T1068.000, T1565,

TA0005 M1026
T1565.001, T1565.003

Page 172
1.6.1.6 Ensure no unconfined services exist (Manual)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
Unconfined processes run in unconfined domains
Rationale:
For unconfined processes, SELinux policy rules are applied, but policy rules exist that
allow processes running in unconfined domains almost all access. Processes running in
unconfined domains fall back to using DAC rules exclusively. If an unconfined process
is compromised, SELinux does not prevent an attacker from gaining access to system
resources and data, but of course, DAC rules are still used. SELinux is a security
enhancement on top of DAC rules – it does not replace them
Audit:
Run the following command and verify no output is produced:
# ps -eZ | grep unconfined_service_t
Nothing should be returned
Remediation:
Investigate any unconfined processes found during the audit action. They may need to
have an existing security context assigned to them or a policy built for them.
References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2

Additional Information:
Occasionally certain daemons such as backup or centralized management software
may require running unconfined. Any such software should be carefully analyzed and
documented before such an exception is made.

Page 173
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

3.3 Configure Data Access Control Lists

v8 Configure data access control lists based on a user’s need to know. Apply
data access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote
● ● ●
file systems, databases, and applications.

9.2 Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services

v7 Are Running ● ●
Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system
with validated business needs, are running on each system.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1068, T1068.000, T1565,

TA0004 M1022
T1565.001, T1565.003

Page 174
1.6.1.7 Ensure SETroubleshoot is not installed (Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
The SETroubleshoot service notifies desktop users of SELinux denials through a user-
friendly interface. The service provides important information around configuration
errors, unauthorized intrusions, and other potential errors.
Rationale:
The SETroubleshoot service is an unnecessary daemon to have running on a server,
especially if X Windows is disabled.
Audit:
Verify setroubleshoot is not installed.
Run the following command:
# rpm -q setroubleshoot

package setroubleshoot is not installed

Remediation:
Run the following command to uninstall setroubleshoot:
# dnf remove setroubleshoot

References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2

Page 175
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

4.8 Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on

v8 Enterprise Assets and Software ● ●
Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software,
such as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service function.

14.6 Protect Information through Access Control Lists

Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share,
v7 claims, application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will
enforce the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the
● ● ●
information based on their need to access the information as a part of their
responsibilities.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1543, T1543.002 TA0005 M1033

Page 176
1.6.1.8 Ensure the MCS Translation Service (mcstrans) is not
installed (Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
The mcstransd daemon provides category label information to client processes
requesting information. The label translations are defined in
/etc/selinux/targeted/setrans.conf

Rationale:
Since this service is not used very often, remove it to reduce the amount of potentially
vulnerable code running on the system.
Audit:
Verify mcstrans is not installed.
Run the following command:
# rpm -q mcstrans

package mcstrans is not installed

Remediation:
Run the following command to uninstall mcstrans:
# dnf remove mcstrans

References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: SI-4

Page 177
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

4.8 Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on

Enterprise Assets and Software
v8 Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, ● ●
such as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service
function.

9.2 Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services

v7 Are Running ● ●
Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system
with validated business needs, are running on each system.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1543, T1543.002 TA0005 M1033

Page 178
1.7 Command Line Warning Banners

Presenting a warning message prior to the normal user login may assist in the
prosecution of trespassers on the computer system. Changing some of these login
banners also has the side effect of hiding OS version information and other detailed
system information from attackers attempting to target specific exploits at a system.
Guidelines published by the US Department of Defense require that warning messages
include at least the name of the organization that owns the system, the fact that the
system is subject to monitoring and that such monitoring is in compliance with local
statutes, and that use of the system implies consent to such monitoring. It is important
that the organization's legal counsel review the content of all messages before any
system modifications are made, as these warning messages are inherently site-specific.
More information (including citations of relevant case law) can be found at
http://www.justice.gov/criminal/cybercrime/
The /etc/motd, /etc/issue, and /etc/issue.net files govern warning banners for
standard command line logins for both local and remote users.
Note: The text provided in the remediation actions for these items is intended as an
example only. Please edit to include the specific text for your organization as approved
by your legal department.

Page 179
1.7.1 Ensure message of the day is configured properly
(Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
The contents of the /etc/motd file are displayed to users after login and function as a
message of the day for authenticated users.
Unix-based systems have typically displayed information about the OS release and
patch level upon logging in to the system. This information can be useful to developers
who are developing software for a particular OS platform. If mingetty(8) supports the
following options, they display operating system information: \m - machine architecture
\r - operating system release \s - operating system name \v - operating system version

Rationale:
Warning messages inform users who are attempting to login to the system of their legal
status regarding the system and must include the name of the organization that owns
the system and any monitoring policies that are in place. Displaying OS and patch level
information in login banners also has the side effect of providing detailed system
information to attackers attempting to target specific exploits of a system. Authorized
users can easily get this information by running the " uname -a " command once they
have logged in.
Audit:
Run the following command and verify that the contents match site policy:
# cat /etc/motd
Run the following command and verify no results are returned:
# grep -E -i "(\\\v|\\\r|\\\m|\\\s|$(grep '^ID=' /etc/os-release | cut -d= -
f2 | sed -e 's/"//g'))" /etc/motd

Page 180
Remediation:
Edit the /etc/motd file with the appropriate contents according to your site policy,
remove any instances of \m , \r , \s , \v or references to the OS platform
OR
If the motd is not used, this file can be removed.
Run the following command to remove the motd file:
# rm /etc/motd

References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-3

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1082, T1082.000, T1592,

TA0007
T1592.004

Page 181
1.7.2 Ensure local login warning banner is configured properly
(Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
The contents of the /etc/issue file are displayed to users prior to login for local
terminals.
Unix-based systems have typically displayed information about the OS release and
patch level upon logging in to the system. This information can be useful to developers
who are developing software for a particular OS platform. If mingetty(8) supports the
following options, they display operating system information: \m - machine architecture
\r - operating system release \s - operating system name \v - operating system version
- or the operating system's name
Rationale:
Warning messages inform users who are attempting to login to the system of their legal
status regarding the system and must include the name of the organization that owns
the system and any monitoring policies that are in place. Displaying OS and patch level
information in login banners also has the side effect of providing detailed system
information to attackers attempting to target specific exploits of a system. Authorized
users can easily get this information by running the " uname -a " command once they
have logged in.
Audit:
Run the following command and verify that the contents match site policy:
# cat /etc/issue
Run the following command and verify no results are returned:
# grep -E -i "(\\\v|\\\r|\\\m|\\\s|$(grep '^ID=' /etc/os-release | cut -d= -
f2 | sed -e 's/"//g'))" /etc/issue

Remediation:
Edit the /etc/issue file with the appropriate contents according to your site policy,
remove any instances of \m , \r , \s , \v or references to the OS platform
# echo "Authorized uses only. All activity may be monitored and reported." >
/etc/issue

References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-6, CM-1, CM-3

Page 182
MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1082, T1082.000, T1592,

TA0007
T1592.004

Page 183
1.7.3 Ensure remote login warning banner is configured properly
(Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
The contents of the /etc/issue.net file are displayed to users prior to login for remote
connections from configured services.
Unix-based systems have typically displayed information about the OS release and
patch level upon logging in to the system. This information can be useful to developers
who are developing software for a particular OS platform. If mingetty(8) supports the
following options, they display operating system information: \m - machine architecture
\r - operating system release \s - operating system name \v - operating system version

Rationale:
Warning messages inform users who are attempting to login to the system of their legal
status regarding the system and must include the name of the organization that owns
the system and any monitoring policies that are in place. Displaying OS and patch level
information in login banners also has the side effect of providing detailed system
information to attackers attempting to target specific exploits of a system. Authorized
users can easily get this information by running the " uname -a " command once they
have logged in.
Audit:
Run the following command and verify that the contents match site policy:
# cat /etc/issue.net
Run the following command and verify no results are returned:
# grep -E -i "(\\\v|\\\r|\\\m|\\\s|$(grep '^ID=' /etc/os-release | cut -d= -
f2 | sed -e 's/"//g'))" /etc/issue.net

Remediation:
Edit the /etc/issue.net file with the appropriate contents according to your site policy,
remove any instances of \m , \r , \s , \v or references to the OS platform
# echo "Authorized uses only. All activity may be monitored and reported." >
/etc/issue.net

References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-6, CM-1, CM-3

Page 184
MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1018, T1018.000, T1082,

T1082.000, T1592, TA0007
T1592.004

Page 185
1.7.4 Ensure permissions on /etc/motd are configured
(Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
The contents of the /etc/motd file are displayed to users after login and function as a
message of the day for authenticated users.
Rationale:
If the /etc/motd file does not have the correct ownership it could be modified by
unauthorized users with incorrect or misleading information.
Audit:
Run the following command and verify Uid and Gid are both 0/root and Access is 644 :
# stat -L /etc/motd

Access: (0644/-rw-r--r--) Uid: ( 0/ root) Gid: ( 0/ root)

Remediation:
Run the following commands to set permissions on /etc/motd :
# chown root:root /etc/motd
# chmod u-x,go-wx /etc/motd

References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2

Page 186
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

3.3 Configure Data Access Control Lists

v8 Configure data access control lists based on a user’s need to know. Apply data
access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file
● ● ●
systems, databases, and applications.

14.6 Protect Information through Access Control Lists

Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share,
v7 claims, application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will
enforce the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the
● ● ●
information based on their need to access the information as a part of their
responsibilities.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1222, T1222.002 TA0005 M1022

Page 187
1.7.5 Ensure permissions on /etc/issue are configured
(Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
The contents of the /etc/issue file are displayed to users prior to login for local
terminals.
Rationale:
If the /etc/issue file does not have the correct ownership it could be modified by
unauthorized users with incorrect or misleading information.
Audit:
Run the following command and verify Uid and Gid are both 0/root and Access is 644 :
# stat -L /etc/issue

Access: (0644/-rw-r--r--) Uid: ( 0/ root) Gid: ( 0/ root)

Remediation:
Run the following commands to set permissions on /etc/issue :
# chown root:root /etc/issue
# chmod u-x,go-wx /etc/issue

References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2

Page 188
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

3.3 Configure Data Access Control Lists

v8 Configure data access control lists based on a user’s need to know. Apply data
access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file
● ● ●
systems, databases, and applications.

14.6 Protect Information through Access Control Lists

Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share,
v7 claims, application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will
enforce the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the
● ● ●
information based on their need to access the information as a part of their
responsibilities.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1222, T1222.002 TA0005 M1022

Page 189
1.7.6 Ensure permissions on /etc/issue.net are configured
(Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
The contents of the /etc/issue.net file are displayed to users prior to login for remote
connections from configured services.
Rationale:
If the /etc/issue.net file does not have the correct ownership it could be modified by
unauthorized users with incorrect or misleading information.
Audit:
Run the following command and verify Uid and Gid are both 0/root and Access is 644 :
# stat -L /etc/issue.net

Access: (0644/-rw-r--r--) Uid: ( 0/ root) Gid: ( 0/ root)

Remediation:
Run the following commands to set permissions on /etc/issue.net :
# chown root:root /etc/issue.net
# chmod u-x,go-wx /etc/issue.net

References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2

Page 190
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

3.3 Configure Data Access Control Lists

v8 Configure data access control lists based on a user’s need to know. Apply data
access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file
● ● ●
systems, databases, and applications.

14.6 Protect Information through Access Control Lists

Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share,
v7 claims, application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will
enforce the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the
● ● ●
information based on their need to access the information as a part of their
responsibilities.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1222, T1222.002 TA0005 M1022

Page 191
1.8 Ensure updates, patches, and additional security software are
installed (Manual)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
Periodically patches are released for included software either due to security flaws or to
include additional functionality.
Rationale:
Newer patches may contain security enhancements that would not be available through
the latest full update. As a result, it is recommended that the latest software patches be
used to take advantage of the latest functionality. As with any software installation,
organizations need to determine if a given update meets their requirements and verify
the compatibility and supportability of any additional software against the update
revision that is selected.
Audit:
Run the following command and verify there are no updates or patches to install:
# dnf check-update

WARNING:
A newer release of "Amazon Linux" is available.

Available Versions:

Version 2023.0.20230503:
Run the following command to upgrade to 2023.0.XXXXX:

dnf upgrade --releasever=2023.0.XXXXXX

Release notes:
https://docs.aws.amazon.com/linux/al2023/release-notes/relnotes.html

Check to make sure no system reboot is required

dnf needs-restarting -r

Page 192
Remediation:
Use your package manager to update all packages on the system according to site
policy.
Based on the version available to install, run the following command with the correct
versioning:
# dnf upgrade --releasever=2023.0.XXXXXXX
Once the update process is complete, verify if reboot is required to load changes.
dnf needs-restarting -r

References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: SI-2

Additional Information:
Site policy may mandate a testing period before install onto production systems for
available updates.
# dnf check-update

CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

7.3 Perform Automated Operating System Patch

v8 Management ● ● ●
Perform operating system updates on enterprise assets through automated
patch management on a monthly, or more frequent, basis.

7.4 Perform Automated Application Patch Management

v8 Perform application updates on enterprise assets through automated patch ● ● ●
management on a monthly, or more frequent, basis.

3.4 Deploy Automated Operating System Patch

Management Tools
v7 Deploy automated software update tools in order to ensure that the operating ● ● ●
systems are running the most recent security updates provided by the software
vendor.

3.5 Deploy Automated Software Patch Management

Tools
v7 Deploy automated software update tools in order to ensure that third-party ● ● ●
software on all systems is running the most recent security updates provided by
the software vendor.

Page 193
MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1211, T1211.000 TA0004, TA0008 M1051

Page 194
1.9 Ensure system-wide crypto policy is not legacy (Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
The system-wide crypto-policies followed by the crypto core components allow
consistently deprecating and disabling algorithms system-wide.
The individual policy levels (DEFAULT, LEGACY, FUTURE, and FIPS) are included in
the crypto-policies(7) package.
Rationale:
If the Legacy system-wide crypto policy is selected, it includes support for TLS 1.0, TLS
1.1, and SSH2 protocols or later. The algorithms DSA, 3DES, and RC4 are allowed,
while RSA and Diffie-Hellman parameters are accepted if larger than 1023-bits.
These legacy protocols and algorithms can make the system vulnerable to attacks,
including those listed in RFC 7457
Impact:
Environments that require compatibility with older insecure protocols may require the
use of the less secure LEGACY policy level.
Audit:
Run the following command to verify that the system-wide crypto policy is not LEGACY
# grep -E -i '^\s*LEGACY\s*(\s+#.*)?$' /etc/crypto-policies/config
Verify that no lines are returned
Remediation:
Run the following command to change the system-wide crypto policy
# update-crypto-policies --set <CRYPTO POLICY>
Example:
# update-crypto-policies --set DEFAULT
Run the following to make the updated system-wide crypto policy active
# update-crypto-policies

Default Value:
DEFAULT

Page 195
References:

1. CRYPTO-POLICIES(7)
2. https://access.redhat.com/articles/3642912#what-polices-are-provided-1
3. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: SC-8

Additional Information:
To switch the system to FIPS mode, run the following command:
fips-mode-setup --enable

CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

3.10 Encrypt Sensitive Data in Transit

v8 Encrypt sensitive data in transit. Example implementations can include: ● ●
Transport Layer Security (TLS) and Open Secure Shell (OpenSSH).

v7 14.4 Encrypt All Sensitive Information in Transit ● ●

Encrypt all sensitive information in transit.

Page 196
2 Services
While applying system updates and patches helps correct known vulnerabilities, one of
the best ways to protect the system against as yet unreported vulnerabilities is to
disable all services that are not required for normal system operation. This prevents the
exploitation of vulnerabilities discovered at a later date. If a service is not enabled, it
cannot be exploited. The actions in this section of the document provide guidance on
some services which can be safely disabled and under which circumstances, greatly
reducing the number of possible threats to the resulting system. Additionally, some
services which should remain enabled but with secure configuration are covered as well
as insecure service clients.

Page 197
2.1 Configure Time Synchronization

It is recommended that physical systems and virtual guests lacking direct access to the
physical host's clock be configured to synchronize their time using a service such as
NTP or chrony.

Page 198
2.1.1 Ensure time synchronization is in use (Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
System time should be synchronized between all systems in an environment. This is
typically done by establishing an authoritative time server or set of servers and having
all systems synchronize their clocks to them.
Note: If another method for time synchronization is being used, this section may be
skipped.
Rationale:
Time synchronization is important to support time sensitive security mechanisms like
Kerberos and also ensures log files have consistent time records across the enterprise,
which aids in forensic investigations.
Audit:
Run the following commands to verify that chrony is installed:
# rpm -q chrony

chrony-<version>

Remediation:
Run the following command to install chrony:
# dnf install chrony

References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3, AU-12

Additional Information:
On systems where host based time synchronization is not available, verify that chrony is
installed.
On systems where host based time synchronization is available consult your
documentation and verify that host based synchronization is in use.

Page 199
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

8.4 Standardize Time Synchronization

v8 Standardize time synchronization. Configure at least two synchronized time ● ●
sources across enterprise assets, where supported.

6.1 Utilize Three Synchronized Time Sources

v7 Use at least three synchronized time sources from which all servers and
network devices retrieve time information on a regular basis so that timestamps
● ●
in logs are consistent.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1070, T1070.002, T1562,

TA0005 M1022
T1562.001

Page 200
2.1.2 Ensure chrony is configured (Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
chrony is a daemon which implements the Network Time Protocol (NTP) and is
designed to synchronize system clocks across a variety of systems and use a source
that is highly accurate. More information on chrony can be found at
http://chrony.tuxfamily.org/. chrony can be configured to be a client and/or a server.

Rationale:
If chrony is in use on the system proper configuration is vital to ensuring time
synchronization is working properly.
Audit:
Run the following command and verify remote server is configured properly:
# grep -Pr -- '^\h*(server|pool)\h+[^#\n\r]+' /etc/chrony.d/

server <remote-server>
Multiple servers may be configured.
Remediation:
Add or edit server or pool lines to file ending in .conf in the /etc/chrony.d as
appropriate:
Example:
server <remote-server>

References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3, AU-12

Additional Information:
On systems where host based time synchronization is not available, verify that chrony is
installed.
On systems where host based time synchronization is available consult your
documentation and verify that host based synchronization is in use.

Page 201
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

8.4 Standardize Time Synchronization

v8 Standardize time synchronization. Configure at least two synchronized time ● ●
sources across enterprise assets, where supported.

6.1 Utilize Three Synchronized Time Sources

v7 Use at least three synchronized time sources from which all servers and
network devices retrieve time information on a regular basis so that timestamps
● ●
in logs are consistent.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1070, T1070.002 TA0002 M1022

Page 202
2.2 Configure Special Purpose Services

This section describes services that are installed on systems that specifically need to
run these services. If any of these services are not required, it is recommended that the
package be removed, or the service be masked to reduce the potential attack surface.
Note: This should not be considered a comprehensive list of services not required for
normal system operation. You may wish to consider additions to those listed here for
your environment

Page 203
2.2.1 Ensure xorg-x11-server-common is not installed
(Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 2 - Server
Description:
The X Window System provides a Graphical User Interface (GUI) where users can have
multiple windows in which to run programs and various add on. The X Windows system
is typically used on workstations where users login, but not on servers where users
typically do not login.
Rationale:
Unless your organization specifically requires graphical login access via X Windows,
remove it to reduce the potential attack surface.
Impact:
Many Linux systems run applications which require a Java runtime. Some Linux Java
packages have a dependency on specific X Windows xorg-x11-fonts. One workaround
to avoid this dependency is to use the "headless" Java packages for your specific Java
runtime.
Audit:
Run the following command to Verify X Windows Server is not installed.
# rpm -q xorg-x11-server-common

package xorg-x11-server-common is not installed

Remediation:
Run the following command to remove the X Windows Server packages:
# dnf remove xorg-x11-server-common

References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7

Page 204
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

4.8 Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on

Enterprise Assets and Software
v8 Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, ● ●
such as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service
function.

9.2 Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services

v7 Are Running ● ●
Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system
with validated business needs, are running on each system.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1203, T1203.000, T1210,

T1210.000, T1543, TA0008 M1042
T1543.002

Page 205
2.2.2 Ensure avahi is not installed (Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
Avahi is a free zeroconf implementation, including a system for multicast DNS/DNS-SD
service discovery. Avahi allows programs to publish and discover services and hosts
running on a local network with no specific configuration. For example, a user can plug
a computer into a network and Avahi automatically finds printers to print to, files to look
at and people to talk to, as well as network services running on the machine.
Rationale:
Automatic discovery of network services is not normally required for system
functionality. It is recommended to remove this package to reduce the potential attack
surface.
Audit:
Run one of the following command to verify avahi is not installed:
# rpm -q avahi

package avahi is not installed

Remediation:
Run the following commands to stop, and remove avahi:
# systemctl stop avahi-daemon.socket avahi-daemon.service
# dnf remove avahi

CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

4.8 Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on

Enterprise Assets and Software
v8 Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, ● ●
such as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service
function.

9.2 Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services

v7 Are Running ● ●
Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system
with validated business needs, are running on each system.

Page 206
MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1203, T1203.000, T1210,

T1210.000, T1543, TA0008 M1042
T1543.002

Page 207
2.2.3 Ensure a print server is not installed (Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
The Common Unix Print System (CUPS) provides the ability to print to both local and
network printers. A system running CUPS can also accept print jobs from remote
systems and print them to local printers. It also provides a web based remote
administration capability.
Rationale:
If the system does not need to print jobs or accept print jobs from other systems, it is
recommended that CUPS be removed to reduce the potential attack surface.
Note: Removing CUPS will prevent printing from the system
Impact:
Disabling CUPS will prevent printing from the system, a common task for workstation
systems.
Audit:
Run the following command to verify cups is not installed:
# rpm -q cups

package cups is not installed

Remediation:
Run the following command to remove cups:
# dnf remove cups

References:

1. More detailed documentation on CUPS is available at the project homepage at

http://www.cups.org.
2. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7

Page 208
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

4.8 Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on

Enterprise Assets and Software
v8 Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, ● ●
such as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service
function.

9.2 Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services

v7 Are Running ● ●
Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system
with validated business needs, are running on each system.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1203, T1203.000, T1210,

T1210.000, T1543, TA0008 M1042
T1543.002

Page 209
2.2.4 Ensure a dhcp server is not installed (Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is a service that allows machines to
be dynamically assigned IP addresses.
Rationale:
Unless a system is specifically set up to act as a DHCP server, it is recommended that
the dhcp-server package be removed to reduce the potential attack surface.

Audit:
Run the following command to verify dhcp-server is not installed:
# rpm -q dhcp-server

package dhcp-server is not installed

Remediation:
Run the following command to remove dhcp:
# dnf remove dhcp-server

References:

1. dhcpd(8)
2. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7

CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

4.8 Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on

Enterprise Assets and Software
v8 Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, ● ●
such as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service
function.

9.2 Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services

v7 Are Running ● ●
Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system
with validated business needs, are running on each system.

Page 210
MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1203, T1203.000, T1210,

T1210.000, T1543, TA0008 M1042
T1543.002

Page 211
2.2.5 Ensure a dns server is not installed (Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
The Domain Name System (DNS) is a hierarchical naming system that maps names to
IP addresses for computers, services and other resources connected to a network.
Rationale:
Unless a system is specifically designated to act as a DNS server, it is recommended
that the package be removed to reduce the potential attack surface.
Audit:
Run one of the following commands to verify bind is not installed:
# rpm -q bind

package bind is not installed

Remediation:
Run the following command to remove bind:
# dnf remove bind

References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7

CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

4.8 Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on

Enterprise Assets and Software
v8 Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, ● ●
such as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service
function.

9.2 Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services

v7 Are Running ● ●
Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system
with validated business needs, are running on each system.

Page 212
MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1203, T1203.000, T1210,

T1210.000, T1543, TA0008 M1042
T1543.002

Page 213
2.2.6 Ensure an ftp server is not installed (Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
FTP (File Transfer Protocol) is a traditional and widely used standard tool for
transferring files between a server and clients over a network, especially where no
authentication is necessary (permits anonymous users to connect to a server).
Rationale:
Unless there is a need to run the system as a FTP server, it is recommended that the
package be removed to reduce the potential attack surface.
Audit:
Run the following command to verify vsftpd is not installed:
# rpm -q vsftpd

package vsftpd is not installed

Remediation:
Run the following command to remove vsftpd:
# dnf remove vsftpd

References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7

CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

4.8 Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on

Enterprise Assets and Software
v8 Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, ● ●
such as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service
function.

9.2 Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services

v7 Are Running ● ●
Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system
with validated business needs, are running on each system.

Page 214
MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1203.000, T1210,
T1210.000, T1543, TA0008 M1042
T1543.002

Page 215
2.2.7 Ensure a tftp server is not installed (Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) is a simple protocol for exchanging files between
two TCP/IP machines. TFTP servers allow connections from a TFTP Client for sending
and receiving files.
Rationale:
Unless there is a need to run the system as a TFTP server, it is recommended that the
package be removed to reduce the potential attack surface.
TFTP does not have built-in encryption, access control or authentication. This makes it
very easy for an attacker to exploit TFTP to gain access to files
Impact:
TFTP is often used to provide files for network booting such as for PXE based
installation of servers.
Audit:
Run the following command to verify tftp-server is not installed:
# rpm -q tftp-server

package tftp-server is not installed

Remediation:
Run the following command to remove tftp-server:
# dnf remove tftp-server

References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7

Page 216
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

4.8 Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on

Enterprise Assets and Software
v8 Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, ● ●
such as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service
function.

9.2 Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services

v7 Are Running ● ●
Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system
with validated business needs, are running on each system.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1203, T1203.000, T1210,

T1210.000, T1543, TA0008 M1042
T1543.002

Page 217
2.2.8 Ensure a web server is not installed (Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
Web servers provide the ability to host web site content.
Rationale:
Unless there is a need to run the system as a web server, it is recommended that the
packages be removed to reduce the potential attack surface.
Note: Several http servers exist. They should also be audited, and removed, if not
required.
Audit:
Run the following command to verify httpd and nginx are not installed:
# rpm -q httpd nginx

package httpd is not installed

package nginx is not installed

Remediation:
Run the following command to remove httpd and nginx:
# dnf remove httpd nginx

References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7

Page 218
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

4.8 Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on

Enterprise Assets and Software
v8 Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, ● ●
such as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service
function.

9.2 Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services

v7 Are Running ● ●
Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system
with validated business needs, are running on each system.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1203, T1203.000, T1210,

T1210.000, T1543, TA0008 M1042
T1543.002

Page 219
2.2.9 Ensure IMAP and POP3 server is not installed (Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
dovecot is an open source IMAP and POP3 server for Linux based systems.

Rationale:
Unless POP3 and/or IMAP servers are to be provided by this system, it is
recommended that the package be removed to reduce the potential attack surface.
Note: Several IMAP/POP3 servers exist and can use other service names. These
should also be audited and the packages removed if not required.
Audit:
Run the following command to verify dovecot and cyrus-imapd are not installed:
# rpm -q dovecot cyrus-imapd

package dovecot is not installed

package cyrus-imapd is not installed

Remediation:
Run the following command to remove dovecot and cyrus-imapd:
# dnf remove dovecot cyrus-imapd

References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7

Page 220
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

4.8 Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on

Enterprise Assets and Software
v8 Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, ● ●
such as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service
function.

9.2 Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services

v7 Are Running ● ●
Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system
with validated business needs, are running on each system.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1203, T1203.000, T1210,

T1210.000, T1543, TA0008 M1042
T1543.002

Page 221
2.2.10 Ensure Samba is not installed (Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
The Samba daemon allows system administrators to configure their Linux systems to
share file systems and directories with Windows desktops. Samba will advertise the file
systems and directories via the Server Message Block (SMB) protocol. Windows
desktop users will be able to mount these directories and file systems as letter drives on
their systems.
Rationale:
If there is no need to mount directories and file systems to Windows systems, then this
package can be removed to reduce the potential attack surface.
Audit:
Run the following command to verify samba is not installed:
# rpm -q samba

package samba is not installed

Remediation:
Run the following command to remove samba:
# dnf remove samba

References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7

Page 222
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

4.8 Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on

Enterprise Assets and Software
v8 Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, ● ●
such as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service
function.

9.2 Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services

v7 Are Running ● ●
Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system
with validated business needs, are running on each system.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1005, T1005.000, T1039,

T1039.000, T1083,
T1083.000, T1135,
T1135.000, T1203, TA0008 M1042
T1203.000, T1210,
T1210.000, T1543,
T1543.002

Page 223
2.2.11 Ensure HTTP Proxy Server is not installed (Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
Squid is a standard proxy server used in many distributions and environments.
Rationale:
Unless a system is specifically set up to act as a proxy server, it is recommended that
the squid package be removed to reduce the potential attack surface.
Note: Several HTTP proxy servers exist. These should be checked and removed unless
required.
Audit:
Run the following command to verify squid is not installed:
# rpm -q squid

package squid is not installed

Remediation:
Run the following command to remove the squid package:
# dnf remove squid

References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7

CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

4.8 Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on

Enterprise Assets and Software
v8 Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, ● ●
such as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service
function.

9.2 Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services

v7 Are Running ● ●
Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system
with validated business needs, are running on each system.

Page 224
MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1203, T1203.000, T1210,

T1210.000, T1543, TA0008 M1042
T1543.002

Page 225
2.2.12 Ensure net-snmp is not installed or the snmpd service is
not enabled (Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) is a widely used protocol for monitoring
the health and welfare of network equipment, computer equipment and devices like
UPSs.
Net-SNMP is a suite of applications used to implement SNMPv1 (RFC 1157), SNMPv2
(RFCs 1901-1908), and SNMPv3 (RFCs 3411-3418) using both IPv4 and IPv6.
Support for SNMPv2 classic (a.k.a. "SNMPv2 historic" - RFCs 1441-1452) was dropped
with the 4.0 release of the UCD-snmp package.
The Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) server is used to listen for SNMP
commands from an SNMP management system, execute the commands or collect the
information and then send results back to the requesting system.
Rationale:
The SNMP server can communicate using SNMPv1, which transmits data in the clear and
does not require authentication to execute commands. SNMPv3 replaces the simple/clear
text password sharing used in SNMPv2 with more securely encoded parameters. If the
the SNMP service is not required, the net-snmp package should be removed to reduce
the attack surface of the system.
Note: If a required dependency exists for the net-snmp package, but the snmpd service
is not required, the service should be masked.
Note: If SNMP is required:

• The server should be configured for SNMP v3 only. User Authentication and
Message Encryption should be configured.
• If SNMP v2 is absolutely necessary, modify the community strings' values.

Impact:
There are packages that are dependent on the net-snmp package. If the net-snmp
package is removed, these packages will be removed as well.
Before removing the net-snmp package, review any dependent packages to determine
if they are required on the system. If a dependent package is required, mask the snmpd
service and leave the net-snmp package installed.

Page 226
Audit:
Run the following command to verify net-snmp is not installed:
# rpm -q net-snmp

package net-snmp is not installed

-OR-
Run the following command to verify the snmpd service is not enabled:
# systemctl is-enabled snmpd

masked
Verify output is not enabled

Remediation:
Run the following command to remove net-snmpd:
# dnf remove net-snmp
-OR-
Run the following commands to stop and mask the snmpd service:
# systemctl stop snmpd
# systemctl mask snmpd

References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7

CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

4.8 Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on

Enterprise Assets and Software
v8 Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, ● ●
such as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service
function.

9.2 Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services

v7 Are Running ● ●
Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system
with validated business needs, are running on each system.

Page 227
MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1203, T1203.000, T1210,

T1210.000, T1543, TA0008 M1042
T1543.002

Page 228
2.2.13 Ensure telnet-server is not installed (Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
The telnet-server package contains the telnet daemon, which accepts connections
from users from other systems via the telnet protocol.

Rationale:
The telnet protocol is insecure and unencrypted. The use of an unencrypted
transmission medium could allow a user with access to sniff network traffic the ability to
steal credentials. The ssh package provides an encrypted session and stronger
security.
Audit:
Run the following command to verify the telnet-server package is not installed:
rpm -q telnet-server

package telnet-server is not installed

Remediation:
Run the following command to remove the telnet-server package:
# dnf remove telnet-server

References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7

Page 229
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

4.8 Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on

Enterprise Assets and Software
v8 Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, ● ●
such as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service
function.

2.6 Address unapproved software

v7 Ensure that unauthorized software is either removed or the inventory is ● ● ●
updated in a timely manner

9.2 Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services

v7 Are Running ● ●
Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system
with validated business needs, are running on each system.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1203, T1203.000, T1210,

T1210.000, T1543, TA0008 M1042
T1543.002

Page 230
2.2.14 Ensure dnsmasq is not installed (Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
dnsmasqis a lightweight tool that provides DNS caching, DNS forwarding and DHCP
(Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) services.
Rationale:
Unless a system is specifically designated to act as a DNS caching, DNS forwarding
and/or DHCP server, it is recommended that the package be removed to reduce the
potential attack surface.
Audit:
Run one of the following commands to verify dnsmasq is not installed:
# rpm -q dnsmasq

package dnsmasq is not installed

Remediation:
Run the following command to remove dnsmasq:
# dnf remove dnsmasq

References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1203, T1203.000, T1210,

T1210.000, T1543, TA0008 M1042
T1543.002

Page 231
2.2.15 Ensure mail transfer agent is configured for local-only
mode (Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
Mail Transfer Agents (MTA), such as sendmail and Postfix, are used to listen for
incoming mail and transfer the messages to the appropriate user or mail server. If the
system is not intended to be a mail server, it is recommended that the MTA be
configured to only process local mail.
Rationale:
The software for all Mail Transfer Agents is complex and most have a long history of
security issues. While it is important to ensure that the system can process local mail
messages, it is not necessary to have the MTA's daemon listening on a port unless the
server is intended to be a mail server that receives and processes mail from other
systems.
Note:

• This recommendation is designed around the postfix mail server.

• Depending on your environment you may have an alternative MTA installed such
as sendmail. If this is the case consult the documentation for your installed MTA
to configure the recommended state.

Audit:
Run the following command to verify that the MTA is not listening on any non-loopback
address ( 127.0.0.1 or ::1 )
Nothing should be returned
# ss -lntu | grep -P ':25\b' | grep -Pv '\h+(127\.0\.0\.1|\[?::1\]?):25\b'

Page 232
Remediation:
Edit /etc/postfix/main.cf and add the following line to the RECEIVING MAIL section.
If the line already exists, change it to look like the line below:
inet_interfaces = loopback-only
Run the following command to restart postfix:
# systemctl restart postfix

References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7

CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

4.8 Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on

Enterprise Assets and Software
v8 Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, ● ●
such as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service
function.

9.2 Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services

v7 Are Running ● ●
Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system
with validated business needs, are running on each system.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1018, T1018.000, T1210,

TA0008 M1042
T1210.000

Page 233
2.2.16 Ensure nfs-utils is not installed or the nfs-server service is
masked (Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
The Network File System (NFS) is one of the first and most widely distributed file
systems in the UNIX environment. It provides the ability for systems to mount file
systems of other servers through the network.
Rationale:
If the system does not require network shares, it is recommended that the nfs-utils
package be removed to reduce the attack surface of the system.
Impact:
Many of the libvirt packages used by Enterprise Linux virtualization are dependent on
the nfs-utils package. If the nfs-utils package is required as a dependency, the nfs-
server service should be disabled and masked to reduce the attack surface of the
system.
Audit:
Run the following command to verify nfs-utils is not installed:
# rpm -q nfs-utils

package nfs-utils is not installed

OR
If the nfs-utils package is required as a dependency, run the following command to
verify that the nfs-server service is masked:
# systemctl is-enabled nfs-server

masked

Page 234
Remediation:
Run the following command to remove nfs-utils:
# dnf remove nfs-utils
OR
If the nfs-utils package is required as a dependency, run the following commands to
stop and mask the nfs-server service:
# systemctl stop nfs-server
# systemctl mask nfs-server

References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-6, CM-7

Additional Information:
Many of the libvirt packages used by Enterprise Linux virtualization are dependent on
the nfs-utils package. If the nfs-utils package is required as a dependency, the nfs-
server service should be disabled and masked to reduce the attack surface of the
system.
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

4.8 Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on

Enterprise Assets and Software
v8 Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, ● ●
such as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service
function.

9.2 Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services

v7 Are Running ● ●
Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system
with validated business needs, are running on each system.

Page 235
MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1005, T1005.000, T1039,

T1039.000, T1083,
T1083.000, T1135, TA0008 M1042
T1135.000, T1210,
T1210.000

Page 236
2.2.17 Ensure rpcbind is not installed or the rpcbind services are
masked (Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
The rpcbind utility maps RPC services to the ports on which they listen. RPC processes
notify rpcbind when they start, registering the ports they are listening on and the RPC
program numbers they expect to serve. The client system then contacts rpcbind on the
server with a particular RPC program number. The rpcbind service redirects the client to
the proper port number so it can communicate with the requested service
Portmapper is an RPC service, which always listens on tcp and udp 111, and is used to
map other RPC services (such as nfs, nlockmgr, quotad, mountd, etc.) to their
corresponding port number on the server. When a remote host makes an RPC call to
that server, it first consults with portmap to determine where the RPC server is listening.
Rationale:
A small request (~82 bytes via UDP) sent to the Portmapper generates a large
response (7x to 28x amplification), which makes it a suitable tool for DDoS attacks. If
rpcbind is not required, it is recommended that the rpcbind package be removed to
reduce the attack surface of the system.
Impact:
Many of the libvirt packages used by Enterprise Linux virtualization, and the nfs-utils
package used for The Network File System (NFS), are dependent on the rpcbind
package. If the rpcbind package is required as a dependency, the services
rpcbind.service and rpcbind.socket should be stopped and masked to reduce the
attack surface of the system.

Page 237
Audit:
Run the following command to verify rpcbind is not installed:
# rpm -q rpcbind

package rpcbind is not installed

OR
If the rpcbind package is required as a dependency, run the following commands to
verify that the rpcbind and rpcbind.socket systemd units are masked:
# systemctl is-enabled rpcbind

masked
# systemctl is-enabled rpcbind.socket

masked

Remediation:
Run the following command to remove nfs-utils:
# dnf remove rpcbind
OR
If the rpcbind package is required as a dependency, run the following commands to
stop and mask the rpcbind.service and rpcbind.socket systemd units:
# systemctl stop rpcbind.socket
# systemctl mask rpcbind.socket

# systemctl stop rpcbind.service

# systemctl mask rpcbind.service

References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-6, CM-7

Page 238
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

4.8 Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on

Enterprise Assets and Software
v8 Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, ● ●
such as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service
function.

9.2 Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services

v7 Are Running ● ●
Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system
with validated business needs, are running on each system.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1203, T1203.000, T1210,

T1210.000, T1498,
TA0008 M1042
T1498.002, T1543,
T1543.002

Page 239
2.2.18 Ensure rsync-daemon is not installed or the rsyncd service
is masked (Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
The rsyncd service can be used to synchronize files between systems over network
links.
Rationale:
Unless required, the rsync-daemon package should be removed to reduce the attack
surface area of the system.
The rsyncd service presents a security risk as it uses unencrypted protocols for
communication.
Note: If a required dependency exists for the rsync-daemon package, but the rsyncd
service is not required, the service should be masked.
Impact:
There are packages that are dependent on the rsync package. If the rsync package is
removed, these packages will be removed as well.
Before removing the rsync-daemon package, review any dependent packages to
determine if they are required on the system. If a dependent package is required, mask
the rsyncd service and leave the rsync-daemon package installed.

Audit:
Run the following command to verify that rsync is not installed:
# rpm -q rsync-daemon

package rsync is not installed

OR
Run the following commands to verify the rsyncd service is masked:
# systemctl is-enabled rsyncd

masked

Page 240
Remediation:
Run the following command to remove the rsync package:
# dnf remove rsync-daemon
OR
Run the following commands to mask the rsyncd service:
# systemctl stop rsyncd
# systemctl mask rsyncd

References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-6, CM-7

CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

4.8 Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on

Enterprise Assets and Software
v8 Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, ● ●
such as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service
function.

9.2 Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services

v7 Are Running ● ●
Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system
with validated business needs, are running on each system.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1105, T1105.000, T1203,

T1203.000, T1210,
T1210.000, T1543, TA0008 M1042
T1543.002, T1570,
T1570.000

Page 241
2.3 Service Clients

A number of insecure services exist. While disabling the servers prevents a local attack
against these services, it is advised to remove their clients unless they are required.
Note: This should not be considered a comprehensive list of insecure service clients.
You may wish to consider additions to those listed here for your environment.

Page 242
2.3.1 Ensure telnet client is not installed (Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
The telnet package contains the telnet client, which allows users to start connections
to other systems via the telnet protocol.
Rationale:
The telnet protocol is insecure and unencrypted. The use of an unencrypted
transmission medium could allow an unauthorized user to steal credentials. The ssh
package provides an encrypted session and stronger security and is included in most
Linux distributions.
Impact:
Many insecure service clients are used as troubleshooting tools and in testing
environments. Uninstalling them can inhibit capability to test and troubleshoot. If they
are required it is advisable to remove the clients after use to prevent accidental or
intentional misuse.
Audit:
Run the following command to verify that the telnet package is not installed:
# rpm -q telnet

package telnet is not installed

Remediation:
Run the following command to remove the telnet package:
# dnf remove telnet

References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7

Page 243
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

4.8 Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on

Enterprise Assets and Software
v8 Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, ● ●
such as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service
function.

2.6 Address unapproved software

v7 Ensure that unauthorized software is either removed or the inventory is ● ● ●
updated in a timely manner

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1040, T1040.000, T1203,

T1203.000, T1543, TA0006, TA0008 M1041, M1042
T1543.002

Page 244
2.3.2 Ensure LDAP client is not installed (Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
The Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) was introduced as a replacement for
NIS/YP. It is a service that provides a method for looking up information from a central
database.
Rationale:
If the system will not need to act as an LDAP client, it is recommended that the software
be removed to reduce the potential attack surface.
Impact:
Removing the LDAP client will prevent or inhibit using LDAP for authentication in your
environment.
Audit:
Run the following command to verify that the openldap-clients package is not installed:
# rpm -q openldap-clients

package openldap-clients is not installed

Remediation:
Run the following command to remove the openldap-clients package:
# dnf remove openldap-clients

References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7

Page 245
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

4.8 Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on

Enterprise Assets and Software
v8 Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, ● ●
such as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service
function.

2.6 Address unapproved software

v7 Ensure that unauthorized software is either removed or the inventory is ● ● ●
updated in a timely manner

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1203, T1203.000, T1543,

TA0008 M1042
T1543.002

Page 246
2.3.3 Ensure FTP client is not installed (Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
FTP (File Transfer Protocol) is a traditional and widely used standard tool for
transferring files between a server and clients over a network, especially where no
authentication is necessary (permits anonymous users to connect to a server).
Rationale:
FTP does not protect the confidentiality of data or authentication credentials. It is
recommended SFTP be used if file transfer is required. Unless there is a need to run
the system as a FTP server (for example, to allow anonymous downloads), it is
recommended that the package be removed to reduce the potential attack surface.
Audit:
Run the following command to verify ftp is not installed:
# rpm -q ftp

package ftp is not installed

Remediation:
Run the following command to remove ftp:
# dnf remove ftp

References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7

Page 247
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

4.8 Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on

Enterprise Assets and Software
v8 Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, ● ●
such as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service
function.

9.2 Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services

v7 Are Running ● ●
Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system
with validated business needs, are running on each system.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1203, T1203.000, T1543,

TA0008 M1042
T1543.002

Page 248
2.4 Ensure nonessential services listening on the system are
removed or masked (Manual)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
A network port is identified by its number, the associated IP address, and the type of the
communication protocol such as TCP or UDP.
A listening port is a network port on which an application or process listens on, acting as
a communication endpoint.
Each listening port can be open or closed (filtered) using a firewall. In general terms, an
open port is a network port that accepts incoming packets from remote locations.
Rationale:
Services listening on the system pose a potential risk as an attack vector. These
services should be reviewed, and if not required, the service should be stopped, and the
package containing the service should be removed. If required packages have a
dependency, the service should be stopped and masked to reduce the attack surface of
the system.
Audit:
Run the following command:
# ss -plntu
Review the output to ensure that all services listed are required on the system. If a listed
service is not required, remove the package containing the service. If the package
containing the service is required, stop and mask the service

Page 249
Remediation:
Run the following command to remove the package containing the service:
# dnf remove <package_name>
OR If required packages have a dependency:
Run the following commands to stop and mask the service:
# systemctl stop <service_name>.socket
# systemctl stop <service_name>.service
# systemctl mask <service_name>.socket
# systemctl mask <service_name>.service

References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7

CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

4.8 Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on

Enterprise Assets and Software
v8 Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, ● ●
such as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service
function.

9.2 Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services

v7 Are Running ● ●
Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system
with validated business needs, are running on each system.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1203, T1203.000, T1210,

T1210.000, T1543, TA0008 M1042
T1543.002

Page 250
3 Network Configuration
This section provides guidance on for securing the network configuration of the system
through kernel parameters, access list control, and firewall settings.
Note:

• sysctl settings are defined through files in /usr/lib/sysctl.d/, /run/sysctl.d/,

and /etc/sysctl.d/.
• Files must have the ".conf" extension.
• Vendors settings live in /usr/lib/sysctl.d/
• To override a whole file, create a new file with the same name in /etc/sysctl.d/
and put new settings there.
• To override only specific settings, add a file with a lexically later name in
/etc/sysctl.d/ and put new settings there.
• The paths where sysctl preload files usually exist
o /run/sysctl.d/*.conf
o /etc/sysctl.d/*.conf
o /usr/local/lib/sysctl.d/*.conf
o /usr/lib/sysctl.d/*.conf
o /lib/sysctl.d/*.conf
o /etc/sysctl.conf

Page 251
3.1 Disable unused network protocols and devices

To reduce the attack surface of a system, unused network protocols and devices should
be disabled.
The Linux kernel modules support several network protocols that are not commonly
used. If these protocols are not needed, it is recommended that they be disabled in the
kernel.

Page 252
3.1.1 Ensure IPv6 status is identified (Manual)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) is the most recent version of Internet Protocol (IP). It's
designed to supply IP addressing and additional security to support the predicted
growth of connected devices. IPv6 is based on 128-bit addressing and can support 340
undecillion addresses, which is 340 followed by 36 zeroes.
Features of IPv6

• Hierarchical addressing and routing infrastructure

• Stateful and Stateless configuration
• Support for quality of service (QoS)
• An ideal protocol for neighboring node interaction

Rationale:
IETF RFC 4038 recommends that applications are built with an assumption of dual
stack. It is recommended that IPv6 be enabled and configured in accordance with
Benchmark recommendations.
If dual stack and IPv6 are not used in your environment, IPv6 may be disabled to
reduce the attack surface of the system, and recommendations pertaining to IPv6 can
be skipped.
Note: It is recommended that IPv6 be enabled and configured unless this is against
local site policy
Impact:
IETF RFC 4038 recommends that applications are built with an assumption of dual
stack.
When enabled, IPv6 will require additional configuration to reduce risk to the system.
Audit:
Run the following to identify if IPv6 is enabled on the system:
# grep -Pqs '^\h*0\b' /sys/module/ipv6/parameters/disable && echo -e "\n -
IPv6 is enabled\n" || echo -e "\n - IPv6 is not enabled\n"

Remediation:
Enable or disable IPv6 in accordance with system requirements and local site policy

Page 253
Default Value:
IPv6 is enabled
References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7

Additional Information:
Having more addresses has grown in importance with the expansion of smart devices
and connectivity. IPv6 provides more than enough globally unique IP addresses for
every networked device currently on the planet, helping ensure providers can keep pace
with the expected proliferation of IP-based devices.
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

4.8 Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on

Enterprise Assets and Software
v8 Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, ● ●
such as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service
function.

9.2 Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services

v7 Are Running ● ●
Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system
with validated business needs, are running on each system.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1557, T1557.000, T1595,

TA0008 M1042
T1595.001, T1595.002

Page 254
3.1.2 Ensure DCCP is disabled (Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 2 - Server
Description:
The Datagram Congestion Control Protocol (DCCP) is a transport layer protocol that
supports streaming media and telephony. DCCP provides a way to gain access to
congestion control, without having to do it at the application layer, but does not provide
in-sequence delivery.
Rationale:
If the protocol is not required, it is recommended that the drivers not be installed to
reduce the potential attack surface.
Audit:
Run the following script to verify the dccp module is disabled:
If the module is available in the running kernel:

• An entry including /bin/true or /bin/false exists in a file within the

/etc/modprobe.d/ directory
• The module is deny listed in a file within the /etc/modprobe.d/ directory
• The module is not loaded in the kernel

If available in ANY installed kernel:

• The module is deny listed in a file within the /etc/modprobe.d/ directory

If the kernel module is not available on the system, or pre-compiled into the kernel:

• No additional configuration is necessary

Page 255
#!/usr/bin/env bash

{
l_output="" l_output2="" l_output3="" l_dl="" # Unset output variables
l_mname="dccp" # set module name
l_mtype="net" # set module type
l_searchloc="/lib/modprobe.d/*.conf /usr/local/lib/modprobe.d/*.conf /run/modprobe.d/*.conf
/etc/modprobe.d/*.conf"
l_mpath="/lib/modules/**/kernel/$l_mtype"
l_mpname="$(tr '-' '_' <<< "$l_mname")"
l_mndir="$(tr '-' '/' <<< "$l_mname")"

module_loadable_chk()
{
# Check if the module is currently loadable
l_loadable="$(modprobe -n -v "$l_mname")"
[ "$(wc -l <<< "$l_loadable")" -gt "1" ] && l_loadable="$(grep -P --
"(^\h*install|\b$l_mname)\b" <<< "$l_loadable")"
if grep -Pq -- '^\h*install \/bin\/(true|false)' <<< "$l_loadable"; then
l_output="$l_output\n - module: \"$l_mname\" is not loadable: \"$l_loadable\""
else
l_output2="$l_output2\n - module: \"$l_mname\" is loadable: \"$l_loadable\""
fi
}
module_loaded_chk()
{
# Check if the module is currently loaded
if ! lsmod | grep "$l_mname" > /dev/null 2>&1; then
l_output="$l_output\n - module: \"$l_mname\" is not loaded"
else
l_output2="$l_output2\n - module: \"$l_mname\" is loaded"
fi
}
module_deny_chk()
{
# Check if the module is deny listed
l_dl="y"
if modprobe --showconfig | grep -Pq -- '^\h*blacklist\h+'"$l_mpname"'\b'; then
l_output="$l_output\n - module: \"$l_mname\" is deny listed in: \"$(grep -Pls --
"^\h*blacklist\h+$l_mname\b" $l_searchloc)\""
else
l_output2="$l_output2\n - module: \"$l_mname\" is not deny listed"
fi
}
# Check if the module exists on the system
for l_mdir in $l_mpath; do
if [ -d "$l_mdir/$l_mndir" ] && [ -n "$(ls -A $l_mdir/$l_mndir)" ]; then
l_output3="$l_output3\n - \"$l_mdir\""
[ "$l_dl" != "y" ] && module_deny_chk
if [ "$l_mdir" = "/lib/modules/$(uname -r)/kernel/$l_mtype" ]; then
module_loadable_chk
module_loaded_chk
fi
else
l_output="$l_output\n - module: \"$l_mname\" doesn't exist in \"$l_mdir\""
fi
done
# Report results. If no failures output in l_output2, we pass
[ -n "$l_output3" ] && echo -e "\n\n -- INFO --\n - module: \"$l_mname\" exists in:$l_output3"
if [ -z "$l_output2" ]; then
echo -e "\n- Audit Result:\n ** PASS **\n$l_output\n"
else
echo -e "\n- Audit Result:\n ** FAIL **\n - Reason(s) for audit failure:\n$l_output2\n"
[ -n "$l_output" ] && echo -e "\n- Correctly set:\n$l_output\n"
fi
}

Page 256
Remediation:
Run the following script to disable the dccp module:
If the module is available in the running kernel:

• Create a file with install dccp /bin/false in the /etc/modprobe.d/ directory

• Create a file with blacklist dccp in the /etc/modprobe.d/ directory
• Unload dccp from the kernel

If available in ANY installed kernel:

• Create a file with blacklist dccp in the /etc/modprobe.d/ directory

If the kernel module is not available on the system or pre-compiled into the kernel:

• No remediation is necessary

Page 257
#!/usr/bin/env bash

{
l_mname="dccp" # set module name
l_mtype="net" # set module type
l_mpath="/lib/modules/**/kernel/$l_mtype"
l_mpname="$(tr '-' '_' <<< "$l_mname")"
l_mndir="$(tr '-' '/' <<< "$l_mname")"

module_loadable_fix()
{
# If the module is currently loadable, add "install {MODULE_NAME} /bin/false" to a file in
"/etc/modprobe.d"
l_loadable="$(modprobe -n -v "$l_mname")"
[ "$(wc -l <<< "$l_loadable")" -gt "1" ] && l_loadable="$(grep -P --
"(^\h*install|\b$l_mname)\b" <<< "$l_loadable")"
if ! grep -Pq -- '^\h*install \/bin\/(true|false)' <<< "$l_loadable"; then
echo -e "\n - setting module: \"$l_mname\" to be not loadable"
echo -e "install $l_mname /bin/false" >> /etc/modprobe.d/"$l_mpname".conf
fi
}
module_loaded_fix()
{
# If the module is currently loaded, unload the module
if lsmod | grep "$l_mname" > /dev/null 2>&1; then
echo -e "\n - unloading module \"$l_mname\""
modprobe -r "$l_mname"
fi
}
module_deny_fix()
{
# If the module isn't deny listed, denylist the module
if ! modprobe --showconfig | grep -Pq -- "^\h*blacklist\h+$l_mpname\b"; then
echo -e "\n - deny listing \"$l_mname\""
echo -e "blacklist $l_mname" >> /etc/modprobe.d/"$l_mpname".conf
fi
}
# Check if the module exists on the system
for l_mdir in $l_mpath; do
if [ -d "$l_mdir/$l_mndir" ] && [ -n "$(ls -A $l_mdir/$l_mndir)" ]; then
echo -e "\n - module: \"$l_mname\" exists in \"$l_mdir\"\n - checking if disabled..."
module_deny_fix
if [ "$l_mdir" = "/lib/modules/$(uname -r)/kernel/$l_mtype" ]; then
module_loadable_fix
module_loaded_fix
fi
else
echo -e "\n - module: \"$l_mname\" doesn't exist in \"$l_mdir\"\n"
fi
done
echo -e "\n - remediation of module: \"$l_mname\" complete\n"
}

References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: SI-4, CM-7

Page 258
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

4.8 Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on

Enterprise Assets and Software
v8 Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, ● ●
such as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service
function.

9.2 Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services

v7 Are Running ● ●
Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system
with validated business needs, are running on each system.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1068, T1068.000, T1210,

TA0008 M1042
T1210.000

Page 259
3.1.3 Ensure SCTP is disabled (Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 2 - Server
Description:
The Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) is a transport layer protocol used to
support message oriented communication, with several streams of messages in one
connection. It serves a similar function as TCP and UDP, incorporating features of both.
It is message-oriented like UDP, and ensures reliable in-sequence transport of
messages with congestion control like TCP.
Rationale:
If the protocol is not being used, it is recommended that kernel module not be loaded,
disabling the service to reduce the potential attack surface.
Audit:
Run the following script to verify the sctp module is disabled:
If the module is available in the running kernel:

• An entry including /bin/true or /bin/false exists in a file within the

/etc/modprobe.d/ directory
• The module is deny listed in a file within the /etc/modprobe.d/ directory
• The module is not loaded in the kernel

If available in ANY installed kernel:

• The module is deny listed in a file within the /etc/modprobe.d/ directory

If the kernel module is not available on the system, or pre-compiled into the kernel:

• No additional configuration is necessary

Page 260
#!/usr/bin/env bash

{
l_output="" l_output2="" l_output3="" l_dl="" # Unset output variables
l_mname="sctp" # set module name
l_mtype="net" # set module type
l_searchloc="/lib/modprobe.d/*.conf /usr/local/lib/modprobe.d/*.conf /run/modprobe.d/*.conf
/etc/modprobe.d/*.conf"
l_mpath="/lib/modules/**/kernel/$l_mtype"
l_mpname="$(tr '-' '_' <<< "$l_mname")"
l_mndir="$(tr '-' '/' <<< "$l_mname")"

module_loadable_chk()
{
# Check if the module is currently loadable
l_loadable="$(modprobe -n -v "$l_mname")"
[ "$(wc -l <<< "$l_loadable")" -gt "1" ] && l_loadable="$(grep -P --
"(^\h*install|\b$l_mname)\b" <<< "$l_loadable")"
if grep -Pq -- '^\h*install \/bin\/(true|false)' <<< "$l_loadable"; then
l_output="$l_output\n - module: \"$l_mname\" is not loadable: \"$l_loadable\""
else
l_output2="$l_output2\n - module: \"$l_mname\" is loadable: \"$l_loadable\""
fi
}
module_loaded_chk()
{
# Check if the module is currently loaded
if ! lsmod | grep "$l_mname" > /dev/null 2>&1; then
l_output="$l_output\n - module: \"$l_mname\" is not loaded"
else
l_output2="$l_output2\n - module: \"$l_mname\" is loaded"
fi
}
module_deny_chk()
{
# Check if the module is deny listed
l_dl="y"
if modprobe --showconfig | grep -Pq -- '^\h*blacklist\h+'"$l_mpname"'\b'; then
l_output="$l_output\n - module: \"$l_mname\" is deny listed in: \"$(grep -Pls --
"^\h*blacklist\h+$l_mname\b" $l_searchloc)\""
else
l_output2="$l_output2\n - module: \"$l_mname\" is not deny listed"
fi
}
# Check if the module exists on the system
for l_mdir in $l_mpath; do
if [ -d "$l_mdir/$l_mndir" ] && [ -n "$(ls -A $l_mdir/$l_mndir)" ]; then
l_output3="$l_output3\n - \"$l_mdir\""
[ "$l_dl" != "y" ] && module_deny_chk
if [ "$l_mdir" = "/lib/modules/$(uname -r)/kernel/$l_mtype" ]; then
module_loadable_chk
module_loaded_chk
fi
else
l_output="$l_output\n - module: \"$l_mname\" doesn't exist in \"$l_mdir\""
fi
done
# Report results. If no failures output in l_output2, we pass
[ -n "$l_output3" ] && echo -e "\n\n -- INFO --\n - module: \"$l_mname\" exists in:$l_output3"
if [ -z "$l_output2" ]; then
echo -e "\n- Audit Result:\n ** PASS **\n$l_output\n"
else
echo -e "\n- Audit Result:\n ** FAIL **\n - Reason(s) for audit failure:\n$l_output2\n"
[ -n "$l_output" ] && echo -e "\n- Correctly set:\n$l_output\n"
fi
}

Page 261
Remediation:
Run the following script to disable the sctp module:
If the module is available in the running kernel:

• Create a file with install sctp /bin/false in the /etc/modprobe.d/ directory

• Create a file with blacklist sctp in the /etc/modprobe.d/ directory
• Unload sctp from the kernel

If available in ANY installed kernel:

• Create a file with blacklist sctp in the /etc/modprobe.d/ directory

If the kernel module is not available on the system or pre-compiled into the kernel:

• No remediation is necessary

Page 262
#!/usr/bin/env bash

{
l_mname="sctp" # set module name
l_mtype="net" # set module type
l_mpath="/lib/modules/**/kernel/$l_mtype"
l_mpname="$(tr '-' '_' <<< "$l_mname")"
l_mndir="$(tr '-' '/' <<< "$l_mname")"

module_loadable_fix()
{
# If the module is currently loadable, add "install {MODULE_NAME} /bin/false" to a file in
"/etc/modprobe.d"
l_loadable="$(modprobe -n -v "$l_mname")"
[ "$(wc -l <<< "$l_loadable")" -gt "1" ] && l_loadable="$(grep -P --
"(^\h*install|\b$l_mname)\b" <<< "$l_loadable")"
if ! grep -Pq -- '^\h*install \/bin\/(true|false)' <<< "$l_loadable"; then
echo -e "\n - setting module: \"$l_mname\" to be not loadable"
echo -e "install $l_mname /bin/false" >> /etc/modprobe.d/"$l_mpname".conf
fi
}
module_loaded_fix()
{
# If the module is currently loaded, unload the module
if lsmod | grep "$l_mname" > /dev/null 2>&1; then
echo -e "\n - unloading module \"$l_mname\""
modprobe -r "$l_mname"
fi
}
module_deny_fix()
{
# If the module isn't deny listed, denylist the module
if ! modprobe --showconfig | grep -Pq -- "^\h*blacklist\h+$l_mpname\b"; then
echo -e "\n - deny listing \"$l_mname\""
echo -e "blacklist $l_mname" >> /etc/modprobe.d/"$l_mpname".conf
fi
}
# Check if the module exists on the system
for l_mdir in $l_mpath; do
if [ -d "$l_mdir/$l_mndir" ] && [ -n "$(ls -A $l_mdir/$l_mndir)" ]; then
echo -e "\n - module: \"$l_mname\" exists in \"$l_mdir\"\n - checking if disabled..."
module_deny_fix
if [ "$l_mdir" = "/lib/modules/$(uname -r)/kernel/$l_mtype" ]; then
module_loadable_fix
module_loaded_fix
fi
else
echo -e "\n - module: \"$l_mname\" doesn't exist in \"$l_mdir\"\n"
fi
done
echo -e "\n - remediation of module: \"$l_mname\" complete\n"
}

References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: SI-4, CM-7

Page 263
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

4.8 Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on

Enterprise Assets and Software
v8 Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, ● ●
such as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service
function.

9.2 Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services

v7 Are Running ● ●
Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system
with validated business needs, are running on each system.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1068, T1068.000, T1210,

TA0008 M1042
T1210.000

Page 264
3.1.4 Ensure RDS is disabled (Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 2 - Server
Description:
The Reliable Datagram Sockets (RDS) protocol is a transport layer protocol designed to
provide low-latency, high-bandwidth communications between cluster nodes. It was
developed by the Oracle Corporation.
Rationale:
If the protocol is not being used, it is recommended that kernel module not be loaded,
disabling the service to reduce the potential attack surface.
Audit:
Run the following script to verify the rds module is disabled:
If the module is available in the running kernel:

• An entry including /bin/true or /bin/false exists in a file within the

/etc/modprobe.d/ directory
• The module is deny listed in a file within the /etc/modprobe.d/ directory
• The module is not loaded in the kernel

If available in ANY installed kernel:

• The module is deny listed in a file within the /etc/modprobe.d/ directory

If the kernel module is not available on the system, or pre-compiled into the kernel:

• No additional configuration is necessary

Page 265
#!/usr/bin/env bash

{
l_output="" l_output2="" l_output3="" l_dl="" # Unset output variables
l_mname="rds" # set module name
l_mtype="net" # set module type
l_searchloc="/lib/modprobe.d/*.conf /usr/local/lib/modprobe.d/*.conf /run/modprobe.d/*.conf
/etc/modprobe.d/*.conf"
l_mpath="/lib/modules/**/kernel/$l_mtype"
l_mpname="$(tr '-' '_' <<< "$l_mname")"
l_mndir="$(tr '-' '/' <<< "$l_mname")"

module_loadable_chk()
{
# Check if the module is currently loadable
l_loadable="$(modprobe -n -v "$l_mname")"
[ "$(wc -l <<< "$l_loadable")" -gt "1" ] && l_loadable="$(grep -P --
"(^\h*install|\b$l_mname)\b" <<< "$l_loadable")"
if grep -Pq -- '^\h*install \/bin\/(true|false)' <<< "$l_loadable"; then
l_output="$l_output\n - module: \"$l_mname\" is not loadable: \"$l_loadable\""
else
l_output2="$l_output2\n - module: \"$l_mname\" is loadable: \"$l_loadable\""
fi
}
module_loaded_chk()
{
# Check if the module is currently loaded
if ! lsmod | grep "$l_mname" > /dev/null 2>&1; then
l_output="$l_output\n - module: \"$l_mname\" is not loaded"
else
l_output2="$l_output2\n - module: \"$l_mname\" is loaded"
fi
}
module_deny_chk()
{
# Check if the module is deny listed
l_dl="y"
if modprobe --showconfig | grep -Pq -- '^\h*blacklist\h+'"$l_mpname"'\b'; then
l_output="$l_output\n - module: \"$l_mname\" is deny listed in: \"$(grep -Pls --
"^\h*blacklist\h+$l_mname\b" $l_searchloc)\""
else
l_output2="$l_output2\n - module: \"$l_mname\" is not deny listed"
fi
}
# Check if the module exists on the system
for l_mdir in $l_mpath; do
if [ -d "$l_mdir/$l_mndir" ] && [ -n "$(ls -A $l_mdir/$l_mndir)" ]; then
l_output3="$l_output3\n - \"$l_mdir\""
[ "$l_dl" != "y" ] && module_deny_chk
if [ "$l_mdir" = "/lib/modules/$(uname -r)/kernel/$l_mtype" ]; then
module_loadable_chk
module_loaded_chk
fi
else
l_output="$l_output\n - module: \"$l_mname\" doesn't exist in \"$l_mdir\""
fi
done
# Report results. If no failures output in l_output2, we pass
[ -n "$l_output3" ] && echo -e "\n\n -- INFO --\n - module: \"$l_mname\" exists in:$l_output3"
if [ -z "$l_output2" ]; then
echo -e "\n- Audit Result:\n ** PASS **\n$l_output\n"
else
echo -e "\n- Audit Result:\n ** FAIL **\n - Reason(s) for audit failure:\n$l_output2\n"
[ -n "$l_output" ] && echo -e "\n- Correctly set:\n$l_output\n"
fi
}

Page 266
Remediation:
Run the following script to disable the rds module:
If the module is available in the running kernel:

• Create a file with install rds /bin/false in the /etc/modprobe.d/ directory

• Create a file with blacklist rds in the /etc/modprobe.d/ directory
• Unload rds from the kernel

If available in ANY installed kernel:

• Create a file with blacklist rds in the /etc/modprobe.d/ directory

If the kernel module is not available on the system or pre-compiled into the kernel:

• No remediation is necessary

Page 267
#!/usr/bin/env bash

{
l_mname="rds" # set module name
l_mtype="net" # set module type
l_mpath="/lib/modules/**/kernel/$l_mtype"
l_mpname="$(tr '-' '_' <<< "$l_mname")"
l_mndir="$(tr '-' '/' <<< "$l_mname")"

module_loadable_fix()
{
# If the module is currently loadable, add "install {MODULE_NAME} /bin/false" to a file in
"/etc/modprobe.d"
l_loadable="$(modprobe -n -v "$l_mname")"
[ "$(wc -l <<< "$l_loadable")" -gt "1" ] && l_loadable="$(grep -P --
"(^\h*install|\b$l_mname)\b" <<< "$l_loadable")"
if ! grep -Pq -- '^\h*install \/bin\/(true|false)' <<< "$l_loadable"; then
echo -e "\n - setting module: \"$l_mname\" to be not loadable"
echo -e "install $l_mname /bin/false" >> /etc/modprobe.d/"$l_mpname".conf
fi
}
module_loaded_fix()
{
# If the module is currently loaded, unload the module
if lsmod | grep "$l_mname" > /dev/null 2>&1; then
echo -e "\n - unloading module \"$l_mname\""
modprobe -r "$l_mname"
fi
}
module_deny_fix()
{
# If the module isn't deny listed, denylist the module
if ! modprobe --showconfig | grep -Pq -- "^\h*blacklist\h+$l_mpname\b"; then
echo -e "\n - deny listing \"$l_mname\""
echo -e "blacklist $l_mname" >> /etc/modprobe.d/"$l_mpname".conf
fi
}
# Check if the module exists on the system
for l_mdir in $l_mpath; do
if [ -d "$l_mdir/$l_mndir" ] && [ -n "$(ls -A $l_mdir/$l_mndir)" ]; then
echo -e "\n - module: \"$l_mname\" exists in \"$l_mdir\"\n - checking if disabled..."
module_deny_fix
if [ "$l_mdir" = "/lib/modules/$(uname -r)/kernel/$l_mtype" ]; then
module_loadable_fix
module_loaded_fix
fi
else
echo -e "\n - module: \"$l_mname\" doesn't exist in \"$l_mdir\"\n"
fi
done
echo -e "\n - remediation of module: \"$l_mname\" complete\n"
}

Page 268
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

4.8 Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on

Enterprise Assets and Software
v8 Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, ● ●
such as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service
function.

9.2 Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services

v7 Are Running ● ●
Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system
with validated business needs, are running on each system.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1068, T1068.000, T1210,

TA0008 M1042
T1210.000

Page 269
3.1.5 Ensure TIPC is disabled (Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 2 - Server
Description:
The Transparent Inter-Process Communication (TIPC) protocol is designed to provide
communication between cluster nodes.
Rationale:
If the protocol is not being used, it is recommended that kernel module not be loaded,
disabling the service to reduce the potential attack surface.
Audit:
Run the following script to verify the tipc module is disabled:
If the module is available in the running kernel:

• An entry including /bin/true or /bin/false exists in a file within the

/etc/modprobe.d/ directory
• The module is deny listed in a file within the /etc/modprobe.d/ directory
• The module is not loaded in the kernel

If available in ANY installed kernel:

• The module is deny listed in a file within the /etc/modprobe.d/ directory

If the kernel module is not available on the system, or pre-compiled into the kernel:

• No additional configuration is necessary

Page 270
#!/usr/bin/env bash

{
l_output="" l_output2="" l_output3="" l_dl="" # Unset output variables
l_mname="tipc" # set module name
l_mtype="net" # set module type
l_searchloc="/lib/modprobe.d/*.conf /usr/local/lib/modprobe.d/*.conf /run/modprobe.d/*.conf
/etc/modprobe.d/*.conf"
l_mpath="/lib/modules/**/kernel/$l_mtype"
l_mpname="$(tr '-' '_' <<< "$l_mname")"
l_mndir="$(tr '-' '/' <<< "$l_mname")"

module_loadable_chk()
{
# Check if the module is currently loadable
l_loadable="$(modprobe -n -v "$l_mname")"
[ "$(wc -l <<< "$l_loadable")" -gt "1" ] && l_loadable="$(grep -P --
"(^\h*install|\b$l_mname)\b" <<< "$l_loadable")"
if grep -Pq -- '^\h*install \/bin\/(true|false)' <<< "$l_loadable"; then
l_output="$l_output\n - module: \"$l_mname\" is not loadable: \"$l_loadable\""
else
l_output2="$l_output2\n - module: \"$l_mname\" is loadable: \"$l_loadable\""
fi
}
module_loaded_chk()
{
# Check if the module is currently loaded
if ! lsmod | grep "$l_mname" > /dev/null 2>&1; then
l_output="$l_output\n - module: \"$l_mname\" is not loaded"
else
l_output2="$l_output2\n - module: \"$l_mname\" is loaded"
fi
}
module_deny_chk()
{
# Check if the module is deny listed
l_dl="y"
if modprobe --showconfig | grep -Pq -- '^\h*blacklist\h+'"$l_mpname"'\b'; then
l_output="$l_output\n - module: \"$l_mname\" is deny listed in: \"$(grep -Pls --
"^\h*blacklist\h+$l_mname\b" $l_searchloc)\""
else
l_output2="$l_output2\n - module: \"$l_mname\" is not deny listed"
fi
}
# Check if the module exists on the system
for l_mdir in $l_mpath; do
if [ -d "$l_mdir/$l_mndir" ] && [ -n "$(ls -A $l_mdir/$l_mndir)" ]; then
l_output3="$l_output3\n - \"$l_mdir\""
[ "$l_dl" != "y" ] && module_deny_chk
if [ "$l_mdir" = "/lib/modules/$(uname -r)/kernel/$l_mtype" ]; then
module_loadable_chk
module_loaded_chk
fi
else
l_output="$l_output\n - module: \"$l_mname\" doesn't exist in \"$l_mdir\""
fi
done
# Report results. If no failures output in l_output2, we pass
[ -n "$l_output3" ] && echo -e "\n\n -- INFO --\n - module: \"$l_mname\" exists in:$l_output3"
if [ -z "$l_output2" ]; then
echo -e "\n- Audit Result:\n ** PASS **\n$l_output\n"
else
echo -e "\n- Audit Result:\n ** FAIL **\n - Reason(s) for audit failure:\n$l_output2\n"
[ -n "$l_output" ] && echo -e "\n- Correctly set:\n$l_output\n"
fi
}

Page 271
Remediation:
Run the following script to disable the tipc module:
If the module is available in the running kernel:

• Create a file with install tipc /bin/false in the /etc/modprobe.d/ directory

• Create a file with blacklist tipc in the /etc/modprobe.d/ directory
• Unload tipc from the kernel

If available in ANY installed kernel:

• Create a file with blacklist tipc in the /etc/modprobe.d/ directory

If the kernel module is not available on the system or pre-compiled into the kernel:

• No remediation is necessary

Page 272
#!/usr/bin/env bash

{
l_mname="tipc" # set module name
l_mtype="net" # set module type
l_mpath="/lib/modules/**/kernel/$l_mtype"
l_mpname="$(tr '-' '_' <<< "$l_mname")"
l_mndir="$(tr '-' '/' <<< "$l_mname")"

module_loadable_fix()
{
# If the module is currently loadable, add "install {MODULE_NAME} /bin/false" to a file in
"/etc/modprobe.d"
l_loadable="$(modprobe -n -v "$l_mname")"
[ "$(wc -l <<< "$l_loadable")" -gt "1" ] && l_loadable="$(grep -P --
"(^\h*install|\b$l_mname)\b" <<< "$l_loadable")"
if ! grep -Pq -- '^\h*install \/bin\/(true|false)' <<< "$l_loadable"; then
echo -e "\n - setting module: \"$l_mname\" to be not loadable"
echo -e "install $l_mname /bin/false" >> /etc/modprobe.d/"$l_mpname".conf
fi
}
module_loaded_fix()
{
# If the module is currently loaded, unload the module
if lsmod | grep "$l_mname" > /dev/null 2>&1; then
echo -e "\n - unloading module \"$l_mname\""
modprobe -r "$l_mname"
fi
}
module_deny_fix()
{
# If the module isn't deny listed, denylist the module
if ! modprobe --showconfig | grep -Pq -- "^\h*blacklist\h+$l_mpname\b"; then
echo -e "\n - deny listing \"$l_mname\""
echo -e "blacklist $l_mname" >> /etc/modprobe.d/"$l_mpname".conf
fi
}
# Check if the module exists on the system
for l_mdir in $l_mpath; do
if [ -d "$l_mdir/$l_mndir" ] && [ -n "$(ls -A $l_mdir/$l_mndir)" ]; then
echo -e "\n - module: \"$l_mname\" exists in \"$l_mdir\"\n - checking if disabled..."
module_deny_fix
if [ "$l_mdir" = "/lib/modules/$(uname -r)/kernel/$l_mtype" ]; then
module_loadable_fix
module_loaded_fix
fi
else
echo -e "\n - module: \"$l_mname\" doesn't exist in \"$l_mdir\"\n"
fi
done
echo -e "\n - remediation of module: \"$l_mname\" complete\n"
}

References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: SI-4, CM-7

Page 273
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

4.8 Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on

Enterprise Assets and Software
v8 Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, ● ●
such as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service
function.

9.2 Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services

v7 Are Running ● ●
Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system
with validated business needs, are running on each system.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1068, T1068.000, T1210,

TA0008 M1042
T1210.000

Page 274
3.2 Configure Network Parameters (Host Only)

The following network parameters are intended for use if the system is to act as a host
only. A system is considered host only if the system has a single interface, or has
multiple interfaces but will not be configured as a router.
Note:

• sysctl settings are defined through files in /usr/local/lib, /usr/lib/, /lib/,

/run/, and /etc/
• Files are typically placed in the sysctl.d directory within the parent directory
• The paths where sysctl preload files usually exist
o /run/sysctl.d/*.conf
o /etc/sysctl.d/*.conf
o /usr/local/lib/sysctl.d/*.conf
o /usr/lib/sysctl.d/*.conf
o /lib/sysctl.d/*.conf
o /etc/sysctl.conf
• Files must have the ".conf" extension
• Vendors settings usually live in /usr/lib/ or /usr/local/lib/
• To override a whole file, create a new file with the same name in /etc/sysctl.d/
and put new settings there.
• To override only specific settings, add a file with a lexically later name in
/etc/sysctl.d/ and put new settings there.
• The command /usr/lib/systemd/systemd-sysctl --cat-config produces
output containing The system's loaded kernel parameters and the files they're
configured in:
o Entries listed latter in the file take precedence over the same settings
listed earlier in the file
o Files containing kernel parameters that are over-ridden by other files with
the same name will not be listed
o On systems running UncomplicatedFirewall, the kernel parameters may
be set or over-written. This will not be visible in the output of the command

The system's loaded kernel parameters and the files they're configured in can be
viewed by running the following command:
# /usr/lib/systemd/systemd-sysctl --cat-config

Page 275
3.2.1 Ensure IP forwarding is disabled (Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
The net.ipv4.ip_forward and net.ipv6.conf.all.forwarding flags are used to tell the
system whether it can forward packets or not.
Rationale:
Setting net.ipv4.ip_forward and net.ipv6.conf.all.forwarding to 0 ensures that a
system with multiple interfaces (for example, a hard proxy), will never be able to forward
packets, and therefore, never serve as a router.
Audit:
Run the following script to verify the following kernel parameters are set in the running
configuration and correctly loaded from a kernel parameter configuration file:

• net.ipv4.ip_forward is set to 0
• net.ipv6.conf.all.forwarding is set to 0

Note:

• kernel parameters are loaded by file and parameter order precedence. The
following script observes this precedence as part of the auditing procedure. The
parameters being checked may be set correctly in a file. If that file is superseded,
the parameter is overridden by an incorrect setting later in that file, or in a
conically later file, that "correct" setting will be ignored both by the script and by
the system during a normal kernel parameter load sequence.
• IPv6 kernel parameters only apply to systems where IPv6 is enabled

Page 276
#!/usr/bin/env bash

{
l_output="" l_output2=""
a_parlist=("net.ipv4.ip_forward=0" "net.ipv6.conf.all.forwarding=0")
l_ufwscf="$([ -f /etc/default/ufw ] && awk -F= '/^\s*IPT_SYSCTL=/ {print $2}'
/etc/default/ufw)"
kernel_parameter_chk()
{
l_krp="$(sysctl "$l_kpname" | awk -F= '{print $2}' | xargs)" # Check running configuration
if [ "$l_krp" = "$l_kpvalue" ]; then
l_output="$l_output\n - \"$l_kpname\" is correctly set to \"$l_krp\" in the running
configuration"
else
l_output2="$l_output2\n - \"$l_kpname\" is incorrectly set to \"$l_krp\" in the running
configuration and should have a value of: \"$l_kpvalue\""
fi
unset A_out; declare -A A_out # Check durable setting (files)
while read -r l_out; do
if [ -n "$l_out" ]; then
if [[ $l_out =~ ^\s*# ]]; then
l_file="${l_out//# /}"
else
l_kpar="$(awk -F= '{print $1}' <<< "$l_out" | xargs)"
[ "$l_kpar" = "$l_kpname" ] && A_out+=(["$l_kpar"]="$l_file")
fi
fi
done < <(/usr/lib/systemd/systemd-sysctl --cat-config | grep -Po
'^\h*([^#\n\r]+|#\h*\/[^#\n\r\h]+\.conf\b)')
if [ -n "$l_ufwscf" ]; then # Account for systems with UFW (Not covered by systemd-sysctl -
-cat-config)
l_kpar="$(grep -Po "^\h*$l_kpname\b" "$l_ufwscf" | xargs)"
l_kpar="${l_kpar//\//.}"
[ "$l_kpar" = "$l_kpname" ] && A_out+=(["$l_kpar"]="$l_ufwscf")
fi
if (( ${#A_out[@]} > 0 )); then # Assess output from files and generate output
while IFS="=" read -r l_fkpname l_fkpvalue; do
l_fkpname="${l_fkpname// /}"; l_fkpvalue="${l_fkpvalue// /}"
if [ "$l_fkpvalue" = "$l_kpvalue" ]; then
l_output="$l_output\n - \"$l_kpname\" is correctly set to \"$l_fkpvalue\" in
\"$(printf '%s' "${A_out[@]}")\"\n"
else
l_output2="$l_output2\n - \"$l_kpname\" is incorrectly set to \"$l_fkpvalue\" in
\"$(printf '%s' "${A_out[@]}")\" and should have a value of: \"$l_kpvalue\"\n"
fi
done < <(grep -Po -- "^\h*$l_kpname\h*=\h*\H+" "${A_out[@]}")
else
l_output2="$l_output2\n - \"$l_kpname\" is not set in an included file\n ** Note:
\"$l_kpname\" May be set in a file that's ignored by load procedure **\n"
fi
}
while IFS="=" read -r l_kpname l_kpvalue; do # Assess and check parameters
l_kpname="${l_kpname// /}"; l_kpvalue="${l_kpvalue// /}"
if ! grep -Pqs '^\h*0\b' /sys/module/ipv6/parameters/disable && grep -q '^net.ipv6.' <<<
"$l_kpname"; then
l_output="$l_output\n - IPv6 is disabled on the system, \"$l_kpname\" is not applicable"
else
kernel_parameter_chk
fi
done < <(printf '%s\n' "${a_parlist[@]}")
if [ -z "$l_output2" ]; then # Provide output from checks
echo -e "\n- Audit Result:\n ** PASS **\n$l_output\n"
else
echo -e "\n- Audit Result:\n ** FAIL **\n - Reason(s) for audit failure:\n$l_output2\n"
[ -n "$l_output" ] && echo -e "\n- Correctly set:\n$l_output\n"
fi
}

Page 277
Remediation:
Set the following parameter in /etc/sysctl.conf or a file in /etc/sysctl.d/ ending in
.conf:

• net.ipv4.ip_forward = 0

Example:
# printf "
net.ipv4.ip_forward = 0
" >> /etc/sysctl.d/60-netipv4_sysctl.conf
Run the following command to set the active kernel parameters:
# {
sysctl -w net.ipv4.ip_forward=0
sysctl -w net.ipv4.route.flush=1
}
-IF- IPv6 is enabled on the system:
Set the following parameter in /etc/sysctl.conf or a file in /etc/sysctl.d/ ending in
.conf:

• net.ipv6.conf.all.forwarding = 0

Example:
# printf "
net.ipv6.conf.all.forwarding = 0
" >> /etc/sysctl.d/60-netipv6_sysctl.conf
Run the following command to set the active kernel parameters:
# {
sysctl -w net.ipv6.conf.all.forwarding=0
sysctl -w net.ipv6.route.flush=1
}
Note: If these settings appear in a conically later file, or later in the same file, these
settings will be overwritten
Default Value:
net.ipv4.ip_forward = 0
net.ipv6.conf.all.forwarding = 0
References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1, CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5

Page 278
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

4.8 Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on

Enterprise Assets and Software
v8 Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, ● ●
such as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service
function.

9.2 Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services

v7 Are Running ● ●
Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system
with validated business needs, are running on each system.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1557, T1557.000 TA0006, TA0009 M1030, M1042

Page 279
3.2.2 Ensure packet redirect sending is disabled (Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
ICMP Redirects are used to send routing information to other hosts. As a host itself
does not act as a router (in a host only configuration), there is no need to send
redirects.
Rationale:
An attacker could use a compromised host to send invalid ICMP redirects to other
router devices in an attempt to corrupt routing and have users access a system set up
by the attacker as opposed to a valid system.
Audit:
Run the following script to verify the following kernel parameters are set in the running
configuration and correctly loaded from a kernel parameter configuration file:

• net.ipv4.conf.all.send_redirects is set to 0
• net.ipv4.conf.default.send_redirects is set to 0

Note: kernel parameters are loaded by file and parameter order precedence. The
following script observes this precedence as part of the auditing procedure. The
parameters being checked may be set correctly in a file. If that file is superseded, the
parameter is overridden by an incorrect setting later in that file, or in a conically later file,
that "correct" setting will be ignored both by the script and by the system during a
normal kernel parameter load sequence.

Page 280
#!/usr/bin/env bash

{
l_output="" l_output2=""
a_parlist=("net.ipv4.conf.all.send_redirects=0" "net.ipv4.conf.default.send_redirects=0")
l_ufwscf="$([ -f /etc/default/ufw ] && awk -F= '/^\s*IPT_SYSCTL=/ {print $2}'
/etc/default/ufw)"
kernel_parameter_chk()
{
l_krp="$(sysctl "$l_kpname" | awk -F= '{print $2}' | xargs)" # Check running configuration
if [ "$l_krp" = "$l_kpvalue" ]; then
l_output="$l_output\n - \"$l_kpname\" is correctly set to \"$l_krp\" in the running
configuration"
else
l_output2="$l_output2\n - \"$l_kpname\" is incorrectly set to \"$l_krp\" in the running
configuration and should have a value of: \"$l_kpvalue\""
fi
unset A_out; declare -A A_out # Check durable setting (files)
while read -r l_out; do
if [ -n "$l_out" ]; then
if [[ $l_out =~ ^\s*# ]]; then
l_file="${l_out//# /}"
else
l_kpar="$(awk -F= '{print $1}' <<< "$l_out" | xargs)"
[ "$l_kpar" = "$l_kpname" ] && A_out+=(["$l_kpar"]="$l_file")
fi
fi
done < <(/usr/lib/systemd/systemd-sysctl --cat-config | grep -Po
'^\h*([^#\n\r]+|#\h*\/[^#\n\r\h]+\.conf\b)')
if [ -n "$l_ufwscf" ]; then # Account for systems with UFW (Not covered by systemd-sysctl -
-cat-config)
l_kpar="$(grep -Po "^\h*$l_kpname\b" "$l_ufwscf" | xargs)"
l_kpar="${l_kpar//\//.}"
[ "$l_kpar" = "$l_kpname" ] && A_out+=(["$l_kpar"]="$l_ufwscf")
fi
if (( ${#A_out[@]} > 0 )); then # Assess output from files and generate output
while IFS="=" read -r l_fkpname l_fkpvalue; do
l_fkpname="${l_fkpname// /}"; l_fkpvalue="${l_fkpvalue// /}"
if [ "$l_fkpvalue" = "$l_kpvalue" ]; then
l_output="$l_output\n - \"$l_kpname\" is correctly set to \"$l_krp\" in \"$(printf
'%s' "${A_out[@]}")\"\n"
else
l_output2="$l_output2\n - \"$l_kpname\" is incorrectly set to \"$l_fkpvalue\" in
\"$(printf '%s' "${A_out[@]}")\" and should have a value of: \"$l_kpvalue\"\n"
fi
done < <(grep -Po -- "^\h*$l_kpname\h*=\h*\H+" "${A_out[@]}")
else
l_output2="$l_output2\n - \"$l_kpname\" is not set in an included file\n ** Note:
\"$l_kpname\" May be set in a file that's ignored by load procedure **\n"
fi
}
while IFS="=" read -r l_kpname l_kpvalue; do # Assess and check parameters
l_kpname="${l_kpname// /}"; l_kpvalue="${l_kpvalue// /}"
if ! grep -Pqs '^\h*0\b' /sys/module/ipv6/parameters/disable && grep -q '^net.ipv6.' <<<
"$l_kpname"; then
l_output="$l_output\n - IPv6 is disabled on the system, \"$l_kpname\" is not applicable"
else
kernel_parameter_chk
fi
done < <(printf '%s\n' "${a_parlist[@]}")
if [ -z "$l_output2" ]; then # Provide output from checks
echo -e "\n- Audit Result:\n ** PASS **\n$l_output\n"
else
echo -e "\n- Audit Result:\n ** FAIL **\n - Reason(s) for audit failure:\n$l_output2\n"
[ -n "$l_output" ] && echo -e "\n- Correctly set:\n$l_output\n"
fi
}

Page 281
Remediation:
Set the following parameters in /etc/sysctl.conf or a file in /etc/sysctl.d/ ending in
.conf:

• net.ipv4.conf.all.send_redirects = 0
• net.ipv4.conf.default.send_redirects = 0

Example:
# printf "
net.ipv4.conf.all.send_redirects = 0
net.ipv4.conf.default.send_redirects = 0
" >> /etc/sysctl.d/60-netipv4_sysctl.conf
Run the following command to set the active kernel parameters:
# {
sysctl -w net.ipv4.conf.all.send_redirects=0
sysctl -w net.ipv4.conf.default.send_redirects=0
sysctl -w net.ipv4.route.flush=1
}
Note: If these settings appear in a conically later file, or later in the same file, these
settings will be overwritten
References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1, CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5

CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

4.8 Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on

Enterprise Assets and Software
v8 Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, ● ●
such as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service
function.

9.2 Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services

v7 Are Running ● ●
Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system
with validated business needs, are running on each system.

Page 282
MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1557, T1557.000 TA0006, TA0009 M1030, M1042

Page 283
3.3 Configure Network Parameters (Host and Router)

The following network parameters are intended for use on both host only and router
systems. A system acts as a router if it has at least two interfaces and is configured to
perform routing functions.
Note:

• sysctl settings are defined through files in /usr/local/lib, /usr/lib/, /lib/,

/run/, and /etc/
• Files are typically placed in the sysctl.d directory within the parent directory
• The paths where sysctl preload files usually exist
o /run/sysctl.d/*.conf
o /etc/sysctl.d/*.conf
o /usr/local/lib/sysctl.d/*.conf
o /usr/lib/sysctl.d/*.conf
o /lib/sysctl.d/*.conf
o /etc/sysctl.conf
• Files must have the ".conf" extension
• Vendors settings usually live in /usr/lib/ or /usr/local/lib/
• To override a whole file, create a new file with the same name in /etc/sysctl.d/
and put new settings there.
• To override only specific settings, add a file with a lexically later name in
/etc/sysctl.d/ and put new settings there.
• The command /usr/lib/systemd/systemd-sysctl --cat-config produces
output containing The system's loaded kernel parameters and the files they're
configured in:
o Entries listed latter in the file take precedence over the same settings
listed earlier in the file
o Files containing kernel parameters that are over-ridden by other files with
the same name will not be listed
o On systems running UncomplicatedFirewall, the kernel parameters may
be set or over-written. This will not be visible in the output of the command

The system's loaded kernel parameters and the files they're configured in can be
viewed by running the following command:
# /usr/lib/systemd/systemd-sysctl --cat-config

Page 284
3.3.1 Ensure source routed packets are not accepted
(Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
In networking, source routing allows a sender to partially or fully specify the route
packets take through a network. In contrast, non-source routed packets travel a path
determined by routers in the network. In some cases, systems may not be routable or
reachable from some locations (e.g. private addresses vs. Internet routable), and so
source routed packets would need to be used.
Rationale:
Setting net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_source_route,
net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_source_route,
net.ipv6.conf.all.accept_source_route and
net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_source_route to 0 disables the system from accepting
source routed packets. Assume this system was capable of routing packets to Internet
routable addresses on one interface and private addresses on another interface.
Assume that the private addresses were not routable to the Internet routable addresses
and vice versa. Under normal routing circumstances, an attacker from the Internet
routable addresses could not use the system as a way to reach the private address
systems. If, however, source routed packets were allowed, they could be used to gain
access to the private address systems as the route could be specified, rather than rely
on routing protocols that did not allow this routing.

Page 285
Audit:
Run the following script to verify the following kernel parameters are set in the running
configuration and correctly loaded from a kernel parameter configuration file:

• net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_source_route is set to 0
• net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_source_route is set to 0
• net.ipv6.conf.all.accept_source_route is set to 0
• net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_source_route is set to 0

Note:

• kernel parameters are loaded by file and parameter order precedence. The
following script observes this precedence as part of the auditing procedure. The
parameters being checked may be set correctly in a file. If that file is superseded,
the parameter is overridden by an incorrect setting later in that file, or in a
conically later file, that "correct" setting will be ignored both by the script and by
the system during a normal kernel parameter load sequence.
• IPv6 kernel parameters only apply to systems where IPv6 is enabled

Page 286
#!/usr/bin/env bash

{
l_output="" l_output2=""
a_parlist=("net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_source_route=0"
"net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_source_route=0" "net.ipv6.conf.all.accept_source_route=0"
"net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_source_route=0")
l_ufwscf="$([ -f /etc/default/ufw ] && awk -F= '/^\s*IPT_SYSCTL=/ {print $2}'
/etc/default/ufw)"
kernel_parameter_chk()
{
l_krp="$(sysctl "$l_kpname" | awk -F= '{print $2}' | xargs)" # Check running configuration
if [ "$l_krp" = "$l_kpvalue" ]; then
l_output="$l_output\n - \"$l_kpname\" is correctly set to \"$l_krp\" in the running
configuration"
else
l_output2="$l_output2\n - \"$l_kpname\" is incorrectly set to \"$l_krp\" in the running
configuration and should have a value of: \"$l_kpvalue\""
fi
unset A_out; declare -A A_out # Check durable setting (files)
while read -r l_out; do
if [ -n "$l_out" ]; then
if [[ $l_out =~ ^\s*# ]]; then
l_file="${l_out//# /}"
else
l_kpar="$(awk -F= '{print $1}' <<< "$l_out" | xargs)"
[ "$l_kpar" = "$l_kpname" ] && A_out+=(["$l_kpar"]="$l_file")
fi
fi
done < <(/usr/lib/systemd/systemd-sysctl --cat-config | grep -Po
'^\h*([^#\n\r]+|#\h*\/[^#\n\r\h]+\.conf\b)')
if [ -n "$l_ufwscf" ]; then # Account for systems with UFW (Not covered by systemd-sysctl -
-cat-config)
l_kpar="$(grep -Po "^\h*$l_kpname\b" "$l_ufwscf" | xargs)"
l_kpar="${l_kpar//\//.}"
[ "$l_kpar" = "$l_kpname" ] && A_out+=(["$l_kpar"]="$l_ufwscf")
fi
if (( ${#A_out[@]} > 0 )); then # Assess output from files and generate output
while IFS="=" read -r l_fkpname l_fkpvalue; do
l_fkpname="${l_fkpname// /}"; l_fkpvalue="${l_fkpvalue// /}"
if [ "$l_fkpvalue" = "$l_kpvalue" ]; then
l_output="$l_output\n - \"$l_kpname\" is correctly set to \"$l_fkpvalue\" in
\"$(printf '%s' "${A_out[@]}")\"\n"
else
l_output2="$l_output2\n - \"$l_kpname\" is incorrectly set to \"$l_fkpvalue\" in
\"$(printf '%s' "${A_out[@]}")\" and should have a value of: \"$l_kpvalue\"\n"
fi
done < <(grep -Po -- "^\h*$l_kpname\h*=\h*\H+" "${A_out[@]}")
else
l_output2="$l_output2\n - \"$l_kpname\" is not set in an included file\n ** Note:
\"$l_kpname\" May be set in a file that's ignored by load procedure **\n"
fi
}
while IFS="=" read -r l_kpname l_kpvalue; do # Assess and check parameters
l_kpname="${l_kpname// /}"; l_kpvalue="${l_kpvalue// /}"
if ! grep -Pqs '^\h*0\b' /sys/module/ipv6/parameters/disable && grep -q '^net.ipv6.' <<<
"$l_kpname"; then
l_output="$l_output\n - IPv6 is disabled on the system, \"$l_kpname\" is not applicable"
else
kernel_parameter_chk
fi
done < <(printf '%s\n' "${a_parlist[@]}")
if [ -z "$l_output2" ]; then # Provide output from checks
echo -e "\n- Audit Result:\n ** PASS **\n$l_output\n"
else
echo -e "\n- Audit Result:\n ** FAIL **\n - Reason(s) for audit failure:\n$l_output2\n"
[ -n "$l_output" ] && echo -e "\n- Correctly set:\n$l_output\n"
fi
}

Page 287
Remediation:
Set the following parameters in /etc/sysctl.conf or a file in /etc/sysctl.d/ ending in
.conf:

• net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_source_route = 0
• net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_source_route = 0

Example:
# printf "
net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_source_route = 0
net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_source_route = 0
" >> /etc/sysctl.d/60-netipv4_sysctl.conf
Run the following command to set the active kernel parameters:
# {
sysctl -w net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_source_route=0
sysctl -w net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_source_route=0
sysctl -w net.ipv4.route.flush=1
}
-IF- IPv6 is enabled on the system:
Set the following parameters in /etc/sysctl.conf or a file in /etc/sysctl.d/ ending in
.conf:

• net.ipv6.conf.all.accept_source_route = 0
• net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_source_route = 0

Example:
# printf "
net.ipv6.conf.all.accept_source_route = 0
net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_source_route = 0
" >> /etc/sysctl.d/60-netipv6_sysctl.conf
Run the following command to set the active kernel parameters:
# {
sysctl -w net.ipv6.conf.all.accept_source_route=0
sysctl -w net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_source_route=0
sysctl -w net.ipv6.route.flush=1
}
Note: If these settings appear in a conically later file, or later in the same file, these
settings will be overwritten
Default Value:
net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_source_route = 0
net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_source_route = 0
net.ipv6.conf.all.accept_source_route = 0
net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_source_route = 0

Page 288
References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1, CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5

CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

4.8 Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on

Enterprise Assets and Software
v8 Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, ● ●
such as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service
function.

9.2 Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services

v7 Are Running ● ●
Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system
with validated business needs, are running on each system.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1590, T1590.005 TA0007

Page 289
3.3.2 Ensure ICMP redirects are not accepted (Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
ICMP redirect messages are packets that convey routing information and tell your host
(acting as a router) to send packets via an alternate path. It is a way of allowing an
outside routing device to update your system routing tables.
Rationale:
ICMP redirect messages are packets that convey routing information and tell your host
(acting as a router) to send packets via an alternate path. It is a way of allowing an
outside routing device to update your system routing tables. By setting
net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_redirects, net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_redirects,
net.ipv6.conf.all.accept_redirects, and net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_redirects
to 0, the system will not accept any ICMP redirect messages, and therefore, won't allow
outsiders to update the system's routing tables.
Audit:
Run the following script to verify the following kernel parameters are set in the running
configuration and correctly loaded from a kernel parameter configuration file:

• net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_redirects is set to 0
• net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_redirects is set to 0
• net.ipv6.conf.all.accept_redirects is set to 0
• net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_redirects is set to 0

Note:

• kernel parameters are loaded by file and parameter order precedence. The
following script observes this precedence as part of the auditing procedure. The
parameters being checked may be set correctly in a file. If that file is superseded,
the parameter is overridden by an incorrect setting later in that file, or in a
conically later file, that "correct" setting will be ignored both by the script and by
the system during a normal kernel parameter load sequence.
• IPv6 kernel parameters only apply to systems where IPv6 is enabled

Page 290
#!/usr/bin/env bash

{
l_output="" l_output2=""
a_parlist=("net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_redirects=0" "net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_redirects=0"
"net.ipv6.conf.all.accept_redirects=0" "net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_redirects=0")
l_ufwscf="$([ -f /etc/default/ufw ] && awk -F= '/^\s*IPT_SYSCTL=/ {print $2}'
/etc/default/ufw)"
kernel_parameter_chk()
{
l_krp="$(sysctl "$l_kpname" | awk -F= '{print $2}' | xargs)" # Check running configuration
if [ "$l_krp" = "$l_kpvalue" ]; then
l_output="$l_output\n - \"$l_kpname\" is correctly set to \"$l_krp\" in the running
configuration"
else
l_output2="$l_output2\n - \"$l_kpname\" is incorrectly set to \"$l_krp\" in the running
configuration and should have a value of: \"$l_kpvalue\""
fi
unset A_out; declare -A A_out # Check durable setting (files)
while read -r l_out; do
if [ -n "$l_out" ]; then
if [[ $l_out =~ ^\s*# ]]; then
l_file="${l_out//# /}"
else
l_kpar="$(awk -F= '{print $1}' <<< "$l_out" | xargs)"
[ "$l_kpar" = "$l_kpname" ] && A_out+=(["$l_kpar"]="$l_file")
fi
fi
done < <(/usr/lib/systemd/systemd-sysctl --cat-config | grep -Po
'^\h*([^#\n\r]+|#\h*\/[^#\n\r\h]+\.conf\b)')
if [ -n "$l_ufwscf" ]; then # Account for systems with UFW (Not covered by systemd-sysctl -
-cat-config)
l_kpar="$(grep -Po "^\h*$l_kpname\b" "$l_ufwscf" | xargs)"
l_kpar="${l_kpar//\//.}"
[ "$l_kpar" = "$l_kpname" ] && A_out+=(["$l_kpar"]="$l_ufwscf")
fi
if (( ${#A_out[@]} > 0 )); then # Assess output from files and generate output
while IFS="=" read -r l_fkpname l_fkpvalue; do
l_fkpname="${l_fkpname// /}"; l_fkpvalue="${l_fkpvalue// /}"
if [ "$l_fkpvalue" = "$l_kpvalue" ]; then
l_output="$l_output\n - \"$l_kpname\" is correctly set to \"$l_fkpvalue\" in
\"$(printf '%s' "${A_out[@]}")\"\n"
else
l_output2="$l_output2\n - \"$l_kpname\" is incorrectly set to \"$l_fkpvalue\" in
\"$(printf '%s' "${A_out[@]}")\" and should have a value of: \"$l_kpvalue\"\n"
fi
done < <(grep -Po -- "^\h*$l_kpname\h*=\h*\H+" "${A_out[@]}")
else
l_output2="$l_output2\n - \"$l_kpname\" is not set in an included file\n ** Note:
\"$l_kpname\" May be set in a file that's ignored by load procedure **\n"
fi
}
while IFS="=" read -r l_kpname l_kpvalue; do # Assess and check parameters
l_kpname="${l_kpname// /}"; l_kpvalue="${l_kpvalue// /}"
if ! grep -Pqs '^\h*0\b' /sys/module/ipv6/parameters/disable && grep -q '^net.ipv6.' <<<
"$l_kpname"; then
l_output="$l_output\n - IPv6 is disabled on the system, \"$l_kpname\" is not applicable"
else
kernel_parameter_chk
fi
done < <(printf '%s\n' "${a_parlist[@]}")
if [ -z "$l_output2" ]; then # Provide output from checks
echo -e "\n- Audit Result:\n ** PASS **\n$l_output\n"
else
echo -e "\n- Audit Result:\n ** FAIL **\n - Reason(s) for audit failure:\n$l_output2\n"
[ -n "$l_output" ] && echo -e "\n- Correctly set:\n$l_output\n"
fi
}

Page 291
Remediation:
Set the following parameters in /etc/sysctl.conf or a file in /etc/sysctl.d/ ending in
.conf:

• net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_redirects = 0
• net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_redirects = 0

Example:
# printf "
net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_redirects = 0
net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_redirects = 0
" >> /etc/sysctl.d/60-netipv4_sysctl.conf
Run the following command to set the active kernel parameters:
# {
sysctl -w net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_redirects=0
sysctl -w net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_redirects=0
sysctl -w net.ipv4.route.flush=1
}
-IF- IPv6 is enabled on the system:
Set the following parameters in /etc/sysctl.conf or a file in /etc/sysctl.d/ ending in
.conf:

• net.ipv6.conf.all.accept_redirects = 0
• net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_redirects = 0

Example:
# printf "
net.ipv6.conf.all.accept_redirects = 0
net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_redirects = 0
" >> /etc/sysctl.d/60-netipv6_sysctl.conf
Run the following command to set the active kernel parameters:
# {
sysctl -w net.ipv6.conf.all.accept_redirects=0
sysctl -w net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_redirects=0
sysctl -w net.ipv6.route.flush=1
}
Note: If these settings appear in a conically later file, or later in the same file, these
settings will be overwritten
Default Value:
net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_redirects = 1
net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_redirects = 1
net.ipv6.conf.all.accept_redirects = 1
net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_redirects = 1

Page 292
References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1, CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5

CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

4.8 Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on

Enterprise Assets and Software
v8 Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, ● ●
such as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service
function.

9.2 Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services

v7 Are Running ● ●
Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system
with validated business needs, are running on each system.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1557, T1557.000 TA0006, TA0009 M1030, M1042

Page 293
3.3.3 Ensure secure ICMP redirects are not accepted
(Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
Secure ICMP redirects are the same as ICMP redirects, except they come from
gateways listed on the default gateway list. It is assumed that these gateways are
known to your system, and that they are likely to be secure.
Rationale:
It is still possible for even known gateways to be compromised. Setting
net.ipv4.conf.all.secure_redirects and net.ipv4.conf.default.secure_redirects
to 0 protects the system from routing table updates by possibly compromised known
gateways.
Audit:
Run the following script to verify the following kernel parameters are set in the running
configuration and correctly loaded from a kernel parameter configuration file:

• net.ipv4.conf.all.secure_redirects is set to 0
• net.ipv4.conf.default.secure_redirects is set to 0

Note: kernel parameters are loaded by file and parameter order precedence. The
following script observes this precedence as part of the auditing procedure. The
parameters being checked may be set correctly in a file. If that file is superseded, the
parameter is overridden by an incorrect setting later in that file, or in a conically later file,
that "correct" setting will be ignored both by the script and by the system during a
normal kernel parameter load sequence.

Page 294
#!/usr/bin/env bash

{
l_output="" l_output2=""
a_parlist=("net.ipv4.conf.all.secure_redirects=0" "net.ipv4.conf.default.secure_redirects=0")
l_ufwscf="$([ -f /etc/default/ufw ] && awk -F= '/^\s*IPT_SYSCTL=/ {print $2}'
/etc/default/ufw)"
kernel_parameter_chk()
{
l_krp="$(sysctl "$l_kpname" | awk -F= '{print $2}' | xargs)" # Check running configuration
if [ "$l_krp" = "$l_kpvalue" ]; then
l_output="$l_output\n - \"$l_kpname\" is correctly set to \"$l_krp\" in the running
configuration"
else
l_output2="$l_output2\n - \"$l_kpname\" is incorrectly set to \"$l_krp\" in the running
configuration and should have a value of: \"$l_kpvalue\""
fi
unset A_out; declare -A A_out # Check durable setting (files)
while read -r l_out; do
if [ -n "$l_out" ]; then
if [[ $l_out =~ ^\s*# ]]; then
l_file="${l_out//# /}"
else
l_kpar="$(awk -F= '{print $1}' <<< "$l_out" | xargs)"
[ "$l_kpar" = "$l_kpname" ] && A_out+=(["$l_kpar"]="$l_file")
fi
fi
done < <(/usr/lib/systemd/systemd-sysctl --cat-config | grep -Po
'^\h*([^#\n\r]+|#\h*\/[^#\n\r\h]+\.conf\b)')
if [ -n "$l_ufwscf" ]; then # Account for systems with UFW (Not covered by systemd-sysctl -
-cat-config)
l_kpar="$(grep -Po "^\h*$l_kpname\b" "$l_ufwscf" | xargs)"
l_kpar="${l_kpar//\//.}"
[ "$l_kpar" = "$l_kpname" ] && A_out+=(["$l_kpar"]="$l_ufwscf")
fi
if (( ${#A_out[@]} > 0 )); then # Assess output from files and generate output
while IFS="=" read -r l_fkpname l_fkpvalue; do
l_fkpname="${l_fkpname// /}"; l_fkpvalue="${l_fkpvalue// /}"
if [ "$l_fkpvalue" = "$l_kpvalue" ]; then
l_output="$l_output\n - \"$l_kpname\" is correctly set to \"$l_fkpvalue\" in
\"$(printf '%s' "${A_out[@]}")\"\n"
else
l_output2="$l_output2\n - \"$l_kpname\" is incorrectly set to \"$l_fkpvalue\" in
\"$(printf '%s' "${A_out[@]}")\" and should have a value of: \"$l_kpvalue\"\n"
fi
done < <(grep -Po -- "^\h*$l_kpname\h*=\h*\H+" "${A_out[@]}")
else
l_output2="$l_output2\n - \"$l_kpname\" is not set in an included file\n ** Note:
\"$l_kpname\" May be set in a file that's ignored by load procedure **\n"
fi
}
while IFS="=" read -r l_kpname l_kpvalue; do # Assess and check parameters
l_kpname="${l_kpname// /}"; l_kpvalue="${l_kpvalue// /}"
if ! grep -Pqs '^\h*0\b' /sys/module/ipv6/parameters/disable && grep -q '^net.ipv6.' <<<
"$l_kpname"; then
l_output="$l_output\n - IPv6 is disabled on the system, \"$l_kpname\" is not applicable"
else
kernel_parameter_chk
fi
done < <(printf '%s\n' "${a_parlist[@]}")
if [ -z "$l_output2" ]; then # Provide output from checks
echo -e "\n- Audit Result:\n ** PASS **\n$l_output\n"
else
echo -e "\n- Audit Result:\n ** FAIL **\n - Reason(s) for audit failure:\n$l_output2\n"
[ -n "$l_output" ] && echo -e "\n- Correctly set:\n$l_output\n"
fi
}

Page 295
Remediation:
Set the following parameters in /etc/sysctl.conf or a file in /etc/sysctl.d/ ending in
.conf:

• net.ipv4.conf.all.secure_redirects = 0
• net.ipv4.conf.default.secure_redirects = 0

Example:
# printf "
net.ipv4.conf.all.secure_redirects = 0
net.ipv4.conf.default.secure_redirects = 0
" >> /etc/sysctl.d/60-netipv4_sysctl.conf
Run the following commands to set the active kernel parameters:
# {
sysctl -w net.ipv4.conf.all.secure_redirects=0
sysctl -w net.ipv4.conf.default.secure_redirects=0
sysctl -w net.ipv4.route.flush=1
}
Note: If these settings appear in a conically later file, or later in the same file, these
settings will be overwritten
Default Value:
net.ipv4.conf.all.secure_redirects = 1
net.ipv4.conf.default.secure_redirects = 1
References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1, CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5

CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

4.8 Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on

Enterprise Assets and Software
v8 Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, ● ●
such as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service
function.

9.2 Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services

v7 Are Running ● ●
Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system
with validated business needs, are running on each system.

Page 296
MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1557, T1557.000 TA0006, TA0009 M1030, M1042

Page 297
3.3.4 Ensure suspicious packets are logged (Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
When enabled, this feature logs packets with un-routable source addresses to the
kernel log.
Rationale:
Setting net.ipv4.conf.all.log_martians and net.ipv4.conf.default.log_martians
to 1` enables this feature. Logging these packets allows an administrator to investigate
the possibility that an attacker is sending spoofed packets to their system.
Audit:
Run the following script to verify the following kernel parameters are set in the running
configuration and correctly loaded from a kernel parameter configuration file:

• net.ipv4.conf.all.log_martians is set to 1
• net.ipv4.conf.default.log_martians is set to 1

Note: kernel parameters are loaded by file and parameter order precedence. The
following script observes this precedence as part of the auditing procedure. The
parameters being checked may be set correctly in a file. If that file is superseded, the
parameter is overridden by an incorrect setting later in that file, or in a conically later file,
that "correct" setting will be ignored both by the script and by the system during a
normal kernel parameter load sequence.

Page 298
#!/usr/bin/env bash

{
l_output="" l_output2=""
a_parlist=("net.ipv4.conf.all.log_martians=1" "net.ipv4.conf.default.log_martians=1")
l_ufwscf="$([ -f /etc/default/ufw ] && awk -F= '/^\s*IPT_SYSCTL=/ {print $2}'
/etc/default/ufw)"
kernel_parameter_chk()
{
l_krp="$(sysctl "$l_kpname" | awk -F= '{print $2}' | xargs)" # Check running configuration
if [ "$l_krp" = "$l_kpvalue" ]; then
l_output="$l_output\n - \"$l_kpname\" is correctly set to \"$l_krp\" in the running
configuration"
else
l_output2="$l_output2\n - \"$l_kpname\" is incorrectly set to \"$l_krp\" in the running
configuration and should have a value of: \"$l_kpvalue\""
fi
unset A_out; declare -A A_out # Check durable setting (files)
while read -r l_out; do
if [ -n "$l_out" ]; then
if [[ $l_out =~ ^\s*# ]]; then
l_file="${l_out//# /}"
else
l_kpar="$(awk -F= '{print $1}' <<< "$l_out" | xargs)"
[ "$l_kpar" = "$l_kpname" ] && A_out+=(["$l_kpar"]="$l_file")
fi
fi
done < <(/usr/lib/systemd/systemd-sysctl --cat-config | grep -Po
'^\h*([^#\n\r]+|#\h*\/[^#\n\r\h]+\.conf\b)')
if [ -n "$l_ufwscf" ]; then # Account for systems with UFW (Not covered by systemd-sysctl -
-cat-config)
l_kpar="$(grep -Po "^\h*$l_kpname\b" "$l_ufwscf" | xargs)"
l_kpar="${l_kpar//\//.}"
[ "$l_kpar" = "$l_kpname" ] && A_out+=(["$l_kpar"]="$l_ufwscf")
fi
if (( ${#A_out[@]} > 0 )); then # Assess output from files and generate output
while IFS="=" read -r l_fkpname l_fkpvalue; do
l_fkpname="${l_fkpname// /}"; l_fkpvalue="${l_fkpvalue// /}"
if [ "$l_fkpvalue" = "$l_kpvalue" ]; then
l_output="$l_output\n - \"$l_kpname\" is correctly set to \"$l_fkpvalue\" in
\"$(printf '%s' "${A_out[@]}")\"\n"
else
l_output2="$l_output2\n - \"$l_kpname\" is incorrectly set to \"$l_fkpvalue\" in
\"$(printf '%s' "${A_out[@]}")\" and should have a value of: \"$l_kpvalue\"\n"
fi
done < <(grep -Po -- "^\h*$l_kpname\h*=\h*\H+" "${A_out[@]}")
else
l_output2="$l_output2\n - \"$l_kpname\" is not set in an included file\n ** Note:
\"$l_kpname\" May be set in a file that's ignored by load procedure **\n"
fi
}
while IFS="=" read -r l_kpname l_kpvalue; do # Assess and check parameters
l_kpname="${l_kpname// /}"; l_kpvalue="${l_kpvalue// /}"
if ! grep -Pqs '^\h*0\b' /sys/module/ipv6/parameters/disable && grep -q '^net.ipv6.' <<<
"$l_kpname"; then
l_output="$l_output\n - IPv6 is disabled on the system, \"$l_kpname\" is not applicable"
else
kernel_parameter_chk
fi
done < <(printf '%s\n' "${a_parlist[@]}")
if [ -z "$l_output2" ]; then # Provide output from checks
echo -e "\n- Audit Result:\n ** PASS **\n$l_output\n"
else
echo -e "\n- Audit Result:\n ** FAIL **\n - Reason(s) for audit failure:\n$l_output2\n"
[ -n "$l_output" ] && echo -e "\n- Correctly set:\n$l_output\n"
fi
}

Page 299
Remediation:
Set the following parameters in /etc/sysctl.conf or a file in /etc/sysctl.d/ ending in
.conf:

• net.ipv4.conf.all.log_martians = 1
• net.ipv4.conf.default.log_martians = 1

Example:
# printf "
net.ipv4.conf.all.log_martians = 1
net.ipv4.conf.default.log_martians = 1
" >> /etc/sysctl.d/60-netipv4_sysctl.conf
Run the following command to set the active kernel parameters:
# {
sysctl -w net.ipv4.conf.all.log_martians=1
sysctl -w net.ipv4.conf.default.log_martians=1
sysctl -w net.ipv4.route.flush=1
}
Note: If these settings appear in a conically later file, or later in the same file, these
settings will be overwritten
Default Value:
net.ipv4.conf.all.log_martians = 0
net.ipv4.conf.default.log_martians = 0
References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3

Page 300
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

8.5 Collect Detailed Audit Logs

v8 Configure detailed audit logging for enterprise assets containing sensitive data.
Include event source, date, username, timestamp, source addresses, destination
● ●
addresses, and other useful elements that could assist in a forensic investigation.

6.2 Activate audit logging

v7 Ensure that local logging has been enabled on all systems and networking ● ● ●
devices.

6.3 Enable Detailed Logging

v7 Enable system logging to include detailed information such as an event source,
date, user, timestamp, source addresses, destination addresses, and other useful
● ●
elements.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1562, T1562.006 TA0005

Page 301
3.3.5 Ensure broadcast ICMP requests are ignored (Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
Setting net.ipv4.icmp_echo_ignore_broadcasts to 1 will cause the system to ignore all
ICMP echo and timestamp requests to broadcast and multicast addresses.
Rationale:
Accepting ICMP echo and timestamp requests with broadcast or multicast destinations
for your network could be used to trick your host into starting (or participating) in a
Smurf attack. A Smurf attack relies on an attacker sending large amounts of ICMP
broadcast messages with a spoofed source address. All hosts receiving this message
and responding would send echo-reply messages back to the spoofed address, which is
probably not routable. If many hosts respond to the packets, the amount of traffic on the
network could be significantly multiplied.
Audit:
Run the following script to verify the following kernel parameter is set in the running
configuration and correctly loaded from a kernel parameter configuration file:

• net.ipv4.icmp_echo_ignore_broadcasts is set to 1

Note: kernel parameters are loaded by file and parameter order precedence. The
following script observes this precedence as part of the auditing procedure. The
parameters being checked may be set correctly in a file. If that file is superseded, the
parameter is overridden by an incorrect setting later in that file, or in a conically later file,
that "correct" setting will be ignored both by the script and by the system during a
normal kernel parameter load sequence.

Page 302
#!/usr/bin/env bash

{
l_output="" l_output2=""
a_parlist=("net.ipv4.icmp_echo_ignore_broadcasts=1")
l_ufwscf="$([ -f /etc/default/ufw ] && awk -F= '/^\s*IPT_SYSCTL=/ {print $2}'
/etc/default/ufw)"
kernel_parameter_chk()
{
l_krp="$(sysctl "$l_kpname" | awk -F= '{print $2}' | xargs)" # Check running configuration
if [ "$l_krp" = "$l_kpvalue" ]; then
l_output="$l_output\n - \"$l_kpname\" is correctly set to \"$l_krp\" in the running
configuration"
else
l_output2="$l_output2\n - \"$l_kpname\" is incorrectly set to \"$l_krp\" in the running
configuration and should have a value of: \"$l_kpvalue\""
fi
unset A_out; declare -A A_out # Check durable setting (files)
while read -r l_out; do
if [ -n "$l_out" ]; then
if [[ $l_out =~ ^\s*# ]]; then
l_file="${l_out//# /}"
else
l_kpar="$(awk -F= '{print $1}' <<< "$l_out" | xargs)"
[ "$l_kpar" = "$l_kpname" ] && A_out+=(["$l_kpar"]="$l_file")
fi
fi
done < <(/usr/lib/systemd/systemd-sysctl --cat-config | grep -Po
'^\h*([^#\n\r]+|#\h*\/[^#\n\r\h]+\.conf\b)')
if [ -n "$l_ufwscf" ]; then # Account for systems with UFW (Not covered by systemd-sysctl -
-cat-config)
l_kpar="$(grep -Po "^\h*$l_kpname\b" "$l_ufwscf" | xargs)"
l_kpar="${l_kpar//\//.}"
[ "$l_kpar" = "$l_kpname" ] && A_out+=(["$l_kpar"]="$l_ufwscf")
fi
if (( ${#A_out[@]} > 0 )); then # Assess output from files and generate output
while IFS="=" read -r l_fkpname l_fkpvalue; do
l_fkpname="${l_fkpname// /}"; l_fkpvalue="${l_fkpvalue// /}"
if [ "$l_fkpvalue" = "$l_kpvalue" ]; then
l_output="$l_output\n - \"$l_kpname\" is correctly set to \"$l_fkpvalue\" in
\"$(printf '%s' "${A_out[@]}")\"\n"
else
l_output2="$l_output2\n - \"$l_kpname\" is incorrectly set to \"$l_fkpvalue\" in
\"$(printf '%s' "${A_out[@]}")\" and should have a value of: \"$l_kpvalue\"\n"
fi
done < <(grep -Po -- "^\h*$l_kpname\h*=\h*\H+" "${A_out[@]}")
else
l_output2="$l_output2\n - \"$l_kpname\" is not set in an included file\n ** Note:
\"$l_kpname\" May be set in a file that's ignored by load procedure **\n"
fi
}
while IFS="=" read -r l_kpname l_kpvalue; do # Assess and check parameters
l_kpname="${l_kpname// /}"; l_kpvalue="${l_kpvalue// /}"
if ! grep -Pqs '^\h*0\b' /sys/module/ipv6/parameters/disable && grep -q '^net.ipv6.' <<<
"$l_kpname"; then
l_output="$l_output\n - IPv6 is disabled on the system, \"$l_kpname\" is not applicable"
else
kernel_parameter_chk
fi
done < <(printf '%s\n' "${a_parlist[@]}")
if [ -z "$l_output2" ]; then # Provide output from checks
echo -e "\n- Audit Result:\n ** PASS **\n$l_output\n"
else
echo -e "\n- Audit Result:\n ** FAIL **\n - Reason(s) for audit failure:\n$l_output2\n"
[ -n "$l_output" ] && echo -e "\n- Correctly set:\n$l_output\n"
fi
}

Page 303
Remediation:
Set the following parameter in /etc/sysctl.conf or a file in /etc/sysctl.d/ ending in
.conf:

• net.ipv4.icmp_echo_ignore_broadcasts = 1

Example:
# printf "
net.ipv4.icmp_echo_ignore_broadcasts = 1
" >> /etc/sysctl.d/60-netipv4_sysctl.conf
Run the following command to set the active kernel parameters:
# {
sysctl -w net.ipv4.icmp_echo_ignore_broadcasts=1
sysctl -w net.ipv4.route.flush=1
}
Note: If these settings appear in a conically later file, or later in the same file, these
settings will be overwritten
Default Value:
net.ipv4.conf.default.log_martians = 0
References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1, CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5

CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

4.8 Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on

Enterprise Assets and Software
v8 Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, ● ●
such as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service
function.

9.2 Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services

v7 Are Running ● ●
Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system
with validated business needs, are running on each system.

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3.3.6 Ensure bogus ICMP responses are ignored (Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
Setting net.ipv4.icmp_ignore_bogus_error_responses to 1 prevents the kernel from
logging bogus responses (RFC-1122 non-compliant) from broadcast reframes, keeping
file systems from filling up with useless log messages.
Rationale:
Some routers (and some attackers) will send responses that violate RFC-1122 and
attempt to fill up a log file system with many useless error messages.
Audit:
Run the following script to verify the following kernel parameter is set in the running
configuration and correctly loaded from a kernel parameter configuration file:

• net.ipv4.icmp_ignore_bogus_error_responses is set to 1

Note: kernel parameters are loaded by file and parameter order precedence. The
following script observes this precedence as part of the auditing procedure. The
parameters being checked may be set correctly in a file. If that file is superseded, the
parameter is overridden by an incorrect setting later in that file, or in a conically later file,
that "correct" setting will be ignored both by the script and by the system during a
normal kernel parameter load sequence.

Page 306
#!/usr/bin/env bash

{
l_output="" l_output2=""
a_parlist=("net.ipv4.icmp_ignore_bogus_error_responses=1")
l_ufwscf="$([ -f /etc/default/ufw ] && awk -F= '/^\s*IPT_SYSCTL=/ {print $2}'
/etc/default/ufw)"
kernel_parameter_chk()
{
l_krp="$(sysctl "$l_kpname" | awk -F= '{print $2}' | xargs)" # Check running configuration
if [ "$l_krp" = "$l_kpvalue" ]; then
l_output="$l_output\n - \"$l_kpname\" is correctly set to \"$l_krp\" in the running
configuration"
else
l_output2="$l_output2\n - \"$l_kpname\" is incorrectly set to \"$l_krp\" in the running
configuration and should have a value of: \"$l_kpvalue\""
fi
unset A_out; declare -A A_out # Check durable setting (files)
while read -r l_out; do
if [ -n "$l_out" ]; then
if [[ $l_out =~ ^\s*# ]]; then
l_file="${l_out//# /}"
else
l_kpar="$(awk -F= '{print $1}' <<< "$l_out" | xargs)"
[ "$l_kpar" = "$l_kpname" ] && A_out+=(["$l_kpar"]="$l_file")
fi
fi
done < <(/usr/lib/systemd/systemd-sysctl --cat-config | grep -Po
'^\h*([^#\n\r]+|#\h*\/[^#\n\r\h]+\.conf\b)')
if [ -n "$l_ufwscf" ]; then # Account for systems with UFW (Not covered by systemd-sysctl -
-cat-config)
l_kpar="$(grep -Po "^\h*$l_kpname\b" "$l_ufwscf" | xargs)"
l_kpar="${l_kpar//\//.}"
[ "$l_kpar" = "$l_kpname" ] && A_out+=(["$l_kpar"]="$l_ufwscf")
fi
if (( ${#A_out[@]} > 0 )); then # Assess output from files and generate output
while IFS="=" read -r l_fkpname l_fkpvalue; do
l_fkpname="${l_fkpname// /}"; l_fkpvalue="${l_fkpvalue// /}"
if [ "$l_fkpvalue" = "$l_kpvalue" ]; then
l_output="$l_output\n - \"$l_kpname\" is correctly set to \"$l_fkpvalue\" in
\"$(printf '%s' "${A_out[@]}")\"\n"
else
l_output2="$l_output2\n - \"$l_kpname\" is incorrectly set to \"$l_fkpvalue\" in
\"$(printf '%s' "${A_out[@]}")\" and should have a value of: \"$l_kpvalue\"\n"
fi
done < <(grep -Po -- "^\h*$l_kpname\h*=\h*\H+" "${A_out[@]}")
else
l_output2="$l_output2\n - \"$l_kpname\" is not set in an included file\n ** Note:
\"$l_kpname\" May be set in a file that's ignored by load procedure **\n"
fi
}
while IFS="=" read -r l_kpname l_kpvalue; do # Assess and check parameters
l_kpname="${l_kpname// /}"; l_kpvalue="${l_kpvalue// /}"
if ! grep -Pqs '^\h*0\b' /sys/module/ipv6/parameters/disable && grep -q '^net.ipv6.' <<<
"$l_kpname"; then
l_output="$l_output\n - IPv6 is disabled on the system, \"$l_kpname\" is not applicable"
else
kernel_parameter_chk
fi
done < <(printf '%s\n' "${a_parlist[@]}")
if [ -z "$l_output2" ]; then # Provide output from checks
echo -e "\n- Audit Result:\n ** PASS **\n$l_output\n"
else
echo -e "\n- Audit Result:\n ** FAIL **\n - Reason(s) for audit failure:\n$l_output2\n"
[ -n "$l_output" ] && echo -e "\n- Correctly set:\n$l_output\n"
fi
}

Page 307
Remediation:
Set the following parameter in /etc/sysctl.conf or a file in /etc/sysctl.d/ ending in
.conf:

• net.ipv4.icmp_ignore_bogus_error_responses = 1

Example:
# printf "
net.ipv4.icmp_ignore_bogus_error_responses = 1
" >> /etc/sysctl.d/60-netipv4_sysctl.conf
Run the following command to set the active kernel parameters:
# {
sysctl -w net.ipv4.icmp_ignore_bogus_error_responses=1
sysctl -w net.ipv4.route.flush=1
}
Note: If these settings appear in a conically later file, or later in the same file, these
settings will be overwritten
Default Value:
net.ipv4.icmp_ignore_bogus_error_responses = 1
References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1,CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5

CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

4.8 Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on

Enterprise Assets and Software
v8 Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, ● ●
such as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service
function.

9.2 Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services

v7 Are Running ● ●
Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system
with validated business needs, are running on each system.

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3.3.7 Ensure Reverse Path Filtering is enabled (Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
Setting net.ipv4.conf.all.rp_filter and net.ipv4.conf.default.rp_filter to 1
forces the Linux kernel to utilize reverse path filtering on a received packet to determine
if the packet was valid. Essentially, with reverse path filtering, if the return packet does
not go out the same interface that the corresponding source packet came from, the
packet is dropped (and logged if log_martians is set).

Rationale:
Setting net.ipv4.conf.all.rp_filter and net.ipv4.conf.default.rp_filter to 1 is a
good way to deter attackers from sending your system bogus packets that cannot be
responded to. One instance where this feature breaks down is if asymmetrical routing is
employed. This would occur when using dynamic routing protocols (bgp, ospf, etc) on
your system. If you are using asymmetrical routing on your system, you will not be able
to enable this feature without breaking the routing.
Impact:
If you are using asymmetrical routing on your system, you will not be able to enable this
feature without breaking the routing.
Audit:
Run the following script to verify the following kernel parameters are set in the running
configuration and correctly loaded from a kernel parameter configuration file:

• net.ipv4.conf.all.rp_filter is set to 1
• net.ipv4.conf.default.rp_filter is set to 1

Note: kernel parameters are loaded by file and parameter order precedence. The
following script observes this precedence as part of the auditing procedure. The
parameters being checked may be set correctly in a file. If that file is superseded, the
parameter is overridden by an incorrect setting later in that file, or in a conically later file,
that "correct" setting will be ignored both by the script and by the system during a
normal kernel parameter load sequence.

Page 310
#!/usr/bin/env bash

{
l_output="" l_output2=""
a_parlist=("net.ipv4.conf.all.rp_filter=1" "net.ipv4.conf.default.rp_filter=1")
l_ufwscf="$([ -f /etc/default/ufw ] && awk -F= '/^\s*IPT_SYSCTL=/ {print $2}'
/etc/default/ufw)"
kernel_parameter_chk()
{
l_krp="$(sysctl "$l_kpname" | awk -F= '{print $2}' | xargs)" # Check running configuration
if [ "$l_krp" = "$l_kpvalue" ]; then
l_output="$l_output\n - \"$l_kpname\" is correctly set to \"$l_krp\" in the running
configuration"
else
l_output2="$l_output2\n - \"$l_kpname\" is incorrectly set to \"$l_krp\" in the running
configuration and should have a value of: \"$l_kpvalue\""
fi
unset A_out; declare -A A_out # Check durable setting (files)
while read -r l_out; do
if [ -n "$l_out" ]; then
if [[ $l_out =~ ^\s*# ]]; then
l_file="${l_out//# /}"
else
l_kpar="$(awk -F= '{print $1}' <<< "$l_out" | xargs)"
[ "$l_kpar" = "$l_kpname" ] && A_out+=(["$l_kpar"]="$l_file")
fi
fi
done < <(/usr/lib/systemd/systemd-sysctl --cat-config | grep -Po
'^\h*([^#\n\r]+|#\h*\/[^#\n\r\h]+\.conf\b)')
if [ -n "$l_ufwscf" ]; then # Account for systems with UFW (Not covered by systemd-sysctl -
-cat-config)
l_kpar="$(grep -Po "^\h*$l_kpname\b" "$l_ufwscf" | xargs)"
l_kpar="${l_kpar//\//.}"
[ "$l_kpar" = "$l_kpname" ] && A_out+=(["$l_kpar"]="$l_ufwscf")
fi
if (( ${#A_out[@]} > 0 )); then # Assess output from files and generate output
while IFS="=" read -r l_fkpname l_fkpvalue; do
l_fkpname="${l_fkpname// /}"; l_fkpvalue="${l_fkpvalue// /}"
if [ "$l_fkpvalue" = "$l_kpvalue" ]; then
l_output="$l_output\n - \"$l_kpname\" is correctly set to \"$l_fkpvalue\" in
\"$(printf '%s' "${A_out[@]}")\"\n"
else
l_output2="$l_output2\n - \"$l_kpname\" is incorrectly set to \"$l_fkpvalue\" in
\"$(printf '%s' "${A_out[@]}")\" and should have a value of: \"$l_kpvalue\"\n"
fi
done < <(grep -Po -- "^\h*$l_kpname\h*=\h*\H+" "${A_out[@]}")
else
l_output2="$l_output2\n - \"$l_kpname\" is not set in an included file\n ** Note:
\"$l_kpname\" May be set in a file that's ignored by load procedure **\n"
fi
}
while IFS="=" read -r l_kpname l_kpvalue; do # Assess and check parameters
l_kpname="${l_kpname// /}"; l_kpvalue="${l_kpvalue// /}"
if ! grep -Pqs '^\h*0\b' /sys/module/ipv6/parameters/disable && grep -q '^net.ipv6.' <<<
"$l_kpname"; then
l_output="$l_output\n - IPv6 is disabled on the system, \"$l_kpname\" is not applicable"
else
kernel_parameter_chk
fi
done < <(printf '%s\n' "${a_parlist[@]}")
if [ -z "$l_output2" ]; then # Provide output from checks
echo -e "\n- Audit Result:\n ** PASS **\n$l_output\n"
else
echo -e "\n- Audit Result:\n ** FAIL **\n - Reason(s) for audit failure:\n$l_output2\n"
[ -n "$l_output" ] && echo -e "\n- Correctly set:\n$l_output\n"
fi
}

Page 311
Remediation:
Set the following parameters in /etc/sysctl.conf or a file in /etc/sysctl.d/ ending in
.conf:

• net.ipv4.conf.all.rp_filter = 1
• net.ipv4.conf.default.rp_filter = 1

Example:
# printf "
net.ipv4.conf.all.rp_filter = 1
net.ipv4.conf.default.rp_filter = 1
" >> /etc/sysctl.d/60-netipv4_sysctl.conf
Run the following commands to set the active kernel parameters:
# {
sysctl -w net.ipv4.conf.all.rp_filter=1
sysctl -w net.ipv4.conf.default.rp_filter=1
sysctl -w net.ipv4.route.flush=1
}
Note: If these settings appear in a conically later file, or later in the same file, these
settings will be overwritten
Default Value:
net.ipv4.conf.all.rp_filter = 2
net.ipv4.conf.default.rp_filter = 1
References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1,CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5

CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

4.8 Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on

Enterprise Assets and Software
v8 Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, ● ●
such as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service
function.

9.2 Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services

v7 Are Running ● ●
Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system
with validated business needs, are running on each system.

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Page 313
3.3.8 Ensure TCP SYN Cookies is enabled (Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
When tcp_syncookies is set, the kernel will handle TCP SYN packets normally until the
half-open connection queue is full, at which time, the SYN cookie functionality kicks in.
SYN cookies work by not using the SYN queue at all. Instead, the kernel simply replies
to the SYN with a SYN|ACK, but will include a specially crafted TCP sequence number
that encodes the source and destination IP address and port number and the time the
packet was sent. A legitimate connection would send the ACK packet of the three way
handshake with the specially crafted sequence number. This allows the system to verify
that it has received a valid response to a SYN cookie and allow the connection, even
though there is no corresponding SYN in the queue.
Rationale:
Attackers use SYN flood attacks to perform a denial of service attacked on a system by
sending many SYN packets without completing the three way handshake. This will
quickly use up slots in the kernel's half-open connection queue and prevent legitimate
connections from succeeding. Setting net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies to 1 enables SYN
cookies, allowing the system to keep accepting valid connections, even if under a denial
of service attack.
Audit:
Run the following script to verify the following kernel parameter is set in the running
configuration and correctly loaded from a kernel parameter configuration file:

• net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies is set to 1

Note: kernel parameters are loaded by file and parameter order precedence. The
following script observes this precedence as part of the auditing procedure. The
parameters being checked may be set correctly in a file. If that file is superseded, the
parameter is overridden by an incorrect setting later in that file, or in a conically later file,
that "correct" setting will be ignored both by the script and by the system during a
normal kernel parameter load sequence.

Page 314
#!/usr/bin/env bash

{
l_output="" l_output2=""
a_parlist=("net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies=1")
l_ufwscf="$([ -f /etc/default/ufw ] && awk -F= '/^\s*IPT_SYSCTL=/ {print $2}'
/etc/default/ufw)"
kernel_parameter_chk()
{
l_krp="$(sysctl "$l_kpname" | awk -F= '{print $2}' | xargs)" # Check running configuration
if [ "$l_krp" = "$l_kpvalue" ]; then
l_output="$l_output\n - \"$l_kpname\" is correctly set to \"$l_krp\" in the running
configuration"
else
l_output2="$l_output2\n - \"$l_kpname\" is incorrectly set to \"$l_krp\" in the running
configuration and should have a value of: \"$l_kpvalue\""
fi
unset A_out; declare -A A_out # Check durable setting (files)
while read -r l_out; do
if [ -n "$l_out" ]; then
if [[ $l_out =~ ^\s*# ]]; then
l_file="${l_out//# /}"
else
l_kpar="$(awk -F= '{print $1}' <<< "$l_out" | xargs)"
[ "$l_kpar" = "$l_kpname" ] && A_out+=(["$l_kpar"]="$l_file")
fi
fi
done < <(/usr/lib/systemd/systemd-sysctl --cat-config | grep -Po
'^\h*([^#\n\r]+|#\h*\/[^#\n\r\h]+\.conf\b)')
if [ -n "$l_ufwscf" ]; then # Account for systems with UFW (Not covered by systemd-sysctl -
-cat-config)
l_kpar="$(grep -Po "^\h*$l_kpname\b" "$l_ufwscf" | xargs)"
l_kpar="${l_kpar//\//.}"
[ "$l_kpar" = "$l_kpname" ] && A_out+=(["$l_kpar"]="$l_ufwscf")
fi
if (( ${#A_out[@]} > 0 )); then # Assess output from files and generate output
while IFS="=" read -r l_fkpname l_fkpvalue; do
l_fkpname="${l_fkpname// /}"; l_fkpvalue="${l_fkpvalue// /}"
if [ "$l_fkpvalue" = "$l_kpvalue" ]; then
l_output="$l_output\n - \"$l_kpname\" is correctly set to \"$l_fkpvalue\" in
\"$(printf '%s' "${A_out[@]}")\"\n"
else
l_output2="$l_output2\n - \"$l_kpname\" is incorrectly set to \"$l_fkpvalue\" in
\"$(printf '%s' "${A_out[@]}")\" and should have a value of: \"$l_kpvalue\"\n"
fi
done < <(grep -Po -- "^\h*$l_kpname\h*=\h*\H+" "${A_out[@]}")
else
l_output2="$l_output2\n - \"$l_kpname\" is not set in an included file\n ** Note:
\"$l_kpname\" May be set in a file that's ignored by load procedure **\n"
fi
}
while IFS="=" read -r l_kpname l_kpvalue; do # Assess and check parameters
l_kpname="${l_kpname// /}"; l_kpvalue="${l_kpvalue// /}"
if ! grep -Pqs '^\h*0\b' /sys/module/ipv6/parameters/disable && grep -q '^net.ipv6.' <<<
"$l_kpname"; then
l_output="$l_output\n - IPv6 is disabled on the system, \"$l_kpname\" is not applicable"
else
kernel_parameter_chk
fi
done < <(printf '%s\n' "${a_parlist[@]}")
if [ -z "$l_output2" ]; then # Provide output from checks
echo -e "\n- Audit Result:\n ** PASS **\n$l_output\n"
else
echo -e "\n- Audit Result:\n ** FAIL **\n - Reason(s) for audit failure:\n$l_output2\n"
[ -n "$l_output" ] && echo -e "\n- Correctly set:\n$l_output\n"
fi
}

Page 315
Remediation:
Set the following parameter in /etc/sysctl.conf or a file in /etc/sysctl.d/ ending in
.conf:

• net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies = 1

Example:
# printf "
net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies = 1
" >> /etc/sysctl.d/60-netipv4_sysctl.conf
Run the following command to set the active kernel parameters:
# {
sysctl -w net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies=1
sysctl -w net.ipv4.route.flush=1
}
Note: If these settings appear in a conically later file, or later in the same file, these
settings will be overwritten
Default Value:
net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies = 1
References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1,CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5

CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

4.8 Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on

Enterprise Assets and Software
v8 Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, ● ●
such as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service
function.

9.2 Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services

v7 Are Running ● ●
Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system
with validated business needs, are running on each system.

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3.3.9 Ensure IPv6 router advertisements are not accepted
(Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
This setting disables the system's ability to accept IPv6 router advertisements.
Rationale:
It is recommended that systems do not accept router advertisements as they could be
tricked into routing traffic to compromised machines. Setting hard routes within the
system (usually a single default route to a trusted router) protects the system from bad
routes. Setting net.ipv6.conf.all.accept_ra and net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_ra
to 0 disables the system's ability to accept IPv6 router advertisements.

Audit:
Run the following script to verify the following kernel parameters are set in the running
configuration and correctly loaded from a kernel parameter configuration file:

• net.ipv6.conf.all.accept_ra is set to 0
• net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_ra is set to 0

Note:

• kernel parameters are loaded by file and parameter order precedence. The
following script observes this precedence as part of the auditing procedure. The
parameters being checked may be set correctly in a file. If that file is superseded,
the parameter is overridden by an incorrect setting later in that file, or in a
conically later file, that "correct" setting will be ignored both by the script and by
the system during a normal kernel parameter load sequence.
• IPv6 kernel parameters only apply to systems where IPv6 is enabled

Page 318
#!/usr/bin/env bash

{
l_output="" l_output2=""
a_parlist=("net.ipv6.conf.all.accept_ra=0" "net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_ra=0")
l_ufwscf="$([ -f /etc/default/ufw ] && awk -F= '/^\s*IPT_SYSCTL=/ {print $2}'
/etc/default/ufw)"
kernel_parameter_chk()
{
l_krp="$(sysctl "$l_kpname" | awk -F= '{print $2}' | xargs)" # Check running configuration
if [ "$l_krp" = "$l_kpvalue" ]; then
l_output="$l_output\n - \"$l_kpname\" is correctly set to \"$l_krp\" in the running
configuration"
else
l_output2="$l_output2\n - \"$l_kpname\" is incorrectly set to \"$l_krp\" in the running
configuration and should have a value of: \"$l_kpvalue\""
fi
unset A_out; declare -A A_out # Check durable setting (files)
while read -r l_out; do
if [ -n "$l_out" ]; then
if [[ $l_out =~ ^\s*# ]]; then
l_file="${l_out//# /}"
else
l_kpar="$(awk -F= '{print $1}' <<< "$l_out" | xargs)"
[ "$l_kpar" = "$l_kpname" ] && A_out+=(["$l_kpar"]="$l_file")
fi
fi
done < <(/usr/lib/systemd/systemd-sysctl --cat-config | grep -Po
'^\h*([^#\n\r]+|#\h*\/[^#\n\r\h]+\.conf\b)')
if [ -n "$l_ufwscf" ]; then # Account for systems with UFW (Not covered by systemd-sysctl -
-cat-config)
l_kpar="$(grep -Po "^\h*$l_kpname\b" "$l_ufwscf" | xargs)"
l_kpar="${l_kpar//\//.}"
[ "$l_kpar" = "$l_kpname" ] && A_out+=(["$l_kpar"]="$l_ufwscf")
fi
if (( ${#A_out[@]} > 0 )); then # Assess output from files and generate output
while IFS="=" read -r l_fkpname l_fkpvalue; do
l_fkpname="${l_fkpname// /}"; l_fkpvalue="${l_fkpvalue// /}"
if [ "$l_fkpvalue" = "$l_kpvalue" ]; then
l_output="$l_output\n - \"$l_kpname\" is correctly set to \"$l_fkpvalue\" in
\"$(printf '%s' "${A_out[@]}")\"\n"
else
l_output2="$l_output2\n - \"$l_kpname\" is incorrectly set to \"$l_fkpvalue\" in
\"$(printf '%s' "${A_out[@]}")\" and should have a value of: \"$l_kpvalue\"\n"
fi
done < <(grep -Po -- "^\h*$l_kpname\h*=\h*\H+" "${A_out[@]}")
else
l_output2="$l_output2\n - \"$l_kpname\" is not set in an included file\n ** Note:
\"$l_kpname\" May be set in a file that's ignored by load procedure **\n"
fi
}
while IFS="=" read -r l_kpname l_kpvalue; do # Assess and check parameters
l_kpname="${l_kpname// /}"; l_kpvalue="${l_kpvalue// /}"
if ! grep -Pqs '^\h*0\b' /sys/module/ipv6/parameters/disable && grep -q '^net.ipv6.' <<<
"$l_kpname"; then
l_output="$l_output\n - IPv6 is disabled on the system, \"$l_kpname\" is not applicable"
else
kernel_parameter_chk
fi
done < <(printf '%s\n' "${a_parlist[@]}")
if [ -z "$l_output2" ]; then # Provide output from checks
echo -e "\n- Audit Result:\n ** PASS **\n$l_output\n"
else
echo -e "\n- Audit Result:\n ** FAIL **\n - Reason(s) for audit failure:\n$l_output2\n"
[ -n "$l_output" ] && echo -e "\n- Correctly set:\n$l_output\n"
fi
}

Page 319
Remediation:
-IF- IPv6 is enabled on the system:
Set the following parameters in /etc/sysctl.conf or a file in /etc/sysctl.d/ ending in
.conf:

• net.ipv6.conf.all.accept_ra = 0
• net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_ra = 0

Example:
# printf "
net.ipv6.conf.all.accept_ra = 0
net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_ra = 0
" >> /etc/sysctl.d/60-netipv6_sysctl.conf
Run the following command to set the active kernel parameters:
# {
sysctl -w net.ipv6.conf.all.accept_ra=0
sysctl -w net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_ra=0
sysctl -w net.ipv6.route.flush=1
}
Note: If these settings appear in a conically later file, or later in the same file, these
settings will be overwritten
Default Value:
net.ipv6.conf.all.accept_ra = 1
net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_ra = 1
References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1,CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5

CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

4.8 Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on

Enterprise Assets and Software
v8 Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, ● ●
such as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service
function.

9.2 Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services

v7 Are Running ● ●
Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system
with validated business needs, are running on each system.

Page 320
MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1557, T1557.000 TA0006, TA0040 M1030, M1042

Page 321
3.4 Configure Host Based Firewall

Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud security groups enable you to control traffic to your
instance, including the kind of traffic that can reach your instance. For example, you can
allow computers from only your home network to access your instance using SSH.
A Host Based Firewall, on a Linux system, is a set of rules. When a data packet moves
into or out of a protected network space, its contents (in particular, information about its
origin, target, and the protocol it plans to use) are tested against the firewall rules to see
if it should be allowed through
To provide a Host Based Firewall, the Linux kernel includes support for nftables.

• nftables - A subsystem of the Linux kernel providing filtering and classification of

network packets/datagrams/frames. nftables is supposed to replace certain parts
of Netfilter, while keeping and reusing most of it. nftables utilizes the building
blocks of the Netfilter infrastructure, such as the existing hooks into the
networking stack, connection tracking system, userspace queueing component,
and logging subsystem.

In order to configure firewall rules for nftables, a firewall utility needs to be installed.
Guidance has been included for the following firewall utilities:

• FirewallD - Provides firewall features by acting as a front-end for the Linux

kernel's netfilter framework via the nftables backend. Starting in v0.6.0, FirewallD
added support for acting as a front-end for the Linux kernel's netfilter framework
via the nftables userspace utility, acting as an alternative to the nft command line
program. firewalld supports both IPv4 and IPv6 networks and can administer
separate firewall zones with varying degrees of trust as defined in zone profiles.
• nftables - Includes the nft utility for configuration of the nftables subsystem of the
Linux kernel

Note:

• If security groups are configured and meet local site security policies, this
section may be skipped
• Only one method should be used to configure a firewall on the system. Use of
more than one method could produce unexpected results.
• This section is intended only to ensure the resulting firewall rules are in place, not
how they are configured.
• The ipset and iptables-nft packages have been deprecated in Fedora 34
based Linux distributions. This includes deprecation of nft-variants such as
iptables, ip6tables, arptables, and ebtables utilities. If you are using any of
these tools, for example, because you upgraded from an earlier version, we
recommend migrating to the nft command line tool provided by the nftables
package.

Page 322
3.4.1 Configure a firewall utility

In order to configure firewall rules for Netfilter or nftables, a firewall utility needs to be
installed. Guidance has been included for the following firewall utilities:

• FirewallD:
o Provides firewall features by acting as a front-end for the Linux kernel's
netfilter framework via the nftables userspace utility, acting as an
alternative to the nft command line program. firewalld supports both IPv4
and IPv6 networks and can administer separate firewall zones with
varying degrees of trust as defined in zone profiles.
o Use the firewalld utility for simple firewall use cases. The utility is easy to
use and covers the typical use cases for these scenarios.
• NFTables:
o Includes the nft utility for configuration of the nftables subsystem of the
Linux kernel
o Use the nftables utility to set up complex and performance critical
firewalls, such as for a whole network.

Note:

• If security groups are configured and meet local site security policies, this
section may be skipped
• Only one method should be used to configure a firewall on the system. Use of
more than one method could produce unexpected results.
• IPTables are deprecated in this release, and not covered in this Benchmark. The
iptables utility on Fedora 34/CentOS 9 stream based Linux distributions uses the
nf_tables kernel API instead of the legacy back end. The nf_tables API provides
backward compatibility so that scripts that use iptables commands still work on
Fedora 34 based Linux distributions. For new firewall scripts, it is recommended
to use nftables.

Page 323
3.4.1.1 Ensure nftables is installed (Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 2 - Server
Description:
nftables provides a new in-kernel packet classification framework that is based on a
network-specific Virtual Machine (VM) and a new nft userspace command line tool.
nftables reuses the existing Netfilter subsystems such as the existing hook
infrastructure, the connection tracking system, NAT, userspace queuing and logging
subsystem.
Rationale:
nftables is a subsystem of the Linux kernel that can protect against threats originating
from within a corporate network to include malicious mobile code and poorly configured
software on a host.
Impact:
Changing firewall settings while connected over the network can result in being locked
out of the system.
Audit:
Run the following command to verify that nftables is installed:
# rpm -q nftables

nftables-<version>

Remediation:
Run the following command to install nftables
# dnf install nftables

References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7, CA-9

Page 324
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

4.4 Implement and Manage a Firewall on Servers

v8 Implement and manage a firewall on servers, where supported. Example
implementations include a virtual firewall, operating system firewall, or a third-
● ● ●
party firewall agent.

9.4 Apply Host-based Firewalls or Port Filtering

v7 Apply host-based firewalls or port filtering tools on end systems, with a
default-deny rule that drops all traffic except those services and ports that are
● ● ●
explicitly allowed.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1562, T1562.004 TA0011 M1031, M1037

Page 325
3.4.1.2 Ensure a single firewall configuration utility is in use
(Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 2 - Server
Description:
FirewallD - Is a firewall service daemon that provides a dynamic customizable host-
based firewall with a D-Bus interface. Being dynamic, it enables creating, changing, and
deleting the rules without the necessity to restart the firewall daemon each time the
rules are changed
NFTables - Includes the nft utility for configuration of the nftables subsystem of the
Linux kernel
Note: firewalld with nftables backend does not support passing custom nftables rules to
firewalld, using the --direct option.

Rationale:
In order to configure firewall rules for nftables, a firewall utility needs to be installed and
active of the system. The use of more than one firewall utility may produce unexpected
results.

Page 326
Audit:
Run the following script to verify that a single firewall utility is in use on the system:
#!/usr/bin/env bash

{
l_output="" l_output2="" l_fwd_status="" l_nft_status=""
l_fwutil_status=""
# Determine FirewallD utility Status
rpm -q firewalld > /dev/null 2>&1 && l_fwd_status="$(systemctl is-enabled
firewalld.service):$(systemctl is-active firewalld.service)"
# Determine NFTables utility Status
rpm -q nftables > /dev/null 2>&1 && l_nft_status="$(systemctl is-enabled
nftables.service):$(systemctl is-active nftables.service)"
l_fwutil_status="$l_fwd_status:$l_nft_status"
case $l_fwutil_status in
enabled:active:masked:inactive|enabled:active:disabled:inactive)
l_output="\n - FirewallD utility is in use, enabled and active\n -
NFTables utility is correctly disabled or masked and inactive" ;;
masked:inactive:enabled:active|disabled:inactive:enabled:active)
l_output="\n - NFTables utility is in use, enabled and active\n -
FirewallD utility is correctly disabled or masked and inactive" ;;
enabled:active:enabled:active)
l_output2="\n - Both FirewallD and NFTables utilities are enabled
and active" ;;
enabled:*:enabled:*)
l_output2="\n - Both FirewallD and NFTables utilities are enabled"
;;
*:active:*:active)
l_output2="\n - Both FirewallD and NFTables utilities are enabled"
;;
:enabled:active)
l_output="\n - NFTables utility is in use, enabled, and active\n -
FirewallD package is not installed" ;;
:)
l_output2="\n - Neither FirewallD or NFTables is installed." ;;
*:*:)
l_output2="\n - NFTables package is not installed on the system" ;;
*)
l_output2="\n - Unable to determine firewall state" ;;
esac
if [ -z "$l_output2" ]; then
echo -e "\n- Audit Results:\n ** Pass **\n$l_output\n"
else
echo -e "\n- Audit Results:\n ** Fail **\n$l_output2\n"
fi
}

Page 327
Remediation:
Run the following script to ensure that a single firewall utility is in use on the system:
#!/usr/bin/env bash

{
l_output="" l_output2="" l_fwd_status="" l_nft_status="" l_fwutil_status=""
# Determine FirewallD utility Status
rpm -q firewalld > /dev/null 2>&1 && l_fwd_status="$(systemctl is-enabled
firewalld.service):$(systemctl is-active firewalld.service)"
# Determine NFTables utility Status
rpm -q nftables > /dev/null 2>&1 && l_nft_status="$(systemctl is-enabled
nftables.service):$(systemctl is-active nftables.service)"
l_fwutil_status="$l_fwd_status:$l_nft_status"
case $l_fwutil_status in
enabled:active:masked:inactive|enabled:active:disabled:inactive)
echo -e "\n - FirewallD utility is in use, enabled and active\n - NFTables utility is
correctly disabled or masked and inactive\n - no remediation required" ;;
masked:inactive:enabled:active|disabled:inactive:enabled:active)
echo -e "\n - NFTables utility is in use, enabled and active\n - FirewallD utility is
correctly disabled or masked and inactive\n - no remediation required" ;;
enabled:active:enabled:active)
echo -e "\n - Both FirewallD and NFTables utilities are enabled and active\n - stopping
and masking NFTables utility"
systemctl stop nftables && systemctl --now mask nftables ;;
enabled:*:enabled:*)
echo -e "\n - Both FirewallD and NFTables utilities are enabled\n - remediating"
if [ "$(awk -F: '{print $2}' <<< "$l_fwutil_status")" = "active" ] && [ "$(awk -F:
'{print $4}' <<< "$l_fwutil_status")" = "inactive" ]; then
echo " - masking NFTables utility"
systemctl stop nftables && systemctl --now mask nftables
elif [ "$(awk -F: '{print $4}' <<< "$l_fwutil_status")" = "active" ] && [ "$(awk -F:
'{print $2}' <<< "$l_fwutil_status")" = "inactive" ]; then
echo " - masking FirewallD utility"
systemctl stop firewalld && systemctl --now mask firewalld
fi ;;
*:active:*:active)
echo -e "\n - Both FirewallD and NFTables utilities are active\n - remediating"
if [ "$(awk -F: '{print $1}' <<< "$l_fwutil_status")" = "enabled" ] && [ "$(awk -F:
'{print $3}' <<< "$l_fwutil_status")" != "enabled" ]; then
echo " - stopping and masking NFTables utility"
systemctl stop nftables && systemctl --now mask nftables
elif [ "$(awk -F: '{print $3}' <<< "$l_fwutil_status")" = "enabled" ] && [ "$(awk -F:
'{print $1}' <<< "$l_fwutil_status")" != "enabled" ]; then
echo " - stopping and masking FirewallD utility"
systemctl stop firewalld && systemctl --now mask firewalld
fi ;;
:enabled:active)
echo -e "\n - NFTables utility is in use, enabled, and active\n - FirewallD package is
not installed\n - no remediation required" ;;
:)
echo -e "\n - Neither FirewallD or NFTables is installed.\n - remediating\n - installing
NFTables"
dnf -q install nftables ;;
*:*:)
echo -e "\n - NFTables package is not installed on the system\n - remediating\n -
installing NFTables"
dnf -q install nftables ;;
*)
echo -e "\n - Unable to determine firewall state" ;;
esac
}

Page 328
References:

1. https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-us/red_hat_enterprise_linux/9/html-
single/configuring_firewalls_and_packet_filters/index

CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

4.4 Implement and Manage a Firewall on Servers

v8 Implement and manage a firewall on servers, where supported. Example
implementations include a virtual firewall, operating system firewall, or a third-
● ● ●
party firewall agent.

4.5 Implement and Manage a Firewall on End-User

Devices
v8 Implement and manage a host-based firewall or port-filtering tool on end-user ● ● ●
devices, with a default-deny rule that drops all traffic except those services and
ports that are explicitly allowed.

9.4 Apply Host-based Firewalls or Port Filtering

v7 Apply host-based firewalls or port filtering tools on end systems, with a
default-deny rule that drops all traffic except those services and ports that are
● ● ●
explicitly allowed.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1562, T1562.004 TA0011 M1031, M1037

Page 329
3.4.2 Configure firewall rules

Note: If security groups are configured and meet local site security policies, this
section may be skipped
nftables is a subsystem of the Linux kernel providing filtering and classification of
network packets/datagrams/frames and is the successor to iptables.
Important: Configuration of a live systems firewall directly over a remote connection will
often result in being locked out. It is advised to have a known good firewall configuration
set to run on boot and to configure an entire firewall structure in a script that is then run
and tested before saving to boot.
FirewallD
The following will create a FirewallD Zone called securezone to implement the firewall
rules of this section leveraging the firewalld utility included with the firewalld package.
This example will open port 22(ssh) from anywhere. Opening service SSH should be
updated in accordance with local site policy.
Sample securezone zone xml file
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<zone target="DROP">
<description>For use with CIS Linux Benchmark. You do not trust the other
computers on networks to not harm your computer. Only selected incoming
connections are accepted.</description>
<service name="ssh"/>
<service name="dhcpv6-client"/>
<icmp-block name="destination-unreachable"/>
<icmp-block name="packet-too-big"/>
<icmp-block name="time-exceeded"/>
<icmp-block name="parameter-problem"/>
<icmp-block name="neighbour-advertisement"/>
<icmp-block name="neighbour-solicitation"/>
<icmp-block name="router-advertisement"/>
<icmp-block name="router-solicitation"/>
<rule family="ipv4">
<source address="127.0.0.1"/>
<destination address="127.0.0.1" invert="True"/>
<drop/>
</rule>
<rule family="ipv6">
<source address="::1"/>
<destination address="::1" invert="True"/>
<drop/>
</rule>
<icmp-block-inversion/>
</zone>
Note: To use this zone, save this as /etc/firewalld/zones/securezone.xml and run
the following commands:

Page 330
# firewall-cmd --reload
# firewall-cmd --permanent --zone=securezone --change-interface={NAME OF
NETWORK INTERFACE}
NFTables Utility:
The following will implement the firewall rules of this section leveraging the nftables
utility included with the nftables package. This example will open ICMP, IGMP, and port
22(ssh) from anywhere. Opening the ports for ICMP, IGMP, and port 22(ssh) needs to
be updated in accordance with local site policy. Allow port 22(ssh) should to be updated
to only allow systems requiring ssh connectivity to connect, as per site policy.
Save the script below as /etc/nftables/nftables.rules

Page 331
# This nftables.rules config should be saved as /etc/nftables/nftables.rules

# flush nftables rulesset

flush ruleset

# Load nftables ruleset

# nftables config with inet table named filter

table inet filter {

chain input {
type filter hook input priority 0; policy drop;

# early drop invalid packets

ct state invalid drop

# allow loopback if not forged

iif lo accept
iif != lo ip daddr 127.0.0.1/8 drop
iif != lo ip6 daddr ::1/128 drop

# allow connections made by ourselves

ip protocol tcp ct state established accept
ip protocol udp ct state established accept

# allow from anywhere

ip protocol igmp accept
tcp dport ssh accept

# allow some icmp

icmpv6 type { destination-unreachable, packet-too-big, time-exceeded,
parameter-problem, mld-listener-query, mld-listener-report, mld-listener-
done, nd-router-solicit, nd-router-advert, nd-neighbor-solicit, nd-neighbor-
advert, ind-neighbor-solicit, ind-neighbor-advert, mld2-listener-report }
accept
icmp type { destination-unreachable, router-advertisement, router-
solicitation, time-exceeded, parameter-problem } accept
}

chain forward {
# drop all forward
type filter hook forward priority 0; policy drop;
}

chain output {
# can omit this as its accept by default
type filter hook output priority 0; policy accept;
}
}
Run the following command to load the file into nftables
# nft -f /etc/nftables/nftables.rules
Note: All changes in the nftables subsections are temporary
To make these changes permanent:

Page 332
Run the following command to create the nftables.rules file
nft list ruleset > /etc/nftables/nftables.rules
Add the following line to /etc/sysconfig/nftables.conf
include "/etc/nftables/nftables.rules"

Page 333
3.4.2.1 Ensure firewalld default zone is set (Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 2 - Server
Description:
A firewall zone defines the trust level for a connection, interface or source address
binding. This is a one to many relation, which means that a connection, interface or
source can only be part of one zone, but a zone can be used for many network
connections, interfaces and sources.

• The default zone is the zone that is used for everything that is not explicitly
bound/assigned to another zone.
• If no zone assigned to a connection, interface or source, only the default zone is
used.
• The default zone is not always listed as being used for an interface or source as
it will be used for it either way. This depends on the manager of the interfaces.

Connections handled by NetworkManager are listed as NetworkManager requests to

add the zone binding for the interface used by the connection. Also interfaces under
control of the network service are listed also because the service requests it.
Note:

• A firewalld zone configuration file contains the information for a zone.

o These are the zone description, services, ports, protocols, icmp-blocks,
masquerade, forward-ports and rich language rules in an XML file format.
o The file name has to be zone_name.xml where length of zone_name is
currently limited to 17 chars.
• NetworkManager binds interfaces to zones automatically

Rationale:
Because the default zone is the zone that is used for everything that is not explicitly
bound/assigned to another zone, if FirewallD is being used, it is important for the default
zone to set

Page 334
Audit:
Run the following script to verify that IF FirewallD is being used, the default zone is set
and follows local site policy:
#!/usr/bin/env bash

{
l_output="" l_output2="" l_zone=""
if systemctl is-enabled firewalld.service | grep -q 'enabled'; then
l_zone="$(firewall-cmd --get-default-zone)"
if [ -n "$l_zone" ]; then
l_output=" - The default zone is set to: \"$l_zone\""
else
l_output2=" - The default zone is not set"
fi
else
l_output=" - FirewallD is not in use on the system"
fi
if [ -z "$l_output2" ]; then
echo -e "\n- Audit Results:\n ** Pass **\n$l_output\n"
else
echo -e "\n- Audit Results:\n ** Fail **\n$l_output2\n"
fi
}

Page 335
Remediation:
Run the following script to set the default zone:
!/usr/bin/env bash

{
l_zname="public" # <- Update to local site zone name if desired
l_zone=""
if systemctl is-enabled firewalld.service | grep -q 'enabled'; then
l_zone="$(firewall-cmd --get-default-zone)"
if [ "$l_zone" = "$l_zname" ]; then
echo -e "\n - The default zone is set to: \"$l_zone\"\n - No
remediation required"
elif [ -n "$l_zone" ]; then
echo -e "\n - The default zone is set to: \"$l_zone\"\n - Updating
default zone to: \"l_zname\""
firewall-cmd --set-default-zone="$l_zname"
else
echo -e "\n - The default zone is set to: \"$l_zone\"\n - Updating
default zone to: \"l_zname\""
firewall-cmd --set-default-zone="$l_zname"
fi
else
echo -e "\n - FirewallD is not in use on the system\n - No remediation
required"
fi
}

Default Value:
public
References:

1. https://firewalld.org/documentation
2. https://firewalld.org/documentation/man-pages/firewalld.zone
3. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CA-9, SC-7

CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

4.4 Implement and Manage a Firewall on Servers

v8 Implement and manage a firewall on servers, where supported. Example
implementations include a virtual firewall, operating system firewall, or a third-
● ● ●
party firewall agent.

9.4 Apply Host-based Firewalls or Port Filtering

v7 Apply host-based firewalls or port filtering tools on end systems, with a
default-deny rule that drops all traffic except those services and ports that are
● ● ●
explicitly allowed.

Page 336
3.4.2.2 Ensure at least one nftables table exists (Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 2 - Server
Description:
Tables hold chains. Each table only has one address family and only applies to packets
of this family. Tables can have one of five families.
Rationale:
Without a table, nftables will not filter network traffic.
Impact:
Adding or modifying firewall rules can cause loss of connectivity to the system
Audit:
Run the following command to verify that a nftables table exists:
# nft list tables
Return should include a list of nftables. At least one table should be returned:
Example from a system using FirewallD:
table inet firewalld

Remediation:
Run the following command to create a table in nftables
# nft create table inet <table name>
Example if FirewallD is not in use on the system:
# nft create table inet filter
Note: FirewallD uses the table inet firewalld NFTables table that is created when
FirewallD is installed.

References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CA-9

Page 337
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

4.4 Implement and Manage a Firewall on Servers

v8 Implement and manage a firewall on servers, where supported. Example
implementations include a virtual firewall, operating system firewall, or a third-
● ● ●
party firewall agent.

9.4 Apply Host-based Firewalls or Port Filtering

v7 Apply host-based firewalls or port filtering tools on end systems, with a
default-deny rule that drops all traffic except those services and ports that are
● ● ●
explicitly allowed.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1562, T1562.004 TA0011 M1031, M1037

Page 338
3.4.2.3 Ensure nftables base chains exist (Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 2 - Server
Description:
Chains are containers for rules. They exist in two kinds, base chains and regular chains.
A base chain is an entry point for packets from the networking stack, a regular chain
may be used as jump target and is used for better rule organization.
Rationale:
If a base chain doesn't exist with a hook for input, forward, and delete, packets that
would flow through those chains will not be touched by nftables.
Impact:
If configuring over ssh, creating a base chain with a policy of drop will cause loss of
connectivity.
Ensure that a rule allowing ssh has been added to the base chain prior to setting the
base chain's policy to drop
Audit:
Run the following commands and verify that base chains exist for INPUT, FORWARD, and
OUTPUT.

# nft list ruleset | grep 'hook input'

type filter hook input priority 0;

# nft list ruleset | grep 'hook forward'

type filter hook forward priority 0;

# nft list ruleset | grep 'hook output'

type filter hook output priority 0;

Note: When using FirewallD the base chains are installed by default

Page 339
Remediation:
Run the following command to create the base chains:
# nft create chain inet <table name> <base chain name> { type filter hook
<(input|forward|output)> priority 0 \; }
Example:
# nft create chain inet filter input { type filter hook input priority 0 \; }
# nft create chain inet filter forward { type filter hook forward priority 0
\; }
# nft create chain inet filter output { type filter hook output priority 0 \;
}

References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CA-9, SC-7

CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

4.4 Implement and Manage a Firewall on Servers

v8 Implement and manage a firewall on servers, where supported. Example
implementations include a virtual firewall, operating system firewall, or a third-
● ● ●
party firewall agent.

9.4 Apply Host-based Firewalls or Port Filtering

v7 Apply host-based firewalls or port filtering tools on end systems, with a
default-deny rule that drops all traffic except those services and ports that are
● ● ●
explicitly allowed.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1562, T1562.004 TA0005

Page 340
3.4.2.4 Ensure host based firewall loopback traffic is configured
(Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 2 - Server
Description:
Configure the loopback interface to accept traffic. Configure all other interfaces to deny
traffic to the loopback network
Rationale:
Loopback traffic is generated between processes on machine and is typically critical to
operation of the system. The loopback interface is the only place that loopback network
traffic should be seen, all other interfaces should ignore traffic on this network as an
anti-spoofing measure.

Page 341
Audit:
Run the following script to verify that the loopback interface is configured:
#!/usr/bin/env bash

{
l_output="" l_output2=""
if nft list ruleset | awk '/hook\s+input\s+/,/\}\s*(#.*)?$/' | grep -Pq --
'\H+\h+"lo"\h+accept'; then
l_output="$l_output\n - Network traffic to the loopback address is
correctly set to accept"
else
l_output2="$l_output2\n - Network traffic to the loopback address is
not set to accept"
fi
l_ipsaddr="$(nft list ruleset | awk
'/filter_IN_public_deny|hook\s+input\s+/,/\}\s*(#.*)?$/' | grep -P --
'ip\h+saddr')"
if grep -Pq --
'ip\h+saddr\h+127\.0\.0\.0\/8\h+(counter\h+packets\h+\d+\h+bytes\h+\d+\h+)?dr
op' <<< "$l_ipsaddr" || grep -Pq --
'ip\h+daddr\h+\!\=\h+127\.0\.0\.1\h+ip\h+saddr\h+127\.0\.0\.1\h+drop' <<<
"$l_ipsaddr"; then
l_output="$l_output\n - IPv4 network traffic from loopback address
correctly set to drop"
else
l_output2="$l_output2\n - IPv4 network traffic from loopback address
not set to drop"
fi
if grep -Pq -- '^\h*0\h*$' /sys/module/ipv6/parameters/disable; then
l_ip6saddr="$(nft list ruleset | awk '/filter_IN_public_deny|hook
input/,/}/' | grep 'ip6 saddr')"
if grep -Pq
'ip6\h+saddr\h+::1\h+(counter\h+packets\h+\d+\h+bytes\h+\d+\h+)?drop' <<<
"$l_ip6saddr" || grep -Pq --
'ip6\h+daddr\h+\!=\h+::1\h+ip6\h+saddr\h+::1\h+drop' <<< "$l_ip6saddr"; then
l_output="$l_output\n - IPv6 network traffic from loopback address
correctly set to drop"
else
l_output2="$l_output2\n - IPv6 network traffic from loopback address
not set to drop"
fi
fi
if [ -z "$l_output2" ]; then
echo -e "\n- Audit Result:\n *** PASS ***\n$l_output"
else
echo -e "\n- Audit Result:\n *** FAIL ***\n$l_output2\n\n - Correctly
set:\n$l_output"
fi
}

Page 342
Remediation:
Run the following script to implement the loopback rules:

Page 343
#!/usr/bin/env bash

{
l_hbfw=""
if systemctl is-enabled firewalld.service | grep -q 'enabled' && systemctl is-enabled
nftables.service | grep -q 'enabled'; then
echo -e "\n - Error - Both FirewallD and NFTables are enabled\n - Please follow
recommendation: \"Ensure a single firewall configuration utility is in use\""
elif ! systemctl is-enabled firewalld.service | grep -q 'enabled' && ! systemctl is-enabled
nftables.service | grep -q 'enabled'; then
echo -e "\n - Error - Neither FirewallD or NFTables is enabled\n - Please follow
recommendation: \"Ensure a single firewall configuration utility is in use\""
else
if systemctl is-enabled firewalld.service | grep -q 'enabled' && ! systemctl is-enabled
nftables.service | grep -q 'enabled'; then
echo -e "\n - FirewallD is in use on the system" && l_hbfw="fwd"
elif ! systemctl is-enabled firewalld.service | grep -q 'enabled' && systemctl is-enabled
nftables.service | grep -q 'enabled'; then
echo -e "\n - NFTables is in use on the system" && l_hbfw="nft"
fi
l_ipsaddr="$(nft list ruleset | awk
'/filter_IN_public_deny|hook\s+input\s+/,/\}\s*(#.*)?$/' | grep -P -- 'ip\h+saddr')"
if ! nft list ruleset | awk '/hook\s+input\s+/,/\}\s*(#.*)?$/' | grep -Pq --
'\H+\h+"lo"\h+accept'; then
echo -e "\n - Enabling input to accept for loopback address"
if [ "$l_hbfw" = "fwd" ]; then
firewall-cmd --permanent --zone=trusted --add-interface=lo
firewall-cmd --reload
elif [ "$l_hbfw" = "nft" ]; then
nft add rule inet filter input iif lo accept
fi
fi
if ! grep -Pq --
'ip\h+saddr\h+127\.0\.0\.0\/8\h+(counter\h+packets\h+\d+\h+bytes\h+\d+\h+)?drop' <<< "$l_ipsaddr"
&& ! grep -Pq -- 'ip\h+daddr\h+\!\=\h+127\.0\.0\.1\h+ip\h+saddr\h+127\.0\.0\.1\h+drop' <<<
"$l_ipsaddr"; then
echo -e "\n - Setting IPv4 network traffic from loopback address to drop"
if [ "$l_hbfw" = "fwd" ]; then
firewall-cmd --permanent --add-rich-rule='rule family=ipv4 source address="127.0.0.1"
destination not address="127.0.0.1" drop'
firewall-cmd --permanent --zone=trusted --add-rich-rule='rule family=ipv4 source
address="127.0.0.1" destination not address="127.0.0.1" drop'
firewall-cmd --reload
elif [ "$l_hbfw" = "nft" ]; then
nft create rule inet filter input ip saddr 127.0.0.0/8 counter drop
fi
fi
if grep -Pq -- '^\h*0\h*$' /sys/module/ipv6/parameters/disable; then
l_ip6saddr="$(nft list ruleset | awk '/filter_IN_public_deny|hook input/,/}/' | grep
'ip6 saddr')"
if ! grep -Pq 'ip6\h+saddr\h+::1\h+(counter\h+packets\h+\d+\h+bytes\h+\d+\h+)?drop' <<<
"$l_ip6saddr" && ! grep -Pq -- 'ip6\h+daddr\h+\!=\h+::1\h+ip6\h+saddr\h+::1\h+drop' <<<
"$l_ip6saddr"; then
echo -e "\n - Setting IPv6 network traffic from loopback address to drop"
if [ "$l_hbfw" = "fwd" ]; then
firewall-cmd --permanent --add-rich-rule='rule family=ipv6 source address="::1"
destination not address="::1" drop'
firewall-cmd --permanent --zone=trusted --add-rich-rule='rule family=ipv6 source
address="::1" destination not address="::1" drop'
firewall-cmd --reload
elif [ "$l_hbfw" = "nft" ]; then
nft add rule inet filter input ip6 saddr ::1 counter drop
fi
fi
fi
fi
}

Page 344
References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CA-9

CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

4.4 Implement and Manage a Firewall on Servers

v8 Implement and manage a firewall on servers, where supported. Example
implementations include a virtual firewall, operating system firewall, or a third-
● ● ●
party firewall agent.

9.4 Apply Host-based Firewalls or Port Filtering

v7 Apply host-based firewalls or port filtering tools on end systems, with a
default-deny rule that drops all traffic except those services and ports that are
● ● ●
explicitly allowed.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1562, T1562.004 TA0005

Page 345
3.4.2.5 Ensure firewalld drops unnecessary services and ports
(Manual)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 2 - Server
Description:
Services and ports can be accepted or explicitly rejected or dropped by a zone.
For every zone, you can set a default behavior that handles incoming traffic that is not
further specified. Such behavior is defined by setting the target of the zone. There are
three options - default, ACCEPT, REJECT, and DROP.

• ACCEPT - you accept all incoming packets except those disabled by a specific
rule.
• REJECT - you disable all incoming packets except those that you have allowed
in specific rules and the source machine is informed about the rejection.
• DROP - you disable all incoming packets except those that you have allowed in
specific rules and no information sent to the source machine.

Rationale:
To reduce the attack surface of a system, all services and ports should be blocked
unless required
Audit:
Run the following command and review output to ensure that listed services and ports
follow site policy.
# systemctl is-enabled firewalld.service | grep -q 'enabled' && firewall-cmd
--list-all --zone="$(firewall-cmd --list-all | awk '/\(active\)/ { print $1
}')" | grep -P -- '^\h*(services:|ports:)'

Page 346
Remediation:
If Firewalld is in use on the system:
Run the following command to remove an unnecessary service:
# firewall-cmd --remove-service=<service>
Example:
# firewall-cmd --remove-service=cockpit
Run the following command to remove an unnecessary port:
# firewall-cmd --remove-port=<port-number>/<port-type>
Example:
# firewall-cmd --remove-port=25/tcp
Run the following command to make new settings persistent:
# firewall-cmd --runtime-to-permanent

References:

1. firewalld.service(5)
2. https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-
us/red_hat_enterprise_linux/8/html/securing_networks/using-and-configuring-
firewalls_securing-networks
3. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CA-9

CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

4.4 Implement and Manage a Firewall on Servers

v8 Implement and manage a firewall on servers, where supported. Example
implementations include a virtual firewall, operating system firewall, or a third-
● ● ●
party firewall agent.

9.4 Apply Host-based Firewalls or Port Filtering

v7 Apply host-based firewalls or port filtering tools on end systems, with a
default-deny rule that drops all traffic except those services and ports that are
● ● ●
explicitly allowed.

Page 347
3.4.2.6 Ensure nftables established connections are configured
(Manual)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 2 - Server
Description:
Configure the firewall rules for new outbound and established connections
Rationale:
If rules are not in place for established connections, all packets will be dropped by the
default policy preventing network usage.
Audit:
If NFTables utility is in use on your system:
Run the following commands and verify all rules for established incoming connections
match site policy:
# systemctl is-enabled nftables.service | grep -q 'enabled' && nft list
ruleset | awk '/hook input/,/}/' | grep 'ct state'
Output should be similar to:
ip protocol tcp ct state established accept
ip protocol udp ct state established accept
ip protocol icmp ct state established accept

Remediation:
If NFTables utility is in use on your system:
Configure nftables in accordance with site policy. The following commands will
implement a policy to allow all established connections:
# systemctl is-enabled nftables.service | grep -q 'enabled' && nft add rule
inet filter input ip protocol tcp ct state established accept
# systemctl is-enabled nftables.service | grep -q 'enabled' && nft add rule
inet filter input ip protocol udp ct state established accept
# systemctl is-enabled nftables.service | grep -q 'enabled' && nft add rule
inet filter input ip protocol icmp ct state established accept

References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CA-9

Page 348
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

4.4 Implement and Manage a Firewall on Servers

v8 Implement and manage a firewall on servers, where supported. Example
implementations include a virtual firewall, operating system firewall, or a third-
● ● ●
party firewall agent.

9.4 Apply Host-based Firewalls or Port Filtering

v7 Apply host-based firewalls or port filtering tools on end systems, with a
default-deny rule that drops all traffic except those services and ports that are
● ● ●
explicitly allowed.

Page 349
3.4.2.7 Ensure nftables default deny firewall policy (Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 2 - Server
Description:
Base chain policy is the default verdict that will be applied to packets reaching the end
of the chain.
Rationale:
There are two policies: accept (Default) and drop. If the policy is set to accept, the
firewall will accept any packet that is not configured to be denied and the packet will
continue traversing the network stack.
It is easier to explicitly permit acceptable usage than to deny unacceptable usage.
Note: Changing firewall settings while connected over the network can result in being
locked out of the system.
Impact:
If configuring nftables over ssh, creating a base chain with a policy of drop will cause
loss of connectivity.
Ensure that a rule allowing ssh has been added to the base chain prior to setting the
base chain's policy to drop
Audit:
If NFTables utility is in use on your system:
Run the following commands and verify that base chains contain a policy of DROP.
# systemctl --quiet is-enabled nftables.service && nft list ruleset | grep
'hook input' | grep -v 'policy drop'

Nothing should be returned

# systemctl --quiet is-enabled nftables.service && nft list ruleset | grep

'hook forward' | grep -v 'policy drop'

Nothing should be returned

Page 350
Remediation:
If NFTables utility is in use on your system:
Run the following command for the base chains with the input, forward, and output
hooks to implement a default DROP policy:
# nft chain <table family> <table name> <chain name> { policy drop \; }
Example:
# nft chain inet filter input { policy drop \; }
# nft chain inet filter forward { policy drop \; }

Default Value:
accept
References:

1. Manual Page nft

2. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CA-9

CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

4.4 Implement and Manage a Firewall on Servers

v8 Implement and manage a firewall on servers, where supported. Example
implementations include a virtual firewall, operating system firewall, or a third-
● ● ●
party firewall agent.

9.4 Apply Host-based Firewalls or Port Filtering

v7 Apply host-based firewalls or port filtering tools on end systems, with a
default-deny rule that drops all traffic except those services and ports that are
● ● ●
explicitly allowed.

Page 351
4 Access, Authentication and Authorization

Page 352
4.1 Configure time-based job schedulers

cron is a time-based job scheduler used to schedule jobs, commands or shell scripts, to
run periodically at fixed times, dates, or intervals.
atprovides the ability to execute a command or shell script at a specified date and
hour, or after a given interval of time.
Other methods exist for scheduling jobs, such as systemd timers. If another method is
used, it should be secured in accordance with local site policy
Note: systemd timers are systemd unit files whose name ends in .timer that control
.service files or events. Timers can be used as an alternative to cron and at. Timers
have built-in support for calendar time events, monotonic time events, and can be run
asynchronously
If cron and at are not installed, this section can be skipped.

Page 353
4.1.1 Ensure cron daemon is installed and enabled (Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
The cron daemon is used to execute batch jobs on the system.

Rationale:
While there may not be user jobs that need to be run on the system, the system does
have maintenance jobs that may include security monitoring that have to run, and cron
is used to execute them.
Audit:
-- IF -- Cron is being used to execute batch jobs on the system:
Run the following commands to verify cron is installed and enabled:
# rpm -q cronie

cronie-1.5.7-1.amzn2023.0.2.x86_64

# systemctl is-enabled crond

enabled
Verify result is "enabled".
Remediation:
-- IF -- Cron is being used to execute batch jobs on the system:
Run the following command to install and enable cron:
# dnf install cronie
# systemctl --now enable crond

References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1, CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5

Additional Information:
Additional methods of enabling a service exist. Consult your distribution documentation
for appropriate methods.

Page 354
MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1562, T1562.001 TA0005 M1018

Page 355
4.1.2 Ensure permissions on /etc/crontab are configured
(Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
The /etc/crontab file is used by cron to control its own jobs. The commands in this
item make sure that root is the user and group owner of the file and that only the owner
can access the file.
Rationale:
This file contains information on what system jobs are run by cron. Write access to this
file could provide unprivileged users with the ability to elevate their privileges. Read
access to this file could provide users with the ability to gain insight on system jobs that
run on the system and could provide them a way to gain unauthorized privileged
access.
Audit:
-- IF -- Cron is being used to execute batch jobs on the system
Run the following command and verify Uid and Gid are both 0/root and Access does
not grant permissions to group or other :
# stat /etc/crontab
Access: (0600/-rw-------) Uid: ( 0/ root) Gid: ( 0/ root)

Remediation:
-- IF -- Cron is being used to execute batch jobs on the system
Run the following commands to set ownership and permissions on /etc/crontab:
# chown root:root /etc/crontab
# chmod og-rwx /etc/crontab

References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2

Page 356
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

3.3 Configure Data Access Control Lists

v8 Configure data access control lists based on a user’s need to know. Apply data
access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file
● ● ●
systems, databases, and applications.

14.6 Protect Information through Access Control Lists

Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share,
v7 claims, application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will
enforce the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the
● ● ●
information based on their need to access the information as a part of their
responsibilities.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1053, T1053.003 TA0002, TA0007 M1018

Page 357
4.1.3 Ensure permissions on /etc/cron.hourly are configured
(Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
This directory contains system cron jobs that need to run on an hourly basis. The files in
this directory cannot be manipulated by the crontab command, but are instead edited
by system administrators using a text editor. The commands below restrict read/write
and search access to user and group root, preventing regular users from accessing this
directory.
Rationale:
Granting write access to this directory for non-privileged users could provide them the
means for gaining unauthorized elevated privileges. Granting read access to this
directory could give an unprivileged user insight in how to gain elevated privileges or
circumvent auditing controls.
Audit:
-- IF -- Cron is being used to execute batch jobs on the system:
Run the following command and verify Uid and Gid are both 0/root and Access does
not grant permissions to group or other :
# stat /etc/cron.hourly

Access: (0700/drwx------) Uid: ( 0/ root) Gid: ( 0/ root)

Remediation:
-- IF -- Cron is being used to execute batch jobs on the system:
Run the following commands to set ownership and permissions on /etc/cron.hourly :
# chown root:root /etc/cron.hourly

# chmod og-rwx /etc/cron.hourly

References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2

Page 358
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

3.3 Configure Data Access Control Lists

v8 Configure data access control lists based on a user’s need to know. Apply data
access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file
● ● ●
systems, databases, and applications.

14.6 Protect Information through Access Control Lists

Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share,
v7 claims, application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will
enforce the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the
● ● ●
information based on their need to access the information as a part of their
responsibilities.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1053, T1053.003 TA0002, TA0007 M1018

Page 359
4.1.4 Ensure permissions on /etc/cron.daily are configured
(Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
The /etc/cron.daily directory contains system cron jobs that need to run on a daily
basis. The files in this directory cannot be manipulated by the crontab command, but
are instead edited by system administrators using a text editor. The commands below
restrict read/write and search access to user and group root, preventing regular users
from accessing this directory.
Rationale:
Granting write access to this directory for non-privileged users could provide them the
means for gaining unauthorized elevated privileges. Granting read access to this
directory could give an unprivileged user insight in how to gain elevated privileges or
circumvent auditing controls.
Audit:
-- IF -- Cron is being used to execute batch jobs on the system:
Run the following command and verify Uid and Gid are both 0/root and Access does
not grant permissions to group or other :
# stat /etc/cron.daily

Access: (0700/drwx------) Uid: ( 0/ root) Gid: ( 0/ root)

Remediation:
-- IF -- Cron is being used to execute batch jobs on the system:
Run the following commands to set ownership and permissions on /etc/cron.daily :
# chown root:root /etc/cron.daily

# chmod og-rwx /etc/cron.daily

References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2

Page 360
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

3.3 Configure Data Access Control Lists

v8 Configure data access control lists based on a user’s need to know. Apply data
access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file
● ● ●
systems, databases, and applications.

14.6 Protect Information through Access Control Lists

Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share,
v7 claims, application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will
enforce the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the
● ● ●
information based on their need to access the information as a part of their
responsibilities.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1053, T1053.003 TA0002, TA0007 M1018

Page 361
4.1.5 Ensure permissions on /etc/cron.weekly are configured
(Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
The /etc/cron.weekly directory contains system cron jobs that need to run on a weekly
basis. The files in this directory cannot be manipulated by the crontab command, but
are instead edited by system administrators using a text editor. The commands below
restrict read/write and search access to user and group root, preventing regular users
from accessing this directory.
Rationale:
Granting write access to this directory for non-privileged users could provide them the
means for gaining unauthorized elevated privileges. Granting read access to this
directory could give an unprivileged user insight in how to gain elevated privileges or
circumvent auditing controls.
Audit:
-- IF -- Cron is being used to execute batch jobs on the system:
Run the following command and verify Uid and Gid are both 0/root and Access does
not grant permissions to group or other :
# stat /etc/cron.weekly

Access: (0700/drwx------) Uid: ( 0/ root) Gid: ( 0/ root)

Remediation:
-- IF -- Cron is being used to execute batch jobs on the system:
Run the following commands to set ownership and permissions on /etc/cron.weekly :
# chown root:root /etc/cron.weekly

# chmod og-rwx /etc/cron.weekly

References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2

Page 362
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

3.3 Configure Data Access Control Lists

v8 Configure data access control lists based on a user’s need to know. Apply data
access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file
● ● ●
systems, databases, and applications.

14.6 Protect Information through Access Control Lists

Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share,
v7 claims, application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will
enforce the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the
● ● ●
information based on their need to access the information as a part of their
responsibilities.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1053, T1053.003 TA0002, TA0007 M1018

Page 363
4.1.6 Ensure permissions on /etc/cron.monthly are configured
(Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
The /etc/cron.monthly directory contains system cron jobs that need to run on a
monthly basis. The files in this directory cannot be manipulated by the crontab
command, but are instead edited by system administrators using a text editor. The
commands below restrict read/write and search access to user and group root,
preventing regular users from accessing this directory.
Rationale:
Granting write access to this directory for non-privileged users could provide them the
means for gaining unauthorized elevated privileges. Granting read access to this
directory could give an unprivileged user insight in how to gain elevated privileges or
circumvent auditing controls.
Audit:
-- IF -- Cron is being used to execute batch jobs on the system:
Run the following command and verify Uid and Gid are both 0/root and Access does
not grant permissions to group or other:
# stat /etc/cron.monthly

Access: (0700/drwx------) Uid: ( 0/ root) Gid: ( 0/ root)

Remediation:
-- IF -- Cron is being used to execute batch jobs on the system:
Run the following commands to set ownership and permissions on /etc/cron.monthly :
# chown root:root /etc/cron.monthly

# chmod og-rwx /etc/cron.monthly

References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2

Page 364
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

3.3 Configure Data Access Control Lists

v8 Configure data access control lists based on a user’s need to know. Apply data
access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file
● ● ●
systems, databases, and applications.

14.6 Protect Information through Access Control Lists

Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share,
v7 claims, application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will
enforce the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the
● ● ●
information based on their need to access the information as a part of their
responsibilities.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1053, T1053.003 TA0002, TA0007 M1018

Page 365
4.1.7 Ensure permissions on /etc/cron.d are configured
(Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
The /etc/cron.d directory contains system cron jobs that need to run in a similar
manner to the hourly, daily, weekly and monthly jobs from /etc/crontab , but require
more granular control as to when they run. The files in this directory cannot be
manipulated by the crontab command, but are instead edited by system administrators
using a text editor. The commands below restrict read/write and search access to user
and group root, preventing regular users from accessing this directory.
Rationale:
Granting write access to this directory for non-privileged users could provide them the
means for gaining unauthorized elevated privileges. Granting read access to this
directory could give an unprivileged user insight in how to gain elevated privileges or
circumvent auditing controls.
Audit:
-- IF -- Cron is being used to execute batch jobs on the system:
Run the following command and verify Uid and Gid are both 0/root and Access does
not grant permissions to group or other :
# stat /etc/cron.d

Access: (0700/drwx------) Uid: ( 0/ root) Gid: ( 0/ root)

Remediation:
-- IF -- Cron is being used to execute batch jobs on the system:
Run the following commands to set ownership and permissions on /etc/cron.d :
# chown root:root /etc/cron.d

# chmod og-rwx /etc/cron.d

References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2

Page 366
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

3.3 Configure Data Access Control Lists

v8 Configure data access control lists based on a user’s need to know. Apply data
access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file
● ● ●
systems, databases, and applications.

14.6 Protect Information through Access Control Lists

Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share,
v7 claims, application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will
enforce the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the
● ● ●
information based on their need to access the information as a part of their
responsibilities.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1053, T1053.003 TA0002, TA0007 M1022

Page 367
4.1.8 Ensure cron is restricted to authorized users (Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
If cron is installed in the system, configure /etc/cron.allow to allow specific users to
use these services. If /etc/cron.allow does not exist, then /etc/cron.deny is checked.
Any user not specifically defined in those files is allowed to use cron. By removing the
file, only users in /etc/cron.allow are allowed to use cron.
Note: Even though a given user is not listed in cron.allow, cron jobs can still be run as
that user. The cron.allow file only controls administrative access to the crontab
command for scheduling and modifying cron jobs.
Rationale:
On many systems, only the system administrator is authorized to schedule cron jobs.
Using the cron.allow file to control who can run cron jobs enforces this policy. It is
easier to manage an allow list than a deny list. In a deny list, you could potentially add a
user ID to the system and forget to add it to the deny files.
Audit:
-- IF -- Cron is being used to execute batch jobs on the system:
Run the following script:
#!/usr/bin/env bash

{
if rpm -q cronie >/dev/null; then
[ -e /etc/cron.deny ] && echo "Fail: cron.deny exists"
if [ ! -e /etc/cron.allow ]; then
echo "Fail: cron.allow doesn't exist"
else
! stat -Lc "%a" /etc/cron.allow | grep -Eq "[0,2,4,6]00" && echo
"Fail: cron.allow mode too permissive"
! stat -Lc "%u:%g" /etc/cron.allow | grep -Eq "^0:0$" && echo "Fail:
cron.allow owner and/or group not root"
fi
if [ ! -e /etc/cron.deny ] && [ -e /etc/cron.allow ] && stat -Lc "%a"
/etc/cron.allow | grep -Eq "[0,2,4,6]00" \
&& stat -Lc "%u:%g" /etc/cron.allow | grep -Eq "^0:0$"; then
echo "Pass"
fi
else
echo "Pass: cron is not installed on the system"
fi
}
Verify the output of the script includes Pass

Page 368
Remediation:
-- IF -- Cron is being used to execute batch jobs on the system:
Run the following script to remove /etc/cron.deny, create /etc/cron.allow, and set the
file mode on /etc/cron.allow:
#!/usr/bin/env bash

{
if rpm -q cronie >/dev/null; then
[ -e /etc/cron.deny ] && rm -f /etc/cron.deny
[ ! -e /etc/cron.allow ] && touch /etc/cron.allow
chown root:root /etc/cron.allow
chmod u-x,go-rwx /etc/cron.allow
else
echo "cron is not installed on the system"
fi
}
OR Run the following command to remove cron:
# dnf remove cronie

References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2

CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

3.3 Configure Data Access Control Lists

v8 Configure data access control lists based on a user’s need to know. Apply data
access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file
● ● ●
systems, databases, and applications.

14.6 Protect Information through Access Control Lists

Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share,
v7 claims, application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will
enforce the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the
● ● ●
information based on their need to access the information as a part of their
responsibilities.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1053, T1053.003 TA0002, TA0007 M1022

Page 369
4.1.9 Ensure at is restricted to authorized users (Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
-- IF -- at is installed in the system:
Configure /etc/at.allow to allow specific users to use these services. If /etc/at.allow
does not exist, then /etc/at.deny is checked. Any user not specifically defined in those
files is allowed to use at. By removing the file, only users in /etc/at.allow are allowed
to use at.
Note: Even though a given user is not listed in at.allow, at jobs can still be run as that
user. The at.allow file only controls administrative access to the at command for
scheduling and modifying at jobs.
Rationale:
On many systems, only the system administrator is authorized to schedule at jobs.
Using the at.allow file to control who can run at jobs enforces this policy. It is easier to
manage an allow list than a deny list. In a deny list, you could potentially add a user ID
to the system and forget to add it to the deny files.

Page 370
Audit:
Run the following script:
#!/usr/bin/env bash

{
if rpm -q at >/dev/null; then
[ -e /etc/at.deny ] && echo "Fail: at.deny exists"
if [ ! -e /etc/at.allow ]; then
echo "Fail: at.allow doesn't exist"
else
! stat -Lc "%a" /etc/at.allow | grep -Eq "[0,2,4,6]00" && echo
"Fail: at.allow mode too permissive"
! stat -Lc "%u:%g" /etc/at.allow | grep -Eq "^0:0$" && echo "Fail:
at.allow owner and/or group not root"
fi
if [ ! -e /etc/at.deny ] && [ -e /etc/at.allow ] && stat -Lc "%a"
/etc/at.allow | grep -Eq "[0,2,4,6]00" \
&& stat -Lc "%u:%g" /etc/at.allow | grep -Eq "^0:0$"; then
echo "Pass"
fi
else
echo "Pass: at is not installed on the system"
fi
}
Verify the output of the script includes Pass

Remediation:
Run the following script to remove /etc/at.deny, create /etc/at.allow, and set the file
mode for /etc/at.allow:
#!/usr/bin/env bash

{
if rpm -q at >/dev/null; then
[ -e /etc/at.deny ] && rm -f /etc/at.deny
[ ! -e /etc/at.allow ] && touch /etc/at.allow
chown root:root /etc/at.allow
chmod u-x,go-rwx /etc/at.allow
else
echo "at is not installed on the system"
fi
}
OR Run the following command to remove at:
# dnf remove at

References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2

Page 371
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

3.3 Configure Data Access Control Lists

v8 Configure data access control lists based on a user’s need to know. Apply data
access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file
● ● ●
systems, databases, and applications.

14.6 Protect Information through Access Control Lists

Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share,
v7 claims, application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will
enforce the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the
● ● ●
information based on their need to access the information as a part of their
responsibilities.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1053, T1053.003 TA0002, TA0007 M1026

Page 372
4.2 Configure SSH Server

SSH is a secure, encrypted replacement for common login services such as telnet,
ftp, rlogin, rsh, and rcp. It is strongly recommended that sites abandon older clear-
text login protocols and use SSH to prevent session hijacking and sniffing of sensitive
data off the network.
Note:

• The recommendations in this section only apply if the SSH daemon is installed
on the system, if remote access is not required the SSH daemon can be
removed and this section skipped.
• By default the /etc/ssh/sshd_config file includes a Include
/etc/ssh/sshd_config.d/*.conf entry.
o This entry will automatically include settings in *.conf files in the
/etc/ssh/sshd_config.d/ directory to be included in the sshd
configuration.
o Include:
▪ Include the specified configuration file(s).
▪ Multiple pathnames may be specified and each pathname may
contain glob(7) wildcards that will be expanded and processed in
lexical order.
▪ Files without absolute paths are assumed to be in /etc/ssh.
▪ An Include directive may appear inside a Match block to perform
conditional inclusion.
• If additional files are added to the Include parameter, these files must also be
accounted for in the audit and remediation procedures in this section.
• Once all configuration changes have been made, the sshd configuration must be
reloaded:

Command to re-load the SSH daemon configuration:

# systemctl reload sshd
Command to remove the SSH daemon:
# dnf remove openssh-server

Page 373
4.2.1 Ensure permissions on /etc/ssh/sshd_config are configured
(Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
The /etc/ssh/sshd_config file contains configuration specifications for sshd. The
command below sets the owner and group of the file to root.
Rationale:
The /etc/ssh/sshd_config file needs to be protected from unauthorized changes by
non-privileged users.
Audit:
Run the following command and verify Uid and Gid are both 0/root and Access does
not grant permissions to group or other:
# stat -Lc "%n %a %u/%U %g/%G" /etc/ssh/sshd_config

/etc/ssh/sshd_config 600 0/root 0/root

Remediation:
Run the following commands to set ownership and permissions on
/etc/ssh/sshd_config:

# chown root:root /etc/ssh/sshd_config

# chmod u-x,go-rwx /etc/ssh/sshd_config

Default Value:
/etc/ssh/sshd_config 600 0/root 0/root
References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3. MP-2

Page 374
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

3.3 Configure Data Access Control Lists

v8 Configure data access control lists based on a user’s need to know. Apply data
access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file
● ● ●
systems, databases, and applications.

14.6 Protect Information through Access Control Lists

Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share,
v7 claims, application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will
enforce the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the
● ● ●
information based on their need to access the information as a part of their
responsibilities.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1098, T1098.004, T1543,

TA0005 M1022
T1543.002

Page 375
4.2.2 Ensure permissions on SSH private host key files are
configured (Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
An SSH private key is one of two files used in SSH public key authentication. In this
authentication method, the possession of the private key is proof of identity. Only a
private key that corresponds to a public key will be able to authenticate successfully.
The private keys need to be stored and handled carefully, and no copies of the private
key should be distributed.
Rationale:
If an unauthorized user obtains the private SSH host key file, the host could be
impersonated
Audit:
Run the following script to verify SSH private host key files are mode 0600 or more
restrictive, owned be the root user, and owned by the group root or group designated to
own openSSH private keys:

Page 376
#!/usr/bin/env bash

{
l_output="" l_output2=""
l_skgn="ssh_keys" # Group designated to own openSSH keys
l_skgid="$(awk -F: '($1 == "'"$l_skgn"'"){print $3}' /etc/group)" # Get
gid of group
[ -n "$l_skgid" ] && l_agroup="(root|$l_skgn)" || l_agroup="root"
unset a_skarr && a_skarr=() # Clear and initialize array
while IFS= read -r -d $'\0' l_file; do # Loop to populate array
if grep -Pq ':\h+OpenSSH\h+private\h+key\b' <<< "$(file "$l_file")";
then
a_skarr+=("$(stat -Lc '%n^%#a^%U^%G^%g' "$l_file")")
fi
done < <(find -L /etc/ssh -xdev -type f -print0)
while IFS="^" read -r l_file l_mode l_owner l_group l_gid; do
echo "File: \"$l_file\" Mode: \"$l_mode\" Owner: \"$l_owner\" Group:
\"$l_group\" GID: \"$l_gid\""
l_out2=""
[ "$l_gid" = "$l_skgid" ] && l_pmask="0137" || l_pmask="0177"
l_maxperm="$( printf '%o' $(( 0777 & ~$l_pmask )) )"
if [ $(( $l_mode & $l_pmask )) -gt 0 ]; then
l_out2="$l_out2\n - Mode: \"$l_mode\" should be mode:
\"$l_maxperm\" or more restrictive"
fi
if [ "$l_owner" != "root" ]; then
l_out2="$l_out2\n - Owned by: \"$l_owner\" should be owned by
\"root\""
fi
if [[ ! "$l_group" =~ $l_agroup ]]; then
l_out2="$l_out2\n - Owned by group \"$l_group\" should be group
owned by: \"${l_agroup//|/ or }\""
fi
if [ -n "$l_out2" ]; then
l_output2="$l_output2\n - File: \"$l_file\"$l_out2"
else
l_output="$l_output\n - File: \"$l_file\"\n - Correct: mode
($l_mode), owner ($l_owner), and group owner ($l_group) configured"
fi
done <<< "$(printf '%s\n' "${a_skarr[@]}")"
unset a_skarr
if [ -z "$l_output2" ]; then
echo -e "\n- Audit Result:\n *** PASS ***\n- * Correctly set *
:\n$l_output\n"
else
echo -e "\n- Audit Result:\n ** FAIL **\n - * Reasons for audit
failure * :\n$l_output2\n"
[ -n "$l_output" ] && echo -e " - * Correctly set * :\n$l_output\n"
fi
}

Page 377
Remediation:
Run the following script to set mode, ownership, and group on the private SSH host key
files:
#!/usr/bin/env bash

{
l_output="" l_output2=""
l_skgn="ssh_keys" # Group designated to own openSSH keys
l_skgid="$(awk -F: '($1 == "'"$l_skgn"'"){print $3}' /etc/group)" # Get
gid of group
if [ -n "$l_skgid" ]; then
l_agroup="(root|$l_skgn)" && l_sgroup="$l_skgn" && l_mfix="u-x,g-wx,o-
rwx"
else
l_agroup="root" && l_sgroup="root" && l_mfix="u-x,go-rwx"
fi
unset a_skarr && a_skarr=() # Clear and initialize array
while IFS= read -r -d $'\0' l_file; do # Loop to populate array
if grep -Pq ':\h+OpenSSH\h+private\h+key\b' <<< "$(file "$l_file")";
then
a_skarr+=("$(stat -Lc '%n^%#a^%U^%G^%g' "$l_file")")
fi
done < <(find -L /etc/ssh -xdev -type f -print0)
while IFS="^" read -r l_file l_mode l_owner l_group l_gid; do
l_out2=""
[ "$l_gid" = "$l_skgid" ] && l_pmask="0137" || l_pmask="0177"
l_maxperm="$( printf '%o' $(( 0777 & ~$l_pmask )) )"
if [ $(( $l_mode & $l_pmask )) -gt 0 ]; then
l_out2="$l_out2\n - Mode: \"$l_mode\" should be mode:
\"$l_maxperm\" or more restrictive\n - Revoking excess permissions"
chmod "$l_mfix" "$l_file"
fi
if [ "$l_owner" != "root" ]; then
l_out2="$l_out2\n - Owned by: \"$l_owner\" should be owned by
\"root\"\n - Changing ownership to \"root\""
chown root "$l_file"
fi
if [[ ! "$l_group" =~ $l_agroup ]]; then
l_out2="$l_out2\n - Owned by group \"$l_group\" should be group
owned by: \"${l_agroup//|/ or }\"\n - Changing group ownership to
\"$l_sgroup\""
chgrp "$l_sgroup" "$l_file"
fi
[ -n "$l_out2" ] && l_output2="$l_output2\n - File: \"$l_file\"$l_out2"
done <<< "$(printf '%s\n' "${a_skarr[@]}")"
unset a_skarr
if [ -z "$l_output2" ]; then
echo -e "\n- No access changes required\n"
else
echo -e "\n- Remediation results:\n$l_output2\n"
fi
}

Page 378
References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3. MP-2

CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

3.3 Configure Data Access Control Lists

v8 Configure data access control lists based on a user’s need to know. Apply data
access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file
● ● ●
systems, databases, and applications.

14.6 Protect Information through Access Control Lists

Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share,
v7 claims, application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will
enforce the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the
● ● ●
information based on their need to access the information as a part of their
responsibilities.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1552, T1552.004 TA0003, TA0006 M1022

Page 379
4.2.3 Ensure permissions on SSH public host key files are
configured (Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
An SSH public key is one of two files used in SSH public key authentication. In this
authentication method, a public key is a key that can be used for verifying digital
signatures generated using a corresponding private key. Only a public key that
corresponds to a private key will be able to authenticate successfully.
Rationale:
If a public host key file is modified by an unauthorized user, the SSH service may be
compromised.

Page 380
Audit:
Run the following command and verify Access does not grant write or execute
permissions to group or other for all returned files:
Run the following script to verify SSH public host key files are mode 0644 or more
restrictive, owned be the root user, and owned be the root group:
#!/usr/bin/env bash

{
l_output="" l_output2=""
l_pmask="0133"
awk '{print}' <<< "$(find -L /etc/ssh -xdev -type f -exec stat -Lc "%n %#a
%U %G" {} +)" | (while read -r l_file l_mode l_owner l_group; do
if file "$l_file" | grep -Pq ':\h+OpenSSH\h+(\H+\h+)?public\h+key\b';
then
l_maxperm="$( printf '%o' $(( 0777 & ~$l_pmask )) )"
if [ $(( $l_mode & $l_pmask )) -gt 0 ]; then
l_output2="$l_output2\n - Public key file: \"$l_file\" is mode
\"$l_mode\" should be mode: \"$l_maxperm\" or more restrictive"
else
l_output="$l_output\n - Public key file: \"$l_file\" is mode
\"$l_mode\" should be mode: \"$l_maxperm\" or more restrictive"
fi
if [ "$l_owner" != "root" ]; then
l_output2="$l_output2\n - Public key file: \"$l_file\" is owned
by: \"$l_owner\" should be owned by \"root\""
else
l_output="$l_output\n - Public key file: \"$l_file\" is owned by:
\"$l_owner\" should be owned by \"root\""
fi
if [ "$l_group" != "root" ]; then
l_output2="$l_output2\n - Public key file: \"$l_file\" is owned
by group \"$l_group\" should belong to group \"root\"\n"
else
l_output="$l_output\n - Public key file: \"$l_file\" is owned by
group \"$l_group\" should belong to group \"root\"\n"
fi
fi
done
if [ -z "$l_output2" ]; then
echo -e "\n- Audit Result:\n *** PASS ***\n$l_output"
else
echo -e "\n- Audit Result:\n *** FAIL ***\n$l_output2\n\n - Correctly
set:\n$l_output"
fi
)
}

Page 381
Remediation:
Run the following script to set mode, ownership, and group on the public SSH host key
files:
#!/usr/bin/env bash

{
l_pmask="0133"
l_maxperm="$( printf '%o' $(( 0777 & ~$l_pmask )) )"
awk '{print}' <<< "$(find -L /etc/ssh -xdev -type f -exec stat -Lc "%n %#a
%U %G" {} +)" | (while read -r l_file l_mode l_owner l_group; do
if file "$l_file" | grep -Pq ':\h+OpenSSH\h+(\H+\h+)?public\h+key\b';
then
echo -e " - Checking private key file: \"$l_file\""
if [ $(( $l_mode & $l_pmask )) -gt 0 ]; then
echo -e " - File: \"$l_file\" is mode \"$l_mode\" changing to
mode: \"$l_maxperm\""
chmod u-x,go-wx "$l_file"
fi
if [ "$l_owner" != "root" ]; then
echo -e " - File: \"$l_file\" is owned by: \"$l_owner\" changing
owner to \"root\""
chown root "$l_file"
fi
if [ "$l_group" != "root" ]; then
echo -e " - File: \"$l_file\" is owned by group \"$l_group\"
changing to group \"root\""
chgrp "root" "$l_file"
fi
fi
done
)
}

Default Value:
644 0/root 0/root
References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3. MP-2

Page 382
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

3.3 Configure Data Access Control Lists

v8 Configure data access control lists based on a user’s need to know. Apply
data access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote
● ● ●
file systems, databases, and applications.

5.1 Establish Secure Configurations

v7 Maintain documented, standard security configuration standards for all ● ● ●
authorized operating systems and software.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1557, T1557.000 TA0003, TA0006 M1022

Page 383
4.2.4 Ensure SSH access is limited (Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
There are several options available to limit which users and group can access the
system via SSH. It is recommended that at least one of the following options be
leveraged:

• AllowUsers:
o The AllowUsers variable gives the system administrator the option of
allowing specific users to ssh into the system. The list consists of space
separated user names. Numeric user IDs are not recognized with this
variable. If a system administrator wants to restrict user access further by
only allowing the allowed users to log in from a particular host, the entry
can be specified in the form of user@host.
• AllowGroups:
o The AllowGroups variable gives the system administrator the option of
allowing specific groups of users to ssh into the system. The list consists
of space separated group names. Numeric group IDs are not recognized
with this variable.
• DenyUsers:
o The DenyUsers variable gives the system administrator the option of
denying specific users to ssh into the system. The list consists of space
separated user names. Numeric user IDs are not recognized with this
variable. If a system administrator wants to restrict user access further by
specifically denying a user's access from a particular host, the entry can
be specified in the form of user@host.
• DenyGroups:
o The DenyGroups variable gives the system administrator the option of
denying specific groups of users to ssh into the system. The list consists of
space separated group names. Numeric group IDs are not recognized
with this variable.

Rationale:
Restricting which users can remotely access the system via SSH will help ensure that
only authorized users access the system.

Page 384
Audit:
Run the following commands and verify the output:
# sshd -T -C user=root -C host="$(hostname)" -C addr="$(grep $(hostname)
/etc/hosts | awk '{print $1}')" | grep -Pi
'^\h*(allow|deny)(users|groups)\h+\H+(\h+.*)?$'

# grep -Pi '^\h*(allow|deny)(users|groups)\h+\H+(\h+.*)?$'

/etc/ssh/sshd_config /etc/ssh/sshd_config.d/*.conf
Verify that the output of both commands matches at least one of the following lines:
allowusers <userlist>
allowgroups <grouplist>
denyusers <userlist>
denygroups <grouplist>

Remediation:
Edit or create a file ending in *.conf in the /etc/ssh/sshd_config.d/ directory or the
/etc/ssh/sshd_config file and set one or more of the parameters as follows:

AllowUsers <userlist>
-OR-
AllowGroups <grouplist>
-OR-
DenyUsers <userlist>
-OR-
DenyGroups <grouplist>

Default Value:
None
References:

1. SSHD_CONFIG(5)
2. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3. MP-2

Page 385
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

3.3 Configure Data Access Control Lists

v8 Configure data access control lists based on a user’s need to know. Apply data
access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file
● ● ●
systems, databases, and applications.

4.3 Ensure the Use of Dedicated Administrative Accounts

v7 Ensure that all users with administrative account access use a dedicated or
secondary account for elevated activities. This account should only be used for
● ● ●
administrative activities and not internet browsing, email, or similar activities.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1021, T1021.004 TA0008 M1018

Page 386
4.2.5 Ensure SSH LogLevel is appropriate (Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
INFO level is the basic level that only records login activity of SSH users. In many
situations, such as Incident Response, it is important to determine when a particular
user was active on a system. The logout record can eliminate those users who
disconnected, which helps narrow the field.
VERBOSElevel specifies that login and logout activity as well as the key fingerprint for any
SSH key used for login will be logged. This information is important for SSH key
management, especially in legacy environments.
Rationale:
SSH provides several logging levels with varying amounts of verbosity. DEBUG is
specifically not recommended other than strictly for debugging SSH communications
since it provides so much data that it is difficult to identify important security information.
Audit:
Run the following command and verify that output matches loglevel VERBOSE or
loglevel INFO:

# sshd -T -C user=root -C host="$(hostname)" -C addr="$(grep $(hostname)

/etc/hosts | awk '{print $1}')" | grep loglevel

loglevel VERBOSE
-or-
loglevel INFO
Run the following command and verify the output matches:
# grep -Pi -- '^\h*loglevel' /etc/ssh/sshd_config
/etc/ssh/sshd_config.d/*.conf | grep -Evi '(VERBOSE|INFO)'

Nothing should be returned

Page 387
Remediation:
Edit or create a file ending in *.conf in the /etc/ssh/sshd_config.d/ directory or the
/etc/ssh/sshd_config file and set the LogLevel parameter as follows:

LogLevel VERBOSE
OR
LogLevel INFO
Run the following command to comment out any LogLevel parameter entries in files
ending in *.conf in the /etc/ssh/sshd_config.d/ directory or the
/etc/ssh/sshd_config file that include any setting other than VERBOSE or INFO:

# grep -Pi '^\h*LogLevel\b' /etc/ssh/sshd_config

/etc/ssh/sshd_config.d/*.conf | grep -Evi '(VERBOSE|INFO)' | while read -r
l_out; do sed -ri "/^\s*LogLevel\s+/s/^/# /" "$(awk -F: '{print $1}' <<<
$l_out)";done

Default Value:
LogLevel INFO
References:

1. https://www.ssh.com/ssh/sshd_config/
2. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-2, AU-12, SI-5

CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

8.2 Collect Audit Logs

v8 Collect audit logs. Ensure that logging, per the enterprise’s audit log ● ● ●
management process, has been enabled across enterprise assets.

6.2 Activate audit logging

v7 Ensure that local logging has been enabled on all systems and networking ● ● ●
devices.

6.3 Enable Detailed Logging

v7 Enable system logging to include detailed information such as an event
source, date, user, timestamp, source addresses, destination addresses, and
● ●
other useful elements.

Page 388
MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1562, T1562.006 TA0005

Page 389
4.2.6 Ensure SSH PAM is enabled (Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
UsePAM Enables the Pluggable Authentication Module interface. If set to “yes” this will
enable PAM authentication using ChallengeResponseAuthentication and
PasswordAuthentication in addition to PAM account and session module processing for
all authentication types
Rationale:
When usePAM is set to yes, PAM runs through account and session types properly.
This is important if you want to restrict access to services based off of IP, time or other
factors of the account. Additionally, you can make sure users inherit certain
environment variables on login or disallow access to the server
Impact:
If UsePAM is enabled, you will not be able to run sshd as a non-root user.
Audit:
Run the following command and verify that output matches:
# sshd -T -C user=root -C host="$(hostname)" -C addr="$(grep $(hostname)
/etc/hosts | awk '{print $1}')" | grep -i usepam

usepam yes
Run the following command and verify the output:
# grep -Pi '^\h*UsePAM\b' /etc/ssh/sshd_config /etc/ssh/sshd_config.d/*.conf
| grep -Evi 'yes'

Nothing should be returned

Page 390
Remediation:
Edit or create a file in the directory /etc/ssh/sshd_config.d/ ending in *.conf or the
/etc/ssh/sshd_config file and set the parameter as follows:
UsePAM yes
Run the following command to comment out any UsePAM parameter entries in files
ending in *.conf in the /etc/ssh/sshd_config.d/ directory or the
/etc/ssh/sshd_config file that include any setting other than yes

# grep -Pi '^\h*UsePAM\b' /etc/ssh/sshd_config /etc/ssh/sshd_config.d/*.conf

| grep -Evi 'yes' | while read -r l_out; do sed -ri "/^\s*UsePAM\s+/s/^/# /"
"$(awk -F: '{print $1}' <<< $l_out)";done

Default Value:
usePAM yes
References:

1. SSHD_CONFIG(5)
2. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1, CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1021, T1021.004 TA0001 M1035

Page 391
4.2.7 Ensure SSH root login is disabled (Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
The PermitRootLogin parameter specifies if the root user can log in using ssh. The
default is no.
Rationale:
Disallowing root logins over SSH requires system admins to authenticate using their
own individual account, then escalating to root via sudo or su. This in turn limits
opportunity for non-repudiation and provides a clear audit trail in the event of a security
incident
Audit:
Run the following command and verify that output matches:
# sshd -T -C user=root -C host="$(hostname)" -C addr="$(grep $(hostname)
/etc/hosts | awk '{print $1}')" | grep permitrootlogin

permitrootlogin no
Run the following command and verify the output:
# grep -Pi '^\h*PermitRootLogin\b' /etc/ssh/sshd_config
/etc/ssh/sshd_config.d/*.conf | grep -Evi 'no'

Nothing should be returned

Remediation:
Edit or create a file ending in *.conf in the /etc/ssh/sshd_config.d/ directory or the
/etc/ssh/sshd_config file and set the PermitRootLogin parameter as follows:

PermitRootLogin no
Run the following command to comment out any PermitRootLogin parameter entries in
files ending in *.conf in the /etc/ssh/sshd_config.d/ directory or the
/etc/ssh/sshd_config file that include any setting other than no

# grep -Pi '^\h*PermitRootLogin\b' /etc/ssh/sshd_config

/etc/ssh/sshd_config.d/*.conf | grep -Evi 'no' | while read -r l_out; do sed
-ri "/^\s*PermitRootLogin\s+/s/^/# /" "$(awk -F: '{print $1}' <<<
$l_out)";done

Default Value:
PermitRootLogin without-password

Page 392
References:

1. SSHD_CONFIG(5)
2. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-6

CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

5.4 Restrict Administrator Privileges to Dedicated

Administrator Accounts
v8 Restrict administrator privileges to dedicated administrator accounts on
enterprise assets. Conduct general computing activities, such as internet
● ● ●
browsing, email, and productivity suite use, from the user’s primary, non-privileged
account.

4.3 Ensure the Use of Dedicated Administrative Accounts

v7 Ensure that all users with administrative account access use a dedicated or
secondary account for elevated activities. This account should only be used for
● ● ●
administrative activities and not internet browsing, email, or similar activities.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1078 TA0001 M1026

Page 393
4.2.8 Ensure SSH HostbasedAuthentication is disabled
(Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
The HostbasedAuthentication parameter specifies if authentication is allowed through
trusted hosts via the user of .rhosts, or /etc/hosts.equiv, along with successful public
key client host authentication. This option only applies to SSH Protocol Version 2.
Rationale:
Even though the .rhosts files are ineffective if support is disabled in /etc/pam.conf,
disabling the ability to use .rhosts files in SSH provides an additional layer of
protection.
Audit:
Run the following command and verify that output matches:
# sshd -T -C user=root -C host="$(hostname)" -C addr="$(grep $(hostname)
/etc/hosts | awk '{print $1}')" | grep hostbasedauthentication

hostbasedauthentication no
Run the following command and verify the output:
# grep -Pi '^\h*HostbasedAuthentication\b' /etc/ssh/sshd_config
/etc/ssh/sshd_config.d/*.conf | grep -Evi 'no'

Nothing should be returned

Page 394
Remediation:
Edit or create a file ending in *.conf in the /etc/ssh/sshd_config.d/ directory or the
/etc/ssh/sshd_config file and set the HostbasedAuthentication parameter as follows:

HostbasedAuthentication no
Run the following command to comment out any HostbasedAuthentication parameter
entries in files ending in *.conf in the /etc/ssh/sshd_config.d/ directory or the
/etc/ssh/sshd_config file that include any setting other than no:

# grep -Pi '^\h*HostbasedAuthentication\b' /etc/ssh/sshd_config

/etc/ssh/sshd_config.d/*.conf | grep -Evi 'no' | while read -r l_out; do sed
-ri "/^\s*HostbasedAuthentication\s+/s/^/# /" "$(awk -F: '{print $1}' <<<
$l_out)";done

Default Value:
HostbasedAuthentication no
References:

1. SSHD_CONFIG(5)
2. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1,CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5

CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

4.1 Establish and Maintain a Secure Configuration Process

Establish and maintain a secure configuration process for enterprise assets
v8 (end-user devices, including portable and mobile, non-computing/IoT devices, and
servers) and software (operating systems and applications). Review and update
● ● ●
documentation annually, or when significant enterprise changes occur that could
impact this Safeguard.

16.3 Require Multi-factor Authentication

v7 Require multi-factor authentication for all user accounts, on all systems, whether ● ●
managed onsite or by a third-party provider.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1078, T1078.001,
TA0008 M1042
T1078.003

Page 395
4.2.9 Ensure SSH PermitEmptyPasswords is disabled
(Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
The PermitEmptyPasswords parameter specifies if the SSH server allows login to
accounts with empty password strings.
Rationale:
Disallowing remote shell access to accounts that have an empty password reduces the
probability of unauthorized access to the system
Audit:
Run the following command and verify that output matches:
# sshd -T -C user=root -C host="$(hostname)" -C addr="$(grep $(hostname)
/etc/hosts | awk '{print $1}')" | grep permitemptypasswords

permitemptypasswords no
Run the following command and verify the output:
# grep -Pi '^\h*PermitEmptyPasswords\b' /etc/ssh/sshd_config
/etc/ssh/sshd_config.d/*.conf | grep -Evi 'no'

Nothing should be returned

Remediation:
Edit or create a file ending in *.conf in the /etc/ssh/sshd_config.d/ directory or the
/etc/ssh/sshd_config file and set the PermitEmptyPasswords parameter as follows:

PermitEmptyPasswords no
Run the following command to comment out any PermitEmptyPasswords parameter
entries in files ending in *.conf in the /etc/ssh/sshd_config.d/ directory or the
/etc/ssh/sshd_config file that include any setting other than no

# grep -Pi '^\h*PermitEmptyPasswords\b' /etc/ssh/sshd_config

/etc/ssh/sshd_config.d/*.conf | grep -Evi 'no' | while read -r l_out; do sed
-ri "/^\s*PermitEmptyPasswords\s+/s/^/# /" "$(awk -F: '{print $1}' <<<
$l_out)";done

Default Value:
PermitEmptyPasswords no

Page 396
References:

1. SSHD_CONFIG(5)
2. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1,CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5

CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

5.2 Use Unique Passwords

v8 Use unique passwords for all enterprise assets. Best practice implementation
includes, at a minimum, an 8-character password for accounts using MFA and a
● ● ●
14-character password for accounts not using MFA.

4.4 Use Unique Passwords

v7 Where multi-factor authentication is not supported (such as local administrator,
root, or service accounts), accounts will use passwords that are unique to that
● ●
system.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1021, T1021.000 TA0008 M1042

Page 397
4.2.10 Ensure SSH PermitUserEnvironment is disabled
(Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
The PermitUserEnvironment option allows users to present environment options to the
ssh daemon.

Rationale:
Permitting users the ability to set environment variables through the SSH daemon could
potentially allow users to bypass security controls (e.g. setting an execution path that
has ssh executing trojan'd programs)

Audit:
Run the following command and verify that output matches:
# sshd -T -C user=root -C host="$(hostname)" -C addr="$(grep $(hostname)
/etc/hosts | awk '{print $1}')" | grep permituserenvironment

permituserenvironment no
Run the following command and verify the output:
# grep -Pi '^\h*PermitUserEnvironment\b' /etc/ssh/sshd_config
/etc/ssh/sshd_config.d/*.conf | grep -Evi 'no'

Nothing should be returned

Remediation:
Edit or create a file ending in *.conf in the /etc/ssh/sshd_config.d/ directory or the
/etc/ssh/sshd_config file and set the PermitUserEnvironment parameter as follows:

PermitUserEnvironment no
Run the following command to comment out any PermitUserEnvironment parameter
entries in files ending in *.conf in the /etc/ssh/sshd_config.d/ directory or the
/etc/ssh/sshd_config file that include any setting other than no

# grep -Pi '^\h*PermitUserEnvironment\b' /etc/ssh/sshd_config

/etc/ssh/sshd_config.d/*.conf | grep -Evi 'no' | while read -r l_out; do sed
-ri "/^\s*PermitUserEnvironment\s+/s/^/# /" "$(awk -F: '{print $1}' <<<
$l_out)";done

Default Value:
PermitUserEnvironment no

Page 398
References:

1. SSHD_CONFIG(5)
2. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1,CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5

CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

4.1 Establish and Maintain a Secure Configuration Process

Establish and maintain a secure configuration process for enterprise assets
v8 (end-user devices, including portable and mobile, non-computing/IoT devices, and
servers) and software (operating systems and applications). Review and update
● ● ●
documentation annually, or when significant enterprise changes occur that could
impact this Safeguard.

5.1 Establish Secure Configurations

v7 Maintain documented, standard security configuration standards for all ● ● ●
authorized operating systems and software.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1021, T1021.000 TA0008 M1042

Page 399
4.2.11 Ensure SSH IgnoreRhosts is enabled (Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
The IgnoreRhosts parameter specifies that .rhosts and .shosts files will not be used in
RhostsRSAAuthentication or HostbasedAuthentication.

Rationale:
Setting this parameter forces users to enter a password when authenticating with ssh.
Audit:
Run the following command and verify that output matches:
# sshd -T -C user=root -C host="$(hostname)" -C addr="$(grep $(hostname)
/etc/hosts | awk '{print $1}')" | grep ignorerhosts

ignorerhosts yes
Run the following command and verify the output:
# grep -Pi '^\h*ignorerhosts\b' /etc/ssh/sshd_config
/etc/ssh/sshd_config.d/*.conf | grep -Evi 'yes'

Nothing should be returned

Remediation:
Edit or create a file ending in *.conf in the /etc/ssh/sshd_config.d/ directory or the
/etc/ssh/sshd_config file and set the IgnoreRhosts parameter as follows:

IgnoreRhosts yes
Run the following command to comment out any IgnoreRhosts parameter entries in files
ending in *.conf in the /etc/ssh/sshd_config.d/ directory or the
/etc/ssh/sshd_config file that include any setting other than yes

# grep -Pi '^\h*IgnoreRhosts\b' /etc/ssh/sshd_config

/etc/ssh/sshd_config.d/*.conf | grep -Evi 'yes' | while read -r l_out; do sed
-ri "/^\s*IgnoreRhosts\s+/s/^/# /" "$(awk -F: '{print $1}' <<< $l_out)";done

Default Value:
IgnoreRhosts yes
References:

1. SSHD_CONFIG(5)
2. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1,CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5

Page 400
MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1078, T1078.001,
TA0001 M1027
T1078.003

Page 401
4.2.12 Ensure SSH X11 forwarding is disabled (Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 2 - Server
Description:
The X11Forwarding parameter provides the ability to tunnel X11 traffic through the
connection to enable remote graphic connections.
Rationale:
Disable X11 forwarding unless there is an operational requirement to use X11
applications directly. There is a small risk that the remote X11 servers of users who are
logged in via SSH with X11 forwarding could be compromised by other users on the
X11 server. Note that even if X11 forwarding is disabled, users can always install their
own forwarders.
Audit:
Run the following command and verify that output matches:
# sshd -T -C user=root -C host="$(hostname)" -C addr="$(grep $(hostname)
/etc/hosts | awk '{print $1}')" | grep -i x11forwarding

x11forwarding no
Run the following command and verify the output:
# grep -Pi '^\h*X11Forwarding\b' /etc/ssh/sshd_config
/etc/ssh/sshd_config.d/*.conf | grep -Evi 'no'

Nothing should be returned

Remediation:
Edit or create a file ending in *.conf in the /etc/ssh/sshd_config.d/ directory or the
/etc/ssh/sshd_config file and set the X11Forwarding parameter as follows:

X11Forwarding no
Run the following command to comment out any X11Forwarding parameter entries in
files ending in *.conf in the /etc/ssh/sshd_config.d/ directory or the
/etc/ssh/sshd_config file that include any setting other than no

# grep -Pi '^\h*X11Forwarding\b' /etc/ssh/sshd_config

/etc/ssh/sshd_config.d/*.conf | grep -Evi 'no' | while read -r l_out; do sed
-ri "/^\s*X11Forwarding\s+/s/^/# /" "$(awk -F: '{print $1}' <<< $l_out)";done

References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7

Page 402
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

4.8 Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on

Enterprise Assets and Software
v8 Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, ● ●
such as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service
function.

9.2 Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services

v7 Are Running ● ●
Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system
with validated business needs, are running on each system.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1210, T1210.000 TA0008 M1042

Page 403
4.2.13 Ensure SSH AllowTcpForwarding is disabled (Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 2 - Server
Description:
SSH port forwarding is a mechanism in SSH for tunneling application ports from the
client to the server, or servers to clients. It can be used for adding encryption to legacy
applications, going through firewalls, and some system administrators and IT
professionals use it for opening backdoors into the internal network from their home
machines
Rationale:
Leaving port forwarding enabled can expose the organization to security risks and back-
doors.
SSH connections are protected with strong encryption. This makes their contents
invisible to most deployed network monitoring and traffic filtering solutions. This
invisibility carries considerable risk potential if it is used for malicious purposes such as
data exfiltration. Cybercriminals or malware could exploit SSH to hide their unauthorized
communications, or to exfiltrate stolen data from the target network
Impact:
SSH tunnels are widely used in many corporate environments that employ mainframe
systems as their application backends. In those environments the applications
themselves may have very limited native support for security. By utilizing tunneling,
compliance with SOX, HIPAA, PCI-DSS, and other standards can be achieved without
having to modify the applications.

Page 404
Audit:
Run the following command and verify that output matches:
# sshd -T -C user=root -C host="$(hostname)" -C addr="$(grep $(hostname)
/etc/hosts | awk '{print $1}')" | grep -i allowtcpforwarding

allowtcpforwarding no
Run the following command and verify the output:
# grep -Pi '^\h*AllowTcpForwarding\b' /etc/ssh/sshd_config
/etc/ssh/sshd_config.d/*.conf | grep -Evi 'no'

Nothing should be returned

Remediation:
Edit or create a file ending in *.conf in the /etc/ssh/sshd_config.d/ directory or the
/etc/ssh/sshd_config file and set the AllowTcpForwarding parameter as follows:

AllowTcpForwarding no
Run the following command to comment out any AllowTcpForwarding parameter entries
in files ending in *.conf in the /etc/ssh/sshd_config.d/ directory or the
/etc/ssh/sshd_config file that include any setting other than no:

# grep -Pi '^\h*AllowTcpForwarding\b' /etc/ssh/sshd_config

/etc/ssh/sshd_config.d/*.conf | grep -Evi 'no' | while read -r l_out; do sed
-ri "/^\s*AllowTcpForwarding\s+/s/^/# /" "$(awk -F: '{print $1}' <<<
$l_out)";done

Default Value:
AllowTcpForwarding yes
References:

1. https://www.ssh.com/ssh/tunneling/example
2. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1,CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5

Page 405
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

4.1 Establish and Maintain a Secure Configuration Process

Establish and maintain a secure configuration process for enterprise assets
v8 (end-user devices, including portable and mobile, non-computing/IoT devices, and
servers) and software (operating systems and applications). Review and update
● ● ●
documentation annually, or when significant enterprise changes occur that could
impact this Safeguard.

9.2 Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services

v7 Are Running ● ●
Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system
with validated business needs, are running on each system.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1048, T1048.002, T1572,

TA0008 M1042
T1572.000

Page 406
4.2.14 Ensure system-wide crypto policy is not over-ridden
(Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
System-wide Crypto policy can be over-ridden or opted out of for openSSH
Rationale:
Over-riding or opting out of the system-wide crypto policy could allow for the use of less
secure Ciphers, MACs, KexAlgorithms and GSSAPIKexAlgorithm
Audit:
Run the following command:
# grep -i '^\s*CRYPTO_POLICY=' /etc/sysconfig/sshd
/etc/ssh/sshd_config.d/*.conf
No output should be returned
Remediation:
Run the following commands:
# sed -ri "s/^\s*(CRYPTO_POLICY\s*=.*)$/# \1/" /etc/sysconfig/sshd
/etc/ssh/sshd_config.d/*.conf

# systemctl reload sshd

References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: SC-8, IA-5, AC-17

CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

3.10 Encrypt Sensitive Data in Transit

v8 Encrypt sensitive data in transit. Example implementations can include: ● ●
Transport Layer Security (TLS) and Open Secure Shell (OpenSSH).

v7 14.4 Encrypt All Sensitive Information in Transit ● ●

Encrypt all sensitive information in transit.

Page 407
4.2.15 Ensure SSH warning banner is configured (Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
The Banner parameter specifies a file whose contents must be sent to the remote user
before authentication is permitted. By default, no banner is displayed.
Rationale:
Banners are used to warn connecting users of the particular site's policy regarding
connection. Presenting a warning message prior to the normal user login may assist the
prosecution of trespassers on the computer system.
Audit:
Run the following command and verify that output matches:
# sshd -T -C user=root -C host="$(hostname)" -C addr="$(grep $(hostname)
/etc/hosts | awk '{print $1}')" | grep banner

banner /etc/issue.net

Remediation:
Edit or create a file ending in *.conf in the /etc/ssh/sshd_config.d/ directory or the
/etc/ssh/sshd_config file and set the Banner parameter as follows:

Banner /etc/issue.net

References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1,CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1082, T1082.000, T1592,

TA0001, TA0007 M1035
T1592.004

Page 408
4.2.16 Ensure SSH MaxAuthTries is set to 4 or less (Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
The MaxAuthTries parameter specifies the maximum number of authentication attempts
permitted per connection. When the login failure count reaches half the number, error
messages will be written to the syslog file detailing the login failure.

Rationale:
Setting the MaxAuthTries parameter to a low number will minimize the risk of successful
brute force attacks to the SSH server. While the recommended setting is 4, set the
number based on site policy.
Audit:
Run the following command and verify that output MaxAuthTries is 4 or less:
# sshd -T -C user=root -C host="$(hostname)" -C addr="$(grep $(hostname)
/etc/hosts | awk '{print $1}')" | grep maxauthtries

maxauthtries 4
Run the following command and verify that the output:
# grep -Pi '^\h*maxauthtries\h+([5-9]|[1-9][0-9]+)' /etc/ssh/sshd_config
/etc/ssh/sshd_config.d/*.conf

Nothing is returned

Remediation:
Edit or create a file ending in *.conf in the /etc/ssh/sshd_config.d/ directory or the
/etc/ssh/sshd_config file and set the MaxAuthTries parameter as follows:

MaxAuthTries 4
Run the following command to comment out any MaxAuthTries parameter entries in files
ending in *.conf in the /etc/ssh/sshd_config.d/ directory or the
/etc/ssh/sshd_config file that include any setting greater than 4:

# grep -Pi '^\h*maxauthtries\h+([5-9]|[1-9][0-9]+)' /etc/ssh/sshd_config

/etc/ssh/sshd_config.d/*.conf | while read -r l_out; do sed -ri
"/^\s*maxauthtries\s+([5-9]|[1-9][0-9]+)/s/^/# /" "$(awk -F: '{print $1}' <<<
$l_out)";done

Default Value:
MaxAuthTries 6

Page 409
References:

1. SSHD_CONFIG(5)
2. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3

CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

8.5 Collect Detailed Audit Logs

v8 Configure detailed audit logging for enterprise assets containing sensitive data.
Include event source, date, username, timestamp, source addresses, destination
● ●
addresses, and other useful elements that could assist in a forensic investigation.

16.13 Alert on Account Login Behavior Deviation

v7 Alert when users deviate from normal login behavior, such as time-of-day, ●
workstation location and duration.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1110, T1110.001,
TA0006 M1036
T1110.003

Page 410
4.2.17 Ensure SSH MaxStartups is configured (Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
The MaxStartups parameter specifies the maximum number of concurrent
unauthenticated connections to the SSH daemon.
Rationale:
To protect a system from denial of service due to a large number of pending
authentication connection attempts, use the rate limiting function of MaxStartups to
protect availability of sshd logins and prevent overwhelming the daemon.
Audit:
Run the following command and verify that output MaxStartups is 10:30:60 or more
restrictive:
# sshd -T -C user=root -C host="$(hostname)" -C addr="$(grep $(hostname)
/etc/hosts | awk '{print $1}')" | grep -i maxstartups

maxstartups 10:30:60
Run the following command and verify the output:
# grep -Ei '^\s*maxstartups\s+(((1[1-9]|[1-9][0-9][0-9]+):([0-9]+):([0-
9]+))|(([0-9]+):(3[1-9]|[4-9][0-9]|[1-9][0-9][0-9]+):([0-9]+))|(([0-9]+):([0-
9]+):(6[1-9]|[7-9][0-9]|[1-9][0-9][0-9]+)))' /etc/ssh/sshd_config
/etc/ssh/sshd_config.d/*.conf

Nothing should be returned

Page 411
Remediation:
Edit or create a file ending in *.conf in the /etc/ssh/sshd_config.d/ directory or the
/etc/ssh/sshd_config file and set the MaxStartups parameter as follows:

MaxStartups 10:30:60
Run the following command to comment out any MaxStartups parameter entries in files
ending in *.conf in the /etc/ssh/sshd_config.d/ directory or the
/etc/ssh/sshd_config file that include any setting greater than 10:30:60:

# grep -Pi '^\s*maxstartups\s+(((1[1-9]|[1-9][0-9][0-9]+):([0-9]+):([0-

9]+))|(([0-9]+):(3[1-9]|[4-9][0-9]|[1-9][0-9][0-9]+):([0-9]+))|(([0-9]+):([0-
9]+):(6[1-9]|[7-9][0-9]|[1-9][0-9][0-9]+)))' /etc/ssh/sshd_config
/etc/ssh/sshd_config.d/*.conf | while read -r l_out; do sed -ri
"/^\s*MaxStartups\s+(((1[1-9]|[1-9][0-9][0-9]+):([0-9]+):([0-9]+))|(([0-
9]+):(3[1-9]|[4-9][0-9]|[1-9][0-9][0-9]+):([0-9]+))|(([0-9]+):([0-9]+):(6[1-
9]|[7-9][0-9]|[1-9][0-9][0-9]+)))/s/^/# /" "$(awk -F: '{print $1}' <<<
$l_out)";done

Default Value:
MaxStartups 10:30:100
References:

1. SSHD_CONFIG(5)
2. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1,CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5

CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

4.1 Establish and Maintain a Secure Configuration Process

Establish and maintain a secure configuration process for enterprise assets
v8 (end-user devices, including portable and mobile, non-computing/IoT devices, and
servers) and software (operating systems and applications). Review and update
● ● ●
documentation annually, or when significant enterprise changes occur that could
impact this Safeguard.

5.1 Establish Secure Configurations

v7 Maintain documented, standard security configuration standards for all ● ● ●
authorized operating systems and software.

Page 412
MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1499, T1499.002 TA0040 M1036

Page 413
4.2.18 Ensure SSH MaxSessions is set to 10 or less (Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
The MaxSessions parameter specifies the maximum number of open sessions permitted
from a given connection.
Rationale:
To protect a system from denial of service due to a large number of concurrent
sessions, use the rate limiting function of MaxSessions to protect availability of sshd
logins and prevent overwhelming the daemon.
Audit:
Run the following command and verify that output MaxSessions is 10 or less:
# sshd -T -C user=root -C host="$(hostname)" -C addr="$(grep $(hostname)
/etc/hosts | awk '{print $1}')" | grep -i maxsessions

maxsessions 10
Run the following command and verify the output:
grep -Ei '^\s*MaxSessions\s+(1[1-9]|[2-9][0-9]|[1-9][0-9][0-9]+)'
/etc/ssh/sshd_config /etc/ssh/sshd_config.d/*.conf

Nothing should be returned

Remediation:
Edit or create a file ending in *.conf in the /etc/ssh/sshd_config.d/ directory or the
/etc/ssh/sshd_config file and set the MaxSessions parameter as follows:

MaxSessions 10
Run the following command to comment out any MaxSessions parameter entries in files
ending in *.conf in the /etc/ssh/sshd_config.d/ directory or the
/etc/ssh/sshd_config file that include any setting greater than 10

# grep -Pi '^\s*MaxSessions\s+(1[1-9]|[2-9][0-9]|[1-9][0-9][0-9]+)'

/etc/ssh/sshd_config /etc/ssh/sshd_config.d/*.conf | while read -r l_out; do
sed -ri "/^\s*MaxSessions\s+(1[1-9]|[2-9][0-9]|[1-9][0-9][0-9]+)/s/^/# /"
"$(awk -F: '{print $1}' <<< $l_out)";done

Default Value:
MaxSessions 10

Page 414
References:

1. SSHD_CONFIG(5)
2. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1,CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1499, T1499.002 TA0040 M1036

Page 415
4.2.19 Ensure SSH LoginGraceTime is set to one minute or less
(Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
The LoginGraceTime parameter specifies the time allowed for successful authentication
to the SSH server. The longer the Grace period is the more open unauthenticated
connections can exist. Like other session controls in this session the Grace Period
should be limited to appropriate organizational limits to ensure the service is available
for needed access.
Rationale:
Setting the LoginGraceTime parameter to a low number will minimize the risk of
successful brute force attacks to the SSH server. It will also limit the number of
concurrent unauthenticated connections While the recommended setting is 60 seconds
(1 Minute), set the number based on site policy.
Audit:
Run the following command and verify that output LoginGraceTime is between 1 and 60
seconds or 1m:
# sshd -T -C user=root -C host="$(hostname)" -C addr="$(grep $(hostname)
/etc/hosts | awk '{print $1}')" | grep logingracetime

logingracetime 60
Run the following command and verify the output:
# grep -Ei '^\s*LoginGraceTime\s+(0|6[1-9]|[7-9][0-9]|[1-9][0-9][0-
9]+|[^1]m)' /etc/ssh/sshd_config /etc/ssh/sshd_config.d/*.conf

Nothing should be returned

Page 416
Remediation:
Edit the /etc/ssh/sshd_config file to set the parameter as follows:
LoginGraceTime 60
Edit or create a file ending in *.conf in the /etc/ssh/sshd_config.d/ directory or the
/etc/ssh/sshd_config file and set the LoginGraceTime parameter as follows:

LoginGraceTime 60
-or-
LoginGraceTime 1m
Run the following command to comment out any LoginGraceTime parameter entries in
files ending in *.conf in the /etc/ssh/sshd_config.d/ directory or the
/etc/ssh/sshd_config file that include any setting equal to 0 or greater than 60
seconds:
# grep -Pi '^\s*LoginGraceTime\s+(0|6[1-9]|[7-9][0-9]|[1-9][0-9][0-
9]+|[^1]m)' /etc/ssh/sshd_config /etc/ssh/sshd_config.d/*.conf | while read -
r l_out; do sed -ri "/^\s*LoginGraceTime\s+(0|6[1-9]|[7-9][0-9]|[1-9][0-9][0-
9]+|[^1]m)/s/^/# /" "$(awk -F: '{print $1}' <<< $l_out)";done

Default Value:
LoginGraceTime 120
References:

1. SSHD_CONFIG(5)
2. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-6

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1110, T1110.001,
TA0006 M1036
T1110.003, T1110.004

Page 417
4.2.20 Ensure SSH Idle Timeout Interval is configured
(Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
NOTE: To clarify, the two settings described below are only meant for idle connections
from a protocol perspective and not meant to check if the user is active or not. An idle
user does not mean an idle connection. SSH does not, and never had, intentionally the
capability to drop idle users. In SSH versions before 8.2p1 there was a bug that caused
these values to behave in such a manner that they were abused to disconnect idle
users. This bug has been resolved in 8.2p1 and thus may no longer be abused to
disconnect idle users.
The two options ClientAliveInterval and ClientAliveCountMax control the timeout of
SSH sessions. Taken directly from man 5 sshd_config:

• ClientAliveInterval Sets a timeout interval in seconds after which if no data

has been received from the client, sshd(8) will send a message through the
encrypted channel to request a response from the client. The default is 0,
indicating that these messages will not be sent to the client.
• ClientAliveCountMax Sets the number of client alive messages which may be
sent without sshd(8) receiving any messages back from the client. If this
threshold is reached while client alive messages are being sent, sshd will
disconnect the client, terminating the session. It is important to note that the use
of client alive messages is very different from TCPKeepAlive. The client alive
messages are sent through the encrypted channel and therefore will not be
spoofable. The TCP keepalive option en‐abled by TCPKeepAlive is spoofable.
The client alive mechanism is valuable when the client or server depend on
knowing when a connection has become unresponsive. The default value is 3. If
ClientAliveInterval is set to 15, and ClientAliveCountMax is left at the default,
unresponsive SSH clients will be disconnected after approximately 45 seconds.
Setting a zero ClientAliveCountMax disables connection termination.

Page 418
Rationale:
In order to prevent resource exhaustion, appropriate values should be set for both
ClientAliveInterval and ClientAliveCountMax. Specifically, looking at the source
code, ClientAliveCountMax must be greater than zero in order to utilize the ability of
SSH to drop idle connections. If connections are allowed to stay open indefinitely, this
can potentially be used as a DDOS attack or simple resource exhaustion could occur
over unreliable networks.
The example set here is a 45 second timeout. Consult your site policy for network
timeouts and apply as appropriate.
Audit:
Run the following commands and verify ClientAliveInterval is greater than zero:
# sshd -T -C user=root -C host="$(hostname)" -C addr="$(grep $(hostname)
/etc/hosts | awk '{print $1}')" | grep clientaliveinterval
Example output:
clientaliveinterval 15
Run the following command and verify ClientAliveCountMax is greater than zero:
# sshd -T -C user=root -C host="$(hostname)" -C addr="$(grep $(hostname)
/etc/hosts | awk '{print $1}')" | grep clientalivecountmax
Example output:
clientalivecountmax 3

Page 419
Remediation:
Edit or create a file ending in *.conf in the /etc/ssh/sshd_config.d/ directory or the
/etc/ssh/sshd_config file and set the ClientAliveInterval and ClientAliveCountMax
parameters according to site policy.
Example:
ClientAliveInterval 15
ClientAliveCountMax 3
Edit files ending in *.conf in the /etc/ssh/sshd_config.d/ directory and the
/etc/ssh/sshd_config file and remove occurrences of the ClientAliveInterval and
ClientAliveCountMax parameters not in accordence with local site policy.
Run the following command to comment out any ClientAliveCountMax parameter
entries in files ending in *.conf in the /etc/ssh/sshd_config.d/ directory or the
/etc/ssh/sshd_config file that include the setting of 0 "disabled":

# grep -Pi '^\h*ClientAliveCountMax\h+0\b' /etc/ssh/sshd_config

/etc/ssh/sshd_config.d/*.conf | while read -r l_out; do sed -ri
"/^\s*ClientAliveCountMax\s+0/s/^/# /" "$(awk -F: '{print $1}' <<<
$l_out)";done

Default Value:
ClientAliveInterval 0
ClientAliveCountMax 3
References:

1. https://man.openbsd.org/sshd_config
2. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1,CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5

Additional Information:
https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=1873547
https://github.com/openssh/openssh-portable/blob/V_8_9/serverloop.c#L137
MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1078, T1078.001,
TA0001 M1026
T1078.002, T1078.003

Page 420
4.3 Configure privilege escalation

There are various tools which allows a permitted user to execute a command as the
superuser or another user, as specified by the security policy.
sudo

https://www.sudo.ws/
The invoking user's real (not effective) user ID is used to determine the user name with
which to query the security policy.
sudo supports a plug-in architecture for security policies and input/output logging. Third
parties can develop and distribute their own policy and I/O logging plug-ins to work
seamlessly with the sudo front end. The default security policy is sudoers, which is
configured via the file /etc/sudoers and any entries in /etc/sudoers.d.
pkexec

https://www.freedesktop.org/software/polkit/docs/0.105/pkexec.1.html

Page 421
4.3.1 Ensure sudo is installed (Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
sudo allows a permitted user to execute a command as the superuser or another user,
as specified by the security policy. The invoking user's real (not effective) user ID is
used to determine the user name with which to query the security policy.
Rationale:
sudo supports a plug-in architecture for security policies and input/output logging. Third
parties can develop and distribute their own policy and I/O logging plug-ins to work
seamlessly with the sudo front end. The default security policy is sudoers, which is
configured via the file /etc/sudoers and any entries in /etc/sudoers.d.
The security policy determines what privileges, if any, a user has to run sudo. The policy
may require that users authenticate themselves with a password or another
authentication mechanism. If authentication is required, sudo will exit if the user's
password is not entered within a configurable time limit. This limit is policy-specific.
Audit:
Verify that sudo is installed.
Run the following command:
# dnf list sudo

Installed Packages
sudo.x86_64 <VERSION> @anaconda
Available Packages
sudo.x86_64 <VERSION> updates

Remediation:
Run the following command to install sudo
# dnf install sudo

References:

1. SUDO(8)
2. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-6

Page 422
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

5.4 Restrict Administrator Privileges to Dedicated

Administrator Accounts
v8 Restrict administrator privileges to dedicated administrator accounts on
enterprise assets. Conduct general computing activities, such as internet
● ● ●
browsing, email, and productivity suite use, from the user’s primary, non-privileged
account.

4.3 Ensure the Use of Dedicated Administrative Accounts

v7 Ensure that all users with administrative account access use a dedicated or
secondary account for elevated activities. This account should only be used for
● ● ●
administrative activities and not internet browsing, email, or similar activities.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1548 TA0004 M1026

Page 423
4.3.2 Ensure sudo commands use pty (Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
sudo can be configured to run only from a pseudo terminal (pseudo-pty).

Rationale:
Attackers can run a malicious program using sudo which would fork a background
process that remains even when the main program has finished executing.
Impact:
WARNING: Editing the sudo configuration incorrectly can cause sudo to stop
functioning. Always use visudo to modify sudo configuration files.

Audit:
Verify that sudo can only run other commands from a pseudo terminal.
Run the following command:
# grep -rPi '^\h*Defaults\h+([^#\n\r]+,)?use_pty(,\h*\h+\h*)*\h*(#.*)?$'
/etc/sudoers*

/etc/sudoers:Defaults use_pty

Remediation:
Edit the file /etc/sudoers with visudo or a file in /etc/sudoers.d/ with visudo -f
<PATH_TO_FILE> and add the following line:
Defaults use_pty
Note:

• sudo will read each file in /etc/sudoers.d, skipping file names that end in ~ or
contain a . character to avoid causing problems with package manager or editor
temporary/backup files.
• Files are parsed in sorted lexical order. That is, /etc/sudoers.d/01_first will be
parsed before /etc/sudoers.d/10_second.
• Be aware that because the sorting is lexical, not numeric,
/etc/sudoers.d/1_whoops would be loaded after /etc/sudoers.d/10_second.
• Using a consistent number of leading zeroes in the file names can be used to
avoid such problems.

Page 424
References:

1. SUDO(8)
2. VISUDO(8)

CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

5.4 Restrict Administrator Privileges to Dedicated

Administrator Accounts
v8 Restrict administrator privileges to dedicated administrator accounts on
enterprise assets. Conduct general computing activities, such as internet
● ● ●
browsing, email, and productivity suite use, from the user’s primary, non-privileged
account.

5.1 Establish Secure Configurations

v7 Maintain documented, standard security configuration standards for all ● ● ●
authorized operating systems and software.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1078, T1078.003, T1548,

TA0001, TA0003 M1026, M1038
T1548.003

Page 425
4.3.3 Ensure sudo log file exists (Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
sudo can use a custom log file
Rationale:
A sudo log file simplifies auditing of sudo commands
Impact:
WARNING: Editing the sudo configuration incorrectly can cause sudo to stop
functioning. Always use visudo to modify sudo configuration files.
Creation of additional log files can cause disk space exhaustion if not correctly
managed. You should configure logrotate to manage the sudo log in accordance with
your local policy.
Audit:
Run the following command to verify that sudo has a custom log file configured
# grep -rPsi
"^\h*Defaults\h+([^#]+,\h*)?logfile\h*=\h*(\"|\')?\H+(\"|\')?(,\h*\H+\h*)*\h*
(#.*)?$" /etc/sudoers*

Defaults logfile="/var/log/sudo.log"
Note:

• sudo will read each file in /etc/sudoers.d, skipping file names that end in ~ or
contain a . character to avoid causing problems with package manager or editor
temporary/backup files.
• Files are parsed in sorted lexical order. That is, /etc/sudoers.d/01_first will be
parsed before /etc/sudoers.d/10_second.
• Be aware that because the sorting is lexical, not numeric,
/etc/sudoers.d/1_whoops would be loaded after /etc/sudoers.d/10_second.
• Using a consistent number of leading zeroes in the file names can be used to
avoid such problems.

Page 426
Remediation:
Edit the file /etc/sudoers or a file in /etc/sudoers.d/ with visudo or visudo -f <PATH
TO FILE> and add the following line:
Defaults logfile="<PATH TO CUSTOM LOG FILE>"
Example
Defaults logfile="/var/log/sudo.log"

References:

1. SUDO(8)
2. VISUDO(8)
3. sudoers(5)

Additional Information:
visudo edits the sudoers file in a safe fashion, analogous to vipw(8). visudo locks the
sudoers file against multiple simultaneous edits, provides basic sanity checks, and
checks for parse errors. If the sudoers file is currently being edited you will receive a
message to try again later.
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

8.5 Collect Detailed Audit Logs

v8 Configure detailed audit logging for enterprise assets containing sensitive data.
Include event source, date, username, timestamp, source addresses, destination
● ●
addresses, and other useful elements that could assist in a forensic investigation.

6.3 Enable Detailed Logging

v7 Enable system logging to include detailed information such as an event source,
date, user, timestamp, source addresses, destination addresses, and other useful
● ●
elements.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1562, T1562.006 TA0004 M1026

Page 427
4.3.4 Ensure re-authentication for privilege escalation is not
disabled globally (Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
The operating system must be configured so that users must re-authenticate for
privilege escalation.
Rationale:
Without re-authentication, users may access resources or perform tasks for which they
do not have authorization.
When operating systems provide the capability to escalate a functional capability, it is
critical the user re-authenticate.
Audit:
Verify the operating system requires users to re-authenticate for privilege escalation.
Check the configuration of the /etc/sudoers and /etc/sudoers.d/* files with the
following command:
# grep -r "^[^#].*\!authenticate" /etc/sudoers*
If any line is found with a !authenticate tag, refer to the remediation procedure below.

Remediation:
Configure the operating system to require users to reauthenticate for privilege
escalation.
Based on the outcome of the audit procedure, use visudo -f <PATH TO FILE> to edit
the relevant sudoers file.
Remove any occurrences of !authenticate tags in the file(s).

References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-6

Page 428
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

5.4 Restrict Administrator Privileges to Dedicated

Administrator Accounts
v8 Restrict administrator privileges to dedicated administrator accounts on
enterprise assets. Conduct general computing activities, such as internet
● ● ●
browsing, email, and productivity suite use, from the user’s primary, non-privileged
account.

4.3 Ensure the Use of Dedicated Administrative Accounts

v7 Ensure that all users with administrative account access use a dedicated or
secondary account for elevated activities. This account should only be used for
● ● ●
administrative activities and not internet browsing, email, or similar activities.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1548 TA0004 M1026

Page 429
4.3.5 Ensure sudo authentication timeout is configured correctly
(Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
sudo caches used credentials for a default of 5 minutes. This is for ease of use when
there are multiple administrative tasks to perform. The timeout can be modified to suit
local security policies.
Rationale:
Setting a timeout value reduces the window of opportunity for unauthorized privileged
access to another user.
Audit:
Ensure that the caching timeout is no more than 15 minutes.
Example:
# grep -roP "timestamp_timeout=\K[0-9]*" /etc/sudoers*
If there is no timestamp_timeout configured in /etc/sudoers* then the default is 5
minutes. This default can be checked with:
# sudo -V | grep "Authentication timestamp timeout:"
NOTE: A value of -1 means that the timeout is disabled. Depending on the
configuration of the timestamp_type, this could mean for all terminals / processes of that
user and not just that one single terminal session.
Remediation:
If the currently configured timeout is larger than 15 minutes, edit the file listed in the
audit section with visudo -f <PATH TO FILE> and modify the entry timestamp_timeout=
to 15 minutes or less as per your site policy. The value is in minutes. This particular
entry may appear on its own, or on the same line as env_reset. See the following two
examples:
Defaults env_reset, timestamp_timeout=15
Defaults timestamp_timeout=15
Defaults env_reset

References:

1. https://www.sudo.ws/man/1.9.0/sudoers.man.html
2. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-6

Page 430
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

5.4 Restrict Administrator Privileges to Dedicated

Administrator Accounts
v8 Restrict administrator privileges to dedicated administrator accounts on
enterprise assets. Conduct general computing activities, such as internet
● ● ●
browsing, email, and productivity suite use, from the user’s primary, non-privileged
account.

4.3 Ensure the Use of Dedicated Administrative Accounts

v7 Ensure that all users with administrative account access use a dedicated or
secondary account for elevated activities. This account should only be used for
● ● ●
administrative activities and not internet browsing, email, or similar activities.

Page 431
4.3.6 Ensure access to the su command is restricted (Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
The su command allows a user to run a command or shell as another user. The
program has been superseded by sudo, which allows for more granular control over
privileged access. Normally, the su command can be executed by any user. By
uncommenting the pam_wheel.so statement in /etc/pam.d/su, the su command will only
allow users in a specific groups to execute su. This group should be empty to reinforce
the use of sudo for privileged access.

Rationale:
Restricting the use of su , and using sudo in its place, provides system administrators
better control of the escalation of user privileges to execute privileged commands. The
sudo utility also provides a better logging and audit mechanism, as it can log each
command executed via sudo , whereas su can only record that a user executed the su
program.
Audit:
Run the following command and verify the output matches the line:
# grep -Pi
'^\h*auth\h+(?:required|requisite)\h+pam_wheel\.so\h+(?:[^#\n\r]+\h+)?((?!\2)
(use_uid\b|group=\H+\b))\h+(?:[^#\n\r]+\h+)?((?!\1)(use_uid\b|group=\H+\b))(\
h+.*)?$' /etc/pam.d/su

auth required pam_wheel.so use_uid group=<group_name>

Run the following command and verify that the group specified in <group_name> contains
no users:
# grep <group_name> /etc/group

<group_name>:x:<GID>:
There should be no users listed after the Group ID field.

Page 432
Remediation:
Create an empty group that will be specified for use of the su command. The group
should be named according to site policy.
Example:
# groupadd sugroup
Add the following line to the /etc/pam.d/su file, specifying the empty group:
auth required pam_wheel.so use_uid group=sugroup

References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3. MP-2

CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

3.3 Configure Data Access Control Lists

v8 Configure data access control lists based on a user’s need to know. Apply
data access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote
● ● ●
file systems, databases, and applications.

5.1 Establish Secure Configurations

v7 Maintain documented, standard security configuration standards for all ● ● ●
authorized operating systems and software.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1078 TA0005 M1026

Page 433
4.4 Configure authselect

Authselect is a utility that simplifies the configuration of user authentication. Authselect

offers two ready-made profiles that can be universally used with all modern identity
management systems
Authselect makes testing and troubleshooting easy because it only modifies files in
these directories:

• /etc/nsswitch.conf
• /etc/pam.d/* files
• /etc/dconf/db/distro.d/* files

You can create and deploy a custom profile by customizing one of the default profiles,
the sssd, winbind, or the nis profile. This is particularly useful if Modifying a ready-made
authselect profile is not enough for your needs. When you deploy a custom profile, the
profile is applied to every user logging into the given host. This would be the
recommended method, so that the existing profiles can remain unmodified.
Example of creating a custom authselect profile called custom-profile
# authselect create-profile custom-profile -b sssd --symlink-meta
WARNING:
Do not use authselect if:

• your host is part of Linux Identity Management. Joining your host to an IdM
domain with the ipa-client-install command automatically configures SSSD
authentication on your host.
• Your host is part of Active Directory via SSSD. Calling the realm join command to
join your host to an Active Directory domain automatically configures SSSD
authentication on your host.
• It is not recommended to change the authselect profiles configured by ipa-client-
install or realm join. If you need to modify them, display the current settings
before making any modifications, so you can revert back to them if necessary

Page 434
4.4.1 Ensure custom authselect profile is used (Manual)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
A custom profile can be created by copying and customizing one of the default profiles.
The default profiles include: sssd, winbind, or the nis. This profile can then be
customized to follow site specific requirements.
You can select a profile for the authselect utility for a specific host. The profile will be
applied to every user logging into the host.
Rationale:
A custom profile is required to customize many of the pam options.
When you deploy a profile, the profile is applied to every user logging into the given host
Audit:
Ensure authselect is installed
# rpm -q authselect

authselect-<version>.amzn2023.0.2.x86_64
Run the following command to list the custom profile(s)
# authselect list | grep '^-\s*custom'
Verify output includes a custom profile:
Example:
- custom/custom-profile Enable SSSD for system authentication (also for
local users only)
Run the following command and verify that the current custom authselect profile is in
use on the system:
# head -1 /etc/authselect/authselect.conf | grep 'custom/'

custom/<CUSTOM_PROFILE_NAME>

Page 435
Remediation:
Run the following command to install authselect if needed
# dnf install authselect
Run the following command to create a custom authselect profile:
# authselect create-profile <custom-profile name> <options>
Example:
# authselect create-profile custom-profile -b sssd --symlink-meta
Run the following command to select a custom authselect profile:
# authselect select custom/<CUSTOM PROFILE NAME> {with-<OPTIONS>}
Example:
# authselect select custom/custom-profile with-sudo with-faillock without-
nullok

References:

1. authselect(8)
2. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CA-5

Additional Information:
with the option --base-on=BASE-ID or -b=BASE-ID the new profile will be based on a
profile named BASE-ID.
The base profile location is determined with these steps:

1. If BASE-ID starts with prefix custom/ it is a custom profile.

2. Try if BASE-ID is found in vendor profiles.
3. Try if BASE-ID is found in default profiles.
4. Return an error.

Page 436
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

16.2 Establish and Maintain a Process to Accept and

Address Software Vulnerabilities
Establish and maintain a process to accept and address reports of software
vulnerabilities, including providing a means for external entities to report. The
process is to include such items as: a vulnerability handling policy that identifies
reporting process, responsible party for handling vulnerability reports, and a process
v8 for intake, assignment, remediation, and remediation testing. As part of the process, ● ●
use a vulnerability tracking system that includes severity ratings, and metrics for
measuring timing for identification, analysis, and remediation of
vulnerabilities. Review and update documentation annually, or when significant
enterprise changes occur that could impact this Safeguard. Third-party application
developers need to consider this an externally-facing policy that helps to set
expectations for outside stakeholders.

16.7 Establish Process for Revoking Access

Establish and follow an automated process for revoking system access by
v7 disabling accounts immediately upon termination or change of responsibilities of an ● ●
employee or contractor . Disabling these accounts, instead of deleting accounts,
allows preservation of audit trails.

Page 437
4.4.2 Ensure authselect includes with-faillock (Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
The pam_faillock.so module maintains a list of failed authentication attempts per user
during a specified interval and locks the account in case there were more than the
configured number of consecutive failed authentications (this is defined by the deny
parameter in the faillock configuration). It stores the failure records into per-user files in
the tally directory.
Rationale:
Locking out user IDs after n unsuccessful consecutive login attempts mitigates brute
force password attacks against your systems.
Audit:
Run the following commands to verify that faillock is enabled
# grep pam_faillock.so /etc/pam.d/password-auth /etc/pam.d/system-auth
Output should be similar to:
/etc/authselect/password-auth:auth required
pam_faillock.so preauth silent
/etc/authselect/password-auth:auth required
pam_faillock.so authfail
/etc/authselect/password-auth:account required
pam_faillock.so
/etc/authselect/system-auth:auth required
pam_faillock.so preauth silent
/etc/authselect/system-auth:auth required
pam_faillock.so authfail
/etc/authselect/system-auth:account required
pam_faillock.so

Remediation:
Run the following commands to include the with-faillock option to the current
authselect profile:
# authselect enable-feature with-faillock
# authselect apply-changes

References:

1. faillock(8) - Linux man page

2. pam_faillock(8) - Linux man page
3. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1,CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5

Page 438
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

4.1 Establish and Maintain a Secure Configuration Process

Establish and maintain a secure configuration process for enterprise assets
v8 (end-user devices, including portable and mobile, non-computing/IoT devices, and
servers) and software (operating systems and applications). Review and update
● ● ●
documentation annually, or when significant enterprise changes occur that could
impact this Safeguard.

16.7 Establish Process for Revoking Access

Establish and follow an automated process for revoking system access by
v7 disabling accounts immediately upon termination or change of responsibilities of an ● ●
employee or contractor . Disabling these accounts, instead of deleting accounts,
allows preservation of audit trails.

Page 439
4.5 Configure PAM

PAM (Pluggable Authentication Modules) is a service that implements modular

authentication modules on UNIX systems. PAM is implemented as a set of shared
objects that are loaded and executed when a program needs to authenticate a user.
Files for PAM are typically located in the /etc/pam.d directory. PAM must be carefully
configured to secure system authentication. While this section covers some of PAM,
please consult other PAM resources to fully understand the configuration capabilities.

Page 440
4.5.1 Ensure password creation requirements are configured
(Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
The pam_pwquality.so module checks the strength of passwords. It performs checks
such as making sure a password is not a dictionary word, it is a certain length, contains
a mix of characters (e.g. alphabet, numeric, other) and more. The following are
definitions of the pam_pwquality.so options.

• try_first_pass - retrieve the password from a previous stacked PAM module. If

not available, then prompt the user for a password.
• retry=3 - Allow 3 tries before sending back a failure.
• minlen=14 - password must be 14 characters or more

Either of the following can be used to enforce complex passwords:

• minclass=4 - provide at least four classes of characters for the new password

OR

• dcredit=-1 - provide at least one digit

• ucredit=-1 - provide at least one uppercase character
• ocredit=-1 - provide at least one special character
• lcredit=-1 - provide at least one lowercase character

The settings shown above are one possible policy. Alter these values to conform to your
own organization's password policies
Rationale:
Strong passwords protect systems from being hacked through brute force methods.

Page 441
Audit:
Verify password creation requirements conform to organization policy:
Run the following command and verify that retry conforms to organization policy.
# grep pam_pwquality.so /etc/pam.d/system-auth /etc/pam.d/password-auth
Output should be similar to:
/etc/pam.d/system-auth:password requisite pam_pwquality.so try_first_pass
local_users_only enforce_for_root retry=3
/etc/pam.d/password-auth:password requisite pam_pwquality.so try_first_pass
local_users_only enforce_for_root retry=3
Run the following commands and verify password length requirements conform to
organization policy.
# grep ^minlen /etc/security/pwquality.conf
Verify minlen is 14 or more
Run one of the following commands and verify that password complexity conforms to
organization policy.
# grep ^minclass /etc/security/pwquality.conf
OR
# grep -E "^\s*\Scredit\s*=" /etc/security/pwquality.conf

Page 442
Remediation:
Edit the file /etc/security/pwquality.conf and add or modify the following line for
password length to conform to site policy
minlen = 14
Edit the file /etc/security/pwquality.conf and add or modify the following line for
password complexity to conform to site policy
minclass = 4
OR
dcredit = -1
ucredit = -1
ocredit = -1
lcredit = -1
Run the following script to update the system-auth and password-auth files
{
#!/usr/bin/env bash

for fn in system-auth password-auth; do

file="/etc/authselect/$(head -1 /etc/authselect/authselect.conf | grep
'custom/')/$fn"
if ! grep -Pq --
'^\h*password\h+requisite\h+pam_pwquality.so(\h+[^#\n\r]+)?\h+.*enforce_for_r
oot\b.*$' "$file"; then
sed -ri 's/^\s*(password\s+requisite\s+pam_pwquality.so\s+)(.*)$/\1\2
enforce_for_root/' "$file"
fi
if grep -Pq --
'^\h*password\h+requisite\h+pam_pwquality.so(\h+[^#\n\r]+)?\h+retry=([4-
9]|[1-9][0-9]+)\b.*$' "$file"; then
sed -ri '/pwquality/s/retry=\S+/retry=3/' "$file"
elif ! grep -Pq --
'^\h*password\h+requisite\h+pam_pwquality.so(\h+[^#\n\r]+)?\h+retry=\d+\b.*$'
"$file"; then
sed -ri 's/^\s*(password\s+requisite\s+pam_pwquality.so\s+)(.*)$/\1\2
retry=3/' "$file"
fi
done
authselect apply-changes
}

References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: IA-5

Additional Information:
all default authselect profiles have pam_pwquality enabled with the expectation that
options will be specified in pwquality.conf

Page 443
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

5.2 Use Unique Passwords

v8 Use unique passwords for all enterprise assets. Best practice implementation
includes, at a minimum, an 8-character password for accounts using MFA and a
● ● ●
14-character password for accounts not using MFA.

4.4 Use Unique Passwords

v7 Where multi-factor authentication is not supported (such as local administrator,
root, or service accounts), accounts will use passwords that are unique to that
● ●
system.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1110, T1110.001,
T1110.002, T1110.003,
TA0006 M1027
T1178.001, T1178.002,
T1178.003, T1178.004

Page 444
4.5.2 Ensure lockout for failed password attempts is configured
(Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
Lock out users after n unsuccessful consecutive login attempts.

• deny=<n> - Number of attempts before the account is locked

• unlock_time=<n> - Time in seconds before the account is unlocked

Note: The maximum configurable value for unlock_time is 604800

Rationale:
Locking out user IDs after n unsuccessful consecutive login attempts mitigates brute
force password attacks against your systems.
Impact:
Use of unlock_time=0 may allow an attacker to cause denial of service to legitimate
users.

Page 445
Audit:
Verify password lockouts are configured. Depending on the version you are running,
follow one of the two methods bellow.

• deny should not be 0 (never) or greater than 5

• unlock_time should be 0 (never) or 900 seconds or more.

Run the following command to verify that Number of failed logon attempts before the
account is locked is no greater than 5:
# grep -E '^\s*deny\s*=\s*[1-5]\b' /etc/security/faillock.conf

deny = 5
Run the following command to verify that the time in seconds before the account is
unlocked is either 0 (never) or 900 or more.
# grep -E '^\s*unlock_time\s*=\s*(0|9[0-9][0-9]|[1-9][0-9][0-9][0-9]+)\b'
/etc/security/faillock.conf

unlock_time = 900

Remediation:
Set password lockouts and unlock times to conform to site policy. deny should be
greater than 0 and no greater than 5. unlock_time should be 0 (never), or 900 seconds
or greater.
Edit /etc/security/faillock.conf and update or add the following lines:
deny = 5
unlock_time = 900

Default Value:
deny = 3
unlock_time = 600
References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-1, AC-2

Page 446
Additional Information:
Additional module options may be set, recommendation only covers those listed here.
If a user has been locked out because they have reached the maximum consecutive
failure count defined by deny= in the pam_faillock.so module, the user can be unlocked
by issuing the command faillock --user <USERNAME> --reset. This command sets the
failed count to 0, effectively unlocking the user.
Use of the "audit" keyword may log credentials in the case of user error during
authentication. This risk should be evaluated in the context of the site policies of your
organization.
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

6.2 Establish an Access Revoking Process

Establish and follow a process, preferably automated, for revoking access to
v8 enterprise assets, through disabling accounts immediately upon termination, rights ● ● ●
revocation, or role change of a user. Disabling accounts, instead of deleting
accounts, may be necessary to preserve audit trails.

16.7 Establish Process for Revoking Access

Establish and follow an automated process for revoking system access by
v7 disabling accounts immediately upon termination or change of responsibilities of an ● ●
employee or contractor . Disabling these accounts, instead of deleting accounts,
allows preservation of audit trails.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1110, T1110.001,
TA0006 M1027
T1110.003

Page 447
4.5.3 Ensure password reuse is limited (Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
The /etc/security/opasswd file stores the users' old passwords and can be checked to
ensure that users are not recycling recent passwords.

• remember=<5> - Number of old passwords to remember

Rationale:
Forcing users not to reuse their past 5 passwords make it less likely that an attacker will
be able to guess the password.
Note: These change only apply to accounts configured on the local system.
Audit:
Run the following command and verify that the remembered password history is 5 or
more
# grep -P
'^\h*password\h+(requisite|sufficient)\h+(pam_pwhistory\.so|pam_unix\.so)\h+(
[^#\n\r]+\h+)?remember=([5-9]|[1-9][0-9]+)\h*(\h+.*)?$' /etc/pam.d/system-
auth
The output should be similar to:
password requisite pam_pwhistory.so try_first_pass local_users_only
enforce_for_root retry=3 remember=5
password sufficient pam_unix.so sha512 shadow try_first_pass
use_authtok remember=5

Page 448
Remediation:
Set remembered password history to conform to site policy.
Run the following script to add or modify the pam_pwhistory.so and pam_unix.so lines to
include the remember option:
#!/usr/bin/env bash

{
file="/etc/authselect/$(head -1 /etc/authselect/authselect.conf | grep
'custom/')/system-auth"
if ! grep -Pq --
'^\h*password\h+(requisite|required|sufficient)\h+pam_pwhistory\.so\h+([^#\n\
r]+\h+)?remember=([5-9]|[1-9][0-9]+)\b.*$' "$file"; then
if grep -Pq --
'^\h*password\h+(requisite|required|sufficient)\h+pam_pwhistory\.so\h+([^#\n\
r]+\h+)?remember=\d+\b.*$' "$file"; then
sed -ri
's/^\s*(password\s+(requisite|required|sufficient)\s+pam_pwhistory\.so\s+([^#
\n\r]+\s+)?)(remember=\S+\s*)(\s+.*)?$/\1 remember=5 \5/' $file
elif grep -Pq --
'^\h*password\h+(requisite|required|sufficient)\h+pam_pwhistory\.so\h+([^#\n\
r]+\h+)?.*$' "$file"; then
sed -ri
'/^\s*password\s+(requisite|required|sufficient)\s+pam_pwhistory\.so/ s/$/
remember=5/' $file
else
sed -ri
'/^\s*password\s+(requisite|required|sufficient)\s+pam_unix\.so/i password
required pam_pwhistory.so remember=5 use_authtok' $file
fi
fi
if ! grep -Pq --
'^\h*password\h+(requisite|required|sufficient)\h+pam_unix\.so\h+([^#\n\r]+\h
+)?remember=([5-9]|[1-9][0-9]+)\b.*$' "$file"; then
if grep -Pq --
'^\h*password\h+(requisite|required|sufficient)\h+pam_unix\.so\h+([^#\n\r]+\h
+)?remember=\d+\b.*$' "$file"; then
sed -ri
's/^\s*(password\s+(requisite|required|sufficient)\s+pam_unix\.so\s+([^#\n\r]
+\s+)?)(remember=\S+\s*)(\s+.*)?$/\1 remember=5 \5/' $file
else
sed -ri
'/^\s*password\s+(requisite|required|sufficient)\s+pam_unix\.so/ s/$/
remember=5/' $file
fi
fi
authselect apply-changes
}

References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: IA-5

Page 449
Additional Information:
Additional module options may be set, recommendation only covers those listed here.
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

5.2 Use Unique Passwords

v8 Use unique passwords for all enterprise assets. Best practice implementation
includes, at a minimum, an 8-character password for accounts using MFA and a
● ● ●
14-character password for accounts not using MFA.

4.4 Use Unique Passwords

v7 Where multi-factor authentication is not supported (such as local administrator,
root, or service accounts), accounts will use passwords that are unique to that
● ●
system.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1078, T1078.001,
T1078.002, T1078.003,
TA0006 M1027
T1078.004, T1110,
T1110.004

Page 450
4.5.4 Ensure password hashing algorithm is SHA-512
(Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
A cryptographic hash function converts an arbitrary-length input into a fixed length
output. Password hashing performs a one-way transformation of a password, turning
the password into another string, called the hashed password.
Rationale:
The SHA-512 algorithm provides stronger hashing than other hashing algorithms used
for password hashing with Linux, providing additional protection to the system by
increasing the level of effort for an attacker to successfully determine passwords.
Note: These changes only apply to accounts configured on the local system.

Page 451
Audit:
Verify password hashing algorithm is sha512 or yescrypt:
Run the following command to verify the hashing algorithm is sha512 or yescrypt in
/etc/libuser.conf:

# grep -Ei '^\s*crypt_style\s*=\s*(sha512|yescrypt)\b' /etc/libuser.conf

crypt_style = sha512
Run the following command to verify the hashing algorithm is sha512 or yescrypt in
/etc/login.defs:

# grep -Ei '^\s*ENCRYPT_METHOD\s+(SHA512|yescrypt)\b' /etc/login.defs

ENCRYPT_METHOD SHA512

-OR-

ENCRYPT_METHOD YESCRYPT
Run the following command to verify the hashing algorithm is configured with
pam_unix.so in /etc/pam.d/system-auth and /etc/pam.d/password-auth:

# grep -P --
'^\h*password\h+(requisite|required|sufficient)\h+pam_unix\.so(\h+[^#\n\r]+)?
\h+(sha512|yescrypt)\b.*$' /etc/pam.d/password-auth /etc/pam.d/system-auth
The output should be similar to:
/etc/pam.d/password-auth:password sufficient pam_unix.so sha512 shadow
try_first_pass use_authtok remember=5
/etc/pam.d/system-auth:password sufficient pam_unix.so sha512 shadow
try_first_pass use_authtok remember=5

Page 452
Remediation:
Set password hashing algorithm to sha512.
Edit /etc/libuser.conf and edit of add the following line:
crypt_style = sha512
Edit /etc/login.defs and edit or add the following line:
ENCRYPT_METHOD SHA512

-OR-

ENCRYPT_METHOD YESCRYPT
Run the following script to configure pam_unix.so to use the sha512 hashing algorithm:
#!/usr/bin/env bash

{
for fn in system-auth password-auth; do
file="/etc/authselect/$(head -1 /etc/authselect/authselect.conf | grep
'custom/')/$fn"
if ! grep -Pq --
'^\h*password\h+(requisite|required|sufficient)\h+pam_unix\.so(\h+[^#\n\r]+)?
\h+sha512\b.*$' "$file"; then
if grep -Pq --
'^\h*password\h+(requisite|required|sufficient)\h+pam_unix\.so(\h+[^#\n\r]+)?
\h+(md5|blowfish|bigcrypt|sha256|yescrypt)\b.*$' "$file"; then
sed -ri 's/(md5|blowfish|bigcrypt|sha256|yescrypt)/sha512/' "$file"
else
sed -ri
's/(^\s*password\s+(requisite|required|sufficient)\s+pam_unix.so\s+)(.*)$/\1s
ha512 \3/' "$file"
fi
fi
done
authselect apply-changes
}
Note: This only effects local users and passwords created after updating the files to use
sha512. If it is determined that the password algorithm being used is not SHA-512, once
it is changed, it is recommended that all user ID's be immediately expired and forced to
change their passwords on next login.
References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: IA-5

Page 453
Additional Information:
Additional module options may be set, recommendation only covers those listed here.
The following command may be used to expire all non-system user ID's immediately
and force them to change their passwords on next login. Any system accounts that
need to be expired should be carefully done separately by the system administrator to
prevent any potential problems.
# awk -F: '( $3<'"$(awk '/^\s*UID_MIN/{print $2}' /etc/login.defs)"' && $1 !=
"nfsnobody" ) { print $1 }' /etc/passwd | xargs -n 1 chage -d 0

CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

3.11 Encrypt Sensitive Data at Rest

Encrypt sensitive data at rest on servers, applications, and databases containing
sensitive data. Storage-layer encryption, also known as server-side encryption,
v8 meets the minimum requirement of this Safeguard. Additional encryption methods ● ●
may include application-layer encryption, also known as client-side encryption,
where access to the data storage device(s) does not permit access to the plain-text
data.

v7 16.4 Encrypt or Hash all Authentication Credentials ● ●

Encrypt or hash with a salt all authentication credentials when stored.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1003, T1003.008, T1110,

TA0006 M1041
T1110.002

Page 454
4.6 User Accounts and Environment

This section provides guidance on setting up secure defaults for system and user
accounts and their environment.

Page 455
4.6.1 Set Shadow Password Suite Parameters

While a majority of the password control parameters have been moved to PAM, some
parameters are still available through the shadow password suite. Any changes made to
/etc/login.defs will only be applied if the usermod command is used. If user IDs are
added a different way, use the chage command to effect changes to individual user IDs.

Page 456
4.6.1.1 Ensure password expiration is 365 days or less
(Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
The PASS_MAX_DAYS parameter in /etc/login.defs allows an administrator to force
passwords to expire once they reach a defined age. It is recommended that the
PASS_MAX_DAYS parameter be set to less than or equal to 365 days.

Rationale:
The window of opportunity for an attacker to leverage compromised credentials or
successfully compromise credentials via an online brute force attack is limited by the
age of the password. Therefore, reducing the maximum age of a password also reduces
an attacker's window of opportunity.
Audit:
Run the following command and verify PASS_MAX_DAYS conforms to site policy (no more
than 365 days):
# grep PASS_MAX_DAYS /etc/login.defs

PASS_MAX_DAYS 365
Run the following command and Review list of users and PASS_MAX_DAYS to verify
that all users' PASS_MAX_DAYS conforms to site policy (no more than 365 days):
# grep -E '^[^:]+:[^!*]' /etc/shadow | cut -d: -f1,5

<user>:<PASS_MAX_DAYS>

Remediation:
Set the PASS_MAX_DAYS parameter to conform to site policy in /etc/login.defs :
PASS_MAX_DAYS 365
Modify user parameters for all users with a password set to match:
# chage --maxdays 365 <user>

References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1, CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5

Page 457
Additional Information:
You can also check this setting in /etc/shadow directly. The 5th field should be 365 or
less for all users with a password.
Note: A value of -1 will disable password expiration. Additionally, the password
expiration must be greater than the minimum days between password changes or users
will be unable to change their password.
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

4.1 Establish and Maintain a Secure Configuration Process

Establish and maintain a secure configuration process for enterprise assets
v8 (end-user devices, including portable and mobile, non-computing/IoT devices, and
servers) and software (operating systems and applications). Review and update
● ● ●
documentation annually, or when significant enterprise changes occur that could
impact this Safeguard.

4.4 Use Unique Passwords

v7 Where multi-factor authentication is not supported (such as local administrator,
root, or service accounts), accounts will use passwords that are unique to that
● ●
system.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1078, T1078.001,
T1078.002, T1078.003,
T1078.004, T1110, TA0001 M1027
T1110.001, T1110.002,
T1110.003, T1110.004

Page 458
4.6.1.2 Ensure minimum days between password changes is
configured (Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
The PASS_MIN_DAYS parameter in /etc/login.defs allows an administrator to prevent
users from changing their password until a minimum number of days have passed since
the last time the user changed their password. It is recommended that PASS_MIN_DAYS
parameter be set to 1 or more days.
Rationale:
By restricting the frequency of password changes, an administrator can prevent users
from repeatedly changing their password in an attempt to circumvent password reuse
controls.
Audit:
Run the following command and verify PASS_MIN_DAYS conforms to site policy (no less
than 1 day):
# grep PASS_MIN_DAYS /etc/login.defs

PASS_MIN_DAYS 1
Run the following command and Review list of users and PAS_MIN_DAYS to Verify that
all users' PAS_MIN_DAYS conforms to site policy (no less than 1 day):
# awk -F : '(/^[^:]+:[^!*]/ && $4 < 1){print $1 " " $4}' /etc/shadow

No <user>:<PASS_MIN_DAYS> should be returned

Remediation:
Set the PASS_MIN_DAYS parameter to 1 in /etc/login.defs:
PASS_MIN_DAYS 1
Modify user parameters for all users with a password set to match:
# chage --mindays 1 <user>

Default Value:
PASS_MIN_DAYS 0

Page 459
References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1, CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5

Additional Information:
You can also check this setting in /etc/shadow directly. The 4th field should be 1 or
more for all users with a password.
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

5.2 Use Unique Passwords

v8 Use unique passwords for all enterprise assets. Best practice implementation
includes, at a minimum, an 8-character password for accounts using MFA and a
● ● ●
14-character password for accounts not using MFA.

4.4 Use Unique Passwords

v7 Where multi-factor authentication is not supported (such as local administrator,
root, or service accounts), accounts will use passwords that are unique to that
● ●
system.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1078, T1078.001,
T1078.002, T1078.003, TA0006 M1027
T1078.004, T1110.004

Page 460
4.6.1.3 Ensure password expiration warning days is 7 or more
(Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
The PASS_WARN_AGE parameter in /etc/login.defs allows an administrator to notify
users that their password will expire in a defined number of days. It is recommended
that the PASS_WARN_AGE parameter be set to 7 or more days.

Rationale:
Providing an advance warning that a password will be expiring gives users time to think
of a secure password. Users caught unaware may choose a simple password or write it
down where it may be discovered.
Audit:
Run the following command and verify PASS_WARN_AGE conforms to site policy (No less
than 7 days):
# grep PASS_WARN_AGE /etc/login.defs

PASS_WARN_AGE 7
Verify all users with a password have their number of days of warning before password
expires set to 7 or more:
Run the following command and Review list of users and PASS_WARN_AGE to verify that all
users' PASS_WARN_AGE conforms to site policy (No less than 7 days):
# grep -E ^[^:]+:[^\!*] /etc/shadow | cut -d: -f1,6

<user>:<PASS_WARN_AGE>

Remediation:
Set the PASS_WARN_AGE parameter to 7 in /etc/login.defs :
PASS_WARN_AGE 7
Modify user parameters for all users with a password set to match:
# chage --warndays 7 <user>

References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1, CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5

Page 461
Additional Information:
You can also check this setting in /etc/shadow directly. The 6th field should be 7 or
more for all users with a password.
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

4.1 Establish and Maintain a Secure Configuration Process

Establish and maintain a secure configuration process for enterprise assets
v8 (end-user devices, including portable and mobile, non-computing/IoT devices, and
servers) and software (operating systems and applications). Review and update
● ● ●
documentation annually, or when significant enterprise changes occur that could
impact this Safeguard.

4.4 Use Unique Passwords

v7 Where multi-factor authentication is not supported (such as local administrator,
root, or service accounts), accounts will use passwords that are unique to that
● ●
system.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1078 TA0006 M1027

Page 462
4.6.1.4 Ensure inactive password lock is 30 days or less
(Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
User accounts that have been inactive for over a given period of time can be
automatically disabled. It is recommended that accounts that are inactive for 30 days
after password expiration be disabled.
Rationale:
Inactive accounts pose a threat to system security since the users are not logging in to
notice failed login attempts or other anomalies.
Audit:
Run the following command and verify INACTIVE conforms to site policy (no more than
30 days):
# useradd -D | grep INACTIVE

INACTIVE=30
Verify all users with a password have Password inactive no more than 30 days after
password expires
Verify all users with a password have Password inactive no more than 30 days after
password expires: Run the following command and Review list of users and INACTIVE
to verify that all users' INACTIVE conforms to site policy (no more than 30 days):
# awk -F: '/^[^#:]+:[^!\*:]*:[^:]*:[^:]*:[^:]*:[^:]*:(\s*|-1|3[1-9]|[4-9][0-
9]|[1-9][0-9][0-9]+):[^:]*:[^:]*\s*$/ {print $1":"$7}' /etc/shadow

No <user>:<INACTIVE> should be returned

Remediation:
Run the following command to set the default password inactivity period to 30 days:
# useradd -D -f 30
Modify user parameters for all users with a password set to match:
# chage --inactive 30 <user>

Default Value:
INACTIVE=-1

Page 463
References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1, CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5

Additional Information:
You can also check this setting in /etc/shadow directly. The 7th field should be 30 or
less for all users with a password.
Note: A value of -1 would disable this setting.
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

5.2 Use Unique Passwords

v8 Use unique passwords for all enterprise assets. Best practice implementation
includes, at a minimum, an 8-character password for accounts using MFA and a
● ● ●
14-character password for accounts not using MFA.

4.4 Use Unique Passwords

v7 Where multi-factor authentication is not supported (such as local administrator,
root, or service accounts), accounts will use passwords that are unique to that
● ●
system.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1078, T1078.002,
TA0001 M1027
T1078.003

Page 464
4.6.1.5 Ensure all users last password change date is in the past
(Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
All users should have a password change date in the past.
Rationale:
If a user's recorded password change date is in the future, then they could bypass any
set password expiration.
Audit:
Run the following command and verify nothing is returned
# awk -F: '/^[^:]+:[^!*]/{print $1}' /etc/shadow | while read -r usr; \
do change=$(date -d "$(chage --list $usr | grep '^Last password change' | cut
-d: -f2 | grep -v 'never$')" +%s); \
if [[ "$change" -gt "$(date +%s)" ]]; then \
echo "User: \"$usr\" last password change was \"$(chage --list $usr | grep
'^Last password change' | cut -d: -f2)\""; fi; done

Remediation:
Investigate any users with a password change date in the future and correct them.
Locking the account, expiring the password, or resetting the password manually may be
appropriate.
References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: IA-5

Page 465
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

5.2 Use Unique Passwords

v8 Use unique passwords for all enterprise assets. Best practice implementation
includes, at a minimum, an 8-character password for accounts using MFA and a
● ● ●
14-character password for accounts not using MFA.

4.4 Use Unique Passwords

v7 Where multi-factor authentication is not supported (such as local administrator,
root, or service accounts), accounts will use passwords that are unique to that
● ●
system.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1078, T1078.001,
T1078.002, T1078.003,
T1078.004, T1110, TA0006 M1027
T1110.001, T1110.002,
T1110.003, T1110.004

Page 466
4.6.2 Ensure system accounts are secured (Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
There are a number of accounts provided with most distributions that are used to
manage applications and are not intended to provide an interactive shell. Furthermore,
a user may add special accounts that are not intended to provide an interactive shell.
Rationale:
It is important to make sure that accounts that are not being used by regular users are
prevented from being used to provide an interactive shell. By default, most distributions
set the password field for these accounts to an invalid string, but it is also recommended
that the shell field in the password file be set to the nologin shell. This prevents the
account from potentially being used to run any commands.
Audit:
System accounts

Check critical system accounts for nologin

Run the following command:
# awk -F: '($1!~/^(root|halt|sync|shutdown|nfsnobody)$/ && ($3<'"$(awk
'/^\s*UID_MIN/{print $2}' /etc/login.defs)"' || $3 == 65534) &&
$7!~/^(\/usr)?\/sbin\/nologin$/) { print $1 }' /etc/passwd
Verify no results are returned.
Disabled accounts

Ensure all accounts that configured the shell as nologin also have their passwords
disabled.
Run the following command:
# awk -F: '/nologin/ {print $1}' /etc/passwd | xargs -I '{}' passwd -S '{}' |
awk '($2!="L" && $2!="LK") {print $1}'
Verify no results are returned.

Page 467
Remediation:
System accounts

Set the shell for any accounts returned by the audit to nologin:
# usermod -s $(command -v nologin) <user>
Disabled accounts

Lock any non root accounts returned by the audit:

# usermod -L <user>
Large scale changes

The following command will set all system accounts to nologin:

# awk -F: '($1!~/^(root|halt|sync|shutdown|nfsnobody)$/ && ($3<'"$(awk
'/^\s*UID_MIN/{print $2}' /etc/login.defs)"' || $3 == 65534)) { print $1 }'
/etc/passwd | while read user; do usermod -s $(command -v nologin) $user
>/dev/null; done
The following command will automatically lock all accounts that have their shell set to
nologin:

# awk -F: '/nologin/ {print $1}' /etc/passwd | while read user; do usermod -L
$user; done

References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-2. AC-3, AC-5, MP-2

Additional Information:
The root, sync, shutdown, and halt users are exempted from requiring a non-login
shell.

Page 468
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

3.3 Configure Data Access Control Lists

v8 Configure data access control lists based on a user’s need to know. Apply data
access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file
● ● ●
systems, databases, and applications.

14.6 Protect Information through Access Control Lists

Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share,
v7 claims, application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will
enforce the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the
● ● ●
information based on their need to access the information as a part of their
responsibilities.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1078, T1078.001,
TA0005 M1026
T1078.003

Page 469
4.6.3 Ensure default user shell timeout is 900 seconds or less
(Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
TMOUT is an environmental setting that determines the timeout of a shell in seconds.

• TMOUT=n - Sets the shell timeout to n seconds. A setting of TMOUT=0 disables

timeout.
• readonly TMOUT- Sets the TMOUT environmental variable as readonly,
preventing unwanted modification during run-time.
• export TMOUT - exports the TMOUT variable

System Wide Shell Configuration Files:

• /etc/profile - used to set system wide environmental variables on users shells.

The variables are sometimes the same ones that are in the .bash_profile,
however this file is used to set an initial PATH or PS1 for all shell users of the
system. is only executed for interactive login shells, or shells executed with
the --login parameter.
• /etc/profile.d - /etc/profile will execute the scripts within
/etc/profile.d/*.sh. It is recommended to place your configuration in a shell
script within /etc/profile.d to set your own system wide environmental
variables.
• /etc/bashrc - System wide version of .bashrc. In Fedora derived distributions,
/etc/bashrc also invokes /etc/profile.d/*.sh if non-login shell, but redirects output
to /dev/null if non-interactive. Is only executed for interactive shells or if
BASH_ENV is set to /etc/bashrc.

Rationale:
Setting a timeout value reduces the window of opportunity for unauthorized user access
to another user's shell session that has been left unattended. It also ends the inactive
session and releases the resources associated with that session.

Page 470
Audit:
Run the following script to verify that TMOUT is configured to: include a timeout of no
more than 900 seconds, to be readonly, to be exported, and is not being changed to a
longer timeout.
#!/usr/bin/env bash

{
output1="" output2=""
[ -f /etc/bashrc ] && BRC="/etc/bashrc"
for f in "$BRC" /etc/profile /etc/profile.d/*.sh ; do
grep -Pq '^\s*([^#]+\s+)?TMOUT=(900|[1-8][0-9][0-9]|[1-9][0-9]|[1-
9])\b' "$f" && grep -Pq
'^\s*([^#]+;\s*)?readonly\s+TMOUT(\s+|\s*;|\s*$|=(900|[1-8][0-9][0-9]|[1-
9][0-9]|[1-9]))\b' "$f" && grep -Pq
'^\s*([^#]+;\s*)?export\s+TMOUT(\s+|\s*;|\s*$|=(900|[1-8][0-9][0-9]|[1-9][0-
9]|[1-9]))\b' "$f" &&
output1="$f"
done
grep -Pq '^\s*([^#]+\s+)?TMOUT=(9[0-9][1-9]|9[1-9][0-9]|0+|[1-9]\d{3,})\b'
/etc/profile /etc/profile.d/*.sh "$BRC" && output2=$(grep -Ps
'^\s*([^#]+\s+)?TMOUT=(9[0-9][1-9]|9[1-9][0-9]|0+|[1-9]\d{3,})\b'
/etc/profile /etc/profile.d/*.sh $BRC)
if [ -n "$output1" ] && [ -z "$output2" ]; then
echo -e "\nPASSED\n\nTMOUT is configured in: \"$output1\"\n"
else
[ -z "$output1" ] && echo -e "\nFAILED\n\nTMOUT is not configured\n"
[ -n "$output2" ] && echo -e "\nFAILED\n\nTMOUT is incorrectly
configured in: \"$output2\"\n"
fi
}

Page 471
Remediation:
Review /etc/bashrc, /etc/profile, and all files ending in *.sh in the /etc/profile.d/
directory and remove or edit all TMOUT=_n_ entries to follow local site policy. TMOUT
should not exceed 900 or be equal to 0.
Configure TMOUT in one of the following files:

• A file in the /etc/profile.d/ directory ending in .sh

• /etc/profile
• /etc/bashrc

TMOUT configuration examples:

• As multiple lines:

TMOUT=900
readonly TMOUT
export TMOUT

• As a single line:

readonly TMOUT=900 ; export TMOUT

References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-11

Additional Information:
The audit and remediation in this recommendation apply to bash and shell. If other
shells are supported on the system, it is recommended that their configuration files also
are checked. Other methods of setting a timeout exist for other shells not covered here.
Ensure that the timeout conforms to your local policy.
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

4.3 Configure Automatic Session Locking on Enterprise

Assets
v8 Configure automatic session locking on enterprise assets after a defined period ● ● ●
of inactivity. For general purpose operating systems, the period must not exceed
15 minutes. For mobile end-user devices, the period must not exceed 2 minutes.

v7 16.11 Lock Workstation Sessions After Inactivity ● ● ●

Automatically lock workstation sessions after a standard period of inactivity.

Page 472
MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1078 TA0005 M1026

Page 473
4.6.4 Ensure default group for the root account is GID 0
(Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
The usermod command can be used to specify which group the root account belongs to.
This affects permissions of files that are created by the root account.

Rationale:
Using GID 0 for the root account helps prevent root -owned files from accidentally
becoming accessible to non-privileged users.
Audit:
Run the following command and verify the result is 0 :
# grep "^root:" /etc/passwd | cut -f4 -d:
0

Remediation:
Run the following command to set the root account default group to GID 0 :
# usermod -g 0 root

References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1,CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5

CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

4.1 Establish and Maintain a Secure Configuration Process

Establish and maintain a secure configuration process for enterprise assets
v8 (end-user devices, including portable and mobile, non-computing/IoT devices, and
servers) and software (operating systems and applications). Review and update
● ● ●
documentation annually, or when significant enterprise changes occur that could
impact this Safeguard.

5.1 Establish Secure Configurations

v7 Maintain documented, standard security configuration standards for all ● ● ●
authorized operating systems and software.

Page 474
MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1548, T1548.000 TA0005 M1026

Page 475
4.6.5 Ensure default user umask is 027 or more restrictive
(Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
The user file-creation mode mask (umask) is use to determine the file permission for
newly created directories and files. In Linux, the default permissions for any newly
created directory is 0777 (rwxrwxrwx), and for any newly created file it is 0666 (rw-rw-
rw-). The umask modifies the default Linux permissions by restricting (masking) these
permissions. The umask is not simply subtracted, but is processed bitwise. Bits set in the
umask are cleared in the resulting file mode.

umask can be set with either octal or Symbolic values:

• Octal (Numeric) Value - Represented by either three or four digits. ie umask 0027
or umask 027. If a four digit umask is used, the first digit is ignored. The remaining
three digits effect the resulting permissions for user, group, and world/other
respectively.
• Symbolic Value - Represented by a comma separated list for User u, group g,
and world/other o. The permissions listed are not masked by umask. ie a umask
set by umask u=rwx,g=rx,o= is the Symbolic equivalent of the Octal umask 027.
This umask would set a newly created directory with file mode drwxr-x--- and a
newly created file with file mode rw-r-----.

The default umask can be set to use the pam_umask module or in a System Wide Shell
Configuration File. The user creating the directories or files has the discretion of
changing the permissions via the chmod command, or choosing a different default
umask by adding the umask command into a User Shell Configuration File, (
.bash_profile or .bashrc), in their home directory.

Page 476
Setting the default umask:

• pam_umask module:
o will set the umask according to the system default in /etc/login.defs and
user settings, solving the problem of different umask settings with different
shells, display managers, remote sessions etc.
o umask=<mask> value in the /etc/login.defs file is interpreted as Octal
o Setting USERGROUPS_ENAB to yes in /etc/login.defs (default):
▪ will enable setting of the umask group bits to be the same as owner
bits. (examples: 022 -> 002, 077 -> 007) for non-root users, if the
uid is the same as gid, and username is the same as the <primary
group name>
▪ userdel will remove the user's group if it contains no more
members, and useradd will create by default a group with the name
of the user
• System Wide Shell Configuration File:
o /etc/profile - used to set system wide environmental variables on users
shells. The variables are sometimes the same ones that are in the
.bash_profile, however this file is used to set an initial PATH or PS1 for
all shell users of the system. is only executed for interactive login
shells, or shells executed with the --login parameter.
o /etc/profile.d - /etc/profile will execute the scripts within
/etc/profile.d/*.sh. It is recommended to place your configuration in a
shell script within /etc/profile.d to set your own system wide
environmental variables.
o /etc/bashrc - System wide version of .bashrc. In Fedora derived
distributions, etc/bashrc also invokes /etc/profile.d/*.sh if non-login shell,
but redirects output to /dev/null if non-interactive. Is only executed for
interactive shells or if BASH_ENV is set to /etc/bashrc.

User Shell Configuration Files:

• ~/.bash_profile - Is executed to configure your shell before the initial command

prompt. Is only read by login shells.
• ~/.bashrc - Is executed for interactive shells. only read by a shell that's both
interactive and non-login

Rationale:
Setting a secure default value for umask ensures that users make a conscious choice
about their file permissions. A permissive umask value could result in directories or files
with excessive permissions that can be read and/or written to by unauthorized users.

Page 477
Audit:
Run the following to verify:

• A default user umask is set to enforce a newly created directories' permissions to

be 750 (drwxr-x---), and a newly created file's permissions be 640 (rw-r-----
), or more restrictive
• No less restrictive System Wide umask is set

Run the following script to verify that a default user umask is set enforcing a newly
created directories's permissions to be 750 (drwxr-x---), and a newly created file's
permissions be 640 (rw-r-----), or more restrictive:
#!/bin/bash

{
passing=""
grep -Eiq '^\s*UMASK\s+(0[0-7][2-7]7|[0-7][2-7]7)\b' /etc/login.defs &&
grep -Eqi '^\s*USERGROUPS_ENAB\s*"?no"?\b' /etc/login.defs && grep -Eq
'^\s*session\s+(optional|requisite|required)\s+pam_umask\.so\b'
/etc/pam.d/common-session && passing=true
grep -REiq '^\s*UMASK\s+\s*(0[0-7][2-7]7|[0-7][2-
7]7|u=(r?|w?|x?)(r?|w?|x?)(r?|w?|x?),g=(r?x?|x?r?),o=)\b' /etc/profile*
/etc/bashrc* && passing=true
[ "$passing" = true ] && echo "Default user umask is set"
}
Verify output is: "Default user umask is set"
Run the following to verify that no less restrictive system wide umask is set:
# grep -RPi '(^|^[^#]*)\s*umask\s+([0-7][0-7][01][0-7]\b|[0-7][0-7][0-7][0-
6]\b|[0-7][01][0-7]\b|[0-7][0-7][0-
6]\b|(u=[rwx]{0,3},)?(g=[rwx]{0,3},)?o=[rwx]+\b|(u=[rwx]{1,3},)?g=[^rx]{1,3}(
,o=[rwx]{0,3})?\b)' /etc/login.defs /etc/profile* /etc/bashrc*

No file should be returned

Page 478
Remediation:
Review /etc/bashrc, /etc/profile, and all files ending in *.sh in the /etc/profile.d/ directory
and remove or edit all umask entries to follow local site policy. Any remaining entries
should be: umask 027, umask u=rwx,g=rx,o= or more restrictive.
Configure umask in one of the following files:

• A file in the /etc/profile.d/ directory ending in .sh

• /etc/profile
• /etc/bashrc

Example:
# vi /etc/profile.d/set_umask.sh

umask 027
Run the following command and remove or modify the umask of any returned files:
# grep -RPi '(^|^[^#]*)\s*umask\s+([0-7][0-7][01][0-7]\b|[0-7][0-7][0-7][0-
6]\b|[0-7][01][0-7]\b|[0-7][0-7][0-
6]\b|(u=[rwx]{0,3},)?(g=[rwx]{0,3},)?o=[rwx]+\b|(u=[rwx]{1,3},)?g=[^rx]{1,3}(
,o=[rwx]{0,3})?\b)' /etc/login.defs /etc/profile* /etc/bashrc*
Follow one of the following methods to set the default user umask:
Edit /etc/login.defs and edit the UMASK and USERGROUPS_ENAB lines as follows:
UMASK 027

USERGROUPS_ENAB no
Edit the files /etc/pam.d/password-auth and /etc/pam.d/system-auth and add or edit
the following:
session optional pam_umask.so
OR Configure umask in one of the following files:

• A file in the /etc/profile.d/ directory ending in .sh

• /etc/profile
• /etc/bashrc

Example: /etc/profile.d/set_umask.sh
umask 027
Note: this method only applies to bash and shell. If other shells are supported on the
system, it is recommended that their configuration files also are checked.
Default Value:
UMASK 022

Page 479
References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2

Additional Information:

• Other methods of setting a default user umask exist

• If other methods are in use in your environment they should be audited
• The default user umask can be overridden with a user specific umask
• The user creating the directories or files has the discretion of changing the
permissions:
o Using the chmod command
o Setting a different default umask by adding the umask command into a
User Shell Configuration File, (.bashrc), in their home directory
o Manually changing the umask for the duration of a login session by
running the umask command

CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

3.3 Configure Data Access Control Lists

v8 Configure data access control lists based on a user’s need to know. Apply data
access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file
● ● ●
systems, databases, and applications.

14.6 Protect Information through Access Control Lists

Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share,
v7 claims, application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will
enforce the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the
● ● ●
information based on their need to access the information as a part of their
responsibilities.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1083 TA0007

Page 480
4.6.6 Ensure root password is set (Manual)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
There are a number of methods to access the root account directly. Without a password
set any user would be able to gain access and thus control over the entire system.
Rationale:
Access to root should be secured at all times.

Impact:
If there are any automated processes that relies on access to the root account without
authentication, they will fail after remediation.
Audit:
Run the following command:
# passwd -S root
Verify that the output contains "Password set". Example:
root PS 2022-05-03 0 99999 7 -1 (Password set, SHA512 crypt.)

Remediation:
Set the root password with:
# passwd root

References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-2. AC-3, AC-5, MP-2

Page 481
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

3.3 Configure Data Access Control Lists

v8 Configure data access control lists based on a user’s need to know. Apply data
access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file
● ● ●
systems, databases, and applications.

14.6 Protect Information through Access Control Lists

Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share,
v7 claims, application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will
enforce the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the
● ● ●
information based on their need to access the information as a part of their
responsibilities.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1078 TA0005 M1026

Page 482
5 Logging and Auditing
The items in this section describe how to configure logging, log monitoring, and
auditing, using tools included in most distributions.
It is recommended that rsyslog be used for logging (with logwatch providing
summarization) and auditd be used for auditing (with aureport providing
summarization) to automatically monitor logs for intrusion attempts and other suspicious
system behavior.
In addition to the local log files created by the steps in this section, it is also
recommended that sites collect copies of their system logs on a secure, centralized log
server via an encrypted connection. Not only does centralized logging help sites
correlate events that may be occurring on multiple systems, but having a second copy
of the system log information may be critical after a system compromise where the
attacker has modified the local log files on the affected system(s). If a log correlation
system is deployed, configure it to process the logs described in this section.
Because it is often necessary to correlate log information from many different systems
(particularly after a security incident) it is recommended that the time be synchronized
among systems and devices connected to the local network. The standard Internet
protocol for time synchronization is the Network Time Protocol (NTP), which is
supported by most network-ready devices. Reference <http://chrony.tuxfamily.org/>
manual page for more information on configuring chrony.
It is important that all logs described in this section be monitored on a regular basis and
correlated to determine trends. A seemingly innocuous entry in one log could be more
significant when compared to an entry in another log.
Note on log file permissions: There really isn't a "one size fits all" solution to the
permissions on log files. Many sites utilize group permissions so that administrators who
are in a defined security group, such as "wheel" do not have to elevate privileges to root
in order to read log files. Also, if a third party log aggregation tool is used, it may need to
have group permissions to read the log files, which is preferable to having it run setuid
to root. Therefore, there are two remediation and audit steps for log file permissions.
One is for systems that do not have a secured group method implemented that only
permits root to read the log files (root:root 600). The other is for sites that do have
such a setup and are designated as root:securegrp 640 where securegrp is the
defined security group (in some cases wheel).

Page 483
5.1 Configure Logging

Logging services should be configured to prevent information leaks and to aggregate

logs on a remote server so that they can be reviewed in the event of a system
compromise. A centralized log server provides a single point of entry for further
analysis, monitoring and filtering.
Security principals for logging

• Ensure transport layer security is implemented between the client and the log
server.
• Ensure that logs are rotated as per the environment requirements.
• Ensure all locally generated logs have the appropriate permissions.
• Ensure all security logs are sent to a remote log server.
• Ensure the required events are logged.

What is covered

This section will cover the minimum best practices for the usage of either rsyslog or
journald. The recommendations are written such that each is wholly independent of
each other and only one is implemented.

• If your organization makes use of an enterprise wide logging system completely

outside of rsyslog or journald, then the following recommendations do not
directly apply. However, the principals of the recommendations should be
followed regardless of what solution is implemented. If the enterprise solution
incorporates either of these tools, careful consideration should be given to the
following recommendations to determine exactly what applies.
• Should your organization make use of both rsyslog and journald, take care how
the recommendations may or may not apply to you.

What is not covered

• Enterprise logging systems not utilizing rsyslog or journald. As logging is very

situational and dependent on the local environment, not everything can be
covered here.
• Transport layer security should be applied to all remote logging functionality.
Both rsyslog and journald supports secure transport and should be configured
as such.
• The log server. There are a multitude of reasons for a centralized log server (and
keeping a short period of logging on the local system), but the log server is out of
scope for these recommendations.

Page 484
5.1.1 Configure rsyslog

The rsyslog software package may be used instead of the default journald logging
mechanism.
Note: This section only applies if rsyslog is the chosen method for client side logging.
Do not apply this section if journald is used.

Page 485
5.1.1.1 Ensure rsyslog is installed (Manual)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
The rsyslog software is recommended in environments where journald does not meet
operation requirements.
Rationale:
The security enhancements of rsyslog such as connection-oriented (i.e. TCP)
transmission of logs, the option to log to database formats, and the encryption of log
data en route to a central logging server) justify installing and configuring the package.
Audit:
-IF- rsyslog is being used on the system:
Verify rsyslog is installed.
Run the following command:
# rpm -q rsyslog
Verify the output matches:
rsyslog-<version>

Remediation:
Run the following command to install rsyslog:
# dnf install rsyslog

References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3, AU-12, SI-5

Page 486
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

8.2 Collect Audit Logs

v8 Collect audit logs. Ensure that logging, per the enterprise’s audit log ● ● ●
management process, has been enabled across enterprise assets.

6.2 Activate audit logging

v7 Ensure that local logging has been enabled on all systems and networking ● ● ●
devices.

6.3 Enable Detailed Logging

v7 Enable system logging to include detailed information such as an event
source, date, user, timestamp, source addresses, destination addresses, and
● ●
other useful elements.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1005, T1005.000, T1070,

TA0005
T1070.002

Page 487
5.1.1.2 Ensure rsyslog service is enabled (Manual)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
Once the rsyslog package is installed, ensure that the service is enabled.

Rationale:
If the rsyslog service is not enabled to start on boot, the system will not capture logging
events.
Audit:
-IF- rsyslog is being used for logging on the system:
Run the following command to verify rsyslog is enabled:
# systemctl is-enabled rsyslog
Verify the output matches:
enabled

Remediation:
Run the following command to enable rsyslog:
# systemctl --now enable rsyslog

References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3, AU-12

Page 488
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

8.2 Collect Audit Logs

v8 Collect audit logs. Ensure that logging, per the enterprise’s audit log ● ● ●
management process, has been enabled across enterprise assets.

6.2 Activate audit logging

v7 Ensure that local logging has been enabled on all systems and networking ● ● ●
devices.

6.3 Enable Detailed Logging

v7 Enable system logging to include detailed information such as an event
source, date, user, timestamp, source addresses, destination addresses, and
● ●
other useful elements.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1070, T1070.002, T1211,

TA0005
T1562, T1562.001

Page 489
5.1.1.3 Ensure journald is configured to send logs to rsyslog
(Manual)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
Data from journald may be stored in volatile memory or persisted locally on the server.
Utilities exist to accept remote export of journald logs, however, use of the RSyslog
service provides a consistent means of log collection and export.
Rationale:
IF RSyslog is the preferred method for capturing logs, all logs of the system should be
sent to it for further processing.
Note: This recommendation only applies if rsyslog is the chosen method for client side
logging. Do not apply this recommendation if journald is used.
Audit:
IF RSyslog is the preferred method for capturing logs
Review /etc/systemd/journald.conf and verify that logs are forwarded to rsyslog.
# grep ^\s*ForwardToSyslog /etc/systemd/journald.conf
Verify the output matches:
ForwardToSyslog=yes

Remediation:
Edit the /etc/systemd/journald.conf file and add the following line:
ForwardToSyslog=yes
Restart the service:
# systemctl restart rsyslog

References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, AU-2, AU-4, AU-12, MP-2, SI-5

Page 490
Additional Information:
As noted in the journald man pages, journald logs may be exported to rsyslog either
through the process mentioned here, or through a facility like systemd-
journald.service. There are trade-offs involved in each implementation, where
ForwardToSyslog will immediately capture all events (and forward to an external log
server, if properly configured), but may not capture all boot-up activities. Mechanisms
such as systemd-journald.service, on the other hand, will record bootup events, but
may delay sending the information to rsyslog, leading to the potential for log
manipulation prior to export. Be aware of the limitations of all tools employed to secure
a system.
The main configuration file /etc/systemd/journald.conf is read before any of the
custom *.conf files. If there are custom configurations present, they override the main
configuration parameters
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

8.2 Collect Audit Logs

v8 Collect audit logs. Ensure that logging, per the enterprise’s audit log ● ● ●
management process, has been enabled across enterprise assets.

8.9 Centralize Audit Logs

v8 Centralize, to the extent possible, audit log collection and retention across ● ●
enterprise assets.

6.2 Activate audit logging

v7 Ensure that local logging has been enabled on all systems and networking ● ● ●
devices.

6.3 Enable Detailed Logging

v7 Enable system logging to include detailed information such as an event
source, date, user, timestamp, source addresses, destination addresses, and
● ●
other useful elements.

6.5 Central Log Management

v7 Ensure that appropriate logs are being aggregated to a central log ● ●
management system for analysis and review.

Page 491
MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1070, T1070.002, T1562,

TA0040 M1029
T1562.006, T1565

Page 492
5.1.1.4 Ensure rsyslog default file permissions are configured
(Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
RSyslog will create logfiles that do not already exist on the system. This setting controls
what permissions will be applied to these newly created files.
Rationale:
It is important to ensure that log files have the correct permissions to ensure that
sensitive data is archived and protected.
Impact:
The systems global umask could override, but only making the file permissions stricter,
what is configured in RSyslog with the FileCreateMode directive. RSyslog also has its
own $umask directive that can alter the intended file creation mode. In addition,
consideration should be given to how FileCreateMode is used.
Thus it is critical to ensure that the intended file creation mode is not overridden with
less restrictive settings in /etc/rsyslog.conf, /etc/rsyslog.d/*conf files and that
FileCreateMode is set before any file is created.

Audit:
Run the following command:
# grep -Ps '^\h*\$FileCreateMode\h+0[0,2,4,6][0,2,4]0\b' /etc/rsyslog.conf
/etc/rsyslog.d/*.conf
Verify the output is includes 0640 or more restrictive:
$FileCreateMode 0640

Page 493
Remediation:
Edit either /etc/rsyslog.conf or a dedicated .conf file in /etc/rsyslog.d/ and set
$FileCreateMode to 0640 or more restrictive:

$FileCreateMode 0640
Restart the service:
# systemctl restart rsyslog

References:

1. See the rsyslog.conf(5) man page for more information.

2. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, AC-6, MP-2

CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

3.3 Configure Data Access Control Lists

v8 Configure data access control lists based on a user’s need to know. Apply
data access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote
● ● ●
file systems, databases, and applications.

8.2 Collect Audit Logs

v8 Collect audit logs. Ensure that logging, per the enterprise’s audit log ● ● ●
management process, has been enabled across enterprise assets.

5.1 Establish Secure Configurations

v7 Maintain documented, standard security configuration standards for all ● ● ●
authorized operating systems and software.

6.2 Activate audit logging

v7 Ensure that local logging has been enabled on all systems and networking ● ● ●
devices.

6.3 Enable Detailed Logging

v7 Enable system logging to include detailed information such as an event
source, date, user, timestamp, source addresses, destination addresses, and
● ●
other useful elements.

Page 494
MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1070, T1070.002, T1083,

TA0007
T1083.000

Page 495
5.1.1.5 Ensure logging is configured (Manual)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
The /etc/rsyslog.conf and /etc/rsyslog.d/*.conf files specifies rules for logging and
which files are to be used to log certain classes of messages.
Rationale:
A great deal of important security-related information is sent via rsyslog (e.g.,
successful and failed su attempts, failed login attempts, root login attempts, etc.).
Audit:
Review the contents of /etc/rsyslog.conf and /etc/rsyslog.d/*.conf files to ensure
appropriate logging is set. In addition, run the following command and verify that the log
files are logging information as expected:
# ls -l /var/log/

Remediation:
Edit the following lines in the /etc/rsyslog.conf and /etc/rsyslog.d/*.conf files as
appropriate for your environment.
NOTE: The below configuration is shown for example purposes only. Due care should
be given to how the organization wish to store log data.
*.emerg :omusrmsg:*
auth,authpriv.* /var/log/secure
mail.* -/var/log/mail
mail.info -/var/log/mail.info
mail.warning -/var/log/mail.warn
mail.err /var/log/mail.err
cron.* /var/log/cron
*.=warning;*.=err -/var/log/warn
*.crit /var/log/warn
*.*;mail.none;news.none -/var/log/messages
local0,local1.* -/var/log/localmessages
local2,local3.* -/var/log/localmessages
local4,local5.* -/var/log/localmessages
local6,local7.* -/var/log/localmessages
Run the following command to reload the rsyslogd configuration:
# systemctl restart rsyslog

Page 496
References:

1. See the rsyslog.conf(5) man page for more information.

2. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-2, AU-7, AU-12

CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

8.2 Collect Audit Logs

v8 Collect audit logs. Ensure that logging, per the enterprise’s audit log ● ● ●
management process, has been enabled across enterprise assets.

6.2 Activate audit logging

v7 Ensure that local logging has been enabled on all systems and networking ● ● ●
devices.

6.3 Enable Detailed Logging

v7 Enable system logging to include detailed information such as an event
source, date, user, timestamp, source addresses, destination addresses, and
● ●
other useful elements.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1070, T1070.002 TA0005 M1047

Page 497
5.1.1.6 Ensure rsyslog is configured to send logs to a remote log
host (Manual)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
RSyslog supports the ability to send log events it gathers to a remote log host or to
receive messages from remote hosts, thus enabling centralized log management.
Rationale:
Storing log data on a remote host protects log integrity from local attacks. If an attacker
gains root access on the local system, they could tamper with or remove log data that is
stored on the local system.
Audit:
Review the /etc/rsyslog.conf and /etc/rsyslog.d/*.conf files and verify that logs are
sent to a central host (where loghost.example.com is the name of your central log host):
Old format

# grep "^*.*[^I][^I]*@" /etc/rsyslog.conf /etc/rsyslog.d/*.conf

Output should include @@<FQDN or IP of remote loghost>, for example
*.* @@loghost.example.com
New format

# grep -E '^\s*([^#]+\s+)?action\(([^#]+\s+)?\btarget=\"?[^#"]+\"?\b'
/etc/rsyslog.conf /etc/rsyslog.d/*.conf
Output should include target=<FQDN or IP of remote loghost>, for example:
*.* action(type="omfwd" target="loghost.example.com" port="514"
protocol="tcp"

Page 498
Remediation:
Edit the /etc/rsyslog.conf and /etc/rsyslog.d/*.conf files and add the following line
(where loghost.example.com is the name of your central log host). The target directive
may either be a fully qualified domain name or an IP address.
*.* action(type="omfwd" target="192.168.2.100" port="514" protocol="tcp"
action.resumeRetryCount="100"
queue.type="LinkedList" queue.size="1000")
Run the following command to reload the rsyslogd configuration:
# systemctl restart rsyslog

References:

1. See the rsyslog.conf(5) man page for more information.

2. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-6

Additional Information:
In addition, see the RSyslog documentation for implementation details of TLS.
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

8.2 Collect Audit Logs

v8 Collect audit logs. Ensure that logging, per the enterprise’s audit log ● ● ●
management process, has been enabled across enterprise assets.

6.2 Activate audit logging

v7 Ensure that local logging has been enabled on all systems and networking ● ● ●
devices.

6.3 Enable Detailed Logging

v7 Enable system logging to include detailed information such as an event
source, date, user, timestamp, source addresses, destination addresses, and
● ●
other useful elements.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1070, T1070.002, T1562,

TA0040 M1029
T1562.006

Page 499
5.1.1.7 Ensure rsyslog is not configured to receive logs from a
remote client (Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
RSyslog supports the ability to receive messages from remote hosts, thus acting as a
log server. Clients should not receive data from other hosts.
Rationale:
If a client is configured to also receive data, thus turning it into a server, the client
system is acting outside its operational boundary.
Audit:
Review the /etc/rsyslog.conf and /etc/rsyslog.d/*.conf files and verify that the
system is not configured to accept incoming logs.
New format
# grep -Ps -- '^\h*module\(load="imtcp"\)' /etc/rsyslog.conf
/etc/rsyslog.d/*.conf
# grep -Ps -- '^\h*input\(type="imtcp" port="514"\)' /etc/rsyslog.conf
/etc/rsyslog.d/*.conf
No output expected.
-OR-
Old format
# grep -s '$ModLoad imtcp' /etc/rsyslog.conf /etc/rsyslog.d/*.conf
# grep -s '$InputTCPServerRun' /etc/rsyslog.conf /etc/rsyslog.d/*.conf
No output expected.

Page 500
Remediation:
Should there be any active log server configuration found in the auditing section, modify
those files and remove the specific lines highlighted by the audit. Ensure none of the
following entries are present in any of /etc/rsyslog.conf or /etc/rsyslog.d/*.conf.
New format
module(load="imtcp")
input(type="imtcp" port="514")
-OR-
Old format
$ModLoad imtcp
$InputTCPServerRun
Restart the service:
# systemctl restart rsyslog

References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-2, AU-7, AU-12, CM-6

CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

4.8 Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on

Enterprise Assets and Software
v8 Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, ● ●
such as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service
function.

8.2 Collect Audit Logs

v8 Collect audit logs. Ensure that logging, per the enterprise’s audit log ● ● ●
management process, has been enabled across enterprise assets.

6.2 Activate audit logging

v7 Ensure that local logging has been enabled on all systems and networking ● ● ●
devices.

6.3 Enable Detailed Logging

v7 Enable system logging to include detailed information such as an event
source, date, user, timestamp, source addresses, destination addresses, and
● ●
other useful elements.

9.2 Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services

v7 Are Running ● ●
Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system
with validated business needs, are running on each system.

Page 501
MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1562, T1562.006 TA0040 M1029

Page 502
5.1.2 Configure journald

Included in the systemd suite is a journaling service called systemd-journald.service

for the collection and storage of logging data. It creates and maintains structured,
indexed journals based on logging information that is received from a variety of sources
such as:

• Classic RFC3164 BSD syslog via the /dev/log socket

• STDOUT/STDERR of programs via StandardOutput=journal +
StandardError=journal in service files (both of which are default settings)
• Kernel log messages via the /dev/kmsg device node
• Audit records via the kernel’s audit subsystem
• Structured log messages via journald’s native protocol

Any changes made to the systemd-journald configuration will require a re-start of

systemd-journald

Page 503
5.1.2.1 Ensure journald is configured to send logs to a remote log
host

Page 504
5.1.2.1.1 Ensure systemd-journal-remote is installed (Manual)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
Journald (via systemd-journal-remote) supports the ability to send log events it gathers
to a remote log host or to receive messages from remote hosts, thus enabling
centralized log management.
Rationale:
Storing log data on a remote host protects log integrity from local attacks. If an attacker
gains root access on the local system, they could tamper with or remove log data that is
stored on the local system.
Audit:
-IF- journald will be used for logging on the system:
Verify systemd-journal-remote is installed.
Run the following command:
# rpm -q systemd-journal-remote
Verify the output matches:
systemd-journal-remote-<version>

Remediation:
Run the following command to install systemd-journal-remote:
# dnf install systemd-journal-remote

References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-2, AU-12, SI-5

Page 505
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

8.2 Collect Audit Logs

v8 Collect audit logs. Ensure that logging, per the enterprise’s audit log ● ● ●
management process, has been enabled across enterprise assets.

6.2 Activate audit logging

v7 Ensure that local logging has been enabled on all systems and networking ● ● ●
devices.

6.3 Enable Detailed Logging

v7 Enable system logging to include detailed information such as an event
source, date, user, timestamp, source addresses, destination addresses, and
● ●
other useful elements.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1070, T1070.002, T1562,

TA0040 M1029
T1562.006

Page 506
5.1.2.1.2 Ensure systemd-journal-remote is configured (Manual)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
Journald (via systemd-journal-remote) supports the ability to send log events it gathers
to a remote log host or to receive messages from remote hosts, thus enabling
centralized log management.
Rationale:
Storing log data on a remote host protects log integrity from local attacks. If an attacker
gains root access on the local system, they could tamper with or remove log data that is
stored on the local system.
Audit:
Verify systemd-journal-remote is configured.
Run the following command:
# grep -P "^ *URL=|^ *ServerKeyFile=|^ *ServerCertificateFile=|^
*TrustedCertificateFile=" /etc/systemd/journal-upload.conf
Verify the output matches per your environments certificate locations and the URL of
the log server. Example:
URL=192.168.50.42
ServerKeyFile=/etc/ssl/private/journal-upload.pem
ServerCertificateFile=/etc/ssl/certs/journal-upload.pem
TrustedCertificateFile=/etc/ssl/ca/trusted.pem

Remediation:
Edit the /etc/systemd/journal-upload.conf file and ensure the following lines are set
per your environment:
URL=192.168.50.42
ServerKeyFile=/etc/ssl/private/journal-upload.pem
ServerCertificateFile=/etc/ssl/certs/journal-upload.pem
TrustedCertificateFile=/etc/ssl/ca/trusted.pem
Restart the service:
# systemctl restart systemd-journal-upload

References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-2, AU-7 AU-12

Page 507
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

8.2 Collect Audit Logs

v8 Collect audit logs. Ensure that logging, per the enterprise’s audit log ● ● ●
management process, has been enabled across enterprise assets.

6.2 Activate audit logging

v7 Ensure that local logging has been enabled on all systems and networking ● ● ●
devices.

6.3 Enable Detailed Logging

v7 Enable system logging to include detailed information such as an event
source, date, user, timestamp, source addresses, destination addresses, and
● ●
other useful elements.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1070, T1070.002, T1562,

TA0040 M1029
T1562.006

Page 508
5.1.2.1.3 Ensure systemd-journal-remote is enabled (Manual)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
Journald (via systemd-journal-remote) supports the ability to send log events it gathers
to a remote log host or to receive messages from remote hosts, thus enabling
centralized log management.
Rationale:
Storing log data on a remote host protects log integrity from local attacks. If an attacker
gains root access on the local system, they could tamper with or remove log data that is
stored on the local system.
Audit:
Verify systemd-journal-remote is enabled.
Run the following command:
# systemctl is-enabled systemd-journal-upload.service

enabled

Remediation:
Run the following command to enable systemd-journal-remote:
# systemctl --now enable systemd-journal-upload.service

References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-2, AU-12, SI-5, CM-7

Page 509
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

8.2 Collect Audit Logs

v8 Collect audit logs. Ensure that logging, per the enterprise’s audit log ● ● ●
management process, has been enabled across enterprise assets.

6.2 Activate audit logging

v7 Ensure that local logging has been enabled on all systems and networking ● ● ●
devices.

6.3 Enable Detailed Logging

v7 Enable system logging to include detailed information such as an event
source, date, user, timestamp, source addresses, destination addresses, and
● ●
other useful elements.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1070, T1070.002, T1562,

TA0040 M1029
T1562.006

Page 510
5.1.2.1.4 Ensure journald is not configured to receive logs from a
remote client (Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
Journald supports the ability to receive messages from remote hosts, thus acting as a
log server. Clients should not receive data from other hosts.
NOTE:

• The same package, systemd-journal-remote, is used for both sending logs to

remote hosts and receiving incoming logs.
• With regards to receiving logs, there are two services; systemd-journal-
remote.socket and systemd-journal-remote.service.

Rationale:
If a client is configured to also receive data, thus turning it into a server, the client
system is acting outside it's operational boundary.
Audit:
Run the following command to verify systemd-journal-remote.socket is not enabled:
# systemctl is-enabled systemd-journal-remote.socket
Verify the output matches:
masked

Remediation:
Run the following command to disable systemd-journal-remote.socket:
# systemctl --now mask systemd-journal-remote.socket

References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-2, AU-12, CM-6, CM-7

Page 511
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

4.8 Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on

Enterprise Assets and Software
v8 Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, ● ●
such as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service
function.

8.2 Collect Audit Logs

v8 Collect audit logs. Ensure that logging, per the enterprise’s audit log ● ● ●
management process, has been enabled across enterprise assets.

6.2 Activate audit logging

v7 Ensure that local logging has been enabled on all systems and networking ● ● ●
devices.

6.3 Enable Detailed Logging

v7 Enable system logging to include detailed information such as an event
source, date, user, timestamp, source addresses, destination addresses, and
● ●
other useful elements.

9.2 Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services

v7 Are Running ● ●
Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system
with validated business needs, are running on each system.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1070, T1070.002, T1562,

TA0040 M1029
T1562.006

Page 512
5.1.2.2 Ensure journald service is enabled (Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
Ensure that the systemd-journald service is enabled to allow capturing of logging
events.
Rationale:
If the systemd-journald service is not enabled to start on boot, the system will not
capture logging events.
Audit:
Run the following command to verify systemd-journald is enabled:
# systemctl is-enabled systemd-journald.service
Verify the output matches:
static

Remediation:
By default the systemd-journald service does not have an [Install] section and thus
cannot be enabled / disabled. It is meant to be referenced as Requires or Wants by other
unit files. As such, if the status of systemd-journald is not static, investigate why.

References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-2, AU-7 AU-12

Page 513
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

8.2 Collect Audit Logs

v8 Collect audit logs. Ensure that logging, per the enterprise’s audit log ● ● ●
management process, has been enabled across enterprise assets.

6.2 Activate audit logging

v7 Ensure that local logging has been enabled on all systems and networking ● ● ●
devices.

6.3 Enable Detailed Logging

v7 Enable system logging to include detailed information such as an event
source, date, user, timestamp, source addresses, destination addresses, and
● ●
other useful elements.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1070, T1070.002, T1562,

TA0040 M1029
T1562.006

Page 514
5.1.2.3 Ensure journald is configured to compress large log files
(Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
The journald system includes the capability of compressing overly large files to avoid
filling up the system with logs or making the logs unmanageably large.
Rationale:
Uncompressed large files may unexpectedly fill a filesystem leading to resource
unavailability. Compressing logs prior to write can prevent sudden, unexpected
filesystem impacts.
Audit:
Review /etc/systemd/journald.conf and verify that large files will be compressed:
# grep ^\s*Compress /etc/systemd/journald.conf
Verify the output matches:
Compress=yes

Remediation:
Edit the /etc/systemd/journald.conf file and add the following line:
Compress=yes
Restart the service:
# systemctl restart systemd-journald.service

References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-4

Additional Information:
The main configuration file /etc/systemd/journald.conf is read before any of the
custom *.conf files. If there are custom configs present, they override the main
configuration parameters.
It is possible to change the default threshold of 512 bytes per object before compression
is used.

Page 515
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

8.2 Collect Audit Logs

v8 Collect audit logs. Ensure that logging, per the enterprise’s audit log ● ● ●
management process, has been enabled across enterprise assets.

8.3 Ensure Adequate Audit Log Storage

v8 Ensure that logging destinations maintain adequate storage to comply with ● ● ●
the enterprise’s audit log management process.

6.2 Activate audit logging

v7 Ensure that local logging has been enabled on all systems and networking ● ● ●
devices.

6.3 Enable Detailed Logging

v7 Enable system logging to include detailed information such as an event
source, date, user, timestamp, source addresses, destination addresses, and
● ●
other useful elements.

6.4 Ensure adequate storage for logs

v7 Ensure that all systems that store logs have adequate storage space for the ● ●
logs generated.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1562, T1562.001 TA0005 M1053

Page 516
5.1.2.4 Ensure journald is configured to write logfiles to persistent
disk (Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
Data from journald may be stored in volatile memory or persisted locally on the server.
Logs in memory will be lost upon a system reboot. By persisting logs to local disk on the
server they are protected from loss due to a reboot.
Rationale:
Writing log data to disk will provide the ability to forensically reconstruct events which
may have impacted the operations or security of a system even after a system crash or
reboot.
Audit:
Review /etc/systemd/journald.conf and verify that logs are persisted to disk:
# grep ^\s*Storage /etc/systemd/journald.conf
Verify the output matches:
Storage=persistent

Remediation:
Edit the /etc/systemd/journald.conf file and add the following line:
Storage=persistent
Restart the service:
# systemctl restart systemd-journald.service

References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3, AU-12

Additional Information:
The main configuration file /etc/systemd/journald.conf is read before any of the
custom *.conf files. If there are custom configs present, they override the main
configuration parameters.

Page 517
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

8.2 Collect Audit Logs

v8 Collect audit logs. Ensure that logging, per the enterprise’s audit log ● ● ●
management process, has been enabled across enterprise assets.

6.2 Activate audit logging

v7 Ensure that local logging has been enabled on all systems and networking ● ● ●
devices.

6.3 Enable Detailed Logging

v7 Enable system logging to include detailed information such as an event
source, date, user, timestamp, source addresses, destination addresses, and
● ●
other useful elements.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1070, T1070.002, T1562,

TA0005 M1022
T1562.006

Page 518
5.1.2.5 Ensure journald is not configured to send logs to rsyslog
(Manual)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
Data from journald should be kept in the confines of the service and not forwarded on
to other services.
Rationale:
IF journald is the method for capturing logs, all logs of the system should be handled by
journald and not forwarded to other logging mechanisms.
Note: This recommendation only applies if journald is the chosen method for client side
logging. Do not apply this recommendation if rsyslog is used.
Audit:
IF journald is the method for capturing logs
Review /etc/systemd/journald.conf and verify that logs are not forwarded to rsyslog.
# grep ^\s*ForwardToSyslog /etc/systemd/journald.conf
Verify that there is no output.
Remediation:
Edit the /etc/systemd/journald.conf file and ensure that ForwardToSyslog=yes is
removed.
Restart the service:
# systemctl restart systemd-journald.service

References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-2, AU-6, AU-7, AU-12

Page 519
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

8.2 Collect Audit Logs

v8 Collect audit logs. Ensure that logging, per the enterprise’s audit log ● ● ●
management process, has been enabled across enterprise assets.

8.9 Centralize Audit Logs

v8 Centralize, to the extent possible, audit log collection and retention across ● ●
enterprise assets.

6.2 Activate audit logging

v7 Ensure that local logging has been enabled on all systems and networking ● ● ●
devices.

6.3 Enable Detailed Logging

v7 Enable system logging to include detailed information such as an event
source, date, user, timestamp, source addresses, destination addresses, and
● ●
other useful elements.

6.5 Central Log Management

v7 Ensure that appropriate logs are being aggregated to a central log ● ●
management system for analysis and review.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1070, T1070.002, T1562,

TA0040 M1029
T1562.006, T1565

Page 520
5.1.2.6 Ensure journald log rotation is configured per site policy
(Manual)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
Journald includes the capability of rotating log files regularly to avoid filling up the
system with logs or making the logs unmanageably large. The file
/etc/systemd/journald.conf is the configuration file used to specify how logs
generated by Journald should be rotated.
Rationale:
By keeping the log files smaller and more manageable, a system administrator can
easily archive these files to another system and spend less time looking through
inordinately large log files.
Audit:
Review /etc/systemd/journald.conf and verify logs are rotated according to site
policy. The specific parameters for log rotation are:
SystemMaxUse=
SystemKeepFree=
RuntimeMaxUse=
RuntimeKeepFree=
MaxFileSec=

Remediation:
Review /etc/systemd/journald.conf and verify logs are rotated according to site
policy. The settings should be carefully understood as there are specific edge cases
and prioritization of parameters.
The specific parameters for log rotation are:
SystemMaxUse=
SystemKeepFree=
RuntimeMaxUse=
RuntimeKeepFree=
MaxFileSec=

References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-2, AU-7, AU-12

Additional Information:
See man 5 journald.conf for detailed information regarding the parameters in use.

Page 521
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

8.2 Collect Audit Logs

v8 Collect audit logs. Ensure that logging, per the enterprise’s audit log ● ● ●
management process, has been enabled across enterprise assets.

6.2 Activate audit logging

v7 Ensure that local logging has been enabled on all systems and networking ● ● ●
devices.

6.3 Enable Detailed Logging

v7 Enable system logging to include detailed information such as an event
source, date, user, timestamp, source addresses, destination addresses, and
● ●
other useful elements.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1070, T1070.002 TA0040 M1022

Page 522
5.1.2.7 Ensure journald default file permissions configured
(Manual)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
Journald will create logfiles that do not already exist on the system. This setting controls
what permissions will be applied to these newly created files.
Rationale:
It is important to ensure that log files have the correct permissions to ensure that
sensitive data is archived and protected.
Audit:
First see if there is an override file /etc/tmpfiles.d/systemd.conf. If so, this file will
override all default settings as defined in /usr/lib/tmpfiles.d/systemd.conf and
should be inspected.
If there is no override file, inspect the default /usr/lib/tmpfiles.d/systemd.conf
against the site specific requirements.
Ensure that file permissions are 0640.
Should a site policy dictate less restrictive permissions, ensure to follow said policy.
NOTE: More restrictive permissions such as 0600 is implicitly sufficient.

Remediation:
If the default configuration is not appropriate for the site specific requirements, copy
/usr/lib/tmpfiles.d/systemd.conf to /etc/tmpfiles.d/systemd.conf and modify as
required. Requirements is either 0640 or site policy if that is less restrictive.

References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, AU-2, AU-12, MP-2, SI-5

Additional Information:
See man 5 tmpfiles.d for detailed information on the permission sets for the relevant
log files. Further information with examples can be found at
https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/tmpfiles.d.html

Page 523
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

3.3 Configure Data Access Control Lists

v8 Configure data access control lists based on a user’s need to know. Apply
data access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote
● ● ●
file systems, databases, and applications.

8.2 Collect Audit Logs

v8 Collect audit logs. Ensure that logging, per the enterprise’s audit log ● ● ●
management process, has been enabled across enterprise assets.

5.1 Establish Secure Configurations

v7 Maintain documented, standard security configuration standards for all ● ● ●
authorized operating systems and software.

6.2 Activate audit logging

v7 Ensure that local logging has been enabled on all systems and networking ● ● ●
devices.

6.3 Enable Detailed Logging

v7 Enable system logging to include detailed information such as an event
source, date, user, timestamp, source addresses, destination addresses, and
● ●
other useful elements.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1070, T1070.002, T1083,

TA0007 M1022
T1083.000

Page 524
5.1.3 Ensure all logfiles have appropriate permissions and
ownership (Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
Log files contain information from many services on the local system, or in the event of
a centralized log server, others system’s logs as well. In general log files are found in
/var/log/, although application can be configured to store logs elsewhere. Should your
application store its logs in another location, ensure to run the same test on that
location.
Rationale:
It is important that log files have the correct permissions to ensure that sensitive data is
protected and that only the appropriate users / groups have access to them.
Audit:
Run the following script to verify that files in /var/log/ have appropriate permissions
and ownership:

Page 525
#!/usr/bin/env bash

{
echo -e "\n- Start check - logfiles have appropriate permissions and
ownership"
output=""
UID_MIN=$(awk '/^\s*UID_MIN/{print $2}' /etc/login.defs)
find /var/log -type f | (while read -r fname; do
bname="$(basename "$fname")"
fugname="$(stat -Lc "%U %G" "$fname")"
funame="$(awk '{print $1}' <<< "$fugname")"
fugroup="$(awk '{print $2}' <<< "$fugname")"
fuid="$(stat -Lc "%u" "$fname")"
fmode="$(stat -Lc "%a" "$fname")"
case "$bname" in
lastlog | lastlog.* | wtmp | wtmp.* | wtmp-* | btmp | btmp.* | btmp-
*)
if ! grep -Pq -- '^\h*[0,2,4,6][0,2,4,6][0,4]\h*$' <<< "$fmode";
then
output="$output\n- File: \"$fname\" mode: \"$fmode\"\n"
fi
if ! grep -Pq -- '^\h*root\h+(utmp|root)\h*$' <<< "$fugname";
then
output="$output\n- File: \"$fname\" ownership: \"$fugname\"\n"
fi
;;
secure | auth.log | syslog | messages)
if ! grep -Pq -- '^\h*[0,2,4,6][0,4]0\h*$' <<< "$fmode"; then
output="$output\n- File: \"$fname\" mode: \"$fmode\"\n"
fi
if ! grep -Pq -- '^\h*(syslog|root)\h+(adm|root)\h*$' <<<
"$fugname"; then
output="$output\n- File: \"$fname\" ownership: \"$fugname\"\n"
fi
;;
SSSD | sssd)
if ! grep -Pq -- '^\h*[0,2,4,6][0,2,4,6]0\h*$' <<< "$fmode"; then
output="$output\n- File: \"$fname\" mode: \"$fmode\"\n"
fi
if ! grep -Piq -- '^\h*(SSSD|root)\h+(SSSD|root)\h*$' <<<
"$fugname"; then
output="$output\n- File: \"$fname\" ownership: \"$fugname\"\n"
fi
;;
gdm | gdm3)
if ! grep -Pq -- '^\h*[0,2,4,6][0,2,4,6]0\h*$' <<< "$fmode"; then
output="$output\n- File: \"$fname\" mode: \"$fmode\"\n"
fi
if ! grep -Pq -- '^\h*(root)\h+(gdm3?|root)\h*$' <<< "$fugname";
then
output="$output\n- File: \"$fname\" ownership: \"$fugname\"\n"
fi
;;
*.journal | *.journal~)
if ! grep -Pq -- '^\h*[0,2,4,6][0,4]0\h*$' <<< "$fmode"; then
output="$output\n- File: \"$fname\" mode: \"$fmode\"\n"
fi

Page 526
 if ! grep -Pq -- '^\h*(root)\h+(systemd-journal|root)\h*$' <<<
"$fugname"; then
output="$output\n- File: \"$fname\" ownership: \"$fugname\"\n"
fi
;;
*)
if ! grep -Pq -- '^\h*[0,2,4,6][0,4]0\h*$' <<< "$fmode"; then
output="$output\n- File: \"$fname\" mode: \"$fmode\"\n"
fi
if [ "$fuid" -ge "$UID_MIN" ] || ! grep -Pq -- '(adm|root|'"$(id
-gn "$funame")"')' <<< "$fugroup"; then
if [ -n "$(awk -v grp="$fugroup" -F: '$1==grp {print $4}'
/etc/group)" ] || ! grep -Pq '(syslog|root)' <<< "$funame"; then
output="$output\n- File: \"$fname\" ownership:
\"$fugname\"\n"
fi
fi
;;
esac
done
# If all files passed, then we pass
if [ -z "$output" ]; then
echo -e "\n- Audit Results:\n ** Pass **\n- All files in \"/var/log/\"
have appropriate permissions and ownership\n"
else
# print the reason why we are failing
echo -e "\n- Audit Results:\n ** Fail **\n$output"
fi
echo -e "- End check - logfiles have appropriate permissions and
ownership\n"
)
}

Remediation:
Run the following script to update permissions and ownership on files in /var/log.
Although the script is not destructive, ensure that the output of the audit procedure is
captured in the event that the remediation causes issues.

Page 527
#!/usr/bin/env bash

{
echo -e "\n- Start remediation - logfiles have appropriate permissions and
ownership"
UID_MIN=$(awk '/^\s*UID_MIN/{print $2}' /etc/login.defs)
find /var/log -type f | while read -r fname; do
bname="$(basename "$fname")"
fugname="$(stat -Lc "%U %G" "$fname")"
funame="$(awk '{print $1}' <<< "$fugname")"
fugroup="$(awk '{print $2}' <<< "$fugname")"
fuid="$(stat -Lc "%u" "$fname")"
fmode="$(stat -Lc "%a" "$fname")"
case "$bname" in
lastlog | lastlog.* | wtmp | wtmp.* | wtmp-* | btmp | btmp.* | btmp-
*)
! grep -Pq -- '^\h*[0,2,4,6][0,2,4,6][0,4]\h*$' <<< "$fmode" &&
echo -e "- changing mode on \"$fname\"" && chmod ug-x,o-wx "$fname"
! grep -Pq -- '^\h*root\h*$' <<< "$funame" && echo -e "- changing
owner on \"$fname\"" && chown root "$fname"
! grep -Pq -- '^\h*(utmp|root)\h*$' <<< "$fugroup" && echo -e "-
changing group on \"$fname\"" && chgrp root "$fname"
;;
secure | auth.log | syslog | messages)
! grep -Pq -- '^\h*[0,2,4,6][0,4]0\h*$' <<< "$fmode" && echo -e
"- changing mode on \"$fname\"" && chmod u-x,g-wx,o-rwx "$fname"
! grep -Pq -- '^\h*(syslog|root)\h*$' <<< "$funame" && echo -e "-
changing owner on \"$fname\"" && chown root "$fname"
! grep -Pq -- '^\h*(adm|root)\h*$' <<< "$fugroup" && echo -e "-
changing group on \"$fname\"" && chgrp root "$fname"
;;
SSSD | sssd)
! grep -Pq -- '^\h*[0,2,4,6][0,2,4,6]0\h*$' <<< "$fmode" && echo
-e "- changing mode on \"$fname\"" && chmod ug-x,o-rwx "$fname"
! grep -Piq -- '^\h*(SSSD|root)\h*$' <<< "$funame" && echo -e "-
changing owner on \"$fname\"" && chown root "$fname"
! grep -Piq -- '^\h*(SSSD|root)\h*$' <<< "$fugroup" && echo -e "-
changing group on \"$fname\"" && chgrp root "$fname"
;;
gdm | gdm3)
! grep -Pq -- '^\h*[0,2,4,6][0,2,4,6]0\h*$' <<< "$fmode" && echo
-e "- changing mode on \"$fname\"" && chmod ug-x,o-rwx
! grep -Pq -- '^\h*root\h*$' <<< "$funame" && echo -e "- changing
owner on \"$fname\"" && chown root "$fname"
! grep -Pq -- '^\h*(gdm3?|root)\h*$' <<< "$fugroup" && echo -e "-
changing group on \"$fname\"" && chgrp root "$fname"
;;
*.journal | *.journal~)
! grep -Pq -- '^\h*[0,2,4,6][0,4]0\h*$' <<< "$fmode" && echo -e
"- changing mode on \"$fname\"" && chmod u-x,g-wx,o-rwx "$fname"
! grep -Pq -- '^\h*root\h*$' <<< "$funame" && echo -e "- changing
owner on \"$fname\"" && chown root "$fname"
! grep -Pq -- '^\h*(systemd-journal|root)\h*$' <<< "$fugroup" &&
echo -e "- changing group on \"$fname\"" && chgrp root "$fname"
;;
*)
! grep -Pq -- '^\h*[0,2,4,6][0,4]0\h*$' <<< "$fmode" && echo -e

Page 528
"- changing mode on \"$fname\"" && chmod u-x,g-wx,o-rwx "$fname"
if [ "$fuid" -ge "$UID_MIN" ] || ! grep -Pq -- '(adm|root|'"$(id
-gn "$funame")"')' <<< "$fugroup"; then
if [ -n "$(awk -v grp="$fugroup" -F: '$1==grp {print $4}'
/etc/group)" ] || ! grep -Pq '(syslog|root)' <<< "$funame"; then
[ "$fuid" -ge "$UID_MIN" ] && echo -e "- changing owner on
\"$fname\"" && chown root "$fname"
! grep -Pq -- '^\h*(adm|root)\h*$' <<< "$fugroup" && echo -
e "- changing group on \"$fname\"" && chgrp root "$fname"
fi
fi
;;
esac
done
echo -e "- End remediation - logfiles have appropriate permissions and
ownership\n"
}
Note: You may also need to change the configuration for your logging software or
services for any logs that had incorrect permissions.
If there are services that log to other locations, ensure that those log files have the
appropriate permissions.
References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2

CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

3.3 Configure Data Access Control Lists

v8 Configure data access control lists based on a user’s need to know. Apply data
access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file
● ● ●
systems, databases, and applications.

14.6 Protect Information through Access Control Lists

Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share,
v7 claims, application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will
enforce the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the
● ● ●
information based on their need to access the information as a part of their
responsibilities.

Page 529
MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1070, T1070.002, T1083,

TA0007 M1022
T1083.000

Page 530
5.2 Configure System Accounting (auditd)

The Linux Auditing System operates on a set of rules that collects certain types of
system activity to facilitate incident investigation, detect unauthorized access or
modification of data. By default events will be logged to /var/log/audit/audit.log,
which can be configured in /etc/audit/auditd.conf.
The following types of audit rules can be specified:

• Control rules: Configuration of the auditing system.

• File system rules: Allow the auditing of access to a particular file or a directory.
Also known as file watches.
• System call rules: Allow logging of system calls that any specified program
makes.

Audit rules can be set:

• On the command line using the auditctl utility. These rules are not persistent
across reboots.
• In /etc/audit/audit.rules. These rules have to be merged and loaded before
they are active.

Notes:

• For 64 bit systems that have arch as a rule parameter, you will need two rules:
one for 64 bit and one for 32 bit systems calls. For 32 bit systems, only one rule
is needed.
• If the auditing system is configured to be locked (-e 2), a system reboot will be
required in order to load any changes.
• Key names are optional on the rules and will not be used in compliance auditing.
The usage of key names is highly recommended as it facilitates organization and
searching; as such, all remediation steps will have key names supplied.
• It is best practice to store the rules, in number prepended files, in
/etc/audit/rules.d/. Rules must end in a .rules suffix. This then requires the
use of augenrules to merge all the rules into /etc/audit/audit.rules based on
their alphabetical (lexical) sort order. All benchmark recommendations follow this
best practice for remediation, specifically using the prefix of 50 which is center
weighed if all rule sets make use of the number prepending naming convention.
• Your system may have been customized to change the default UID_MIN. All
sample output uses 1000, but this value will not be used in compliance auditing.
To confirm the UID_MIN for your system, run the following command: awk
'/^\s*UID_MIN/{print $2}' /etc/login.defs

Page 531
Normalization

The Audit system normalizes some entries, so when you look at the sample output keep
in mind that:

• With regards to users whose login UID is not set, the values -1 / unset /
4294967295 are equivalent and normalized to -1.
• When comparing field types and both sides of the comparison is valid fields
types, such as euid!=uid, then the auditing system may normalize such that the
output is uid!=euid.
• Some parts of the rule may be rearranged whilst others are dependent on
previous syntax. For example, the following two statements are the same:

-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S execve -C uid!=euid -F auid!=-1 -F

key=user_emulation
and
-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -C euid!=uid -F auid!=unset -S execve -k
user_emulation
Capacity planning

The recommendations in this section implement auditing policies that not only produce
large quantities of logged data, but may also negatively impact system performance.
Capacity planning is critical in order not to adversely impact production environments.

• Disk space. If a significantly large set of events are captured, additional on

system or off system storage may need to be allocated. If the logs are not sent to
a remote log server, ensure that log rotation is implemented else the disk will fill
up and the system will halt. Even when logs are sent to a log server, ensure
sufficient disk space to allow caching of logs in the case of temporary network
outages.
• Disk IO. It is not just the amount of data collected that should be considered, but
the rate at which logs are generated.
• CPU overhead. System call rules might incur considerable CPU overhead. Test
the systems open/close syscalls per second with and without the rules to gauge
the impact of the rules.

Page 532
5.2.1 Ensure auditing is enabled

The capturing of system events provides system administrators with information to allow
them to determine if unauthorized access to their system is occurring.

Page 533
5.2.1.1 Ensure auditd is installed (Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 2 - Server
Description:
auditd is the userspace component to the Linux Auditing System. It's responsible for
writing audit records to the disk
Rationale:
The capturing of system events provides system administrators with information to allow
them to determine if unauthorized access to their system is occurring.
Audit:
Run the following command and verify auditd is installed:
# rpm -q audit

Remediation:
Run the following command to Install auditd
# dnf install audit

References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-2, AU-3, AU-12, SI-5

Page 534
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

8.2 Collect Audit Logs

v8 Collect audit logs. Ensure that logging, per the enterprise’s audit log ● ● ●
management process, has been enabled across enterprise assets.

8.5 Collect Detailed Audit Logs

v8 Configure detailed audit logging for enterprise assets containing sensitive data.
Include event source, date, username, timestamp, source addresses, destination
● ●
addresses, and other useful elements that could assist in a forensic investigation.

6.2 Activate audit logging

v7 Ensure that local logging has been enabled on all systems and networking ● ● ●
devices.

6.3 Enable Detailed Logging

v7 Enable system logging to include detailed information such as an event source,
date, user, timestamp, source addresses, destination addresses, and other useful
● ●
elements.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1562, T1562.001 TA0005

Page 535
5.2.1.2 Ensure auditing for processes that start prior to auditd is
enabled (Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 2 - Server
Description:
Configure grub2 so that processes that are capable of being audited can be audited
even if they start up prior to auditd startup.

Rationale:
Audit events need to be captured on processes that start up prior to auditd , so that
potential malicious activity cannot go undetected.
Audit:
Run the following command to verify that the audit=1 parameter has been set:
# grubby --info=ALL | grep -Po '\baudit=1\b'

audit=1
Note audit=1 may be returned multiple times

Remediation:
Run the following command to update the grub2 configuration with audit=1:
# grubby --update-kernel ALL --args 'audit=1'

References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-2, AU-3, AU-12

Additional Information:
This recommendation is designed around the grub2 bootloader, if another bootloader is
in use in your environment enact equivalent settings.

Page 536
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

8.2 Collect Audit Logs

v8 Collect audit logs. Ensure that logging, per the enterprise’s audit log ● ● ●
management process, has been enabled across enterprise assets.

6.2 Activate audit logging

v7 Ensure that local logging has been enabled on all systems and networking ● ● ●
devices.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1562, T1562.001 TA0005

Page 537
5.2.1.3 Ensure audit_backlog_limit is sufficient (Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 2 - Server
Description:
The backlog limit has a default setting of 64
Rationale:
During boot if audit=1, then the backlog will hold 64 records. If more that 64 records are
created during boot, auditd records will be lost and potential malicious activity could go
undetected.
Audit:
Run the following command and verify the audit_backlog_limit= parameter is set to an
appropriate size for your organization
# grubby --info=ALL | grep -Po "\baudit_backlog_limit=\d+\b"

audit_backlog_limit=<BACKLOG SIZE>
Validate that the line(s) returned contain a value for audit_backlog_limit= that is
sufficient for your organization.
Recommended that this value be 8192 or larger.

Remediation:
Run the following command to add audit_backlog_limit=<BACKLOG SIZE> to
GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX:
# grubby --update-kernel ALL --args 'audit_backlog_limit=<BACKLOG SIZE>'
Example:
# grubby --update-kernel ALL --args 'audit_backlog_limit=8192'

References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-2, AU-3, AU-12

Page 538
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

8.2 Collect Audit Logs

v8 Collect audit logs. Ensure that logging, per the enterprise’s audit log ● ● ●
management process, has been enabled across enterprise assets.

6.2 Activate audit logging

v7 Ensure that local logging has been enabled on all systems and networking ● ● ●
devices.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1562, T1562.001 TA0005

Page 539
5.2.1.4 Ensure auditd service is enabled (Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 2 - Server
Description:
Turn on the auditd daemon to record system events.

Rationale:
The capturing of system events provides system administrators with information to allow
them to determine if unauthorized access to their system is occurring.
Audit:
Run the following command to verify auditd is enabled:
# systemctl is-enabled auditd

enabled
Verify result is "enabled".
Remediation:
Run the following command to enable auditd:
# systemctl --now enable auditd

References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-2, AU-3, AU-12

Additional Information:
Additional methods of enabling a service exist. Consult your distribution documentation
for appropriate methods.

Page 540
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

8.2 Collect Audit Logs

v8 Collect audit logs. Ensure that logging, per the enterprise’s audit log ● ● ●
management process, has been enabled across enterprise assets.

6.2 Activate audit logging

v7 Ensure that local logging has been enabled on all systems and networking ● ● ●
devices.

6.3 Enable Detailed Logging

v7 Enable system logging to include detailed information such as an event
source, date, user, timestamp, source addresses, destination addresses, and
● ●
other useful elements.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1562, T1562.001 TA0005

Page 541
5.2.2 Configure Data Retention

When auditing, it is important to carefully configure the storage requirements for audit
logs. By default, auditd will max out the log files at 5MB and retain only 4 copies of
them. Older versions will be deleted. It is possible on a system that the 20 MBs of audit
logs may fill up the system causing loss of audit data. While the recommendations here
provide guidance, check your site policy for audit storage requirements.

Page 542
5.2.2.1 Ensure audit log storage size is configured (Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 2 - Server
Description:
Configure the maximum size of the audit log file. Once the log reaches the maximum
size, it will be rotated and a new log file will be started.
Rationale:
It is important that an appropriate size is determined for log files so that they do not
impact the system and audit data is not lost.
Audit:
Run the following command and ensure output is in compliance with site policy:
# grep -w "^\s*max_log_file\s*=" /etc/audit/auditd.conf

max_log_file = <MB>

Remediation:
Set the following parameter in /etc/audit/auditd.conf in accordance with site policy:
max_log_file = <MB>

References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-8

Additional Information:
The max_log_file parameter is measured in megabytes.
Other methods of log rotation may be appropriate based on site policy. One example is
time-based rotation strategies which don't have native support in auditd configurations.
Manual audit of custom configurations should be evaluated for effectiveness and
completeness.

Page 543
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

8.3 Ensure Adequate Audit Log Storage

v8 Ensure that logging destinations maintain adequate storage to comply with ● ● ●
the enterprise’s audit log management process.

6.4 Ensure adequate storage for logs

v7 Ensure that all systems that store logs have adequate storage space for the ● ●
logs generated.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1562, T1562.006 TA0040 M1053

Page 544
5.2.2.2 Ensure audit logs are not automatically deleted
(Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 2 - Server
Description:
The max_log_file_action setting determines how to handle the audit log file reaching
the max file size. A value of keep_logs will rotate the logs but never delete old logs.

Rationale:
In high security contexts, the benefits of maintaining a long audit history exceed the cost
of storing the audit history.
Audit:
Run the following command and verify output matches:
# grep max_log_file_action /etc/audit/auditd.conf

max_log_file_action = keep_logs

Remediation:
Set the following parameter in /etc/audit/auditd.conf:
max_log_file_action = keep_logs

References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-8

CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

8.3 Ensure Adequate Audit Log Storage

v8 Ensure that logging destinations maintain adequate storage to comply with ● ● ●
the enterprise’s audit log management process.

6.4 Ensure adequate storage for logs

v7 Ensure that all systems that store logs have adequate storage space for the ● ●
logs generated.

Page 545
MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1562, T1562.006 TA0005 M1028

Page 546
5.2.2.3 Ensure system is disabled when audit logs are full
(Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 2 - Server
Description:
The auditd daemon can be configured to halt the system when the audit logs are full.
The admin_space_left_action parameter tells the system what action to take when the
system has detected that it is low on disk space. Valid values are ignore, syslog,
suspend, single, and halt.

• ignore, the audit daemon does nothing

• Syslog, the audit daemon will issue a warning to syslog
• Suspend, the audit daemon will stop writing records to the disk
• single, the audit daemon will put the computer system in single user mode
• halt, the audit daemon will shut down the system

Rationale:
In high security contexts, the risk of detecting unauthorized access or nonrepudiation
exceeds the benefit of the system's availability.
Impact:
If the admin_space_left_action parameter is set to halt the audit daemon will
shutdown the system when the disk partition containing the audit logs becomes full.

Page 547
Audit:
Run the following commands and verify output matches:
# grep space_left_action /etc/audit/auditd.conf

space_left_action = email
# grep action_mail_acct /etc/audit/auditd.conf

action_mail_acct = root
Run the following command and verify the output is either halt or single:
# grep -E 'admin_space_left_action\s*=\s*(halt|single)'
/etc/audit/auditd.conf

admin_space_left_action = <halt|single>

Remediation:
Set the following parameters in /etc/audit/auditd.conf:
space_left_action = email
action_mail_acct = root
set admin_space_left_action to either halt or single in /etc/audit/auditd.conf.
Example:
admin_space_left_action = halt

References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-2, AU-8, AU-12, SI-5

CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

8.2 Collect Audit Logs

v8 Collect audit logs. Ensure that logging, per the enterprise’s audit log ● ● ●
management process, has been enabled across enterprise assets.

8.3 Ensure Adequate Audit Log Storage

v8 Ensure that logging destinations maintain adequate storage to comply with ● ● ●
the enterprise’s audit log management process.

Page 548
MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1562, T1562.006 TA0005 M1028

Page 549
5.2.3 Configure auditd rules

The Audit system operates on a set of rules that define what is to be captured in the log
files.
The following types of Audit rules can be specified:

• Control rules: Allow the Audit system's behavior and some of its configuration to
be modified.
• File system rules: Allow the auditing of access to a particular file or a directory.
(Also known as file watches)
• System call rules: Allow logging of system calls that any specified program
makes.

Audit rules can be set:

• on the command line using the auditctl utility. Note that these rules are not
persistent across reboots.
• in a file ending in .rules in the /etc/audit/audit.d/ directory.

Page 550
5.2.3.1 Ensure changes to system administration scope (sudoers)
is collected (Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 2 - Server
Description:
Monitor scope changes for system administrators. If the system has been properly
configured to force system administrators to log in as themselves first and then use the
sudo command to execute privileged commands, it is possible to monitor changes in
scope. The file /etc/sudoers, or files in /etc/sudoers.d, will be written to when the
file(s) or related attributes have changed. The audit records will be tagged with the
identifier "scope".
Rationale:
Changes in the /etc/sudoers and /etc/sudoers.d files can indicate that an
unauthorized change has been made to the scope of system administrator activity.

Page 551
Audit:
On disk configuration

Run the following command to check the on disk rules:

# awk '/^ *-w/ \
&&/\/etc\/sudoers/ \
&&/ +-p *wa/ \
&&(/ key= *[!-~]* *$/||/ -k *[!-~]* *$/)' /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules
Verify the output matches:
-w /etc/sudoers -p wa -k scope
-w /etc/sudoers.d -p wa -k scope
Running configuration

Run the following command to check loaded rules:

# auditctl -l | awk '/^ *-w/ \
&&/\/etc\/sudoers/ \
&&/ +-p *wa/ \
&&(/ key= *[!-~]* *$/||/ -k *[!-~]* *$/)'
Verify the output matches:
-w /etc/sudoers -p wa -k scope
-w /etc/sudoers.d -p wa -k scope

Remediation:
Edit or create a file in the /etc/audit/rules.d/ directory, ending in .rules extension,
with the relevant rules to monitor scope changes for system administrators.
Example:
# printf "
-w /etc/sudoers -p wa -k scope
-w /etc/sudoers.d -p wa -k scope
" >> /etc/audit/rules.d/50-scope.rules
Merge and load the rules into active configuration:
# augenrules --load
Check if reboot is required.
# if [[ $(auditctl -s | grep "enabled") =~ "2" ]]; then printf "Reboot
required to load rules\n"; fi

References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3

Page 552
Additional Information:
Potential reboot required

If the auditing configuration is locked (-e 2), then augenrules will not warn in any way
that rules could not be loaded into the running configuration. A system reboot will be
required to load the rules into the running configuration.
System call structure

For performance (man 7 audit.rules) reasons it is preferable to have all the system
calls on one line. However, your configuration may have them on one line each or some
other combination. This is important to understand for both the auditing and remediation
sections as the examples given are optimized for performance as per the man page.
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

8.5 Collect Detailed Audit Logs

v8 Configure detailed audit logging for enterprise assets containing sensitive data.
Include event source, date, username, timestamp, source addresses, destination
● ●
addresses, and other useful elements that could assist in a forensic investigation.

4.8 Log and Alert on Changes to Administrative Group

v7 Membership ● ●
Configure systems to issue a log entry and alert when an account is added to
or removed from any group assigned administrative privileges.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1562, T1562.006 TA0004 M1047

Page 553
5.2.3.2 Ensure actions as another user are always logged
(Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 2 - Server
Description:
sudo provides users with temporary elevated privileges to perform operations, either as
the superuser or another user.
Rationale:
Creating an audit log of users with temporary elevated privileges and the operation(s)
they performed is essential to reporting. Administrators will want to correlate the events
written to the audit trail with the records written to sudo's logfile to verify if unauthorized
commands have been executed.

Page 554
Audit:
64 Bit systems

On disk configuration
Run the following command to check the on disk rules:
# awk '/^ *-a *always,exit/ \
&&/ -F *arch=b[2346]{2}/ \
&&(/ -F *auid!=unset/||/ -F *auid!=-1/||/ -F *auid!=4294967295/) \
&&(/ -C *euid!=uid/||/ -C *uid!=euid/) \
&&/ -S *execve/ \
&&(/ key= *[!-~]* *$/||/ -k *[!-~]* *$/)' /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules
Verify the output matches:
-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -C euid!=uid -F auid!=unset -S execve -k
user_emulation
-a always,exit -F arch=b32 -C euid!=uid -F auid!=unset -S execve -k
user_emulation
Running configuration
Run the following command to check loaded rules:
# auditctl -l | awk '/^ *-a *always,exit/ \
&&/ -F *arch=b[2346]{2}/ \
&&(/ -F *auid!=unset/||/ -F *auid!=-1/||/ -F *auid!=4294967295/) \
&&(/ -C *euid!=uid/||/ -C *uid!=euid/) \
&&/ -S *execve/ \
&&(/ key= *[!-~]* *$/||/ -k *[!-~]* *$/)'
Verify the output matches:
-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S execve -C uid!=euid -F auid!=-1 -F
key=user_emulation
-a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S execve -C uid!=euid -F auid!=-1 -F
key=user_emulation
32 Bit systems

Follow the same procedures as for 64 bit systems and ignore any entries with b64.

Page 555
Remediation:
Create audit rules

Edit or create a file in the /etc/audit/rules.d/ directory, ending in .rules extension,

with the relevant rules to monitor elevated privileges.
64 Bit systems

Example:
# printf "
-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -C euid!=uid -F auid!=unset -S execve -k
user_emulation
-a always,exit -F arch=b32 -C euid!=uid -F auid!=unset -S execve -k
user_emulation
" >> /etc/audit/rules.d/50-user_emulation.rules
Load audit rules

Merge and load the rules into active configuration:

# augenrules --load
Check if reboot is required.
# if [[ $(auditctl -s | grep "enabled") =~ "2" ]]; then printf "Reboot
required to load rules\n"; fi
32 Bit systems

Follow the same procedures as for 64 bit systems and ignore any entries with b64.

References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3

Additional Information:
Potential reboot required

If the auditing configuration is locked (-e 2), then augenrules will not warn in any way
that rules could not be loaded into the running configuration. A system reboot will be
required to load the rules into the running configuration.
System call structure

For performance (man 7 audit.rules) reasons it is preferable to have all the system
calls on one line. However, your configuration may have them on one line each or some
other combination. This is important to understand for both the auditing and remediation
sections as the examples given are optimized for performance as per the man page.

Page 556
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

8.5 Collect Detailed Audit Logs

v8 Configure detailed audit logging for enterprise assets containing sensitive data.
Include event source, date, username, timestamp, source addresses, destination
● ●
addresses, and other useful elements that could assist in a forensic investigation.

4.9 Log and Alert on Unsuccessful Administrative Account

v7 Login ● ●
Configure systems to issue a log entry and alert on unsuccessful logins to an
administrative account.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1562, T1562.006 TA0004 M1047

Page 557
5.2.3.3 Ensure events that modify the sudo log file are collected
(Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 2 - Server
Description:
Monitor the sudo log file. If the system has been properly configured to disable the use
of the su command and force all administrators to have to log in first and then use sudo
to execute privileged commands, then all administrator commands will be logged to
/var/log/sudo.log . Any time a command is executed, an audit event will be triggered
as the /var/log/sudo.log file will be opened for write and the executed administration
command will be written to the log.
Rationale:
Changes in /var/log/sudo.log indicate that an administrator has executed a command
or the log file itself has been tampered with. Administrators will want to correlate the
events written to the audit trail with the records written to /var/log/sudo.log to verify if
unauthorized commands have been executed.

Page 558
Audit:
On disk configuration

Run the following command to check the on disk rules:

# {
SUDO_LOG_FILE_ESCAPED=$(grep -r logfile /etc/sudoers* | sed -e
's/.*logfile=//;s/,? .*//' -e 's/"//g' -e 's|/|\\/|g')
[ -n "${SUDO_LOG_FILE_ESCAPED}" ] && awk "/^ *-w/ \
&&/"${SUDO_LOG_FILE_ESCAPED}"/ \
&&/ +-p *wa/ \
&&(/ key= *[!-~]* *$/||/ -k *[!-~]* *$/)" /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules \
|| printf "ERROR: Variable 'SUDO_LOG_FILE_ESCAPED' is unset.\n"
}
Verify output of matches:
-w /var/log/sudo.log -p wa -k sudo_log_file
Running configuration

Run the following command to check loaded rules:

# {
SUDO_LOG_FILE_ESCAPED=$(grep -r logfile /etc/sudoers* | sed -e
's/.*logfile=//;s/,? .*//' -e 's/"//g' -e 's|/|\\/|g')
[ -n "${SUDO_LOG_FILE_ESCAPED}" ] && auditctl -l | awk "/^ *-w/ \
&&/"${SUDO_LOG_FILE_ESCAPED}"/ \
&&/ +-p *wa/ \
&&(/ key= *[!-~]* *$/||/ -k *[!-~]* *$/)" \
|| printf "ERROR: Variable 'SUDO_LOG_FILE_ESCAPED' is unset.\n"
}
Verify output matches:
-w /var/log/sudo.log -p wa -k sudo_log_file

Page 559
Remediation:
Edit or create a file in the /etc/audit/rules.d/ directory, ending in .rules extension,
with the relevant rules to monitor events that modify the sudo log file.
Example:
# {
SUDO_LOG_FILE=$(grep -r logfile /etc/sudoers* | sed -e 's/.*logfile=//;s/,?
.*//' -e 's/"//g')
[ -n "${SUDO_LOG_FILE}" ] && printf "
-w ${SUDO_LOG_FILE} -p wa -k sudo_log_file
" >> /etc/audit/rules.d/50-sudo.rules || printf "ERROR: Variable
'SUDO_LOG_FILE_ESCAPED' is unset.\n"
}
Merge and load the rules into active configuration:
# augenrules --load
Check if reboot is required.
# if [[ $(auditctl -s | grep "enabled") =~ "2" ]]; then printf "Reboot
required to load rules\n"; fi

References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3

Additional Information:
Potential reboot required

If the auditing configuration is locked (-e 2), then augenrules will not warn in any way
that rules could not be loaded into the running configuration. A system reboot will be
required to load the rules into the running configuration.
System call structure

For performance (man 7 audit.rules) reasons it is preferable to have all the system
calls on one line. However, your configuration may have them on one line each or some
other combination. This is important to understand for both the auditing and remediation
sections as the examples given are optimized for performance as per the man page.

Page 560
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

8.5 Collect Detailed Audit Logs

v8 Configure detailed audit logging for enterprise assets containing sensitive data.
Include event source, date, username, timestamp, source addresses, destination
● ●
addresses, and other useful elements that could assist in a forensic investigation.

4.9 Log and Alert on Unsuccessful Administrative Account

v7 Login ● ●
Configure systems to issue a log entry and alert on unsuccessful logins to an
administrative account.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1562, T1562.006 TA0004 M1047

Page 561
5.2.3.4 Ensure events that modify date and time information are
collected (Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 2 - Server
Description:
Capture events where the system date and/or time has been modified. The parameters
in this section are set to determine if the;

• adjtimex - tune kernel clock

• settimeofday - set time using timeval and timezone structures
• stime - using seconds since 1/1/1970
• clock_settime - allows for the setting of several internal clocks and timers

system calls have been executed. Further, ensure to write an audit record to the
configured audit log file upon exit, tagging the records with a unique identifier such as
"time-change".
Rationale:
Unexpected changes in system date and/or time could be a sign of malicious activity on
the system.

Page 562
Audit:
64 Bit systems

On disk configuration
Run the following command to check the on disk rules:
# {
awk '/^ *-a *always,exit/ \
&&/ -F *arch=b[2346]{2}/ \
&&/ -S/ \
&&(/adjtimex/ \
||/settimeofday/ \
||/clock_settime/ ) \
&&(/ key= *[!-~]* *$/||/ -k *[!-~]* *$/)' /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules

awk '/^ *-w/ \

&&/\/etc\/localtime/ \
&&/ +-p *wa/ \
&&(/ key= *[!-~]* *$/||/ -k *[!-~]* *$/)' /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules
}
Verify output of matches:
-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S adjtimex,settimeofday,clock_settime -k time-
change
-a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S adjtimex,settimeofday,clock_settime -k time-
change
-w /etc/localtime -p wa -k time-change
Running configuration
Run the following command to check loaded rules:
# {
auditctl -l | awk '/^ *-a *always,exit/ \
&&/ -F *arch=b[2346]{2}/ \
&&/ -S/ \
&&(/adjtimex/ \
||/settimeofday/ \
||/clock_settime/ ) \
&&(/ key= *[!-~]* *$/||/ -k *[!-~]* *$/)'

auditctl -l | awk '/^ *-w/ \

&&/\/etc\/localtime/ \
&&/ +-p *wa/ \
&&(/ key= *[!-~]* *$/||/ -k *[!-~]* *$/)'
}
Verify the output includes:
-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S adjtimex,settimeofday,clock_settime -F
key=time-change
-a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S adjtimex,settimeofday,clock_settime -F
key=time-change
-w /etc/localtime -p wa -k time-change
32 Bit systems

Page 563
Follow the same procedures as for 64 bit systems and ignore any entries with b64.
In addition, also audit for the stime system call rule. For example:
-a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S adjtimex,settimeofday,clock_settime,stime -k
time-change

Remediation:
Create audit rules

Edit or create a file in the /etc/audit/rules.d/ directory, ending in .rules extension,

with the relevant rules to monitor events that modify date and time information.
64 Bit systems

Example:
# printf "
-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S adjtimex,settimeofday,clock_settime -k time-
change
-a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S adjtimex,settimeofday,clock_settime -k time-
change
-w /etc/localtime -p wa -k time-change
" >> /etc/audit/rules.d/50-time-change.rules
Load audit rules

Merge and load the rules into active configuration:

# augenrules --load
Check if reboot is required.
# if [[ $(auditctl -s | grep "enabled") =~ "2" ]]; then printf "Reboot
required to load rules\n"; fi
32 Bit systems

Follow the same procedures as for 64 bit systems and ignore any entries with b64. In
addition, add stime to the system call audit. Example:
-a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S adjtimex,settimeofday,clock_settime,stime -k
time-change

References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3, CM-6

Page 564
Additional Information:
Potential reboot required

If the auditing configuration is locked (-e 2), then augenrules will not warn in any way
that rules could not be loaded into the running configuration. A system reboot will be
required to load the rules into the running configuration.
System call structure

For performance (man 7 audit.rules) reasons it is preferable to have all the system
calls on one line. However, your configuration may have them on one line each or some
other combination. This is important to understand for both the auditing and remediation
sections as the examples given are optimized for performance as per the man page.
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

8.5 Collect Detailed Audit Logs

v8 Configure detailed audit logging for enterprise assets containing sensitive data.
Include event source, date, username, timestamp, source addresses, destination
● ●
addresses, and other useful elements that could assist in a forensic investigation.

5.5 Implement Automated Configuration Monitoring

Systems
v7 Utilize a Security Content Automation Protocol (SCAP) compliant configuration ● ●
monitoring system to verify all security configuration elements, catalog approved
exceptions, and alert when unauthorized changes occur.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1562, T1562.006 TA0005 M1047

Page 565
5.2.3.5 Ensure events that modify the system's network
environment are collected (Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 2 - Server
Description:
Record changes to network environment files or system calls. The below parameters
monitors the following system calls, and write an audit event on system call exit:

• sethostname - set the systems host name

• setdomainname - set the systems domain name

The files being monitored are:

• /etc/issue and /etc/issue.net - messages displayed pre-login

• /etc/hosts - file containing host names and associated IP addresses
• /etc/sysconfig/network - additional information that is valid to all network
interfaces
• /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ - directory containing network interface
scripts and configurations files

Rationale:
Monitoring sethostname and setdomainname will identify potential unauthorized changes
to host and domain name of a system. The changing of these names could potentially
break security parameters that are set based on those names. The /etc/hosts file is
monitored for changes that can indicate an unauthorized intruder is trying to change
machine associations with IP addresses and trick users and processes into connecting
to unintended machines. Monitoring /etc/issue and /etc/issue.net is important, as
intruders could put disinformation into those files and trick users into providing
information to the intruder. Monitoring /etc/sysconfig/network is important as it can
show if network interfaces or scripts are being modified in a way that can lead to the
machine becoming unavailable or compromised. All audit records should have a
relevant tag associated with them.

Page 566
Audit:
64 Bit systems

On disk configuration
Run the following commands to check the on disk rules:
# {
awk '/^ *-a *always,exit/ \
&&/ -F *arch=b(32|64)/ \
&&/ -S/ \
&&(/sethostname/ \
||/setdomainname/) \
&&(/ key= *[!-~]* *$/||/ -k *[!-~]* *$/)' /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules

awk '/^ *-w/ \

&&(/\/etc\/issue/ \
||/\/etc\/issue.net/ \
||/\/etc\/hosts/ \
||/\/etc\/sysconfig\/network/) \
&&/ +-p *wa/ \
&&(/ key= *[!-~]* *$/||/ -k *[!-~]* *$/)' /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules
}
Verify the output matches:
-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S sethostname,setdomainname -k system-locale
-a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S sethostname,setdomainname -k system-locale
-w /etc/issue -p wa -k system-locale
-w /etc/issue.net -p wa -k system-locale
-w /etc/hosts -p wa -k system-locale
-w /etc/sysconfig/network -p wa -k system-locale
-w /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ -p wa -k system-locale
Running configuration
Run the following command to check loaded rules:
# {
auditctl -l | awk '/^ *-a *always,exit/ \
&&/ -F *arch=b(32|64)/ \
&&/ -S/ \
&&(/sethostname/ \
||/setdomainname/) \
&&(/ key= *[!-~]* *$/||/ -k *[!-~]* *$/)'

auditctl -l | awk '/^ *-w/ \

&&(/\/etc\/issue/ \
||/\/etc\/issue.net/ \
||/\/etc\/hosts/ \
||/\/etc\/sysconfig\/network/) \
&&/ +-p *wa/ \
&&(/ key= *[!-~]* *$/||/ -k *[!-~]* *$/)'
}
Verify the output includes:

Page 567
-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S sethostname,setdomainname -F key=system-locale
-a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S sethostname,setdomainname -F key=system-locale
-w /etc/issue -p wa -k system-locale
-w /etc/issue.net -p wa -k system-locale
-w /etc/hosts -p wa -k system-locale
-w /etc/sysconfig/network -p wa -k system-locale
-w /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts -p wa -k system-locale
32 Bit systems

Follow the same procedures as for 64 bit systems and ignore any entries with b64

Remediation:
Create audit rules

Edit or create a file in the /etc/audit/rules.d/ directory, ending in .rules extension,

with the relevant rules to monitor events that modify the system's network environment.
64 Bit systems

Example:
# printf "
-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S sethostname,setdomainname -k system-locale
-a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S sethostname,setdomainname -k system-locale
-w /etc/issue -p wa -k system-locale
-w /etc/issue.net -p wa -k system-locale
-w /etc/hosts -p wa -k system-locale
-w /etc/sysconfig/network -p wa -k system-locale
-w /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ -p wa -k system-locale
" >> /etc/audit/rules.d/50-system_local.rules
Load audit rules

Merge and load the rules into active configuration:

# augenrules --load
Check if reboot is required.
# if [[ $(auditctl -s | grep "enabled") =~ "2" ]]; then printf "Reboot
required to load rules\n"; fi
32 Bit systems

Follow the same procedures as for 64 bit systems and ignore any entries with b64.

References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3, CM-6

Page 568
Additional Information:
Potential reboot required

If the auditing configuration is locked (-e 2), then augenrules will not warn in any way
that rules could not be loaded into the running configuration. A system reboot will be
required to load the rules into the running configuration.
System call structure

For performance (man 7 audit.rules) reasons it is preferable to have all the system
calls on one line. However, your configuration may have them on one line each or some
other combination. This is important to understand for both the auditing and remediation
sections as the examples given are optimized for performance as per the man page.
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

8.5 Collect Detailed Audit Logs

v8 Configure detailed audit logging for enterprise assets containing sensitive data.
Include event source, date, username, timestamp, source addresses, destination
● ●
addresses, and other useful elements that could assist in a forensic investigation.

5.5 Implement Automated Configuration Monitoring

Systems
v7 Utilize a Security Content Automation Protocol (SCAP) compliant configuration ● ●
monitoring system to verify all security configuration elements, catalog approved
exceptions, and alert when unauthorized changes occur.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1562, T1562.006 TA0003 M1047

Page 569
5.2.3.6 Ensure use of privileged commands are collected
(Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 2 - Server
Description:
Monitor privileged programs, those that have the setuid and/or setgid bit set on
execution, to determine if unprivileged users are running these commands.
Rationale:
Execution of privileged commands by non-privileged users could be an indication of
someone trying to gain unauthorized access to the system.
Impact:
Both the audit and remediation section of this recommendation will traverse all mounted
file systems that is not mounted with either noexec or nosuid mount options. If there are
large file systems without these mount options, such traversal will be significantly
detrimental to the performance of the system.
Before running either the audit or remediation section, inspect the output of the following
command to determine exactly which file systems will be traversed:
# findmnt -n -l -k -it $(awk '/nodev/ { print $2 }' /proc/filesystems | paste
-sd,) | grep -Pv "noexec|nosuid"
To exclude a particular file system due to adverse performance impacts, update the
audit and remediation sections by adding a sufficiently unique string to the grep
statement. The above command can be used to test the modified exclusions.

Page 570
Audit:
On disk configuration

Run the following command to check on disk rules:

# for PARTITION in $(findmnt -n -l -k -it $(awk '/nodev/ { print $2 }'
/proc/filesystems | paste -sd,) | grep -Pv "noexec|nosuid" | awk '{print
$1}'); do
for PRIVILEGED in $(find "${PARTITION}" -xdev -perm /6000 -type f); do
grep -qr "${PRIVILEGED}" /etc/audit/rules.d && printf "OK:
'${PRIVILEGED}' found in auditing rules.\n" || printf "Warning:
'${PRIVILEGED}' not found in on disk configuration.\n"
done
done
Verify that all output is OK.
Running configuration

Run the following command to check loaded rules:

# {
RUNNING=$(auditctl -l)
[ -n "${RUNNING}" ] && for PARTITION in $(findmnt -n -l -k -it $(awk
'/nodev/ { print $2 }' /proc/filesystems | paste -sd,) | grep -Pv
"noexec|nosuid" | awk '{print $1}'); do
for PRIVILEGED in $(find "${PARTITION}" -xdev -perm /6000 -type f); do
printf -- "${RUNNING}" | grep -q "${PRIVILEGED}" && printf "OK:
'${PRIVILEGED}' found in auditing rules.\n" || printf "Warning:
'${PRIVILEGED}' not found in running configuration.\n"
done
done \
|| printf "ERROR: Variable 'RUNNING' is unset.\n"
}
Verify that all output is OK.
Special mount points

If there are any special mount points that are not visible by default from findmnt as per
the above audit, said file systems would have to be manually audited.

Page 571
Remediation:
Edit or create a file in the /etc/audit/rules.d/ directory, ending in .rules extension,
with the relevant rules to monitor the use of privileged commands.
Example:
# {
UID_MIN=$(awk '/^\s*UID_MIN/{print $2}' /etc/login.defs)
AUDIT_RULE_FILE="/etc/audit/rules.d/50-privileged.rules"
NEW_DATA=()
for PARTITION in $(findmnt -n -l -k -it $(awk '/nodev/ { print $2 }'
/proc/filesystems | paste -sd,) | grep -Pv "noexec|nosuid" | awk '{print
$1}'); do
readarray -t DATA < <(find "${PARTITION}" -xdev -perm /6000 -type f | awk
-v UID_MIN=${UID_MIN} '{print "-a always,exit -F path=" $1 " -F perm=x -F
auid>="UID_MIN" -F auid!=unset -k privileged" }')
for ENTRY in "${DATA[@]}"; do
NEW_DATA+=("${ENTRY}")
done
done
readarray &> /dev/null -t OLD_DATA < "${AUDIT_RULE_FILE}"
COMBINED_DATA=( "${OLD_DATA[@]}" "${NEW_DATA[@]}" )
printf '%s\n' "${COMBINED_DATA[@]}" | sort -u > "${AUDIT_RULE_FILE}"
}
Merge and load the rules into active configuration:
# augenrules --load
Check if reboot is required.
# if [[ $(auditctl -s | grep "enabled") =~ "2" ]]; then printf "Reboot
required to load rules\n"; fi
Special mount points

If there are any special mount points that are not visible by default from just scanning /,
change the PARTITION variable to the appropriate partition and re-run the remediation.

References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3

Page 572
Additional Information:
Potential reboot required

If the auditing configuration is locked (-e 2), then augenrules will not warn in any way
that rules could not be loaded into the running configuration. A system reboot will be
required to load the rules into the running configuration.
System call structure

For performance (man 7 audit.rules) reasons it is preferable to have all the system
calls on one line. However, your configuration may have them on one line each or some
other combination. This is important to understand for both the auditing and remediation
sections as the examples given are optimized for performance as per the man page.
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

8.5 Collect Detailed Audit Logs

v8 Configure detailed audit logging for enterprise assets containing sensitive data.
Include event source, date, username, timestamp, source addresses, destination
● ●
addresses, and other useful elements that could assist in a forensic investigation.

6.2 Activate audit logging

v7 Ensure that local logging has been enabled on all systems and networking ● ● ●
devices.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1562, T1562.006 TA0002 M1026

Page 573
5.2.3.7 Ensure unsuccessful file access attempts are collected
(Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 2 - Server
Description:
Monitor for unsuccessful attempts to access files. The following parameters are
associated with system calls that control files:

• creation - creat
• opening - open , openat
• truncation - truncate , ftruncate

An audit log record will only be written if all of the following criteria is met for the user
when trying to access a file:

• a non-privileged user (auid>=UID_MIN)

• is not a Daemon event (auid=4294967295/unset/-1)
• if the system call returned EACCES (permission denied) or EPERM (some other
permanent error associated with the specific system call)

Rationale:
Failed attempts to open, create or truncate files could be an indication that an individual
or process is trying to gain unauthorized access to the system.

Page 574
Audit:
64 Bit systems

On disk configuration
Run the following command to check the on disk rules:
# {
UID_MIN=$(awk '/^\s*UID_MIN/{print $2}' /etc/login.defs)
[ -n "${UID_MIN}" ] && awk "/^ *-a *always,exit/ \
&&/ -F *arch=b[2346]{2}/ \
&&(/ -F *auid!=unset/||/ -F *auid!=-1/||/ -F *auid!=4294967295/) \
&&/ -F *auid>=${UID_MIN}/ \
&&(/ -F *exit=-EACCES/||/ -F *exit=-EPERM/) \
&&/ -S/ \
&&/creat/ \
&&/open/ \
&&/truncate/ \
&&(/ key= *[!-~]* *$/||/ -k *[!-~]* *$/)" /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules \
|| printf "ERROR: Variable 'UID_MIN' is unset.\n"
}
Verify the output includes:
-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S creat,open,openat,truncate,ftruncate -F exit=-
EACCES -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -k access
-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S creat,open,openat,truncate,ftruncate -F exit=-
EPERM -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -k access
-a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S creat,open,openat,truncate,ftruncate -F exit=-
EACCES -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -k access
-a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S creat,open,openat,truncate,ftruncate -F exit=-
EPERM -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -k access
Running configuration
Run the following command to check loaded rules:
# {
UID_MIN=$(awk '/^\s*UID_MIN/{print $2}' /etc/login.defs)
[ -n "${UID_MIN}" ] && auditctl -l | awk "/^ *-a *always,exit/ \
&&/ -F *arch=b[2346]{2}/ \
&&(/ -F *auid!=unset/||/ -F *auid!=-1/||/ -F *auid!=4294967295/) \
&&/ -F *auid>=${UID_MIN}/ \
&&(/ -F *exit=-EACCES/||/ -F *exit=-EPERM/) \
&&/ -S/ \
&&/creat/ \
&&/open/ \
&&/truncate/ \
&&(/ key= *[!-~]* *$/||/ -k *[!-~]* *$/)" \
|| printf "ERROR: Variable 'UID_MIN' is unset.\n"
}
Verify the output includes:

Page 575
-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S open,truncate,ftruncate,creat,openat -F exit=-
EACCES -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=-1 -F key=access
-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S open,truncate,ftruncate,creat,openat -F exit=-
EPERM -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=-1 -F key=access
-a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S open,truncate,ftruncate,creat,openat -F exit=-
EACCES -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=-1 -F key=access
-a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S open,truncate,ftruncate,creat,openat -F exit=-
EPERM -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=-1 -F key=access
32 Bit systems

Follow the same procedures as for 64 bit systems and ignore any entries with b64.

Remediation:
Create audit rules

Edit or create a file in the /etc/audit/rules.d/ directory, ending in .rules extension,

with the relevant rules to monitor unsuccessful file access attempts.
64 Bit systems

Example:
# {
UID_MIN=$(awk '/^\s*UID_MIN/{print $2}' /etc/login.defs)
[ -n "${UID_MIN}" ] && printf "
-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S creat,open,openat,truncate,ftruncate -F exit=-
EACCES -F auid>=${UID_MIN} -F auid!=unset -k access
-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S creat,open,openat,truncate,ftruncate -F exit=-
EPERM -F auid>=${UID_MIN} -F auid!=unset -k access
-a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S creat,open,openat,truncate,ftruncate -F exit=-
EACCES -F auid>=${UID_MIN} -F auid!=unset -k access
-a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S creat,open,openat,truncate,ftruncate -F exit=-
EPERM -F auid>=${UID_MIN} -F auid!=unset -k access
" >> /etc/audit/rules.d/50-access.rules || printf "ERROR: Variable 'UID_MIN'
is unset.\n"
}
Load audit rules

Merge and load the rules into active configuration:

# augenrules --load
Check if reboot is required.
# if [[ $(auditctl -s | grep "enabled") =~ "2" ]]; then printf "Reboot
required to load rules\n"; fi
32 Bit systems

Follow the same procedures as for 64 bit systems and ignore any entries with b64.

Page 576
References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3

Additional Information:
Potential reboot required

If the auditing configuration is locked (-e 2), then augenrules will not warn in any way
that rules could not be loaded into the running configuration. A system reboot will be
required to load the rules into the running configuration.
System call structure

For performance (man 7 audit.rules) reasons it is preferable to have all the system
calls on one line. However, your configuration may have them on one line each or some
other combination. This is important to understand for both the auditing and remediation
sections as the examples given are optimized for performance as per the man page.
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

8.5 Collect Detailed Audit Logs

v8 Configure detailed audit logging for enterprise assets containing sensitive data.
Include event source, date, username, timestamp, source addresses, destination
● ●
addresses, and other useful elements that could assist in a forensic investigation.

14.9 Enforce Detail Logging for Access or Changes to

Sensitive Data
v7 Enforce detailed audit logging for access to sensitive data or changes to ●
sensitive data (utilizing tools such as File Integrity Monitoring or Security
Information and Event Monitoring).

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1562, T1562.006 TA0007 M1047

Page 577
5.2.3.8 Ensure events that modify user/group information are
collected (Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 2 - Server
Description:
Record events affecting the modification of user or group information, including that of
passwords and old passwords if in use.

• /etc/group - system groups

• /etc/passwd - system users
• /etc/gshadow - encrypted password for each group
• /etc/shadow - system user passwords
• /etc/security/opasswd - storage of old passwords if the relevant PAM module is
in use

The parameters in this section will watch the files to see if they have been opened for
write or have had attribute changes (e.g. permissions) and tag them with the identifier
"identity" in the audit log file.
Rationale:
Unexpected changes to these files could be an indication that the system has been
compromised and that an unauthorized user is attempting to hide their activities or
compromise additional accounts.

Page 578
Audit:
On disk configuration

Run the following command to check the on disk rules:

# awk '/^ *-w/ \
&&(/\/etc\/group/ \
||/\/etc\/passwd/ \
||/\/etc\/gshadow/ \
||/\/etc\/shadow/ \
||/\/etc\/security\/opasswd/) \
&&/ +-p *wa/ \
&&(/ key= *[!-~]* *$/||/ -k *[!-~]* *$/)' /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules
Verify the output matches:
-w /etc/group -p wa -k identity
-w /etc/passwd -p wa -k identity
-w /etc/gshadow -p wa -k identity
-w /etc/shadow -p wa -k identity
-w /etc/security/opasswd -p wa -k identity
Running configuration

Run the following command to check loaded rules:

# auditctl -l | awk '/^ *-w/ \
&&(/\/etc\/group/ \
||/\/etc\/passwd/ \
||/\/etc\/gshadow/ \
||/\/etc\/shadow/ \
||/\/etc\/security\/opasswd/) \
&&/ +-p *wa/ \
&&(/ key= *[!-~]* *$/||/ -k *[!-~]* *$/)'
Verify the output matches:
-w /etc/group -p wa -k identity
-w /etc/passwd -p wa -k identity
-w /etc/gshadow -p wa -k identity
-w /etc/shadow -p wa -k identity
-w /etc/security/opasswd -p wa -k identity

Page 579
Remediation:
Edit or create a file in the /etc/audit/rules.d/ directory, ending in .rules extension,
with the relevant rules to monitor events that modify user/group information.
Example:
# printf "
-w /etc/group -p wa -k identity
-w /etc/passwd -p wa -k identity
-w /etc/gshadow -p wa -k identity
-w /etc/shadow -p wa -k identity
-w /etc/security/opasswd -p wa -k identity
" >> /etc/audit/rules.d/50-identity.rules
Merge and load the rules into active configuration:
# augenrules --load
Check if reboot is required.
# if [[ $(auditctl -s | grep "enabled") =~ "2" ]]; then printf "Reboot
required to load rules\n"; fi

References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3

Additional Information:
Potential reboot required

If the auditing configuration is locked (-e 2), then augenrules will not warn in any way
that rules could not be loaded into the running configuration. A system reboot will be
required to load the rules into the running configuration.
System call structure

For performance (man 7 audit.rules) reasons it is preferable to have all the system
calls on one line. However, your configuration may have them on one line each or some
other combination. This is important to understand for both the auditing and remediation
sections as the examples given are optimized for performance as per the man page.

Page 580
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

8.5 Collect Detailed Audit Logs

v8 Configure detailed audit logging for enterprise assets containing sensitive data.
Include event source, date, username, timestamp, source addresses, destination
● ●
addresses, and other useful elements that could assist in a forensic investigation.

4.8 Log and Alert on Changes to Administrative Group

v7 Membership ● ●
Configure systems to issue a log entry and alert when an account is added to
or removed from any group assigned administrative privileges.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1562, T1562.006 TA0004 M1047

Page 581
5.2.3.9 Ensure discretionary access control permission
modification events are collected (Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 2 - Server
Description:
Monitor changes to file permissions, attributes, ownership and group. The parameters in
this section track changes for system calls that affect file permissions and attributes.
The following commands and system calls effect the permissions, ownership and
various attributes of files.

• chmod
• fchmod
• fchmodat
• chown
• fchown
• fchownat
• lchown
• setxattr
• lsetxattr
• fsetxattr
• removexattr
• lremovexattr
• fremovexattr

In all cases, an audit record will only be written for non-system user ids and will ignore
Daemon events. All audit records will be tagged with the identifier "perm_mod."
Rationale:
Monitoring for changes in file attributes could alert a system administrator to activity that
could indicate intruder activity or policy violation.

Page 582
Audit:
64 Bit systems

On disk configuration
Run the following command to check the on disk rules:
# {
UID_MIN=$(awk '/^\s*UID_MIN/{print $2}' /etc/login.defs)
[ -n "${UID_MIN}" ] && awk "/^ *-a *always,exit/ \
&&/ -F *arch=b[2346]{2}/ \
&&(/ -F *auid!=unset/||/ -F *auid!=-1/||/ -F *auid!=4294967295/) \
&&/ -S/ \
&&/ -F *auid>=${UID_MIN}/ \
&&(/chmod/||/fchmod/||/fchmodat/ \
||/chown/||/fchown/||/fchownat/||/lchown/ \
||/setxattr/||/lsetxattr/||/fsetxattr/ \
||/removexattr/||/lremovexattr/||/fremovexattr/) \
&&(/ key= *[!-~]* *$/||/ -k *[!-~]* *$/)" /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules \
|| printf "ERROR: Variable 'UID_MIN' is unset.\n"
}
Verify the output matches:
-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S chmod,fchmod,fchmodat -F auid>=1000 -F
auid!=unset -F key=perm_mod
-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S chown,fchown,lchown,fchownat -F auid>=1000 -F
auid!=unset -F key=perm_mod
-a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S chmod,fchmod,fchmodat -F auid>=1000 -F
auid!=unset -F key=perm_mod
-a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S lchown,fchown,chown,fchownat -F auid>=1000 -F
auid!=unset -F key=perm_mod
-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S
setxattr,lsetxattr,fsetxattr,removexattr,lremovexattr,fremovexattr -F
auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=perm_mod
-a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S
setxattr,lsetxattr,fsetxattr,removexattr,lremovexattr,fremovexattr -F
auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=perm_mod
Running configuration
Run the following command to check loaded rules:

Page 583
# {
UID_MIN=$(awk '/^\s*UID_MIN/{print $2}' /etc/login.defs)
[ -n "${UID_MIN}" ] && auditctl -l | awk "/^ *-a *always,exit/ \
&&/ -F *arch=b[2346]{2}/ \
&&(/ -F *auid!=unset/||/ -F *auid!=-1/||/ -F *auid!=4294967295/) \
&&/ -S/ \
&&/ -F *auid>=${UID_MIN}/ \
&&(/chmod/||/fchmod/||/fchmodat/ \
||/chown/||/fchown/||/fchownat/||/lchown/ \
||/setxattr/||/lsetxattr/||/fsetxattr/ \
||/removexattr/||/lremovexattr/||/fremovexattr/) \
&&(/ key= *[!-~]* *$/||/ -k *[!-~]* *$/)" \
|| printf "ERROR: Variable 'UID_MIN' is unset.\n"
}
Verify the output matches:
-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S chmod,fchmod,fchmodat -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=-1
-F key=perm_mod
-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S chown,fchown,lchown,fchownat -F auid>=1000 -F
auid!=-1 -F key=perm_mod
-a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S chmod,fchmod,fchmodat -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=-1
-F key=perm_mod
-a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S lchown,fchown,chown,fchownat -F auid>=1000 -F
auid!=-1 -F key=perm_mod
-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S
setxattr,lsetxattr,fsetxattr,removexattr,lremovexattr,fremovexattr -F
auid>=1000 -F auid!=-1 -F key=perm_mod
-a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S
setxattr,lsetxattr,fsetxattr,removexattr,lremovexattr,fremovexattr -F
auid>=1000 -F auid!=-1 -F key=perm_mod
32 Bit systems

Follow the same procedures as for 64 bit systems and ignore any entries with b64.

Page 584
Remediation:
Create audit rules

Edit or create a file in the /etc/audit/rules.d/ directory, ending in .rules extension,

with the relevant rules to monitor discretionary access control permission modification
events.
64 Bit systems

Example:
# {
UID_MIN=$(awk '/^\s*UID_MIN/{print $2}' /etc/login.defs)
[ -n "${UID_MIN}" ] && printf "
-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S chmod,fchmod,fchmodat -F auid>=${UID_MIN} -F
auid!=unset -F key=perm_mod
-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S chown,fchown,lchown,fchownat -F
auid>=${UID_MIN} -F auid!=unset -F key=perm_mod
-a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S chmod,fchmod,fchmodat -F auid>=${UID_MIN} -F
auid!=unset -F key=perm_mod
-a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S lchown,fchown,chown,fchownat -F
auid>=${UID_MIN} -F auid!=unset -F key=perm_mod
-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S
setxattr,lsetxattr,fsetxattr,removexattr,lremovexattr,fremovexattr -F
auid>=${UID_MIN} -F auid!=unset -F key=perm_mod
-a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S
setxattr,lsetxattr,fsetxattr,removexattr,lremovexattr,fremovexattr -F
auid>=${UID_MIN} -F auid!=unset -F key=perm_mod
" >> /etc/audit/rules.d/50-perm_mod.rules || printf "ERROR: Variable
'UID_MIN' is unset.\n"
}
Load audit rules

Merge and load the rules into active configuration:

# augenrules --load
Check if reboot is required.
# if [[ $(auditctl -s | grep "enabled") =~ "2" ]]; then printf "Reboot
required to load rules\n"; fi
32 Bit systems

Follow the same procedures as for 64 bit systems and ignore any entries with b64.

References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3, CM-6

Page 585
Additional Information:
Potential reboot required

If the auditing configuration is locked (-e 2), then augenrules will not warn in any way
that rules could not be loaded into the running configuration. A system reboot will be
required to load the rules into the running configuration.
System call structure

For performance (man 7 audit.rules) reasons it is preferable to have all the system
calls on one line. However, your configuration may have them on one line each or some
other combination. This is important to understand for both the auditing and remediation
sections as the examples given are optimized for performance as per the man page.
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

8.5 Collect Detailed Audit Logs

v8 Configure detailed audit logging for enterprise assets containing sensitive data.
Include event source, date, username, timestamp, source addresses, destination
● ●
addresses, and other useful elements that could assist in a forensic investigation.

5.5 Implement Automated Configuration Monitoring

Systems
v7 Utilize a Security Content Automation Protocol (SCAP) compliant configuration ● ●
monitoring system to verify all security configuration elements, catalog approved
exceptions, and alert when unauthorized changes occur.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1562, T1562.006 TA0005 M1022

Page 586
5.2.3.10 Ensure successful file system mounts are collected
(Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 2 - Server
Description:
Monitor the use of the mount system call. The mount (and umount ) system call controls
the mounting and unmounting of file systems. The parameters below configure the
system to create an audit record when the mount system call is used by a non-
privileged user
Rationale:
It is highly unusual for a non privileged user to mount file systems to the system. While
tracking mount commands gives the system administrator evidence that external media
may have been mounted (based on a review of the source of the mount and confirming
it's an external media type), it does not conclusively indicate that data was exported to
the media. System administrators who wish to determine if data were exported, would
also have to track successful open, creat and truncate system calls requiring write
access to a file under the mount point of the external media file system. This could give
a fair indication that a write occurred. The only way to truly prove it, would be to track
successful writes to the external media. Tracking write system calls could quickly fill up
the audit log and is not recommended. Recommendations on configuration options to
track data export to media is beyond the scope of this document.

Page 587
Audit:
64 Bit systems

On disk configuration
Run the following command to check the on disk rules:
# {
UID_MIN=$(awk '/^\s*UID_MIN/{print $2}' /etc/login.defs)
[ -n "${UID_MIN}" ] && awk "/^ *-a *always,exit/ \
&&/ -F *arch=b[2346]{2}/ \
&&(/ -F *auid!=unset/||/ -F *auid!=-1/||/ -F *auid!=4294967295/) \
&&/ -F *auid>=${UID_MIN}/ \
&&/ -S/ \
&&/mount/ \
&&(/ key= *[!-~]* *$/||/ -k *[!-~]* *$/)" /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules \
|| printf "ERROR: Variable 'UID_MIN' is unset.\n"
}
Verify the output matches:
-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S mount -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -k mounts
-a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S mount -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -k mounts
Running configuration
Run the following command to check loaded rules:
# {
UID_MIN=$(awk '/^\s*UID_MIN/{print $2}' /etc/login.defs)
[ -n "${UID_MIN}" ] && auditctl -l | awk "/^ *-a *always,exit/ \
&&/ -F *arch=b[2346]{2}/ \
&&(/ -F *auid!=unset/||/ -F *auid!=-1/||/ -F *auid!=4294967295/) \
&&/ -F *auid>=${UID_MIN}/ \
&&/ -S/ \
&&/mount/ \
&&(/ key= *[!-~]* *$/||/ -k *[!-~]* *$/)" \
|| printf "ERROR: Variable 'UID_MIN' is unset.\n"
}
Verify the output matches:
-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S mount -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=-1 -F key=mounts
-a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S mount -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=-1 -F key=mounts
32 Bit systems

Follow the same procedures as for 64 bit systems and ignore any entries with b64.

Page 588
Remediation:
Create audit rules

Edit or create a file in the /etc/audit/rules.d/ directory, ending in .rules extension,

with the relevant rules to monitor successful file system mounts.
64 Bit systems

Example:
# {
UID_MIN=$(awk '/^\s*UID_MIN/{print $2}' /etc/login.defs)
[ -n "${UID_MIN}" ] && printf "
-a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S mount -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -k mounts
-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S mount -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -k mounts
" >> /etc/audit/rules.d/50-mounts.rules || printf "ERROR: Variable 'UID_MIN'
is unset.\n"
}
Load audit rules

Merge and load the rules into active configuration:

# augenrules --load
Check if reboot is required.
# if [[ $(auditctl -s | grep "enabled") =~ "2" ]]; then printf "Reboot
required to load rules\n"; fi
32 Bit systems

Follow the same procedures as for 64 bit systems and ignore any entries with b64.

References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-6

Page 589
Additional Information:
Potential reboot required

If the auditing configuration is locked (-e 2), then augenrules will not warn in any way
that rules could not be loaded into the running configuration. A system reboot will be
required to load the rules into the running configuration.
System call structure

For performance (man 7 audit.rules) reasons it is preferable to have all the system
calls on one line. However, your configuration may have them on one line each or some
other combination. This is important to understand for both the auditing and remediation
sections as the examples given are optimized for performance as per the man page.
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

8.5 Collect Detailed Audit Logs

v8 Configure detailed audit logging for enterprise assets containing sensitive data.
Include event source, date, username, timestamp, source addresses, destination
● ●
addresses, and other useful elements that could assist in a forensic investigation.

6.3 Enable Detailed Logging

v7 Enable system logging to include detailed information such as an event source,
date, user, timestamp, source addresses, destination addresses, and other useful
● ●
elements.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1562, T1562.006 TA0010 M1034

Page 590
5.2.3.11 Ensure session initiation information is collected
(Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 2 - Server
Description:
Monitor session initiation events. The parameters in this section track changes to the
files associated with session events.

• /var/run/utmp - tracks all currently logged in users.

• /var/log/wtmp - file tracks logins, logouts, shutdown, and reboot events.
• /var/log/btmp - keeps track of failed login attempts and can be read by entering
the command /usr/bin/last -f /var/log/btmp.

All audit records will be tagged with the identifier "session."

Rationale:
Monitoring these files for changes could alert a system administrator to logins occurring
at unusual hours, which could indicate intruder activity (i.e. a user logging in at a time
when they do not normally log in).

Page 591
Audit:
On disk configuration

Run the following command to check the on disk rules:

# awk '/^ *-w/ \
&&(/\/var\/run\/utmp/ \
||/\/var\/log\/wtmp/ \
||/\/var\/log\/btmp/) \
&&/ +-p *wa/ \
&&(/ key= *[!-~]* *$/||/ -k *[!-~]* *$/)' /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules
Verify the output matches:
-w /var/run/utmp -p wa -k session
-w /var/log/wtmp -p wa -k session
-w /var/log/btmp -p wa -k session
Running configuration

Run the following command to check loaded rules:

# auditctl -l | awk '/^ *-w/ \
&&(/\/var\/run\/utmp/ \
||/\/var\/log\/wtmp/ \
||/\/var\/log\/btmp/) \
&&/ +-p *wa/ \
&&(/ key= *[!-~]* *$/||/ -k *[!-~]* *$/)'
Verify the output matches:
-w /var/run/utmp -p wa -k session
-w /var/log/wtmp -p wa -k session
-w /var/log/btmp -p wa -k session

Page 592
Remediation:
Edit or create a file in the /etc/audit/rules.d/ directory, ending in .rules extension,
with the relevant rules to monitor session initiation information.
Example:
# printf "
-w /var/run/utmp -p wa -k session
-w /var/log/wtmp -p wa -k session
-w /var/log/btmp -p wa -k session
" >> /etc/audit/rules.d/50-session.rules
Merge and load the rules into active configuration:
# augenrules --load
Check if reboot is required.
# if [[ $(auditctl -s | grep "enabled") =~ "2" ]]; then printf "Reboot
required to load rules\n"; fi

References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3

Additional Information:
Potential reboot required

If the auditing configuration is locked (-e 2), then augenrules will not warn in any way
that rules could not be loaded into the running configuration. A system reboot will be
required to load the rules into the running configuration.
System call structure

For performance (man 7 audit.rules) reasons it is preferable to have all the system
calls on one line. However, your configuration may have them on one line each or some
other combination. This is important to understand for both the auditing and remediation
sections as the examples given are optimized for performance as per the man page.

Page 593
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

8.5 Collect Detailed Audit Logs

v8 Configure detailed audit logging for enterprise assets containing sensitive data.
Include event source, date, username, timestamp, source addresses, destination
● ●
addresses, and other useful elements that could assist in a forensic investigation.

4.9 Log and Alert on Unsuccessful Administrative Account

v7 Login ● ●
Configure systems to issue a log entry and alert on unsuccessful logins to an
administrative account.

16.13 Alert on Account Login Behavior Deviation

v7 Alert when users deviate from normal login behavior, such as time-of-day, ●
workstation location and duration.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1562, T1562.006 TA0001 M1047

Page 594
5.2.3.12 Ensure login and logout events are collected
(Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 2 - Server
Description:
Monitor login and logout events. The parameters below track changes to files
associated with login/logout events.

• /var/log/lastlog - maintain records of the last time a user successfully logged

in.
• /var/run/faillock - directory maintains records of login failures via the
pam_faillock module.

Rationale:
Monitoring login/logout events could provide a system administrator with information
associated with brute force attacks against user logins.

Page 595
Audit:
On disk configuration

Run the following command to check the on disk rules:

# awk '/^ *-w/ \
&&(/\/var\/log\/lastlog/ \
||/\/var\/run\/faillock/) \
&&/ +-p *wa/ \
&&(/ key= *[!-~]* *$/||/ -k *[!-~]* *$/)' /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules
Verify the output matches:
-w /var/log/lastlog -p wa -k logins
-w /var/run/faillock -p wa -k logins
Running configuration

Run the following command to check loaded rules:

# auditctl -l | awk '/^ *-w/ \
&&(/\/var\/log\/lastlog/ \
||/\/var\/run\/faillock/) \
&&/ +-p *wa/ \
&&(/ key= *[!-~]* *$/||/ -k *[!-~]* *$/)'
Verify the output matches:
-w /var/log/lastlog -p wa -k logins
-w /var/run/faillock -p wa -k logins

Remediation:
Edit or create a file in the /etc/audit/rules.d/ directory, ending in .rules extension,
with the relevant rules to monitor login and logout events.
Example:
# printf "
-w /var/log/lastlog -p wa -k logins
-w /var/run/faillock -p wa -k logins
" >> /etc/audit/rules.d/50-login.rules
Merge and load the rules into active configuration:
# augenrules --load
Check if reboot is required.
# if [[ $(auditctl -s | grep "enabled") =~ "2" ]]; then printf "Reboot
required to load rules\n"; fi

References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3

Page 596
Additional Information:
Potential reboot required

If the auditing configuration is locked (-e 2), then augenrules will not warn in any way
that rules could not be loaded into the running configuration. A system reboot will be
required to load the rules into the running configuration.
System call structure

For performance (man 7 audit.rules) reasons it is preferable to have all the system
calls on one line. However, your configuration may have them on one line each or some
other combination. This is important to understand for both the auditing and remediation
sections as the examples given are optimized for performance as per the man page.
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

8.5 Collect Detailed Audit Logs

v8 Configure detailed audit logging for enterprise assets containing sensitive data.
Include event source, date, username, timestamp, source addresses, destination
● ●
addresses, and other useful elements that could assist in a forensic investigation.

4.9 Log and Alert on Unsuccessful Administrative Account

v7 Login ● ●
Configure systems to issue a log entry and alert on unsuccessful logins to an
administrative account.

v7 16.11 Lock Workstation Sessions After Inactivity ● ● ●

Automatically lock workstation sessions after a standard period of inactivity.

16.13 Alert on Account Login Behavior Deviation

v7 Alert when users deviate from normal login behavior, such as time-of-day, ●
workstation location and duration.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1562, T1562.006 TA0001 M1047

Page 597
5.2.3.13 Ensure file deletion events by users are collected
(Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 2 - Server
Description:
Monitor the use of system calls associated with the deletion or renaming of files and file
attributes. This configuration statement sets up monitoring for:

• unlink - remove a file

• unlinkat - remove a file attribute
• rename - rename a file
• renameat rename a file attribute system calls and tags them with the identifier
"delete".

Rationale:
Monitoring these calls from non-privileged users could provide a system administrator
with evidence that inappropriate removal of files and file attributes associated with
protected files is occurring. While this audit option will look at all events, system
administrators will want to look for specific privileged files that are being deleted or
altered.

Page 598
Audit:
64 Bit systems

On disk configuration
Run the following command to check the on disk rules:
# {
UID_MIN=$(awk '/^\s*UID_MIN/{print $2}' /etc/login.defs)
[ -n "${UID_MIN}" ] && awk "/^ *-a *always,exit/ \
&&/ -F *arch=b[2346]{2}/ \
&&(/ -F *auid!=unset/||/ -F *auid!=-1/||/ -F *auid!=4294967295/) \
&&/ -F *auid>=${UID_MIN}/ \
&&/ -S/ \
&&(/unlink/||/rename/||/unlinkat/||/renameat/) \
&&(/ key= *[!-~]* *$/||/ -k *[!-~]* *$/)" /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules \
|| printf "ERROR: Variable 'UID_MIN' is unset.\n"
}
Verify the output matches:
-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S unlink,unlinkat,rename,renameat -F auid>=1000 -
F auid!=unset -k delete
-a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S unlink,unlinkat,rename,renameat -F auid>=1000 -
F auid!=unset -k delete
Running configuration
Run the following command to check loaded rules:
# {
UID_MIN=$(awk '/^\s*UID_MIN/{print $2}' /etc/login.defs)
[ -n "${UID_MIN}" ] && auditctl -l | awk "/^ *-a *always,exit/ \
&&/ -F *arch=b[2346]{2}/ \
&&(/ -F *auid!=unset/||/ -F *auid!=-1/||/ -F *auid!=4294967295/) \
&&/ -F *auid>=${UID_MIN}/ \
&&/ -S/ \
&&(/unlink/||/rename/||/unlinkat/||/renameat/) \
&&(/ key= *[!-~]* *$/||/ -k *[!-~]* *$/)" \
|| printf "ERROR: Variable 'UID_MIN' is unset.\n"
}
Verify the output matches:
-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S rename,unlink,unlinkat,renameat -F auid>=1000 -
F auid!=-1 -F key=delete
-a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S unlink,rename,unlinkat,renameat -F auid>=1000 -
F auid!=-1 -F key=delete
32 Bit systems

Follow the same procedures as for 64 bit systems and ignore any entries with b64.

Page 599
Remediation:
Create audit rules

Edit or create a file in the /etc/audit/rules.d/ directory, ending in .rules extension,

with the relevant rules to monitor file deletion events by users.
64 Bit systems

Example:
# {
UID_MIN=$(awk '/^\s*UID_MIN/{print $2}' /etc/login.defs)
[ -n "${UID_MIN}" ] && printf "
-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S rename,unlink,unlinkat,renameat -F
auid>=${UID_MIN} -F auid!=unset -F key=delete
-a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S rename,unlink,unlinkat,renameat -F
auid>=${UID_MIN} -F auid!=unset -F key=delete
" >> /etc/audit/rules.d/50-delete.rules || printf "ERROR: Variable 'UID_MIN'
is unset.\n"
}
Load audit rules

Merge and load the rules into active configuration:

# augenrules --load
Check if reboot is required.
# if [[ $(auditctl -s | grep "enabled") =~ "2" ]]; then printf "Reboot
required to load rules\n"; fi
32 Bit systems

Follow the same procedures as for 64 bit systems and ignore any entries with b64.

References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-12, SC-7

Page 600
Additional Information:
Potential reboot required

If the auditing configuration is locked (-e 2), then augenrules will not warn in any way
that rules could not be loaded into the running configuration. A system reboot will be
required to load the rules into the running configuration.
System call structure

For performance (man 7 audit.rules) reasons it is preferable to have all the system
calls on one line. However, your configuration may have them on one line each or some
other combination. This is important to understand for both the auditing and remediation
sections as the examples given are optimized for performance as per the man page.
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

8.5 Collect Detailed Audit Logs

v8 Configure detailed audit logging for enterprise assets containing sensitive data.
Include event source, date, username, timestamp, source addresses, destination
● ●
addresses, and other useful elements that could assist in a forensic investigation.

6.2 Activate audit logging

v7 Ensure that local logging has been enabled on all systems and networking ● ● ●
devices.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1562, T1562.006 TA0005 M1047

Page 601
5.2.3.14 Ensure events that modify the system's Mandatory
Access Controls are collected (Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 2 - Server
Description:
Monitor SELinux, an implementation of mandatory access controls. The parameters
below monitor any write access (potential additional, deletion or modification of files in
the directory) or attribute changes to the /etc/selinux/ and /usr/share/selinux/
directories.
Note: If a different Mandatory Access Control method is used, changes to the
corresponding directories should be audited.
Rationale:
Changes to files in the /etc/selinux/ and /usr/share/selinux/ directories could
indicate that an unauthorized user is attempting to modify access controls and change
security contexts, leading to a compromise of the system.

Page 602
Audit:
On disk configuration

Run the following command to check the on disk rules:

# awk '/^ *-w/ \
&&(/\/etc\/selinux/ \
||/\/usr\/share\/selinux/) \
&&/ +-p *wa/ \
&&(/ key= *[!-~]* *$/||/ -k *[!-~]* *$/)' /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules
Verify the output matches:
-w /etc/selinux -p wa -k MAC-policy
-w /usr/share/selinux -p wa -k MAC-policy
Running configuration

Run the following command to check loaded rules:

# auditctl -l | awk '/^ *-w/ \
&&(/\/etc\/selinux/ \
||/\/usr\/share\/selinux/) \
&&/ +-p *wa/ \
&&(/ key= *[!-~]* *$/||/ -k *[!-~]* *$/)'
Verify the output matches:
-w /etc/selinux -p wa -k MAC-policy
-w /usr/share/selinux -p wa -k MAC-policy

Page 603
Remediation:
Edit or create a file in the /etc/audit/rules.d/ directory, ending in .rules extension,
with the relevant rules to monitor events that modify the system's Mandatory Access
Controls.
Example:
# printf "
-w /etc/selinux -p wa -k MAC-policy
-w /usr/share/selinux -p wa -k MAC-policy
" >> /etc/audit/rules.d/50-MAC-policy.rules
Merge and load the rules into active configuration:
# augenrules --load
Check if reboot is required.
# if [[ $(auditctl -s | grep "enabled") =~ "2" ]]; then printf "Reboot
required to load rules\n"; fi

References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3, CM-6

Additional Information:
Potential reboot required

If the auditing configuration is locked (-e 2), then augenrules will not warn in any way
that rules could not be loaded into the running configuration. A system reboot will be
required to load the rules into the running configuration.
System call structure

For performance (man 7 audit.rules) reasons it is preferable to have all the system
calls on one line. However, your configuration may have them on one line each or some
other combination. This is important to understand for both the auditing and remediation
sections as the examples given are optimized for performance as per the man page.

Page 604
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

8.5 Collect Detailed Audit Logs

v8 Configure detailed audit logging for enterprise assets containing sensitive data.
Include event source, date, username, timestamp, source addresses, destination
● ●
addresses, and other useful elements that could assist in a forensic investigation.

5.5 Implement Automated Configuration Monitoring

Systems
v7 Utilize a Security Content Automation Protocol (SCAP) compliant configuration ● ●
monitoring system to verify all security configuration elements, catalog approved
exceptions, and alert when unauthorized changes occur.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1562, T1562.006 TA0005 M1022

Page 605
5.2.3.15 Ensure successful and unsuccessful attempts to use the
chcon command are recorded (Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 2 - Server
Description:
The operating system must generate audit records for successful/unsuccessful uses of
the chcon command.

Rationale:
Without generating audit records that are specific to the security and mission needs of
the organization, it would be difficult to establish, correlate, and investigate the events
relating to an incident or identify those responsible for one.
Audit records can be generated from various components within the information system
(e.g., module or policy filter).

Page 606
Audit:
64 Bit systems

On disk configuration
Run the following command to check the on disk rules:
# {
UID_MIN=$(awk '/^\s*UID_MIN/{print $2}' /etc/login.defs)
[ -n "${UID_MIN}" ] && awk "/^ *-a *always,exit/ \
&&(/ -F *auid!=unset/||/ -F *auid!=-1/||/ -F *auid!=4294967295/) \
&&/ -F *auid>=${UID_MIN}/ \
&&/ -F *perm=x/ \
&&/ -F *path=\/usr\/bin\/chcon/ \
&&(/ key= *[!-~]* *$/||/ -k *[!-~]* *$/)" /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules \
|| printf "ERROR: Variable 'UID_MIN' is unset.\n"
}
Verify the output matches:
-a always,exit -F path=/usr/bin/chcon -F perm=x -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset
-k perm_chng
Running configuration
Run the following command to check loaded rules:
# {
UID_MIN=$(awk '/^\s*UID_MIN/{print $2}' /etc/login.defs)
[ -n "${UID_MIN}" ] && auditctl -l | awk "/^ *-a *always,exit/ \
&&(/ -F *auid!=unset/||/ -F *auid!=-1/||/ -F *auid!=4294967295/) \
&&/ -F *auid>=${UID_MIN}/ \
&&/ -F *perm=x/ \
&&/ -F *path=\/usr\/bin\/chcon/ \
&&(/ key= *[!-~]* *$/||/ -k *[!-~]* *$/)" \
|| printf "ERROR: Variable 'UID_MIN' is unset.\n"
}
Verify the output matches:
-a always,exit -S all -F path=/usr/bin/chcon -F perm=x -F auid>=1000 -F
auid!=-1 -F key=perm_chng
32 Bit systems

Follow the same procedures as for 64 bit systems and ignore any entries with b64.

Page 607
Remediation:
Create audit rules

Edit or create a file in the /etc/audit/rules.d/ directory, ending in .rules extension,

with the relevant rules to monitor successful and unsuccessful attempts to use the chcon
command.
64 Bit systems

Example:
# {
UID_MIN=$(awk '/^\s*UID_MIN/{print $2}' /etc/login.defs)
[ -n "${UID_MIN}" ] && printf "
-a always,exit -F path=/usr/bin/chcon -F perm=x -F auid>=${UID_MIN} -F
auid!=unset -k perm_chng
" >> /etc/audit/rules.d/50-perm_chng.rules || printf "ERROR: Variable
'UID_MIN' is unset.\n"
}
Load audit rules

Merge and load the rules into active configuration:

# augenrules --load
Check if reboot is required.
# if [[ $(auditctl -s | grep "enabled") =~ "2" ]]; then printf "Reboot
required to load rules\n"; fi
32 Bit systems

Follow the same procedures as for 64 bit systems and ignore any entries with b64.

References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-2, AU-12, SI-5

Page 608
Additional Information:
Potential reboot required

If the auditing configuration is locked (-e 2), then augenrules will not warn in any way
that rules could not be loaded into the running configuration. A system reboot will be
required to load the rules into the running configuration.
System call structure

For performance (man 7 audit.rules) reasons it is preferable to have all the system
calls on one line. However, your configuration may have them on one line each or some
other combination. This is important to understand for both the auditing and remediation
sections as the examples given are optimized for performance as per the man page.
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

8.2 Collect Audit Logs

v8 Collect audit logs. Ensure that logging, per the enterprise’s audit log ● ● ●
management process, has been enabled across enterprise assets.

6.2 Activate audit logging

v7 Ensure that local logging has been enabled on all systems and networking ● ● ●
devices.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1562, T1562.006 TA0005 M1022

Page 609
5.2.3.16 Ensure successful and unsuccessful attempts to use the
setfacl command are recorded (Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 2 - Server
Description:
The operating system must generate audit records for successful/unsuccessful uses of
the setfacl command

Rationale:
Without generating audit records that are specific to the security and mission needs of
the organization, it would be difficult to establish, correlate, and investigate the events
relating to an incident or identify those responsible for one.
Audit records can be generated from various components within the information system
(e.g., module or policy filter).

Page 610
Audit:
64 Bit systems

On disk configuration
Run the following command to check the on disk rules:
# {
UID_MIN=$(awk '/^\s*UID_MIN/{print $2}' /etc/login.defs)
[ -n "${UID_MIN}" ] && awk "/^ *-a *always,exit/ \
&&(/ -F *auid!=unset/||/ -F *auid!=-1/||/ -F *auid!=4294967295/) \
&&/ -F *auid>=${UID_MIN}/ \
&&/ -F *perm=x/ \
&&/ -F *path=\/usr\/bin\/setfacl/ \
&&(/ key= *[!-~]* *$/||/ -k *[!-~]* *$/)" /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules \
|| printf "ERROR: Variable 'UID_MIN' is unset.\n"
}
Verify the output matches:
-a always,exit -F path=/usr/bin/setfacl -F perm=x -F auid>=1000 -F
auid!=unset -k perm_chng
Running configuration
Run the following command to check loaded rules:
# {
UID_MIN=$(awk '/^\s*UID_MIN/{print $2}' /etc/login.defs)
[ -n "${UID_MIN}" ] && auditctl -l | awk "/^ *-a *always,exit/ \
&&(/ -F *auid!=unset/||/ -F *auid!=-1/||/ -F *auid!=4294967295/) \
&&/ -F *auid>=${UID_MIN}/ \
&&/ -F *perm=x/ \
&&/ -F *path=\/usr\/bin\/setfacl/ \
&&(/ key= *[!-~]* *$/||/ -k *[!-~]* *$/)" \
|| printf "ERROR: Variable 'UID_MIN' is unset.\n"
}
Verify the output matches:
-a always,exit -S all -F path=/usr/bin/setfacl -F perm=x -F auid>=1000 -F
auid!=-1 -F key=perm_chng
32 Bit systems

Follow the same procedures as for 64 bit systems and ignore any entries with b64.

Page 611
Remediation:
Create audit rules

Edit or create a file in the /etc/audit/rules.d/ directory, ending in .rules extension,

with the relevant rules to monitor successful and unsuccessful attempts to use the
setfacl command.

64 Bit systems

Example:
# {
UID_MIN=$(awk '/^\s*UID_MIN/{print $2}' /etc/login.defs)
[ -n "${UID_MIN}" ] && printf "
-a always,exit -F path=/usr/bin/setfacl -F perm=x -F auid>=${UID_MIN} -F
auid!=unset -k perm_chng
" >> /etc/audit/rules.d/50-perm_chng.rules || printf "ERROR: Variable
'UID_MIN' is unset.\n"
}
Load audit rules

Merge and load the rules into active configuration:

# augenrules --load
Check if reboot is required.
# if [[ $(auditctl -s | grep "enabled") =~ "2" ]]; then printf "Reboot
required to load rules\n"; fi
32 Bit systems

Follow the same procedures as for 64 bit systems and ignore any entries with b64.

References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-2, AU-12, SI-5

Page 612
Additional Information:
Potential reboot required

If the auditing configuration is locked (-e 2), then augenrules will not warn in any way
that rules could not be loaded into the running configuration. A system reboot will be
required to load the rules into the running configuration.
System call structure

For performance (man 7 audit.rules) reasons it is preferable to have all the system
calls on one line. However, your configuration may have them on one line each or some
other combination. This is important to understand for both the auditing and remediation
sections as the examples given are optimized for performance as per the man page.
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

8.2 Collect Audit Logs

v8 Collect audit logs. Ensure that logging, per the enterprise’s audit log ● ● ●
management process, has been enabled across enterprise assets.

6.2 Activate audit logging

v7 Ensure that local logging has been enabled on all systems and networking ● ● ●
devices.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1562, T1562.006 TA0005 M1022

Page 613
5.2.3.17 Ensure successful and unsuccessful attempts to use the
chacl command are recorded (Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 2 - Server
Description:
The operating system must generate audit records for successful/unsuccessful uses of
the chacl command

Rationale:
Without generating audit records that are specific to the security and mission needs of
the organization, it would be difficult to establish, correlate, and investigate the events
relating to an incident or identify those responsible for one.
Audit records can be generated from various components within the information system
(e.g., module or policy filter).

Page 614
Audit:
64 Bit systems

On disk configuration
Run the following command to check the on disk rules:
# {
UID_MIN=$(awk '/^\s*UID_MIN/{print $2}' /etc/login.defs)
[ -n "${UID_MIN}" ] && awk "/^ *-a *always,exit/ \
&&(/ -F *auid!=unset/||/ -F *auid!=-1/||/ -F *auid!=4294967295/) \
&&/ -F *auid>=${UID_MIN}/ \
&&/ -F *perm=x/ \
&&/ -F *path=\/usr\/bin\/chacl/ \
&&(/ key= *[!-~]* *$/||/ -k *[!-~]* *$/)" /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules \
|| printf "ERROR: Variable 'UID_MIN' is unset.\n"
}
Verify the output matches:
-a always,exit -F path=/usr/bin/chacl -F perm=x -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset
-k perm_chng
Running configuration
Run the following command to check loaded rules:
# {
UID_MIN=$(awk '/^\s*UID_MIN/{print $2}' /etc/login.defs)
[ -n "${UID_MIN}" ] && auditctl -l | awk "/^ *-a *always,exit/ \
&&(/ -F *auid!=unset/||/ -F *auid!=-1/||/ -F *auid!=4294967295/) \
&&/ -F *auid>=${UID_MIN}/ \
&&/ -F *perm=x/ \
&&/ -F *path=\/usr\/bin\/chacl/ \
&&(/ key= *[!-~]* *$/||/ -k *[!-~]* *$/)" \
|| printf "ERROR: Variable 'UID_MIN' is unset.\n"
}
Verify the output matches:
-a always,exit -S all -F path=/usr/bin/chacl -F perm=x -F auid>=1000 -F
auid!=-1 -F key=perm_chng
32 Bit systems

Follow the same procedures as for 64 bit systems and ignore any entries with b64.

Page 615
Remediation:
Create audit rules

Edit or create a file in the /etc/audit/rules.d/ directory, ending in .rules extension,

with the relevant rules to monitor successful and unsuccessful attempts to use the chacl
command.
64 Bit systems

Example:
# {
UID_MIN=$(awk '/^\s*UID_MIN/{print $2}' /etc/login.defs)
[ -n "${UID_MIN}" ] && printf "
-a always,exit -F path=/usr/bin/chacl -F perm=x -F auid>=${UID_MIN} -F
auid!=unset -k perm_chng
" >> /etc/audit/rules.d/50-perm_chng.rules || printf "ERROR: Variable
'UID_MIN' is unset.\n"
}
Load audit rules

Merge and load the rules into active configuration:

# augenrules --load
Check if reboot is required.
# if [[ $(auditctl -s | grep "enabled") =~ "2" ]]; then printf "Reboot
required to load rules\n"; fi
32 Bit systems

Follow the same procedures as for 64 bit systems and ignore any entries with b64.

References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-2, AU-12, SI-5

Page 616
Additional Information:
Potential reboot required

If the auditing configuration is locked (-e 2), then augenrules will not warn in any way
that rules could not be loaded into the running configuration. A system reboot will be
required to load the rules into the running configuration.
System call structure

For performance (man 7 audit.rules) reasons it is preferable to have all the system
calls on one line. However, your configuration may have them on one line each or some
other combination. This is important to understand for both the auditing and remediation
sections as the examples given are optimized for performance as per the man page.
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

8.2 Collect Audit Logs

v8 Collect audit logs. Ensure that logging, per the enterprise’s audit log ● ● ●
management process, has been enabled across enterprise assets.

6.2 Activate audit logging

v7 Ensure that local logging has been enabled on all systems and networking ● ● ●
devices.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1562, T1562.006 TA0005 M1022

Page 617
5.2.3.18 Ensure successful and unsuccessful attempts to use the
usermod command are recorded (Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 2 - Server
Description:
The operating system must generate audit records for successful/unsuccessful uses of
the usermod command.

Rationale:
Without generating audit records that are specific to the security and mission needs of
the organization, it would be difficult to establish, correlate, and investigate the events
relating to an incident or identify those responsible for one.
Audit records can be generated from various components within the information system
(e.g., module or policy filter).

Page 618
Audit:
64 Bit systems

On disk configuration
Run the following command to check the on disk rules:
# {
UID_MIN=$(awk '/^\s*UID_MIN/{print $2}' /etc/login.defs)
[ -n "${UID_MIN}" ] && awk "/^ *-a *always,exit/ \
&&(/ -F *auid!=unset/||/ -F *auid!=-1/||/ -F *auid!=4294967295/) \
&&/ -F *auid>=${UID_MIN}/ \
&&/ -F *perm=x/ \
&&/ -F *path=\/usr\/sbin\/usermod/ \
&&(/ key= *[!-~]* *$/||/ -k *[!-~]* *$/)" /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules \
|| printf "ERROR: Variable 'UID_MIN' is unset.\n"
}
Verify the output matches:
-a always,exit -F path=/usr/sbin/usermod -F perm=x -F auid>=1000 -F
auid!=unset -k usermod
Running configuration
Run the following command to check loaded rules:
# {
UID_MIN=$(awk '/^\s*UID_MIN/{print $2}' /etc/login.defs)
[ -n "${UID_MIN}" ] && auditctl -l | awk "/^ *-a *always,exit/ \
&&(/ -F *auid!=unset/||/ -F *auid!=-1/||/ -F *auid!=4294967295/) \
&&/ -F *auid>=${UID_MIN}/ \
&&/ -F *perm=x/ \
&&/ -F *path=\/usr\/sbin\/usermod/ \
&&(/ key= *[!-~]* *$/||/ -k *[!-~]* *$/)" \
|| printf "ERROR: Variable 'UID_MIN' is unset.\n"
}
Verify the output matches:
-a always,exit -S all -F path=/usr/sbin/usermod -F perm=x -F auid>=1000 -F
auid!=-1 -F key=usermod
32 Bit systems

Follow the same procedures as for 64 bit systems and ignore any entries with b64.

Page 619
Remediation:
Create audit rules

Edit or create a file in the /etc/audit/rules.d/ directory, ending in .rules extension,

with the relevant rules to monitor successful and unsuccessful attempts to use the
usermod command.

64 Bit systems

Example:
# {
UID_MIN=$(awk '/^\s*UID_MIN/{print $2}' /etc/login.defs)
[ -n "${UID_MIN}" ] && printf "
-a always,exit -F path=/usr/sbin/usermod -F perm=x -F auid>=${UID_MIN} -F
auid!=unset -k usermod
" >> /etc/audit/rules.d/50-usermod.rules || printf "ERROR: Variable 'UID_MIN'
is unset.\n"
}
Load audit rules

Merge and load the rules into active configuration:

# augenrules --load
Check if reboot is required.
# if [[ $(auditctl -s | grep "enabled") =~ "2" ]]; then printf "Reboot
required to load rules\n"; fi
32 Bit systems

Follow the same procedures as for 64 bit systems and ignore any entries with b64.

References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-2, AU-12, SI-5

Page 620
Additional Information:
Potential reboot required

If the auditing configuration is locked (-e 2), then augenrules will not warn in any way
that rules could not be loaded into the running configuration. A system reboot will be
required to load the rules into the running configuration.
System call structure

For performance (man 7 audit.rules) reasons it is preferable to have all the system
calls on one line. However, your configuration may have them on one line each or some
other combination. This is important to understand for both the auditing and remediation
sections as the examples given are optimized for performance as per the man page.
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

8.2 Collect Audit Logs

v8 Collect audit logs. Ensure that logging, per the enterprise’s audit log ● ● ●
management process, has been enabled across enterprise assets.

6.2 Activate audit logging

v7 Ensure that local logging has been enabled on all systems and networking ● ● ●
devices.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1562, T1562.006 TA0005 M1022

Page 621
5.2.3.19 Ensure kernel module loading unloading and
modification is collected (Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 2 - Server
Description:
Monitor the loading and unloading of kernel modules. All the loading / listing /
dependency checking of modules is done by kmod via symbolic links.
The following system calls control loading and unloading of modules:

• init_module - load a module

• finit_module - load a module (used when the overhead of using
cryptographically signed modules to determine the authenticity of a module can
be avoided)
• delete_module - delete a module
• create_module - create a loadable module entry
• query_module - query the kernel for various bits pertaining to modules

Any execution of the loading and unloading module programs and system calls will
trigger an audit record with an identifier of modules.

Rationale:
Monitoring the use of all the various ways to manipulate kernel modules could provide
system administrators with evidence that an unauthorized change was made to a kernel
module, possibly compromising the security of the system.

Page 622
Audit:
64 Bit systems

On disk configuration
Run the following commands to check the on disk rules:
# {
awk '/^ *-a *always,exit/ \
&&/ -F *arch=b[2346]{2}/ \
&&(/ -F auid!=unset/||/ -F auid!=-1/||/ -F auid!=4294967295/) \
&&/ -S/ \
&&(/init_module/ \
||/finit_module/ \
||/delete_module/ \
||/create_module/ \
||/query_module/) \
&&(/ key= *[!-~]* *$/||/ -k *[!-~]* *$/)' /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules

UID_MIN=$(awk '/^\s*UID_MIN/{print $2}' /etc/login.defs)

[ -n "${UID_MIN}" ] && awk "/^ *-a *always,exit/ \
&&(/ -F *auid!=unset/||/ -F *auid!=-1/||/ -F *auid!=4294967295/) \
&&/ -F *auid>=${UID_MIN}/ \
&&/ -F *perm=x/ \
&&/ -F *path=\/usr\/bin\/kmod/ \
&&(/ key= *[!-~]* *$/||/ -k *[!-~]* *$/)" /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules \
|| printf "ERROR: Variable 'UID_MIN' is unset.\n"
}
Verify the output matches:
-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S
init_module,finit_module,delete_module,create_module,query_module -F
auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -k kernel_modules
-a always,exit -F path=/usr/bin/kmod -F perm=x -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -
k kernel_modules
Running configuration
Run the following command to check loaded rules:

Page 623
# {
auditctl -l | awk '/^ *-a *always,exit/ \
&&/ -F *arch=b[2346]{2}/ \
&&(/ -F auid!=unset/||/ -F auid!=-1/||/ -F auid!=4294967295/) \
&&/ -S/ \
&&(/init_module/ \
||/finit_module/ \
||/delete_module/ \
||/create_module/ \
||/query_module/) \
&&(/ key= *[!-~]* *$/||/ -k *[!-~]* *$/)'

UID_MIN=$(awk '/^\s*UID_MIN/{print $2}' /etc/login.defs)

[ -n "${UID_MIN}" ] && auditctl -l | awk "/^ *-a *always,exit/ \
&&(/ -F *auid!=unset/||/ -F *auid!=-1/||/ -F *auid!=4294967295/) \
&&/ -F *auid>=${UID_MIN}/ \
&&/ -F *perm=x/ \
&&/ -F *path=\/usr\/bin\/kmod/ \
&&(/ key= *[!-~]* *$/||/ -k *[!-~]* *$/)" \
|| printf "ERROR: Variable 'UID_MIN' is unset.\n"
}
Verify the output includes:
-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S
create_module,init_module,delete_module,query_module,finit_module -F
auid>=1000 -F auid!=-1 -F key=kernel_modules
-a always,exit -S all -F path=/usr/bin/kmod -F perm=x -F auid>=1000 -F
auid!=-1 -F key=kernel_modules
Symlink audit

Audit if the symlinks that kmod accepts is indeed pointing at it:

# S_LINKS=$(ls -l /usr/sbin/lsmod /usr/sbin/rmmod /usr/sbin/insmod
/usr/sbin/modinfo /usr/sbin/modprobe /usr/sbin/depmod | grep -v " ->
../bin/kmod" || true) \
&& if [[ "${S_LINKS}" != "" ]]; then printf "Issue with symlinks:
${S_LINKS}\n"; else printf "OK\n"; fi
Verify the output states OK. If there is a symlink pointing to a different location it should
be investigated.

Page 624
Remediation:
Create audit rules

Edit or create a file in the /etc/audit/rules.d/ directory, ending in .rules extension,

with the relevant rules to monitor kernel module modification.
64 Bit systems

Example:
# {
UID_MIN=$(awk '/^\s*UID_MIN/{print $2}' /etc/login.defs)
[ -n "${UID_MIN}" ] && printf "
-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S
init_module,finit_module,delete_module,create_module,query_module -F
auid>=${UID_MIN} -F auid!=unset -k kernel_modules
-a always,exit -F path=/usr/bin/kmod -F perm=x -F auid>=${UID_MIN} -F
auid!=unset -k kernel_modules
" >> /etc/audit/rules.d/50-kernel_modules.rules || printf "ERROR: Variable
'UID_MIN' is unset.\n"
}
Load audit rules

Merge and load the rules into active configuration:

# augenrules --load
Check if reboot is required.
# if [[ $(auditctl -s | grep "enabled") =~ "2" ]]; then printf "Reboot
required to load rules\n"; fi

References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3, CM-6

Additional Information:
Potential reboot required

If the auditing configuration is locked (-e 2), then augenrules will not warn in any way
that rules could not be loaded into the running configuration. A system reboot will be
required to load the rules into the running configuration.
System call structure

For performance (man 7 audit.rules) reasons it is preferable to have all the system
calls on one line. However, your configuration may have them on one line each or some
other combination. This is important to understand for both the auditing and remediation
sections as the examples given are optimized for performance as per the man page.

Page 625
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

8.5 Collect Detailed Audit Logs

v8 Configure detailed audit logging for enterprise assets containing sensitive data.
Include event source, date, username, timestamp, source addresses, destination
● ●
addresses, and other useful elements that could assist in a forensic investigation.

6.2 Activate audit logging

v7 Ensure that local logging has been enabled on all systems and networking ● ● ●
devices.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1562, T1562.006 TA0004 M1047

Page 626
5.2.3.20 Ensure the audit configuration is immutable (Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 2 - Server
Description:
Set system audit so that audit rules cannot be modified with auditctl . Setting the flag
"-e 2" forces audit to be put in immutable mode. Audit changes can only be made on
system reboot.
Note: This setting will require the system to be rebooted to update the active auditd
configuration settings.
Rationale:
In immutable mode, unauthorized users cannot execute changes to the audit system to
potentially hide malicious activity and then put the audit rules back. Users would most
likely notice a system reboot and that could alert administrators of an attempt to make
unauthorized audit changes.
Audit:
Run the following command and verify output matches:
# grep -Ph -- '^\h*-e\h+2\b' /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules | tail -1

-e 2

Remediation:
Edit or create the file /etc/audit/rules.d/99-finalize.rules and add the line -e 2 at
the end of the file:
Example:
# printf -- "-e 2" >> /etc/audit/rules.d/99-finalize.rules
Load audit rules

Merge and load the rules into active configuration:

# augenrules --load
Check if reboot is required.
# if [[ $(auditctl -s | grep "enabled") =~ "2" ]]; then printf "Reboot
required to load rules\n"; fi

References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, AU-3, AU-12, MP-2

Page 627
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

3.3 Configure Data Access Control Lists

v8 Configure data access control lists based on a user’s need to know. Apply data
access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file
● ● ●
systems, databases, and applications.

8.5 Collect Detailed Audit Logs

v8 Configure detailed audit logging for enterprise assets containing sensitive data.
Include event source, date, username, timestamp, source addresses, destination
● ●
addresses, and other useful elements that could assist in a forensic investigation.

6.2 Activate audit logging

v7 Ensure that local logging has been enabled on all systems and networking ● ● ●
devices.

6.3 Enable Detailed Logging

v7 Enable system logging to include detailed information such as an event source,
date, user, timestamp, source addresses, destination addresses, and other useful
● ●
elements.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1562, T1562.001 TA0005

Page 628
5.2.3.21 Ensure the running and on disk configuration is the same
(Manual)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 2 - Server
Description:
The Audit system have both on disk and running configuration. It is possible for these
configuration settings to differ.
Note: Due to the limitations of augenrules and auditctl, it is not absolutely guaranteed
that loading the rule sets via augenrules --load will result in all rules being loaded or
even that the user will be informed if there was a problem loading the rules.
Rationale:
Configuration differences between what is currently running and what is on disk could
cause unexpected problems or may give a false impression of compliance
requirements.
Audit:
Merged rule sets

Ensure that all rules in /etc/audit/rules.d have been merged into

/etc/audit/audit.rules:

# augenrules --check

/usr/sbin/augenrules: No change
Should there be any drift, run augenrules --load to merge and load all rules.

Remediation:
If the rules are not aligned across all three () areas, run the following command to
merge and load all rules:
# augenrules --load
Check if reboot is required.
if [[ $(auditctl -s | grep "enabled") =~ "2" ]]; then echo "Reboot required
to load rules"; fi

References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3

Page 629
Additional Information:
Potential reboot required

If the auditing configuration is locked (-e 2), then augenrules will not warn in any way
that rules could not be loaded into the running configuration. A system reboot will be
required to load the rules into the running configuration.
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

8.5 Collect Detailed Audit Logs

v8 Configure detailed audit logging for enterprise assets containing sensitive data.
Include event source, date, username, timestamp, source addresses, destination
● ●
addresses, and other useful elements that could assist in a forensic investigation.

6.3 Enable Detailed Logging

v7 Enable system logging to include detailed information such as an event source,
date, user, timestamp, source addresses, destination addresses, and other useful
● ●
elements.

Page 630
5.2.4 Configure auditd file access

Without the capability to restrict which roles and individuals can select which events are
audited, unauthorized personnel may be able to prevent the auditing of critical events.

Page 631
5.2.4.1 Ensure audit log files are mode 0640 or less permissive
(Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 2 - Server
Description:
Audit log files contain information about the system and system activity.
Rationale:
Access to audit records can reveal system and configuration data to attackers,
potentially compromising its confidentiality.
Audit:
Run the following command to verify audit log files have mode 0640 or less permissive:
# [ -f /etc/audit/auditd.conf ] && find "$(dirname $(awk -F "="
'/^\s*log_file/ {print $2}' /etc/audit/auditd.conf | xargs))" -type f \( ! -
perm 600 -a ! -perm 0400 -a ! -perm 0200 -a ! -perm 0000 -a ! -perm 0640 -a !
-perm 0440 -a ! -perm 0040 \) -exec stat -Lc "%n %#a" {} +
Nothing should be returned
Remediation:
Run the following command to remove more permissive mode than 0640 from audit log
files:
# [ -f /etc/audit/auditd.conf ] && find "$(dirname $(awk -F "="
'/^\s*log_file/ {print $2}' /etc/audit/auditd.conf | xargs))" -type f \( ! -
perm 600 -a ! -perm 0400 -a ! -perm 0200 -a ! -perm 0000 -a ! -perm 0640 -a !
-perm 0440 -a ! -perm 0040 \) -exec chmod u-x,g-wx,o-rwx {} +

References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3

Page 632
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

3.3 Configure Data Access Control Lists

v8 Configure data access control lists based on a user’s need to know. Apply data
access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file
● ● ●
systems, databases, and applications.

14.6 Protect Information through Access Control Lists

Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share,
v7 claims, application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will
enforce the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the
● ● ●
information based on their need to access the information as a part of their
responsibilities.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1070, T1070.002, T1083,

TA0007 M1022
T1083.000

Page 633
5.2.4.2 Ensure only authorized users own audit log files
(Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 2 - Server
Description:
Audit log files contain information about the system and system activity.
Rationale:
Access to audit records can reveal system and configuration data to attackers,
potentially compromising its confidentiality.
Audit:
Run the following command to verify audit log files are owned by the root user:
# [ -f /etc/audit/auditd.conf ] && find "$(dirname $(awk -F "="
'/^\s*log_file/ {print $2}' /etc/audit/auditd.conf | xargs))" -type f ! -user
root -exec stat -Lc "%n %U" {} +
Nothing should be returned
Remediation:
Run the following command to configure the audit log files to be owned by the root
user:
# [ -f /etc/audit/auditd.conf ] && find "$(dirname $(awk -F "="
'/^\s*log_file/ {print $2}' /etc/audit/auditd.conf | xargs))" -type f ! -user
root -exec chown root {} +

References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3

Page 634
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

3.3 Configure Data Access Control Lists

v8 Configure data access control lists based on a user’s need to know. Apply data
access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file
● ● ●
systems, databases, and applications.

14.6 Protect Information through Access Control Lists

Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share,
v7 claims, application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will
enforce the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the
● ● ●
information based on their need to access the information as a part of their
responsibilities.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1070, T1070.002, T1083,

TA0007 M1022
T1083.000

Page 635
5.2.4.3 Ensure only authorized groups are assigned ownership of
audit log files (Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 2 - Server
Description:
Audit log files contain information about the system and system activity.
Rationale:
Access to audit records can reveal system and configuration data to attackers,
potentially compromising its confidentiality.
Audit:
Run the following command to verify log_group parameter is set to either adm or root in
/etc/audit/auditd.conf:

# grep -Piw -- '^\h*log_group\h*=\h*(adm|root)\b' /etc/audit/auditd.conf

Verify the output is:
log_group = adm
-OR-
log_group = root
Using the path of the directory containing the audit logs, determine if the audit log files
are owned by the "root" or "adm" group by using the following command:
# stat -c "%n %G" "$(dirname $(awk -F"=" '/^\s*log_file\s*=\s*/ {print $2}'
/etc/audit/auditd.conf | xargs))"/* | grep -Pv '^\h*\H+\h+(adm|root)\b'
Nothing should be returned

Page 636
Remediation:
Run the following command to configure the audit log files to be owned by adm group:
# find $(dirname $(awk -F"=" '/^\s*log_file\s*=\s*/ {print $2}'
/etc/audit/auditd.conf | xargs)) -type f \( ! -group adm -a ! -group root \)
-exec chgrp adm {} +
Run the following command to configure the audit log files to be owned by the adm
group:
# chgrp adm /var/log/audit/
Run the following command to set the log_group parameter in the audit configuration
file to log_group = adm:
# sed -ri 's/^\s*#?\s*log_group\s*=\s*\S+(\s*#.*)?.*$/log_group = adm\1/'
/etc/audit/auditd.conf
Run the following command to restart the audit daemon to reload the configuration file:
# systemctl restart auditd

References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3

CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

3.3 Configure Data Access Control Lists

v8 Configure data access control lists based on a user’s need to know. Apply data
access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file
● ● ●
systems, databases, and applications.

14.6 Protect Information through Access Control Lists

Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share,
v7 claims, application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will
enforce the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the
● ● ●
information based on their need to access the information as a part of their
responsibilities.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1070, T1070.002, T1083,

TA0007 M1022
T1083.000

Page 637
5.2.4.4 Ensure the audit log directory is 0750 or more restrictive
(Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 2 - Server
Description:
The audit log directory contains audit log files.
Rationale:
Audit information includes all information including: audit records, audit settings and
audit reports. This information is needed to successfully audit system activity. This
information must be protected from unauthorized modification or deletion. If this
information were to be compromised, forensic analysis and discovery of the true source
of potentially malicious system activity is impossible to achieve.
Audit:
Run the following command to verify that the audit log directory has a mode of 0750 or
less permissive:
# stat -Lc "%n %a" "$(dirname $( awk -F"=" '/^\s*log_file\s*=\s*/ {print $2}'
/etc/audit/auditd.conf))" | grep -Pv -- '^\h*\H+\h+([0,5,7][0,5]0)'
Nothing should be returned
Remediation:
Run the following command to configure the audit log directory to have a mode of
"0750" or less permissive:
# chmod g-w,o-rwx "$(dirname $( awk -F"=" '/^\s*log_file\s*=\s*/ {print $2}'
/etc/audit/auditd.conf))"

Default Value:
750

Page 638
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

3.3 Configure Data Access Control Lists

v8 Configure data access control lists based on a user’s need to know. Apply data
access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file
● ● ●
systems, databases, and applications.

14.6 Protect Information through Access Control Lists

Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share,
v7 claims, application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will
enforce the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the
● ● ●
information based on their need to access the information as a part of their
responsibilities.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1070, T1070.002, T1083,

TA0007 M1022
T1083.000

Page 639
5.2.4.5 Ensure audit configuration files are 640 or more restrictive
(Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 2 - Server
Description:
Audit configuration files control auditd and what events are audited.
Rationale:
Access to the audit configuration files could allow unauthorized personnel to prevent the
auditing of critical events.
Misconfigured audit configuration files may prevent the auditing of critical events or
impact the system's performance by overwhelming the audit log. Misconfiguration of the
audit configuration files may also make it more difficult to establish and investigate
events relating to an incident.
Audit:
Run the following command to verify that the audit configuration files have mode 640 or
more restrictive and are owned by the root user and root group:
# find /etc/audit/ -type f \( -name '*.conf' -o -name '*.rules' \) -exec stat
-Lc "%n %a" {} + | grep -Pv -- '^\h*\H+\h*([0,2,4,6][0,4]0)\h*$'
Nothing should be returned
Remediation:
Run the following command to remove more permissive mode than 0640 from the audit
configuration files:
# find /etc/audit/ -type f \( -name '*.conf' -o -name '*.rules' \) -exec
chmod u-x,g-wx,o-rwx {} +

References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3

Page 640
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

3.3 Configure Data Access Control Lists

v8 Configure data access control lists based on a user’s need to know. Apply data
access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file
● ● ●
systems, databases, and applications.

14.6 Protect Information through Access Control Lists

Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share,
v7 claims, application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will
enforce the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the
● ● ●
information based on their need to access the information as a part of their
responsibilities.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1070, T1070.002, T1083,

TA0007 M1022
T1083.000

Page 641
5.2.4.6 Ensure audit configuration files are owned by root
(Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 2 - Server
Description:
Audit configuration files control auditd and what events are audited.
Rationale:
Access to the audit configuration files could allow unauthorized personnel to prevent the
auditing of critical events.
Misconfigured audit configuration files may prevent the auditing of critical events or
impact the system's performance by overwhelming the audit log. Misconfiguration of the
audit configuration files may also make it more difficult to establish and investigate
events relating to an incident.
Audit:
Run the following command to verify that the audit configuration files have mode 640 or
more restrictive and are owned by the root user and root group:
# find /etc/audit/ -type f \( -name '*.conf' -o -name '*.rules' \) ! -user
root
Nothing should be returned
Remediation:
Run the following command to change ownership to root user:
# find /etc/audit/ -type f \( -name '*.conf' -o -name '*.rules' \) ! -user
root -exec chown root {} +

References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3

Page 642
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

3.3 Configure Data Access Control Lists

v8 Configure data access control lists based on a user’s need to know. Apply data
access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file
● ● ●
systems, databases, and applications.

14.6 Protect Information through Access Control Lists

Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share,
v7 claims, application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will
enforce the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the
● ● ●
information based on their need to access the information as a part of their
responsibilities.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1070, T1070.002, T1083,

TA0007 M1022
T1083.000

Page 643
5.2.4.7 Ensure audit configuration files belong to group root
(Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 2 - Server
Description:
Audit configuration files control auditd and what events are audited.
Rationale:
Access to the audit configuration files could allow unauthorized personnel to prevent the
auditing of critical events.
Misconfigured audit configuration files may prevent the auditing of critical events or
impact the system's performance by overwhelming the audit log. Misconfiguration of the
audit configuration files may also make it more difficult to establish and investigate
events relating to an incident.
Audit:
Run the following command to verify that the audit configuration files have mode 640 or
more restrictive and are owned by the root user and root group:
# find /etc/audit/ -type f \( -name '*.conf' -o -name '*.rules' \) ! -group
root
Nothing should be returned
Remediation:
Run the following command to change group to root:
# find /etc/audit/ -type f \( -name '*.conf' -o -name '*.rules' \) ! -group
root -exec chgrp root {} +

References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3

Page 644
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

3.3 Configure Data Access Control Lists

v8 Configure data access control lists based on a user’s need to know. Apply data
access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file
● ● ●
systems, databases, and applications.

14.6 Protect Information through Access Control Lists

Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share,
v7 claims, application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will
enforce the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the
● ● ●
information based on their need to access the information as a part of their
responsibilities.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1070, T1070.002, T1083,

TA0007 M1022
T1083.000

Page 645
5.2.4.8 Ensure audit tools are 755 or more restrictive (Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 2 - Server
Description:
Audit tools include, but are not limited to, vendor-provided and open source audit tools
needed to successfully view and manipulate audit information system activity and
records. Audit tools include custom queries and report generators.
Rationale:
Protecting audit information includes identifying and protecting the tools used to view
and manipulate log data. Protecting audit tools is necessary to prevent unauthorized
operation on audit information.
Audit:
Run the following command to verify the audit tools have mode 755 or more restrictive,
are owned by the root user and group root:
# stat -c "%n %a" /sbin/auditctl /sbin/aureport /sbin/ausearch /sbin/autrace
/sbin/auditd /sbin/augenrules | grep -Pv -- '^\h*\H+\h+([0-
7][0,1,4,5][0,1,4,5])\h*$'
Nothing should be returned
Remediation:
Run the following command to remove more permissive mode from the audit tools:
# chmod go-w /sbin/auditctl /sbin/aureport /sbin/ausearch /sbin/autrace
/sbin/auditd /sbin/augenrules

References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3

Page 646
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

3.3 Configure Data Access Control Lists

v8 Configure data access control lists based on a user’s need to know. Apply data
access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file
● ● ●
systems, databases, and applications.

14.6 Protect Information through Access Control Lists

Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share,
v7 claims, application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will
enforce the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the
● ● ●
information based on their need to access the information as a part of their
responsibilities.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1070, T1070.002, T1083,

TA0007 M1022
T1083.000

Page 647
5.2.4.9 Ensure audit tools are owned by root (Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 2 - Server
Description:
Audit tools include, but are not limited to, vendor-provided and open source audit tools
needed to successfully view and manipulate audit information system activity and
records. Audit tools include custom queries and report generators.
Rationale:
Protecting audit information includes identifying and protecting the tools used to view
and manipulate log data. Protecting audit tools is necessary to prevent unauthorized
operation on audit information.
Audit:
Run the following command to verify the audit tools have mode 755 or more restrictive,
are owned by the root user and group root:
# stat -c "%n %U" /sbin/auditctl /sbin/aureport /sbin/ausearch /sbin/autrace
/sbin/auditd /sbin/augenrules | grep -Pv -- '^\h*\H+\h+root\h*$'
Nothing should be returned
Remediation:
Run the following command to change the owner of the audit tools to the root user:
# chown root /sbin/auditctl /sbin/aureport /sbin/ausearch /sbin/autrace
/sbin/auditd /sbin/augenrules

References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3

Page 648
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

3.3 Configure Data Access Control Lists

v8 Configure data access control lists based on a user’s need to know. Apply data
access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file
● ● ●
systems, databases, and applications.

14.6 Protect Information through Access Control Lists

Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share,
v7 claims, application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will
enforce the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the
● ● ●
information based on their need to access the information as a part of their
responsibilities.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1070, T1070.002, T1083,

TA0007 M1022
T1083.000

Page 649
5.2.4.10 Ensure audit tools belong to group root (Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 2 - Server
Description:
Audit tools include, but are not limited to, vendor-provided and open source audit tools
needed to successfully view and manipulate audit information system activity and
records. Audit tools include custom queries and report generators.
Rationale:
Protecting audit information includes identifying and protecting the tools used to view
and manipulate log data. Protecting audit tools is necessary to prevent unauthorized
operation on audit information.
Audit:
Run the following command to verify the audit tools have mode 755 or more restrictive,
are owned by the root user and group root:
# stat -c "%n %a %U %G" /sbin/auditctl /sbin/aureport /sbin/ausearch
/sbin/autrace /sbin/auditd /sbin/augenrules | grep -Pv -- '^\h*\H+\h+([0-
7][0,1,4,5][0,1,4,5])\h+root\h+root\h*$'
Nothing should be returned
Remediation:
Run the following command to remove more permissive mode from the audit tools:
# chmod go-w /sbin/auditctl /sbin/aureport /sbin/ausearch /sbin/autrace
/sbin/auditd /sbin/augenrules
Run the following command to change owner and group of the audit tools to root user
and group:
# chown root:root /sbin/auditctl /sbin/aureport /sbin/ausearch /sbin/autrace
/sbin/auditd /sbin/augenrules

References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3

Page 650
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

3.3 Configure Data Access Control Lists

v8 Configure data access control lists based on a user’s need to know. Apply data
access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file
● ● ●
systems, databases, and applications.

14.6 Protect Information through Access Control Lists

Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share,
v7 claims, application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will
enforce the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the
● ● ●
information based on their need to access the information as a part of their
responsibilities.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1070, T1070.002, T1083,

TA0007 M1022
T1083.000

Page 651
5.3 Ensure logrotate is configured (Manual)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
The system includes the capability of rotating log files regularly to avoid filling up the
system with logs or making the logs unmanageably large. The file
/etc/logrotate.d/syslog is the configuration file used to rotate log files created by
syslog or rsyslog.

Rationale:
By keeping the log files smaller and more manageable, a system administrator can
easily archive these files to another system and spend less time looking through
inordinately large log files.
Audit:
Review /etc/logrotate.conf and /etc/logrotate.d/* and verify logs are rotated
according to site policy.
Remediation:
Edit /etc/logrotate.conf and /etc/logrotate.d/* to ensure logs are rotated
according to site policy.
References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-8

Additional Information:
If no maxage setting is set for logrotate a situation can occur where logrotate is
interrupted and fails to delete rotated log files. It is recommended to set this to a value
greater than the longest any log file should exist on your system to ensure that any such
log file is removed but standard rotation settings are not overridden.

Page 652
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

8.3 Ensure Adequate Audit Log Storage

v8 Ensure that logging destinations maintain adequate storage to comply with ● ● ●
the enterprise’s audit log management process.

6.4 Ensure adequate storage for logs

v7 Ensure that all systems that store logs have adequate storage space for the ● ●
logs generated.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1070, T1070.002 TA0040 M1022

Page 653
6 System Maintenance
Recommendations in this section are intended as maintenance and are intended to be
checked on a frequent basis to ensure system stability. Many recommendations do not
have quick remediations and require investigation into the cause and best fix available
and may indicate an attempted breach of system security.

Page 654
6.1 System File Permissions

This section provides guidance on securing aspects of system files and directories.

Page 655
6.1.1 Ensure permissions on /etc/passwd are configured
(Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
The /etc/passwd file contains user account information that is used by many system
utilities and therefore must be readable for these utilities to operate.
Rationale:
It is critical to ensure that the /etc/passwd file is protected from unauthorized write
access. Although it is protected by default, the file permissions could be changed either
inadvertently or through malicious actions.
Audit:
Run the following command to verify /etc/passwd is mode 644 or more restrictive, Uid is
0/root and Gid is 0/root:

# stat -Lc "%n %a %u/%U %g/%G" /etc/passwd

/etc/passwd 644 0/root 0/root

Remediation:
Run the following commands to remove excess permissions, set owner, and set group
on /etc/passwd:
# chmod u-x,go-wx /etc/passwd
# chown root:root /etc/passwd

Default Value:
/etc/passwd 644 0/root 0/root
References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2

Page 656
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

3.3 Configure Data Access Control Lists

v8 Configure data access control lists based on a user’s need to know. Apply
data access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote
● ● ●
file systems, databases, and applications.

v7 16.4 Encrypt or Hash all Authentication Credentials ● ●

Encrypt or hash with a salt all authentication credentials when stored.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1003, T1003.008, T1222,

TA0005 M1022
T1222.002

Page 657
6.1.2 Ensure permissions on /etc/passwd are configured
(Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
The /etc/passwd file contains user account information that is used by many system
utilities and therefore must be readable for these utilities to operate.
Rationale:
It is critical to ensure that the /etc/passwd file is protected from unauthorized write
access. Although it is protected by default, the file permissions could be changed either
inadvertently or through malicious actions.
Audit:
Run the following command to verify /etc/passwd is mode 644 or more restrictive, Uid is
0/root and Gid is 0/root:

# stat -Lc "%n %a %u/%U %g/%G" /etc/passwd

/etc/passwd 644 0/root 0/root

Remediation:
Run the following commands to remove excess permissions, set owner, and set group
on /etc/passwd:
# chmod u-x,go-wx /etc/passwd
# chown root:root /etc/passwd

Default Value:
/etc/passwd 644 0/root 0/root
References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3. MP-2

Page 658
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

3.3 Configure Data Access Control Lists

v8 Configure data access control lists based on a user’s need to know. Apply
data access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote
● ● ●
file systems, databases, and applications.

v7 16.4 Encrypt or Hash all Authentication Credentials ● ●

Encrypt or hash with a salt all authentication credentials when stored.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1003, T1003.008, T1222,

TA0005 M1022
T1222.002

Page 659
6.1.3 Ensure permissions on /etc/passwd- are configured
(Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
The /etc/passwd- file contains backup user account information.

Rationale:
It is critical to ensure that the /etc/passwd- file is protected from unauthorized access.
Although it is protected by default, the file permissions could be changed either
inadvertently or through malicious actions.
Audit:
Run the following command to verify /etc/passwd- is mode 644 or more restrictive, Uid
is 0/root and Gid is 0/root:
# stat -Lc "%n %a %u/%U %g/%G" /etc/passwd-

/etc/passwd- 644 0/root 0/root

Remediation:
Run the following commands to remove excess permissions, set owner, and set group
on /etc/passwd-:
# chmod u-x,go-wx /etc/passwd-
# chown root:root /etc/passwd-

Default Value:
/etc/passwd- 644 0/root 0/root
References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3. MP-2

Page 660
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

3.3 Configure Data Access Control Lists

v8 Configure data access control lists based on a user’s need to know. Apply
data access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote
● ● ●
file systems, databases, and applications.

v7 16.4 Encrypt or Hash all Authentication Credentials ● ●

Encrypt or hash with a salt all authentication credentials when stored.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1003, T1003.008, T1222,

TA0005 M1022
T1222.002

Page 661
6.1.4 Ensure permissions on /etc/group are configured
(Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
The /etc/group file contains a list of all the valid groups defined in the system. The
command below allows read/write access for root and read access for everyone else.
Rationale:
The /etc/group file needs to be protected from unauthorized changes by non-privileged
users, but needs to be readable as this information is used with many non-privileged
programs.
Audit:
Run the following command to verify /etc/group is mode 644 or more restrictive, Uid is
0/root and Gid is 0/root:

# stat -Lc "%n %a %u/%U %g/%G" /etc/group

/etc/group 644 0/root 0/root

Remediation:
Run the following commands to remove excess permissions, set owner, and set group
on /etc/group:
# chmod u-x,go-wx /etc/group
# chown root:root /etc/group

Default Value:
/etc/group 644 0/root 0/root
References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3. MP-2

Page 662
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

3.3 Configure Data Access Control Lists

v8 Configure data access control lists based on a user’s need to know. Apply
data access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote
● ● ●
file systems, databases, and applications.

v7 16.4 Encrypt or Hash all Authentication Credentials ● ●

Encrypt or hash with a salt all authentication credentials when stored.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1003, T1003.008, T1222,

TA0005 M1022
T1222.002

Page 663
6.1.5 Ensure permissions on /etc/group- are configured
(Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
The /etc/group- file contains a backup list of all the valid groups defined in the system.

Rationale:
It is critical to ensure that the /etc/group- file is protected from unauthorized access.
Although it is protected by default, the file permissions could be changed either
inadvertently or through malicious actions.
Audit:
Run the following command to verify /etc/group- is mode 644 or more restrictive, Uid is
0/root and Gid is 0/root:

# stat -Lc "%n %a %u/%U %g/%G" /etc/group-

/etc/group- 644 0/root 0/root

Remediation:
Run the following commands to remove excess permissions, set owner, and set group
on /etc/group-:
# chmod u-x,go-wx /etc/group-
# chown root:root /etc/group-

Default Value:
/etc/group- 644 0/root 0/root
References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3. MP-2

Page 664
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

3.3 Configure Data Access Control Lists

v8 Configure data access control lists based on a user’s need to know. Apply
data access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote
● ● ●
file systems, databases, and applications.

v7 16.4 Encrypt or Hash all Authentication Credentials ● ●

Encrypt or hash with a salt all authentication credentials when stored.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1003, T1003.008, T1222,

TA0005 M1022
T1222.002

Page 665
6.1.6 Ensure permissions on /etc/shadow are configured
(Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
The /etc/shadow file is used to store the information about user accounts that is critical
to the security of those accounts, such as the hashed password and other security
information.
Rationale:
If attackers can gain read access to the /etc/shadow file, they can easily run a
password cracking program against the hashed password to break it. Other security
information that is stored in the /etc/shadow file (such as expiration) could also be
useful to subvert the user accounts.
Audit:
Run the following command to verify /etc/shadow is mode 000, Uid is 0/root and Gid is
0/root:

# stat -Lc "%n %a %u/%U %g/%G" /etc/shadow

/etc/shadow 0 0/root 0/root

Remediation:
Run the following commands to set mode, owner, and group on /etc/shadow:
# chown root:root /etc/shadow
# chmod 0000 /etc/shadow

Default Value:
/etc/shadow 0 0/root 0/root
References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3. MP-2

Page 666
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

3.3 Configure Data Access Control Lists

v8 Configure data access control lists based on a user’s need to know. Apply
data access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote
● ● ●
file systems, databases, and applications.

v7 16.4 Encrypt or Hash all Authentication Credentials ● ●

Encrypt or hash with a salt all authentication credentials when stored.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1003, T1003.008, T1222,

TA0005 M1022
T1222.002

Page 667
6.1.7 Ensure permissions on /etc/shadow- are configured
(Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
The /etc/shadow- file is used to store backup information about user accounts that is
critical to the security of those accounts, such as the hashed password and other
security information.
Rationale:
It is critical to ensure that the /etc/shadow- file is protected from unauthorized access.
Although it is protected by default, the file permissions could be changed either
inadvertently or through malicious actions.
Audit:
Run the following command to verify /etc/shadow- is mode 000, Uid is 0/root and Gid
is 0/root:
# stat -Lc "%n %a %u/%U %g/%G" /etc/shadow-

/etc/shadow- 0 0/root 0/root

Remediation:
Run the following commands to set mode, owner, and group on /etc/shadow-:
# chown root:root /etc/shadow-
# chmod 0000 /etc/shadow-

Default Value:
/etc/shadow- 0 0/root 0/root
References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3. MP-2

Page 668
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

3.3 Configure Data Access Control Lists

v8 Configure data access control lists based on a user’s need to know. Apply
data access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote
● ● ●
file systems, databases, and applications.

v7 16.4 Encrypt or Hash all Authentication Credentials ● ●

Encrypt or hash with a salt all authentication credentials when stored.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1003, T1003.008, T1222,

TA0005 M1022
T1222.002

Page 669
6.1.8 Ensure permissions on /etc/gshadow are configured
(Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
The /etc/gshadow file is used to store the information about groups that is critical to the
security of those accounts, such as the hashed password and other security
information.
Rationale:
If attackers can gain read access to the /etc/gshadow file, they can easily run a
password cracking program against the hashed password to break it. Other security
information that is stored in the /etc/gshadow file (such as group administrators) could
also be useful to subvert the group.
Audit:
Run the following command to verify /etc/gshadow is mode 000, Uid is 0/root and Gid
is 0/root:
# stat -Lc "%n %a %u/%U %g/%G" /etc/gshadow

/etc/gshadow 0 0/root 0/root

Remediation:
Run the following commands to set mode, owner, and group on /etc/gshadow:
# chown root:root /etc/gshadow
# chmod 0000 /etc/gshadow

Default Value:
/etc/gshadow 0 0/root 0/root
References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3. MP-2

Page 670
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

3.3 Configure Data Access Control Lists

v8 Configure data access control lists based on a user’s need to know. Apply
data access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote
● ● ●
file systems, databases, and applications.

v7 16.4 Encrypt or Hash all Authentication Credentials ● ●

Encrypt or hash with a salt all authentication credentials when stored.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1003, T1003.008, T1222,

TA0005 M1022
T1222.002

Page 671
6.1.9 Ensure permissions on /etc/gshadow- are configured
(Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
The /etc/gshadow- file is used to store backup information about groups that is critical
to the security of those accounts, such as the hashed password and other security
information.
Rationale:
It is critical to ensure that the /etc/gshadow- file is protected from unauthorized access.
Although it is protected by default, the file permissions could be changed either
inadvertently or through malicious actions.
Audit:
Run the following command to verify /etc/gshadow- is mode 000, Uid is 0/root and Gid
is 0/root:
# stat -Lc "%n %a %u/%U %g/%G" /etc/gshadow-

/etc/gshadow- 0 0/root 0/root

Remediation:
Run the following commands to set mode, owner, and group on /etc/gshadow-:
# chown root:root /etc/gshadow-
# chmod 0000 /etc/gshadow-

Default Value:
/etc/gshadow- 0 0/root 0/root
References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3. MP-2

Page 672
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

3.3 Configure Data Access Control Lists

v8 Configure data access control lists based on a user’s need to know. Apply
data access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote
● ● ●
file systems, databases, and applications.

v7 16.4 Encrypt or Hash all Authentication Credentials ● ●

Encrypt or hash with a salt all authentication credentials when stored.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1003, T1003.008, T1222,

TA0005 M1022
T1222.002

Page 673
6.1.10 Audit system file permissions (Manual)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 2 - Server
Description:
The RPM package manager has a number of useful options. One of these, the -V for
RPM option, can be used to verify that system packages are correctly installed. The -V
option can be used to verify a particular package or to verify all system packages. If no
output is returned, the package is installed correctly. The following table describes the
meaning of output from the verify option:
Code Meaning
S File size differs.
M File mode differs (includes permissions and file type).
5 The MD5 checksum differs.
D The major and minor version numbers differ on a device file.
L A mismatch occurs in a link.
U The file ownership differs.
G The file group owner differs.
T The file time (mtime) differs.
The rpm -qf command can be used to determine which package a particular file
belongs to. For example, the following commands determines which package the
/bin/bash file belongs to:

# rpm -qf /bin/bash

bash-4.1.2-29.el6.x86_64
# rpm -S /bin/bash
bash: /bin/bash
To verify the settings for the package that controls the /bin/bash file, run the following:
# rpm -V bash-4.1.2-29.el6.x86_64
.M....... /bin/bash
# rpm --verify bash
??5?????? c /etc/bash.bashrc
Note that you can feed the output of the rpm -qf command to the rpm -V command:
# rpm -V `rpm -qf /etc/passwd`
.M...... c /etc/passwd
S.5....T c /etc/printcap

Rationale:
It is important to confirm that packaged system files and directories are maintained with
the permissions they were intended to have from the OS vendor.

Page 674
Audit:
Run the following command to review all installed packages. Note that this may be very
time consuming and may be best scheduled via the cron utility. It is recommended that
the output of this command be redirected to a file that can be reviewed later.
# rpm -Va --nomtime --nosize --nomd5 --nolinkto > <filename>

Remediation:
Correct any discrepancies found and rerun the audit until output is clean or risk is
mitigated or accepted.
References:

1. http://docs.fedoraproject.org/en-
US/Fedora_Draft_Documentation/0.1/html/RPM_Guide/index.html
2. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1, CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5, AC-3, MP-2

Additional Information:
Since packages and important files may change with new updates and releases, it is
recommended to verify everything, not just a finite list of files. This can be a time
consuming task and results may depend on site policy therefore it is not a scorable
benchmark item, but is provided for those interested in additional security measures.
Some of the recommendations of this benchmark alter the state of files audited by this
recommendation. The audit command will alert for all changes to a file's permissions
even if the new state is more secure than the default.
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

3.3 Configure Data Access Control Lists

v8 Configure data access control lists based on a user’s need to know. Apply data
access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file
● ● ●
systems, databases, and applications.

14.6 Protect Information through Access Control Lists

Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share,
v7 claims, application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will
enforce the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the
● ● ●
information based on their need to access the information as a part of their
responsibilities.

Page 675
MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1222 TA0005 M1022

Page 676
6.1.11 Ensure world writable files and directories are secured
(Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
World writable files are the least secure. Data in world-writable files can be modified and
compromised by any user on the system. World writable files may also indicate an
incorrectly written script or program that could potentially be the cause of a larger
compromise to the system's integrity. See the chmod(2) man page for more information.
Setting the sticky bit on world writable directories prevents users from deleting or
renaming files in that directory that are not owned by them.
Rationale:
Data in world-writable files can be modified and compromised by any user on the
system. World writable files may also indicate an incorrectly written script or program
that could potentially be the cause of a larger compromise to the system's integrity.
This feature prevents the ability to delete or rename files in world writable directories
(such as /tmp ) that are owned by another user.

Audit:
Run the following script to verify:

• No world writable files exist

• No world writable directories without the sticky bit exist

Page 677
#!/usr/bin/env bash

{
l_output="" l_output2=""
l_smask='01000'
a_path=(); a_arr=(); a_file=(); a_dir=() # Initialize arrays
a_path=(! -path "/run/user/*" -a ! -path "/proc/*" -a ! -path
"*/containerd/*" -a ! -path "*/kubelet/pods/*" -a ! -path
"/sys/kernel/security/apparmor/*" -a ! -path "/snap/*" -a ! -path
"/sys/fs/cgroup/memory/*")
while read -r l_bfs; do
a_path+=( -a ! -path ""$l_bfs"/*")
done < <(findmnt -Dkerno fstype,target | awk '$1 ~ /^\s*(nfs|proc|smb)/
{print $2}')
# Populate array with files that will possibly fail one of the audits
while IFS= read -r -d $'\0' l_file; do
[ -e "$l_file" ] && a_arr+=("$(stat -Lc '%n^%#a' "$l_file")")
done < <(find / \( "${a_path[@]}" \) \( -type f -o -type d \) -perm -0002
-print0 2>/dev/null)
while IFS="^" read -r l_fname l_mode; do # Test files in the array
[ -f "$l_fname" ] && a_file+=("$l_fname") # Add WR files
if [ -d "$l_fname" ]; then # Add directories w/o sticky bit
[ ! $(( $l_mode & $l_smask )) -gt 0 ] && a_dir+=("$l_fname")
fi
done < <(printf '%s\n' "${a_arr[@]}")
if ! (( ${#a_file[@]} > 0 )); then
l_output="$l_output\n - No world writable files exist on the local
filesystem."
else
l_output2="$l_output2\n - There are \"$(printf '%s' "${#a_file[@]}")\"
World writable files on the system.\n - The following is a list of World
writable files:\n$(printf '%s\n' "${a_file[@]}")\n - end of list\n"
fi
if ! (( ${#a_dir[@]} > 0 )); then
l_output="$l_output\n - Sticky bit is set on world writable
directories on the local filesystem."
else
l_output2="$l_output2\n - There are \"$(printf '%s' "${#a_dir[@]}")\"
World writable directories without the sticky bit on the system.\n - The
following is a list of World writable directories without the sticky
bit:\n$(printf '%s\n' "${a_dir[@]}")\n - end of list\n"
fi
unset a_path; unset a_arr; unset a_file; unset a_dir # Remove arrays
# If l_output2 is empty, we pass
if [ -z "$l_output2" ]; then
echo -e "\n- Audit Result:\n ** PASS **\n - * Correctly configured *
:\n$l_output\n"
else
echo -e "\n- Audit Result:\n ** FAIL **\n - * Reasons for audit
failure * :\n$l_output2"
[ -n "$l_output" ] && echo -e "- * Correctly configured *
:\n$l_output\n"
fi
}
Note: On systems with a large number of files and/or directories, this audit may be a
long running process

Page 678
Remediation:

• World Writable Files:

o It is recommended that write access is removed from other with the
command ( chmod o-w <filename> ), but always consult relevant vendor
documentation to avoid breaking any application dependencies on a given
file.
• World Writable Directories:
o Set the sticky bit on all world writable directories with the command (
chmod a+t <directory_name> )

Run the following script to:

• Remove other write permission from any world writable files

• Add the sticky bit to all world writable directories

Page 679
#!/usr/bin/env bash

{
l_smask='01000'
a_path=(); a_arr=() # Initialize array
a_path=(! -path "/run/user/*" -a ! -path "/proc/*" -a ! -path
"*/containerd/*" -a ! -path "*/kubelet/pods/*" -a ! -path
"/sys/kernel/security/apparmor/*" -a ! -path "/snap/*" -a ! -path
"/sys/fs/cgroup/memory/*")
while read -r l_bfs; do
a_path+=( -a ! -path ""$l_bfs"/*")
done < <(findmnt -Dkerno fstype,target | awk '$1 ~ /^\s*(nfs|proc|smb)/
{print $2}')
# Populate array with files
while IFS= read -r -d $'\0' l_file; do
[ -e "$l_file" ] && a_arr+=("$(stat -Lc '%n^%#a' "$l_file")")
done < <(find / \( "${a_path[@]}" \) \( -type f -o -type d \) -perm -0002
-print0 2>/dev/null)
while IFS="^" read -r l_fname l_mode; do # Test files in the array
if [ -f "$l_fname" ]; then # Remove excess permissions from WW files
echo -e " - File: \"$l_fname\" is mode: \"$l_mode\"\n - removing
write permission on \"$l_fname\" from \"other\""
chmod o-w "$l_fname"
fi
if [ -d "$l_fname" ]; then
if [ ! $(( $l_mode & $l_smask )) -gt 0 ]; then # Add sticky bit
echo -e " - Directory: \"$l_fname\" is mode: \"$l_mode\" and
doesn't have the sticky bit set\n - Adding the sticky bit"
chmod a+t "$l_fname"
fi
fi
done < <(printf '%s\n' "${a_arr[@]}")
unset a_path; unset a_arr # Remove array
}

References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3. MP-2

Page 680
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

3.3 Configure Data Access Control Lists

v8 Configure data access control lists based on a user’s need to know. Apply data
access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file
● ● ●
systems, databases, and applications.

14.6 Protect Information through Access Control Lists

Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share,
v7 claims, application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will
enforce the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the
● ● ●
information based on their need to access the information as a part of their
responsibilities.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1222, T1222.002, T1548 TA0004, TA0005 M1022, M1028

Page 681
6.1.12 Ensure no unowned or ungrouped files or directories exist
(Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
Administrators may delete users or groups from the system and neglect to remove all
files and/or directories owned by those users or groups.
Rationale:
A new user or group who is assigned a deleted user's user ID or group ID may then end
up "owning" a deleted user or group's files, and thus have more access on the system
than was intended.

Page 682
Audit:
Run the following script to verify no unowned or ungrouped files or directories exist:
#!/usr/bin/env bash

{
l_output="" l_output2=""
a_path=(); a_arr=(); a_nouser=(); a_nogroup=() # Initialize arrays
a_path=(! -path "/run/user/*" -a ! -path "/proc/*" -a ! -path
"*/containerd/*" -a ! -path "*/kubelet/pods/*")
while read -r l_bfs; do
a_path+=( -a ! -path ""$l_bfs"/*")
done < <(findmnt -Dkerno fstype,target | awk '$1 ~ /^\s*(nfs|proc|smb)/
{print $2}')
while IFS= read -r -d $'\0' l_file; do
[ -e "$l_file" ] && a_arr+=("$(stat -Lc '%n^%U^%G' "$l_file")") && echo
"Adding: $l_file"
done < <(find / \( "${a_path[@]}" \) \( -type f -o -type d \) \( -nouser -
o -nogroup \) -print0 2> /dev/null)
while IFS="^" read -r l_fname l_user l_group; do # Test files in the array
[ "$l_user" = "UNKNOWN" ] && a_nouser+=("$l_fname")
[ "$l_group" = "UNKNOWN" ] && a_nogroup+=("$l_fname")
done <<< "$(printf '%s\n' "${a_arr[@]}")"
if ! (( ${#a_nouser[@]} > 0 )); then
l_output="$l_output\n - No unowned files or directories exist on the
local filesystem."
else
l_output2="$l_output2\n - There are \"$(printf '%s'
"${#a_nouser[@]}")\" unowned files or directories on the system.\n - The
following is a list of unowned files and/or directories:\n$(printf '%s\n'
"${a_nouser[@]}")\n - end of list"
fi
if ! (( ${#a_nogroup[@]} > 0 )); then
l_output="$l_output\n - No ungrouped files or directories exist on the
local filesystem."
else
l_output2="$l_output2\n - There are \"$(printf '%s'
"${#a_nogroup[@]}")\" ungrouped files or directories on the system.\n - The
following is a list of ungrouped files and/or directories:\n$(printf '%s\n'
"${a_nogroup[@]}")\n - end of list"
fi
unset a_path; unset a_arr ; unset a_nouser; unset a_nogroup # Remove
arrays
if [ -z "$l_output2" ]; then # If l_output2 is empty, we pass
echo -e "\n- Audit Result:\n ** PASS **\n - * Correctly configured *
:\n$l_output\n"
else
echo -e "\n- Audit Result:\n ** FAIL **\n - * Reasons for audit
failure * :\n$l_output2"
[ -n "$l_output" ] && echo -e "\n- * Correctly configured *
:\n$l_output\n"
fi
}
Note: On systems with a large number of files and/or directories, this audit may be a
long running process

Page 683
Remediation:
Remove or set ownership and group ownership of these files and/or directories to an
active user on the system as appropriate.
References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3. MP-2

CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

3.3 Configure Data Access Control Lists

v8 Configure data access control lists based on a user’s need to know. Apply
data access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote
● ● ●
file systems, databases, and applications.

14.6 Train Workforce Members on Recognizing and

v8 Reporting Security Incidents ● ● ●
Train workforce members to be able to recognize a potential incident and be
able to report such an incident.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1222, T1222.002 TA0007 M1022

Page 684
6.1.13 Ensure SUID and SGID files are reviewed (Manual)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
The owner of a file can set the file's permissions to run with the owner's or group's
permissions, even if the user running the program is not the owner or a member of the
group. The most common reason for a SUID or SGID program is to enable users to
perform functions (such as changing their password) that require root privileges.
Rationale:
There are valid reasons for SUID and SGID programs, but it is important to identify and
review such programs to ensure they are legitimate. Review the files returned by the
action in the audit section and check to see if system binaries have a different
checksum than what from the package. This is an indication that the binary may have
been replaced.

Page 685
Audit:
Run the following script to generate a list of SUID and SGID files:
#!/usr/bin/env bash

{
l_output="" l_output2=""
a_arr=(); a_suid=(); a_sgid=() # initialize arrays
# Populate array with files that will possibly fail one of the audits
while read -r l_mpname; do
while IFS= read -r -d $'\0' l_file; do
[ -e "$l_file" ] && a_arr+=("$(stat -Lc '%n^%#a' "$l_file")")
done < <(find "$l_mpname" -xdev -not -path "/run/user/*" -type f \( -
perm -2000 -o -perm -4000 \) -print0)
done <<< "$(findmnt -Derno target)"
# Test files in the array
while IFS="^" read -r l_fname l_mode; do
if [ -f "$l_fname" ]; then
l_suid_mask="04000"; l_sgid_mask="02000"
[ $(( $l_mode & $l_suid_mask )) -gt 0 ] && a_suid+=("$l_fname")
[ $(( $l_mode & $l_sgid_mask )) -gt 0 ] && a_sgid+=("$l_fname")
fi
done <<< "$(printf '%s\n' "${a_arr[@]}")"
if ! (( ${#a_suid[@]} > 0 )); then
l_output="$l_output\n - There are no SUID files exist on the system"
else
l_output2="$l_output2\n - List of \"$(printf '%s' "${#a_suid[@]}")\"
SUID executable files:\n$(printf '%s\n' "${a_suid[@]}")\n - end of list -\n"
fi
if ! (( ${#a_sgid[@]} > 0 )); then
l_output="$l_output\n - There are no SGID files exist on the system"
else
l_output2="$l_output2\n - List of \"$(printf '%s' "${#a_sgid[@]}")\"
SGID executable files:\n$(printf '%s\n' "${a_sgid[@]}")\n - end of list -\n"
fi
[ -n "$l_output2" ] && l_output2="$l_output2\n- Review the preceding
list(s) of SUID and/or SGID files to\n- ensure that no rogue programs have
been introduced onto the system.\n"
unset a_arr; unset a_suid; unset a_sgid # Remove arrays
# If l_output2 is empty, Nothing to report
if [ -z "$l_output2" ]; then
echo -e "\n- Audit Result:\n$l_output\n"
else
echo -e "\n- Audit Result:\n$l_output2\n"
[ -n "$l_output" ] && echo -e "$l_output\n"
fi
}
Note: on systems with a large number of files, this may be a long running process
Remediation:
Ensure that no rogue SUID or SGID programs have been introduced into the system.
Review the files returned by the action in the Audit section and confirm the integrity of
these binaries.

Page 686
References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1, CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5, AC-3, MP-2

CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

3.3 Configure Data Access Control Lists

v8 Configure data access control lists based on a user’s need to know. Apply data
access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file
● ● ●
systems, databases, and applications.

14.6 Protect Information through Access Control Lists

Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share,
v7 claims, application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will
enforce the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the
● ● ●
information based on their need to access the information as a part of their
responsibilities.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1548, T1548.001 TA0004 M1028

Page 687
6.2 Local User and Group Settings

This section provides guidance on securing aspects of the local users and groups.
Note: The recommendations in this section check local users and groups. Any users or
groups from other sources such as LDAP will not be audited. In a domain environment,
similar checks should be performed against domain users and groups.

Page 688
6.2.1 Ensure accounts in /etc/passwd use shadowed passwords
(Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
Local accounts can use shadowed passwords. With shadowed passwords, the
passwords are saved in shadow password file, /etc/shadow, encrypted by a salted one-
way hash. Accounts with a shadowed password have an x in the second field in
/etc/passwd.

Rationale:
The /etc/passwd file also contains information like user ID's and group ID's that are
used by many system programs. Therefore, the /etc/passwd file must remain world
readable. In spite of encoding the password with a randomly-generated one-way hash
function, an attacker could still break the system if they got access to the /etc/passwd
file. This can be mitigated by using shadowed passwords, thus moving the passwords in
the /etc/passwd file to /etc/shadow. The /etc/shadow file is set so only root will be able
to read and write. This helps mitigate the risk of an attacker gaining access to the
encoded passwords with which to perform a dictionary attack.
Note:

• All accounts must have passwords or be locked to prevent the account from
being used by an unauthorized user.
• A user account with an empty second field in /etc/passwd allows the account to
be logged into by providing only the username.

Audit:
Run the following command and verify that no output is returned:
# awk -F: '($2 != "x" ) { print $1 " is not set to shadowed passwords "}'
/etc/passwd

Remediation:
Run the following command to set accounts to use shadowed passwords:
# sed -e 's/^\([a-zA-Z0-9_]*\):[^:]*:/\1:x:/' -i /etc/passwd
Investigate to determine if the account is logged in and what it is being used for, to
determine if it needs to be forced off.

Page 689
References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: IA-5

CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

3.11 Encrypt Sensitive Data at Rest

Encrypt sensitive data at rest on servers, applications, and databases containing
sensitive data. Storage-layer encryption, also known as server-side encryption,
v8 meets the minimum requirement of this Safeguard. Additional encryption methods ● ●
may include application-layer encryption, also known as client-side encryption,
where access to the data storage device(s) does not permit access to the plain-text
data.

v7 16.4 Encrypt or Hash all Authentication Credentials ● ●

Encrypt or hash with a salt all authentication credentials when stored.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1003, T1003.008 TA0003 M1027

Page 690
6.2.2 Ensure /etc/shadow password fields are not empty
(Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
An account with an empty password field means that anybody may log in as that user
without providing a password.
Rationale:
All accounts must have passwords or be locked to prevent the account from being used
by an unauthorized user.
Audit:
Run the following command and verify that no output is returned:
# awk -F: '($2 == "" ) { print $1 " does not have a password "}' /etc/shadow

Remediation:
If any accounts in the /etc/shadow file do not have a password, run the following
command to lock the account until it can be determined why it does not have a
password:
# passwd -l <username>
Also, check to see if the account is logged in and investigate what it is being used for to
determine if it needs to be forced off.
References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: IA-5

Page 691
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

5.2 Use Unique Passwords

v8 Use unique passwords for all enterprise assets. Best practice implementation
includes, at a minimum, an 8-character password for accounts using MFA and a
● ● ●
14-character password for accounts not using MFA.

4.4 Use Unique Passwords

v7 Where multi-factor authentication is not supported (such as local administrator,
root, or service accounts), accounts will use passwords that are unique to that
● ●
system.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1078, T1078.001,
TA0003 M1027
T1078.003

Page 692
6.2.3 Ensure all groups in /etc/passwd exist in /etc/group
(Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
Over time, system administration errors and changes can lead to groups being defined
in /etc/passwd but not in /etc/group .

Rationale:
Groups defined in the /etc/passwd file but not in the /etc/group file pose a threat to
system security since group permissions are not properly managed.
Audit:
Run the following script and verify no results are returned:
#!/bin/bash

for i in $(cut -s -d: -f4 /etc/passwd | sort -u ); do

grep -q -P "^.*?:[^:]*:$i:" /etc/group
if [ $? -ne 0 ]; then
echo "Group $i is referenced by /etc/passwd but does not exist in
/etc/group"
fi
done

Remediation:
Analyze the output of the Audit step above and perform the appropriate action to correct
any discrepancies found.
References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1, CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1222, T1222.002 TA0003 M1027

Page 693
6.2.4 Ensure no duplicate UIDs exist (Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
Although the useradd program will not let you create a duplicate User ID (UID), it is
possible for an administrator to manually edit the /etc/passwd file and change the UID
field.
Rationale:
Users must be assigned unique UIDs for accountability and to ensure appropriate
access protections.
Audit:
Run the following script and verify no results are returned:
#!/bin/bash

cut -f3 -d":" /etc/passwd | sort -n | uniq -c | while read x ; do

[ -z "$x" ] && break
set - $x
if [ $1 -gt 1 ]; then
users=$(awk -F: '($3 == n) { print $1 }' n=$2 /etc/passwd | xargs)
echo "Duplicate UID ($2): $users"
fi
done

Remediation:
Based on the results of the audit script, establish unique UIDs and review all files owned
by the shared UIDs to determine which UID they are supposed to belong to.
References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1, CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1078, T1078.001,
TA0005 M1027
T1078.003

Page 694
6.2.5 Ensure no duplicate GIDs exist (Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
Although the groupadd program will not let you create a duplicate Group ID (GID), it is
possible for an administrator to manually edit the /etc/group file and change the GID
field.
Rationale:
User groups must be assigned unique GIDs for accountability and to ensure appropriate
access protections.
Audit:
Run the following script and verify no results are returned:
#!/bin/bash

cut -d: -f3 /etc/group | sort | uniq -d | while read x ; do

echo "Duplicate GID ($x) in /etc/group"
done

Remediation:
Based on the results of the audit script, establish unique GIDs and review all files
owned by the shared GID to determine which group they are supposed to belong to.
References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1, CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5

Additional Information:
You can also use the grpck command to check for other inconsistencies in the
/etc/group file.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1078, T1078.001,
TA0005 M1027
T1078.003

Page 695
6.2.6 Ensure no duplicate user names exist (Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
Although the useradd program will not let you create a duplicate user name, it is
possible for an administrator to manually edit the /etc/passwd file and change the
username.
Rationale:
If a user is assigned a duplicate user name, it will create and have access to files with
the first UID for that username in /etc/passwd . For example, if "test4" has a UID of
1000 and a subsequent "test4" entry has a UID of 2000, logging in as "test4" will use
UID 1000. Effectively, the UID is shared, which is a security problem.
Audit:
Run the following script and verify no results are returned:
#!/bin/bash

cut -d: -f1 /etc/passwd | sort | uniq -d | while read -r x; do

echo "Duplicate login name $x in /etc/passwd"
done

Remediation:
Based on the results of the audit script, establish unique user names for the users. File
ownerships will automatically reflect the change as long as the users have unique UIDs.
References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1, CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1078, T1078.001,
TA0004 M1027
T1078.003

Page 696
6.2.7 Ensure no duplicate group names exist (Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
Although the groupadd program will not let you create a duplicate group name, it is
possible for an administrator to manually edit the /etc/group file and change the group
name.
Rationale:
If a group is assigned a duplicate group name, it will create and have access to files
with the first GID for that group in /etc/group . Effectively, the GID is shared, which is a
security problem.
Audit:
Run the following script and verify no results are returned:
#!/bin/bash

cut -d: -f1 /etc/group | sort | uniq -d | while read -r x; do

echo "Duplicate group name $x in /etc/group"
done

Remediation:
Based on the results of the audit script, establish unique names for the user groups. File
group ownerships will automatically reflect the change as long as the groups have
unique GIDs.
References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1, CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1078, T1078.001,
TA0004 M1027
T1078.003

Page 697
6.2.8 Ensure root PATH Integrity (Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
The root user can execute any command on the system and could be fooled into
executing programs unintentionally if the PATH is not set correctly.

Rationale:
Including the current working directory (.) or other writable directory in root's executable
path makes it likely that an attacker can gain superuser access by forcing an
administrator operating as root to execute a Trojan horse program.

Audit:
Run the following script and verify no results are returned:
#!/bin/bash

RPCV="$(sudo -Hiu root env | grep '^PATH' | cut -d= -f2)"

echo "$RPCV" | grep -q "::" && echo "root's path contains a empty directory
(::)"
echo "$RPCV" | grep -q ":$" && echo "root's path contains a trailing (:)"
for x in $(echo "$RPCV" | tr ":" " "); do
if [ -d "$x" ]; then
ls -ldH "$x" | awk '$9 == "." {print "PATH contains current working
directory (.)"}
$3 != "root" {print $9, "is not owned by root"}
substr($1,6,1) != "-" {print $9, "is group writable"}
substr($1,9,1) != "-" {print $9, "is world writable"}'
else
echo "$x is not a directory"
fi
done

Remediation:
Correct or justify any items discovered in the Audit step.
References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1, CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5

Page 698
MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1204, T1204.002 TA0006 M1022

Page 699
6.2.9 Ensure root is the only UID 0 account (Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
Any account with UID 0 has superuser privileges on the system.
Rationale:
This access must be limited to only the default root account and only from the system
console. Administrative access must be through an unprivileged account using an
approved mechanism as noted in Item 5.6 Ensure access to the su command is
restricted.
Audit:
Run the following command and verify that only "root" is returned:
# awk -F: '($3 == 0) { print $1 }' /etc/passwd

root

Remediation:
Remove any users other than root with UID 0 or assign them a new UID if appropriate.

References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1, CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1548, T1548.000 TA0001 M1026

Page 700
6.2.10 Ensure local interactive user home directories are
configured (Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
The user home directory is space defined for the particular user to set local environment
variables and to store personal files. While the system administrator can establish
secure permissions for users' home directories, the users can easily override these.
Users can be defined in /etc/passwd without a home directory or with a home directory
that does not actually exist.
Rationale:
Since the user is accountable for files stored in the user home directory, the user must
be the owner of the directory. Group or world-writable user home directories may enable
malicious users to steal or modify other users' data or to gain another user's system
privileges. If the user's home directory does not exist or is unassigned, the user will be
placed in "/" and will not be able to write any files or have local environment variables
set.

Page 701
Audit:
Run the following script to Ensure:

• local interactive user home directories exist

• Ensure local interactive users own their home directories
• Ensure local interactive user home directories are mode 750 or more restrictive

#!/usr/bin/env bash

{
l_output="" l_output2="" l_heout2="" l_hoout2="" l_haout2=""
l_valid_shells="^($( awk -F\/ '$NF != "nologin" {print}' /etc/shells | sed -rn
'/^\//{s,/,\\\\/,g;p}' | paste -s -d '|' - ))$"
unset a_uarr && a_uarr=() # Clear and initialize array
while read -r l_epu l_eph; do # Populate array with users and user home location
a_uarr+=("$l_epu $l_eph")
done <<< "$(awk -v pat="$l_valid_shells" -F: '$(NF) ~ pat { print $1 " " $(NF-1) }'
/etc/passwd)"
l_asize="${#a_uarr[@]}" # Here if we want to look at number of users before
proceeding
[ "$l_asize " -gt "10000" ] && echo -e "\n ** INFO **\n - \"$l_asize\" Local
interactive users found on the system\n - This may be a long running check\n"
while read -r l_user l_home; do
if [ -d "$l_home" ]; then
l_mask='0027'
l_max="$( printf '%o' $(( 0777 & ~$l_mask)) )"
while read -r l_own l_mode; do
[ "$l_user" != "$l_own" ] && l_hoout2="$l_hoout2\n - User: \"$l_user\"
Home \"$l_home\" is owned by: \"$l_own\""
if [ $(( $l_mode & $l_mask )) -gt 0 ]; then
l_haout2="$l_haout2\n - User: \"$l_user\" Home \"$l_home\" is mode:
\"$l_mode\" should be mode: \"$l_max\" or more restrictive"
fi
done <<< "$(stat -Lc '%U %#a' "$l_home")"
else
l_heout2="$l_heout2\n - User: \"$l_user\" Home \"$l_home\" Doesn't exist"
fi
done <<< "$(printf '%s\n' "${a_uarr[@]}")"
[ -z "$l_heout2" ] && l_output="$l_output\n - home directories exist" ||
l_output2="$l_output2$l_heout2"
[ -z "$l_hoout2" ] && l_output="$l_output\n - own their home directory" ||
l_output2="$l_output2$l_hoout2"
[ -z "$l_haout2" ] && l_output="$l_output\n - home directories are mode:
\"$l_max\" or more restrictive" || l_output2="$l_output2$l_haout2"
[ -n "$l_output" ] && l_output=" - All local interactive users:$l_output"
if [ -z "$l_output2" ]; then # If l_output2 is empty, we pass
echo -e "\n- Audit Result:\n ** PASS **\n - * Correctly configured *
:\n$l_output"
else
echo -e "\n- Audit Result:\n ** FAIL **\n - * Reasons for audit failure *
:\n$l_output2"
[ -n "$l_output" ] && echo -e "\n- * Correctly configured * :\n$l_output"
fi
}

Page 702
Remediation:
If a local interactive users' home directory is undefined and/or doesn't exist, follow local
site policy and perform one of the following:

• Lock the user account

• Remove the user from the system
• create a directory for the user. If undefined, edit /etc/passwd and add the
absolute path to the directory to the last field of the user.

Run the following script to:

• Remove excessive permissions from local interactive users home directories

• Update the home directory's owner

Page 703
#!/usr/bin/env bash

{
l_output2=""
l_valid_shells="^($( awk -F\/ '$NF != "nologin" {print}' /etc/shells | sed
-rn '/^\//{s,/,\\\\/,g;p}' | paste -s -d '|' - ))$"
unset a_uarr && a_uarr=() # Clear and initialize array
while read -r l_epu l_eph; do # Populate array with users and user home
location
a_uarr+=("$l_epu $l_eph")
done <<< "$(awk -v pat="$l_valid_shells" -F: '$(NF) ~ pat { print $1 " "
$(NF-1) }' /etc/passwd)"
l_asize="${#a_uarr[@]}" # Here if we want to look at number of users
before proceeding
[ "$l_asize " -gt "10000" ] && echo -e "\n ** INFO **\n - \"$l_asize\"
Local interactive users found on the system\n - This may be a long running
process\n"
while read -r l_user l_home; do
if [ -d "$l_home" ]; then
l_mask='0027'
l_max="$( printf '%o' $(( 0777 & ~$l_mask)) )"
while read -r l_own l_mode; do
if [ "$l_user" != "$l_own" ]; then
l_output2="$l_output2\n - User: \"$l_user\" Home \"$l_home\"
is owned by: \"$l_own\"\n - changing ownership to: \"$l_user\"\n"
chown "$l_user" "$l_home"
fi
if [ $(( $l_mode & $l_mask )) -gt 0 ]; then
l_output2="$l_output2\n - User: \"$l_user\" Home \"$l_home\"
is mode: \"$l_mode\" should be mode: \"$l_max\" or more restrictive\n -
removing excess permissions\n"
chmod g-w,o-rwx "$l_home"
fi
done <<< "$(stat -Lc '%U %#a' "$l_home")"
else
l_output2="$l_output2\n - User: \"$l_user\" Home \"$l_home\"
Doesn't exist\n - Please create a home in accordance with local site
policy"
fi
done <<< "$(printf '%s\n' "${a_uarr[@]}")"
if [ -z "$l_output2" ]; then # If l_output2 is empty, we pass
echo -e " - No modification needed to local interactive users home
directories"
else
echo -e "\n$l_output2"
fi
}

References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1, CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5

Page 704
CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

3.3 Configure Data Access Control Lists

v8 Configure data access control lists based on a user’s need to know. Apply data
access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file
● ● ●
systems, databases, and applications.

14.6 Protect Information through Access Control Lists

Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share,
v7 claims, application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will
enforce the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the
● ● ●
information based on their need to access the information as a part of their
responsibilities.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1222, T1222.002 TA0005 M1022

Page 705
6.2.11 Ensure local interactive user dot files access is configured
(Automated)
Profile Applicability:

• Level 1 - Server
Description:
While the system administrator can establish secure permissions for users' "dot" files,
the users can easily override these.

• .forward file specifies an email address to forward the user's mail to.
• .rhost file provides the "remote authentication" database for the rcp, rlogin, and
rsh commands and the rcmd() function. These files bypass the standard
password-based user authentication mechanism. They specify remote hosts and
users that are considered trusted (i.e. are allowed to access the local system
without supplying a password)
• .netrc file contains data for logging into a remote host or passing authentication
to an API.
• .bash_history file keeps track of the user’s last 500 commands.

Rationale:
User configuration files with excessive or incorrect access may enable malicious users
to steal or modify other users' data or to gain another user's system privileges.
Audit:
Run the following script to verify local interactive user dot files:

• Don't include .forward, .rhost, or .netrc files

• Are mode 0644 or more restrictive
• Are owned by the local interactive user
• Are group owned by the user's primary group
•
.bash_history is mode 0600 or more restrictive

Note: If a .netrc file is required, and follows local site policy, it should have permissions
of 600 or more restrictive.

Page 706
#!/usr/bin/env bash

{
l_output="" l_output2="" l_output3="" l_output4=""
l_bf="" l_df="" l_nf="" l_hf=""
l_valid_shells="^($( awk -F\/ '$NF != "nologin" {print}' /etc/shells | sed
-rn '/^\//{s,/,\\\\/,g;p}' | paste -s -d '|' - ))$"
unset a_uarr && a_uarr=() # Clear and initialize array
while read -r l_epu l_eph; do # Populate array with users and user home
location
[[ -n "$l_epu" && -n "$l_eph" ]] && a_uarr+=("$l_epu $l_eph")
done <<< "$(awk -v pat="$l_valid_shells" -F: '$(NF) ~ pat { print $1 " "
$(NF-1) }' /etc/passwd)"
l_asize="${#a_uarr[@]}" # Here if we want to look at number of users
before proceeding
l_maxsize="1000" # Maximun number of local interactive users before
warning (Default 1,000)
[ "$l_asize " -gt "$l_maxsize" ] && echo -e "\n ** INFO **\n -
\"$l_asize\" Local interactive users found on the system\n - This may be a
long running check\n"
file_access_chk()
{
l_facout2=""
l_max="$( printf '%o' $(( 0777 & ~$l_mask)) )"
if [ $(( $l_mode & $l_mask )) -gt 0 ]; then
l_facout2="$l_facout2\n - File: \"$l_hdfile\" is mode: \"$l_mode\"
and should be mode: \"$l_max\" or more restrictive"
fi
if [[ ! "$l_owner" =~ ($l_user) ]]; then
l_facout2="$l_facout2\n - File: \"$l_hdfile\" owned by:
\"$l_owner\" and should be owned by \"${l_user//|/ or }\""
fi
if [[ ! "$l_gowner" =~ ($l_group) ]]; then
l_facout2="$l_facout2\n - File: \"$l_hdfile\" group owned by:
\"$l_gowner\" and should be group owned by \"${l_group//|/ or }\""
fi
}
while read -r l_user l_home; do
l_fe="" l_nout2="" l_nout3="" l_dfout2="" l_hdout2="" l_bhout2=""
if [ -d "$l_home" ]; then
l_group="$(id -gn "$l_user" | xargs)"
l_group="${l_group// /|}"
while IFS= read -r -d $'\0' l_hdfile; do
while read -r l_mode l_owner l_gowner; do
case "$(basename "$l_hdfile")" in
.forward | .rhost )
l_fe="Y" && l_bf="Y"
l_dfout2="$l_dfout2\n - File: \"$l_hdfile\" exists" ;;
.netrc )
l_mask='0177'
file_access_chk
if [ -n "$l_facout2" ]; then
l_fe="Y" && l_nf="Y"
l_nout2="$l_facout2"
else
l_nout3=" - File: \"$l_hdfile\" exists"
fi ;;

Page 707
 .bash_history )
l_mask='0177'
file_access_chk
if [ -n "$l_facout2" ]; then
l_fe="Y" && l_hf="Y"
l_bhout2="$l_facout2"
fi ;;
* )
l_mask='0133'
file_access_chk
if [ -n "$l_facout2" ]; then
l_fe="Y" && l_df="Y"
l_hdout2="$l_facout2"
fi ;;
esac
done <<< "$(stat -Lc '%#a %U %G' "$l_hdfile")"
done < <(find "$l_home" -xdev -type f -name '.*' -print0)
fi
if [ "$l_fe" = "Y" ]; then
l_output2="$l_output2\n - User: \"$l_user\" Home Directory:
\"$l_home\""
[ -n "$l_dfout2" ] && l_output2="$l_output2$l_dfout2"
[ -n "$l_nout2" ] && l_output2="$l_output2$l_nout2"
[ -n "$l_bhout2" ] && l_output2="$l_output2$l_bhout2"
[ -n "$l_hdout2" ] && l_output2="$l_output2$l_hdout2"
fi
[ -n "$l_nout3" ] && l_output3="$l_output3\n - User: \"$l_user\" Home
Directory: \"$l_home\"\n$l_nout3"
done <<< "$(printf '%s\n' "${a_uarr[@]}")"
unset a_uarr # Remove array
[ -n "$l_output3" ] && l_output3=" - ** Warning **\n - \".netrc\" files
should be removed unless deemed necessary\n and in accordance with local
site policy:$l_output3"
[ -z "$l_bf" ] && l_output="$l_output\n - \".forward\" or \".rhost\"
files"
[ -z "$l_nf" ] && l_output="$l_output\n - \".netrc\" files with
incorrect access configured"
[ -z "$l_hf" ] && l_output="$l_output\n - \".bash_history\" files with
incorrect access configured"
[ -z "$l_df" ] && l_output="$l_output\n - \"dot\" files with incorrect
access configured"
[ -n "$l_output" ] && l_output=" - No local interactive users home
directories contain:$l_output"
echo -e "$l_output4"
if [ -z "$l_output2" ]; then # If l_output2 is empty, we pass
echo -e "\n- Audit Result:\n ** PASS **\n - * Correctly configured *
:\n$l_output\n"
echo -e "$l_output3\n"
else
echo -e "\n- Audit Result:\n ** FAIL **\n - * Reasons for audit
failure * :\n$l_output2\n"
echo -e "$l_output3\n"
[ -n "$l_output" ] && echo -e "- * Correctly configured *
:\n$l_output\n"
fi
}

Page 708
Remediation:
Making global modifications to users' files without alerting the user community can result
in unexpected outages and unhappy users. Therefore, it is recommended that a
monitoring policy be established to report user dot file permissions and determine the
action to be taken in accordance with site policy.
The following script will:

• remove excessive permissions on dot files within interactive users' home

directories
• change ownership of dot files within interactive users' home directories to the
user
• change group ownership of dot files within interactive users' home directories to
the user's primary group
• list .forward and .rhost files to be investigated and manually deleted

Page 709
#!/usr/bin/env bash

{
l_valid_shells="^($( awk -F\/ '$NF != "nologin" {print}' /etc/shells | sed
-rn '/^\//{s,/,\\\\/,g;p}' | paste -s -d '|' - ))$"
unset a_uarr && a_uarr=() # Clear and initialize array
while read -r l_epu l_eph; do # Populate array with users and user home
location
[[ -n "$l_epu" && -n "$l_eph" ]] && a_uarr+=("$l_epu $l_eph")
done <<< "$(awk -v pat="$l_valid_shells" -F: '$(NF) ~ pat { print $1 " "
$(NF-1) }' /etc/passwd)"
l_asize="${#a_uarr[@]}" # Here if we want to look at number of users
before proceeding
l_maxsize="1000" # Maximum number of local interactive users before
warning (Default 1,000)
[ "$l_asize " -gt "$l_maxsize" ] && echo -e "\n ** INFO **\n -
\"$l_asize\" Local interactive users found on the system\n - This may be a
long running check\n"
file_access_fix()
{
l_facout2=""
l_max="$( printf '%o' $(( 0777 & ~$l_mask)) )"
if [ $(( $l_mode & $l_mask )) -gt 0 ]; then
echo -e " - File: \"$l_hdfile\" is mode: \"$l_mode\" and should be
mode: \"$l_max\" or more restrictive\n - Changing to mode \"$l_max\""
chmod "$l_chp" "$l_hdfile"
fi
if [[ ! "$l_owner" =~ ($l_user) ]]; then
echo -e " - File: \"$l_hdfile\" owned by: \"$l_owner\" and should
be owned by \"${l_user//|/ or }\"\n - Changing ownership to \"$l_user\""
chown "$l_user" "$l_hdfile"
fi
if [[ ! "$l_gowner" =~ ($l_group) ]]; then
echo -e " - File: \"$l_hdfile\" group owned by: \"$l_gowner\" and
should be group owned by \"${l_group//|/ or }\"\n - Changing group
ownership to \"$l_group\""
chgrp "$l_group" "$l_hdfile"
fi
}
while read -r l_user l_home; do
if [ -d "$l_home" ]; then
echo -e "\n - Checking user: \"$l_user\" home directory:
\"$l_home\""
l_group="$(id -gn "$l_user" | xargs)"
l_group="${l_group// /|}"
while IFS= read -r -d $'\0' l_hdfile; do
while read -r l_mode l_owner l_gowner; do
case "$(basename "$l_hdfile")" in
.forward | .rhost )
echo -e " - File: \"$l_hdfile\" exists\n - Please
investigate and manually delete \"$l_hdfile\""
;;
.netrc )
l_mask='0177'
l_chp="u-x,go-rwx"
file_access_fix ;;
.bash_history )

Page 710
 l_mask='0177'
l_chp="u-x,go-rwx"
file_access_fix ;;
* )
l_mask='0133'
l_chp="u-x,go-wx"
file_access_fix ;;
esac
done <<< "$(stat -Lc '%#a %U %G' "$l_hdfile")"
done < <(find "$l_home" -xdev -type f -name '.*' -print0)
fi
done <<< "$(printf '%s\n' "${a_uarr[@]}")"
unset a_uarr # Remove array
}

References:

1. NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1, CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5

CIS Controls:

Controls
Control IG 1 IG 2 IG 3
Version

3.3 Configure Data Access Control Lists

v8 Configure data access control lists based on a user’s need to know. Apply data
access control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file
● ● ●
systems, databases, and applications.

14.6 Protect Information through Access Control Lists

Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share,
v7 claims, application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will
enforce the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the
● ● ●
information based on their need to access the information as a part of their
responsibilities.

MITRE ATT&CK Mappings:

Techniques / Sub-
Tactics Mitigations
techniques

T1222, T1222.001,
T1222.002, T1552, TA0005 M1022
T1552.003, T1552.004

Page 711
Appendix: Summary Table
CIS Benchmark Recommendation Set
Correctly

Yes No

1 Initial Setup

1.1 Filesystem Configuration

1.1.1 Configure Filesystem Kernel Modules

1.1.1.1 Ensure mounting of squashfs filesystems is disabled  

(Automated)

1.1.1.2 Ensure mounting of udf filesystems is disabled  

(Automated)

1.1.1.3 Ensure mounting of cramfs filesystems is disabled  

(Automated)

1.1.1.4 Ensure mounting of freevxfs filesystems is disabled  

(Automated)

1.1.1.5 Ensure mounting of jffs2 filesystems is disabled  

(Automated)

1.1.1.6 Ensure mounting of hfs filesystems is disabled  

(Automated)

1.1.1.7 Ensure mounting of hfsplus filesystems is disabled  

(Automated)

1.1.2 Configure /tmp

1.1.2.1 Ensure /tmp is a separate partition (Automated)  

1.1.2.2 Ensure nodev option set on /tmp partition (Automated)  

1.1.2.3 Ensure noexec option set on /tmp partition (Automated)  

1.1.2.4 Ensure nosuid option set on /tmp partition (Automated)  

1.1.3 Configure /var

Page 712
 CIS Benchmark Recommendation Set
Correctly

Yes No

1.1.3.1 Ensure separate partition exists for /var (Automated)  

1.1.3.2 Ensure nodev option set on /var partition (Automated)  

1.1.3.3 Ensure nosuid option set on /var partition (Automated)  

1.1.4 Configure /var/tmp

1.1.4.1 Ensure separate partition exists for /var/tmp (Automated)  

1.1.4.2 Ensure noexec option set on /var/tmp partition  

(Automated)

1.1.4.3 Ensure nosuid option set on /var/tmp partition  

(Automated)

1.1.4.4 Ensure nodev option set on /var/tmp partition  

(Automated)

1.1.5 Configure /var/log

1.1.5.1 Ensure separate partition exists for /var/log (Automated)  

1.1.5.2 Ensure nodev option set on /var/log partition  

(Automated)

1.1.5.3 Ensure noexec option set on /var/log partition  

(Automated)

1.1.5.4 Ensure nosuid option set on /var/log partition  

(Automated)

1.1.6 Configure /var/log/audit

1.1.6.1 Ensure separate partition exists for /var/log/audit  

(Automated)

1.1.6.2 Ensure noexec option set on /var/log/audit partition  

(Automated)

1.1.6.3 Ensure nodev option set on /var/log/audit partition  

(Automated)

Page 713
 CIS Benchmark Recommendation Set
Correctly

Yes No

1.1.6.4 Ensure nosuid option set on /var/log/audit partition  

(Automated)

1.1.7 Configure /home

1.1.7.1 Ensure separate partition exists for /home (Automated)  

1.1.7.2 Ensure nodev option set on /home partition (Automated)  

1.1.7.3 Ensure nosuid option set on /home partition (Automated)  

1.1.8 Configure /dev/shm

1.1.8.1 Ensure /dev/shm is a separate partition (Automated)  

1.1.8.2 Ensure nodev option set on /dev/shm partition  

(Automated)

1.1.8.3 Ensure noexec option set on /dev/shm partition  

(Automated)

1.1.8.4 Ensure nosuid option set on /dev/shm partition  

(Automated)

1.1.9 Ensure usb-storage is disabled (Automated)  

1.2 Configure Software and Patch Management

1.2.1 Ensure GPG keys are configured (Manual)  

1.2.2 Ensure gpgcheck is globally activated (Automated)  

1.2.3 Ensure package manager repositories are configured  

(Manual)

1.2.4 Ensure repo_gpgcheck is globally activated (Manual)  

1.3 Filesystem Integrity Checking

1.3.1 Ensure AIDE is installed (Automated)  

Page 714
 CIS Benchmark Recommendation Set
Correctly

Yes No

1.3.2 Ensure filesystem integrity is regularly checked  

(Automated)

1.3.3 Ensure cryptographic mechanisms are used to protect  

the integrity of audit tools (Automated)

1.4 Secure Boot Settings

1.4.1 Ensure permissions on bootloader config are configured  

(Automated)

1.5 Additional Process Hardening

1.5.1 Ensure address space layout randomization (ASLR) is  

enabled (Automated)

1.5.2 Ensure ptrace_scope is restricted (Automated)  

1.5.3 Ensure core dump storage is disabled (Automated)  

1.5.4 Ensure core dump backtraces are disabled (Automated)  

1.6 Mandatory Access Control

1.6.1 Configure SELinux

1.6.1.1 Ensure SELinux is installed (Automated)  

1.6.1.2 Ensure SELinux is not disabled in bootloader  

configuration (Automated)

1.6.1.3 Ensure SELinux policy is configured (Automated)  

1.6.1.4 Ensure the SELinux mode is not disabled (Automated)  

1.6.1.5 Ensure the SELinux mode is enforcing (Automated)  

1.6.1.6 Ensure no unconfined services exist (Manual)  

1.6.1.7 Ensure SETroubleshoot is not installed (Automated)  

Page 715
 CIS Benchmark Recommendation Set
Correctly

Yes No

1.6.1.8 Ensure the MCS Translation Service (mcstrans) is not  

installed (Automated)

1.7 Command Line Warning Banners

1.7.1 Ensure message of the day is configured properly  

(Automated)

1.7.2 Ensure local login warning banner is configured properly  

(Automated)

1.7.3 Ensure remote login warning banner is configured  

properly (Automated)

1.7.4 Ensure permissions on /etc/motd are configured  

(Automated)

1.7.5 Ensure permissions on /etc/issue are configured  

(Automated)

1.7.6 Ensure permissions on /etc/issue.net are configured  

(Automated)

1.8 Ensure updates, patches, and additional security  

software are installed (Manual)

1.9 Ensure system-wide crypto policy is not legacy  

(Automated)

2 Services

2.1 Configure Time Synchronization

2.1.1 Ensure time synchronization is in use (Automated)  

2.1.2 Ensure chrony is configured (Automated)  

2.2 Configure Special Purpose Services

2.2.1 Ensure xorg-x11-server-common is not installed  

(Automated)

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2.2.2 Ensure avahi is not installed (Automated)  

2.2.3 Ensure a print server is not installed (Automated)  

2.2.4 Ensure a dhcp server is not installed (Automated)  

2.2.5 Ensure a dns server is not installed (Automated)  

2.2.6 Ensure an ftp server is not installed (Automated)  

2.2.7 Ensure a tftp server is not installed (Automated)  

2.2.8 Ensure a web server is not installed (Automated)  

2.2.9 Ensure IMAP and POP3 server is not installed  

(Automated)

2.2.10 Ensure Samba is not installed (Automated)  

2.2.11 Ensure HTTP Proxy Server is not installed (Automated)  

2.2.12 Ensure net-snmp is not installed or the snmpd service is  

not enabled (Automated)

2.2.13 Ensure telnet-server is not installed (Automated)  

2.2.14 Ensure dnsmasq is not installed (Automated)  

2.2.15 Ensure mail transfer agent is configured for local-only  

mode (Automated)

2.2.16 Ensure nfs-utils is not installed or the nfs-server service  

is masked (Automated)

2.2.17 Ensure rpcbind is not installed or the rpcbind services  

are masked (Automated)

2.2.18 Ensure rsync-daemon is not installed or the rsyncd  

service is masked (Automated)

2.3 Service Clients

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2.3.1 Ensure telnet client is not installed (Automated)  

2.3.2 Ensure LDAP client is not installed (Automated)  

2.3.3 Ensure FTP client is not installed (Automated)  

2.4 Ensure nonessential services listening on the system are  

removed or masked (Manual)

3 Network Configuration

3.1 Disable unused network protocols and devices

3.1.1 Ensure IPv6 status is identified (Manual)  

3.1.2 Ensure DCCP is disabled (Automated)  

3.1.3 Ensure SCTP is disabled (Automated)  

3.1.4 Ensure RDS is disabled (Automated)  

3.1.5 Ensure TIPC is disabled (Automated)  

3.2 Configure Network Parameters (Host Only)

3.2.1 Ensure IP forwarding is disabled (Automated)  

3.2.2 Ensure packet redirect sending is disabled (Automated)  

3.3 Configure Network Parameters (Host and Router)

3.3.1 Ensure source routed packets are not accepted  

(Automated)

3.3.2 Ensure ICMP redirects are not accepted (Automated)  

3.3.3 Ensure secure ICMP redirects are not accepted  

(Automated)

3.3.4 Ensure suspicious packets are logged (Automated)  

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3.3.5 Ensure broadcast ICMP requests are ignored  

(Automated)

3.3.6 Ensure bogus ICMP responses are ignored (Automated)  

3.3.7 Ensure Reverse Path Filtering is enabled (Automated)  

3.3.8 Ensure TCP SYN Cookies is enabled (Automated)  

3.3.9 Ensure IPv6 router advertisements are not accepted  

(Automated)

3.4 Configure Host Based Firewall

3.4.1 Configure a firewall utility

3.4.1.1 Ensure nftables is installed (Automated)  

3.4.1.2 Ensure a single firewall configuration utility is in use  

(Automated)

3.4.2 Configure firewall rules

3.4.2.1 Ensure firewalld default zone is set (Automated)  

3.4.2.2 Ensure at least one nftables table exists (Automated)  

3.4.2.3 Ensure nftables base chains exist (Automated)  

3.4.2.4 Ensure host based firewall loopback traffic is configured  

(Automated)

3.4.2.5 Ensure firewalld drops unnecessary services and ports  

(Manual)

3.4.2.6 Ensure nftables established connections are configured  

(Manual)

3.4.2.7 Ensure nftables default deny firewall policy (Automated)  

4 Access, Authentication and Authorization

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4.1 Configure time-based job schedulers

4.1.1 Ensure cron daemon is installed and enabled  

(Automated)

4.1.2 Ensure permissions on /etc/crontab are configured  

(Automated)

4.1.3 Ensure permissions on /etc/cron.hourly are configured  

(Automated)

4.1.4 Ensure permissions on /etc/cron.daily are configured  

(Automated)

4.1.5 Ensure permissions on /etc/cron.weekly are configured  

(Automated)

4.1.6 Ensure permissions on /etc/cron.monthly are configured  

(Automated)

4.1.7 Ensure permissions on /etc/cron.d are configured  

(Automated)

4.1.8 Ensure cron is restricted to authorized users  

(Automated)

4.1.9 Ensure at is restricted to authorized users (Automated)  

4.2 Configure SSH Server

4.2.1 Ensure permissions on /etc/ssh/sshd_config are  

configured (Automated)

4.2.2 Ensure permissions on SSH private host key files are  

configured (Automated)

4.2.3 Ensure permissions on SSH public host key files are  

configured (Automated)

4.2.4 Ensure SSH access is limited (Automated)  

4.2.5 Ensure SSH LogLevel is appropriate (Automated)  

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4.2.6 Ensure SSH PAM is enabled (Automated)  

4.2.7 Ensure SSH root login is disabled (Automated)  

4.2.8 Ensure SSH HostbasedAuthentication is disabled  

(Automated)

4.2.9 Ensure SSH PermitEmptyPasswords is disabled  

(Automated)

4.2.10 Ensure SSH PermitUserEnvironment is disabled  

(Automated)

4.2.11 Ensure SSH IgnoreRhosts is enabled (Automated)  

4.2.12 Ensure SSH X11 forwarding is disabled (Automated)  

4.2.13 Ensure SSH AllowTcpForwarding is disabled  

(Automated)

4.2.14 Ensure system-wide crypto policy is not over-ridden  

(Automated)

4.2.15 Ensure SSH warning banner is configured (Automated)  

4.2.16 Ensure SSH MaxAuthTries is set to 4 or less  

(Automated)

4.2.17 Ensure SSH MaxStartups is configured (Automated)  

4.2.18 Ensure SSH MaxSessions is set to 10 or less  

(Automated)

4.2.19 Ensure SSH LoginGraceTime is set to one minute or  

less (Automated)

4.2.20 Ensure SSH Idle Timeout Interval is configured  

(Automated)

4.3 Configure privilege escalation

4.3.1 Ensure sudo is installed (Automated)  

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4.3.2 Ensure sudo commands use pty (Automated)  

4.3.3 Ensure sudo log file exists (Automated)  

4.3.4 Ensure re-authentication for privilege escalation is not  

disabled globally (Automated)

4.3.5 Ensure sudo authentication timeout is configured  

correctly (Automated)

4.3.6 Ensure access to the su command is restricted  

(Automated)

4.4 Configure authselect

4.4.1 Ensure custom authselect profile is used (Manual)  

4.4.2 Ensure authselect includes with-faillock (Automated)  

4.5 Configure PAM

4.5.1 Ensure password creation requirements are configured  

(Automated)

4.5.2 Ensure lockout for failed password attempts is  

configured (Automated)

4.5.3 Ensure password reuse is limited (Automated)  

4.5.4 Ensure password hashing algorithm is SHA-512  

(Automated)

4.6 User Accounts and Environment

4.6.1 Set Shadow Password Suite Parameters

4.6.1.1 Ensure password expiration is 365 days or less  

(Automated)

4.6.1.2 Ensure minimum days between password changes is  

configured (Automated)

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4.6.1.3 Ensure password expiration warning days is 7 or more  

(Automated)

4.6.1.4 Ensure inactive password lock is 30 days or less  

(Automated)

4.6.1.5 Ensure all users last password change date is in the past  
(Automated)

4.6.2 Ensure system accounts are secured (Automated)  

4.6.3 Ensure default user shell timeout is 900 seconds or less  

(Automated)

4.6.4 Ensure default group for the root account is GID 0  

(Automated)

4.6.5 Ensure default user umask is 027 or more restrictive  

(Automated)

4.6.6 Ensure root password is set (Manual)  

5 Logging and Auditing

5.1 Configure Logging

5.1.1 Configure rsyslog

5.1.1.1 Ensure rsyslog is installed (Manual)  

5.1.1.2 Ensure rsyslog service is enabled (Manual)  

5.1.1.3 Ensure journald is configured to send logs to rsyslog  

(Manual)

5.1.1.4 Ensure rsyslog default file permissions are configured  

(Automated)

5.1.1.5 Ensure logging is configured (Manual)  

5.1.1.6 Ensure rsyslog is configured to send logs to a remote log  

host (Manual)

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5.1.1.7 Ensure rsyslog is not configured to receive logs from a  

remote client (Automated)

5.1.2 Configure journald

5.1.2.1 Ensure journald is configured to send logs to a remote log host

5.1.2.1.1 Ensure systemd-journal-remote is installed (Manual)  

5.1.2.1.2 Ensure systemd-journal-remote is configured (Manual)  

5.1.2.1.3 Ensure systemd-journal-remote is enabled (Manual)  

5.1.2.1.4 Ensure journald is not configured to receive logs from a  

remote client (Automated)

5.1.2.2 Ensure journald service is enabled (Automated)  

5.1.2.3 Ensure journald is configured to compress large log files  

(Automated)

5.1.2.4 Ensure journald is configured to write logfiles to  

persistent disk (Automated)

5.1.2.5 Ensure journald is not configured to send logs to rsyslog  

(Manual)

5.1.2.6 Ensure journald log rotation is configured per site policy  

(Manual)

5.1.2.7 Ensure journald default file permissions configured  

(Manual)

5.1.3 Ensure all logfiles have appropriate permissions and  

ownership (Automated)

5.2 Configure System Accounting (auditd)

5.2.1 Ensure auditing is enabled

5.2.1.1 Ensure auditd is installed (Automated)  

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5.2.1.2 Ensure auditing for processes that start prior to auditd is  

enabled (Automated)

5.2.1.3 Ensure audit_backlog_limit is sufficient (Automated)  

5.2.1.4 Ensure auditd service is enabled (Automated)  

5.2.2 Configure Data Retention

5.2.2.1 Ensure audit log storage size is configured (Automated)  

5.2.2.2 Ensure audit logs are not automatically deleted  

(Automated)

5.2.2.3 Ensure system is disabled when audit logs are full  

(Automated)

5.2.3 Configure auditd rules

5.2.3.1 Ensure changes to system administration scope  

(sudoers) is collected (Automated)

5.2.3.2 Ensure actions as another user are always logged  

(Automated)

5.2.3.3 Ensure events that modify the sudo log file are collected  
(Automated)

5.2.3.4 Ensure events that modify date and time information are  
collected (Automated)

5.2.3.5 Ensure events that modify the system's network  

environment are collected (Automated)

5.2.3.6 Ensure use of privileged commands are collected  

(Automated)

5.2.3.7 Ensure unsuccessful file access attempts are collected  

(Automated)

5.2.3.8 Ensure events that modify user/group information are  

collected (Automated)

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5.2.3.9 Ensure discretionary access control permission  

modification events are collected (Automated)

5.2.3.10 Ensure successful file system mounts are collected  

(Automated)

5.2.3.11 Ensure session initiation information is collected  

(Automated)

5.2.3.12 Ensure login and logout events are collected  

(Automated)

5.2.3.13 Ensure file deletion events by users are collected  

(Automated)

5.2.3.14 Ensure events that modify the system's Mandatory  

Access Controls are collected (Automated)

5.2.3.15 Ensure successful and unsuccessful attempts to use the  

chcon command are recorded (Automated)

5.2.3.16 Ensure successful and unsuccessful attempts to use the  

setfacl command are recorded (Automated)

5.2.3.17 Ensure successful and unsuccessful attempts to use the  

chacl command are recorded (Automated)

5.2.3.18 Ensure successful and unsuccessful attempts to use the  

usermod command are recorded (Automated)

5.2.3.19 Ensure kernel module loading unloading and  

modification is collected (Automated)

5.2.3.20 Ensure the audit configuration is immutable (Automated)  

5.2.3.21 Ensure the running and on disk configuration is the same  

(Manual)

5.2.4 Configure auditd file access

5.2.4.1 Ensure audit log files are mode 0640 or less permissive  
(Automated)

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5.2.4.2 Ensure only authorized users own audit log files  

(Automated)

5.2.4.3 Ensure only authorized groups are assigned ownership  

of audit log files (Automated)

5.2.4.4 Ensure the audit log directory is 0750 or more restrictive  

(Automated)

5.2.4.5 Ensure audit configuration files are 640 or more  

restrictive (Automated)

5.2.4.6 Ensure audit configuration files are owned by root  

(Automated)

5.2.4.7 Ensure audit configuration files belong to group root  

(Automated)

5.2.4.8 Ensure audit tools are 755 or more restrictive  

(Automated)

5.2.4.9 Ensure audit tools are owned by root (Automated)  

5.2.4.10 Ensure audit tools belong to group root (Automated)  

5.3 Ensure logrotate is configured (Manual)  

6 System Maintenance

6.1 System File Permissions

6.1.1 Ensure permissions on /etc/passwd are configured  

(Automated)

6.1.2 Ensure permissions on /etc/passwd are configured  

(Automated)

6.1.3 Ensure permissions on /etc/passwd- are configured  

(Automated)

6.1.4 Ensure permissions on /etc/group are configured  

(Automated)

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6.1.5 Ensure permissions on /etc/group- are configured  

(Automated)

6.1.6 Ensure permissions on /etc/shadow are configured  

(Automated)

6.1.7 Ensure permissions on /etc/shadow- are configured  

(Automated)

6.1.8 Ensure permissions on /etc/gshadow are configured  

(Automated)

6.1.9 Ensure permissions on /etc/gshadow- are configured  

(Automated)

6.1.10 Audit system file permissions (Manual)  

6.1.11 Ensure world writable files and directories are secured  

(Automated)

6.1.12 Ensure no unowned or ungrouped files or directories  

exist (Automated)

6.1.13 Ensure SUID and SGID files are reviewed (Manual)  

6.2 Local User and Group Settings

6.2.1 Ensure accounts in /etc/passwd use shadowed  

passwords (Automated)

6.2.2 Ensure /etc/shadow password fields are not empty  

(Automated)

6.2.3 Ensure all groups in /etc/passwd exist in /etc/group  

(Automated)

6.2.4 Ensure no duplicate UIDs exist (Automated)  

6.2.5 Ensure no duplicate GIDs exist (Automated)  

6.2.6 Ensure no duplicate user names exist (Automated)  

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6.2.7 Ensure no duplicate group names exist (Automated)  

6.2.8 Ensure root PATH Integrity (Automated)  

6.2.9 Ensure root is the only UID 0 account (Automated)  

6.2.10 Ensure local interactive user home directories are  

configured (Automated)

6.2.11 Ensure local interactive user dot files access is  

configured (Automated)

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1.1.2.3 Ensure noexec option set on /tmp partition  
1.1.2.4 Ensure nosuid option set on /tmp partition  
1.1.3.1 Ensure separate partition exists for /var  
1.1.3.2 Ensure nodev option set on /var partition  
1.1.3.3 Ensure nosuid option set on /var partition  
1.1.4.1 Ensure separate partition exists for /var/tmp  
1.1.4.2 Ensure noexec option set on /var/tmp partition  
1.1.4.3 Ensure nosuid option set on /var/tmp partition  
1.1.4.4 Ensure nodev option set on /var/tmp partition  
1.1.5.2 Ensure nodev option set on /var/log partition  
1.1.5.3 Ensure noexec option set on /var/log partition  
1.1.5.4 Ensure nosuid option set on /var/log partition  
1.1.6.2 Ensure noexec option set on /var/log/audit partition  
1.1.6.3 Ensure nodev option set on /var/log/audit partition  
1.1.6.4 Ensure nosuid option set on /var/log/audit partition  
1.1.7.1 Ensure separate partition exists for /home  
1.1.7.2 Ensure nodev option set on /home partition  
1.1.7.3 Ensure nosuid option set on /home partition  
1.1.8.2 Ensure nodev option set on /dev/shm partition  
1.1.8.3 Ensure noexec option set on /dev/shm partition  
1.1.8.4 Ensure nosuid option set on /dev/shm partition  
1.2.1 Ensure GPG keys are configured  
1.2.2 Ensure gpgcheck is globally activated  
1.2.3 Ensure package manager repositories are configured  
1.2.4 Ensure repo_gpgcheck is globally activated  
1.4.1 Ensure permissions on bootloader config are configured  
1.5.3 Ensure core dump storage is disabled  

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1.5.4 Ensure core dump backtraces are disabled  
1.6.1.1 Ensure SELinux is installed  
1.6.1.2 Ensure SELinux is not disabled in bootloader
 
configuration
1.6.1.3 Ensure SELinux policy is configured  
1.6.1.4 Ensure the SELinux mode is not disabled  
1.6.1.5 Ensure the SELinux mode is enforcing  
1.6.1.7 Ensure SETroubleshoot is not installed  
1.7.4 Ensure permissions on /etc/motd are configured  
1.7.5 Ensure permissions on /etc/issue are configured  
1.7.6 Ensure permissions on /etc/issue.net are configured  
1.8 Ensure updates, patches, and additional security
 
software are installed
2.2.13 Ensure telnet-server is not installed  
2.3.1 Ensure telnet client is not installed  
2.3.2 Ensure LDAP client is not installed  
3.3.4 Ensure suspicious packets are logged  
3.4.1.1 Ensure nftables is installed  
3.4.1.2 Ensure a single firewall configuration utility is in use  
3.4.2.1 Ensure firewalld default zone is set  
3.4.2.2 Ensure at least one nftables table exists  
3.4.2.3 Ensure nftables base chains exist  
3.4.2.4 Ensure host based firewall loopback traffic is configured  
3.4.2.5 Ensure firewalld drops unnecessary services and ports  
3.4.2.6 Ensure nftables established connections are configured  
3.4.2.7 Ensure nftables default deny firewall policy  
4.1.2 Ensure permissions on /etc/crontab are configured  
4.1.3 Ensure permissions on /etc/cron.hourly are configured  
4.1.4 Ensure permissions on /etc/cron.daily are configured  
4.1.5 Ensure permissions on /etc/cron.weekly are configured  
4.1.6 Ensure permissions on /etc/cron.monthly are configured  
4.1.7 Ensure permissions on /etc/cron.d are configured  

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4.1.8 Ensure cron is restricted to authorized users  
4.1.9 Ensure at is restricted to authorized users  
4.2.1 Ensure permissions on /etc/ssh/sshd_config are
 
configured
4.2.2 Ensure permissions on SSH private host key files are
 
configured
4.2.3 Ensure permissions on SSH public host key files are
 
configured
4.2.4 Ensure SSH access is limited  
4.2.5 Ensure SSH LogLevel is appropriate  
4.2.7 Ensure SSH root login is disabled  
4.2.10 Ensure SSH PermitUserEnvironment is disabled  
4.2.17 Ensure SSH MaxStartups is configured  
4.3.1 Ensure sudo is installed  
4.3.2 Ensure sudo commands use pty  
4.3.4 Ensure re-authentication for privilege escalation is not
 
disabled globally
4.3.5 Ensure sudo authentication timeout is configured
 
correctly
4.3.6 Ensure access to the su command is restricted  
4.6.2 Ensure system accounts are secured  
4.6.3 Ensure default user shell timeout is 900 seconds or less  
4.6.4 Ensure default group for the root account is GID 0  
4.6.5 Ensure default user umask is 027 or more restrictive  
4.6.6 Ensure root password is set  
5.1.1.1 Ensure rsyslog is installed  
5.1.1.2 Ensure rsyslog service is enabled  
5.1.1.3 Ensure journald is configured to send logs to rsyslog  
5.1.1.4 Ensure rsyslog default file permissions are configured  
5.1.1.5 Ensure logging is configured  
5.1.1.6 Ensure rsyslog is configured to send logs to a remote log
 
host

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5.1.1.7 Ensure rsyslog is not configured to receive logs from a
 
remote client
5.1.2.1.1 Ensure systemd-journal-remote is installed  
5.1.2.1.2 Ensure systemd-journal-remote is configured  
5.1.2.1.3 Ensure systemd-journal-remote is enabled  
5.1.2.1.4 Ensure journald is not configured to receive logs from a
 
remote client
5.1.2.2 Ensure journald service is enabled  
5.1.2.3 Ensure journald is configured to compress large log files  
5.1.2.4 Ensure journald is configured to write logfiles to
 
persistent disk
5.1.2.5 Ensure journald is not configured to send logs to rsyslog  
5.1.2.6 Ensure journald log rotation is configured per site policy  
5.1.2.7 Ensure journald default file permissions configured  
5.1.3 Ensure all logfiles have appropriate permissions and
 
ownership
5.2.1.1 Ensure auditd is installed  
5.2.1.2 Ensure auditing for processes that start prior to auditd is
 
enabled
5.2.1.3 Ensure audit_backlog_limit is sufficient  
5.2.1.4 Ensure auditd service is enabled  
5.2.3.6 Ensure use of privileged commands are collected  
5.2.3.12 Ensure login and logout events are collected  
5.2.3.13 Ensure file deletion events by users are collected  
5.2.3.15 Ensure successful and unsuccessful attempts to use the
 
chcon command are recorded
5.2.3.16 Ensure successful and unsuccessful attempts to use the
 
setfacl command are recorded
5.2.3.17 Ensure successful and unsuccessful attempts to use the
 
chacl command are recorded
5.2.3.18 Ensure successful and unsuccessful attempts to use the
 
usermod command are recorded
5.2.3.19 Ensure kernel module loading unloading and modification
 
is collected

Page 733
 Recommendation Set
Correctly
Yes No
5.2.3.20 Ensure the audit configuration is immutable  
5.2.4.1 Ensure audit log files are mode 0640 or less permissive  
5.2.4.2 Ensure only authorized users own audit log files  
5.2.4.3 Ensure only authorized groups are assigned ownership
 
of audit log files
5.2.4.4 Ensure the audit log directory is 0750 or more restrictive  
5.2.4.5 Ensure audit configuration files are 640 or more
 
restrictive
5.2.4.6 Ensure audit configuration files are owned by root  
5.2.4.7 Ensure audit configuration files belong to group root  
5.2.4.8 Ensure audit tools are 755 or more restrictive  
5.2.4.9 Ensure audit tools are owned by root  
5.2.4.10 Ensure audit tools belong to group root  
6.1.10 Audit system file permissions  
6.1.11 Ensure world writable files and directories are secured  
6.1.13 Ensure SUID and SGID files are reviewed  
6.2.10 Ensure local interactive user home directories are
 
configured
6.2.11 Ensure local interactive user dot files access is
 
configured

Page 734
Appendix: CIS Controls v7 IG 2 Mapped
Recommendations
Recommendation Set
Correctly
Yes No
1.1.1.1 Ensure mounting of squashfs filesystems is disabled  
1.1.1.2 Ensure mounting of udf filesystems is disabled  
1.1.1.3 Ensure mounting of cramfs filesystems is disabled  
1.1.1.4 Ensure mounting of freevxfs filesystems is disabled  
1.1.1.5 Ensure mounting of jffs2 filesystems is disabled  
1.1.1.6 Ensure mounting of hfs filesystems is disabled  
1.1.1.7 Ensure mounting of hfsplus filesystems is disabled  
1.1.2.1 Ensure /tmp is a separate partition  
1.1.2.2 Ensure nodev option set on /tmp partition  
1.1.2.3 Ensure noexec option set on /tmp partition  
1.1.2.4 Ensure nosuid option set on /tmp partition  
1.1.3.1 Ensure separate partition exists for /var  
1.1.3.2 Ensure nodev option set on /var partition  
1.1.3.3 Ensure nosuid option set on /var partition  
1.1.4.1 Ensure separate partition exists for /var/tmp  
1.1.4.2 Ensure noexec option set on /var/tmp partition  
1.1.4.3 Ensure nosuid option set on /var/tmp partition  
1.1.4.4 Ensure nodev option set on /var/tmp partition  
1.1.5.1 Ensure separate partition exists for /var/log  
1.1.5.2 Ensure nodev option set on /var/log partition  
1.1.5.3 Ensure noexec option set on /var/log partition  
1.1.5.4 Ensure nosuid option set on /var/log partition  
1.1.6.1 Ensure separate partition exists for /var/log/audit  
1.1.6.2 Ensure noexec option set on /var/log/audit partition  
1.1.6.3 Ensure nodev option set on /var/log/audit partition  
1.1.6.4 Ensure nosuid option set on /var/log/audit partition  
1.1.7.1 Ensure separate partition exists for /home  

Page 735
 Recommendation Set
Correctly
Yes No
1.1.7.2 Ensure nodev option set on /home partition  
1.1.7.3 Ensure nosuid option set on /home partition  
1.1.8.1 Ensure /dev/shm is a separate partition  
1.1.8.2 Ensure nodev option set on /dev/shm partition  
1.1.8.3 Ensure noexec option set on /dev/shm partition  
1.1.8.4 Ensure nosuid option set on /dev/shm partition  
1.1.9 Ensure usb-storage is disabled  
1.2.1 Ensure GPG keys are configured  
1.2.2 Ensure gpgcheck is globally activated  
1.2.3 Ensure package manager repositories are configured  
1.2.4 Ensure repo_gpgcheck is globally activated  
1.4.1 Ensure permissions on bootloader config are configured  
1.5.1 Ensure address space layout randomization (ASLR) is
 
enabled
1.5.2 Ensure ptrace_scope is restricted  
1.5.3 Ensure core dump storage is disabled  
1.5.4 Ensure core dump backtraces are disabled  
1.6.1.1 Ensure SELinux is installed  
1.6.1.2 Ensure SELinux is not disabled in bootloader
 
configuration
1.6.1.3 Ensure SELinux policy is configured  
1.6.1.4 Ensure the SELinux mode is not disabled  
1.6.1.5 Ensure the SELinux mode is enforcing  
1.6.1.6 Ensure no unconfined services exist  
1.6.1.7 Ensure SETroubleshoot is not installed  
1.6.1.8 Ensure the MCS Translation Service (mcstrans) is not
 
installed
1.7.4 Ensure permissions on /etc/motd are configured  
1.7.5 Ensure permissions on /etc/issue are configured  
1.7.6 Ensure permissions on /etc/issue.net are configured  
1.8 Ensure updates, patches, and additional security
 
software are installed

Page 736
 Recommendation Set
Correctly
Yes No
1.9 Ensure system-wide crypto policy is not legacy  
2.1.1 Ensure time synchronization is in use  
2.1.2 Ensure chrony is configured  
2.2.1 Ensure xorg-x11-server-common is not installed  
2.2.2 Ensure avahi is not installed  
2.2.3 Ensure a print server is not installed  
2.2.4 Ensure a dhcp server is not installed  
2.2.5 Ensure a dns server is not installed  
2.2.6 Ensure an ftp server is not installed  
2.2.7 Ensure a tftp server is not installed  
2.2.8 Ensure a web server is not installed  
2.2.9 Ensure IMAP and POP3 server is not installed  
2.2.10 Ensure Samba is not installed  
2.2.11 Ensure HTTP Proxy Server is not installed  
2.2.12 Ensure net-snmp is not installed or the snmpd service is
 
not enabled
2.2.13 Ensure telnet-server is not installed  
2.2.15 Ensure mail transfer agent is configured for local-only
 
mode
2.2.16 Ensure nfs-utils is not installed or the nfs-server service
 
is masked
2.2.17 Ensure rpcbind is not installed or the rpcbind services
 
are masked
2.2.18 Ensure rsync-daemon is not installed or the rsyncd
 
service is masked
2.3.1 Ensure telnet client is not installed  
2.3.2 Ensure LDAP client is not installed  
2.3.3 Ensure FTP client is not installed  
2.4 Ensure nonessential services listening on the system are
 
removed or masked
3.1.1 Ensure IPv6 status is identified  
3.1.2 Ensure DCCP is disabled  
3.1.3 Ensure SCTP is disabled  

Page 737
 Recommendation Set
Correctly
Yes No
3.1.4 Ensure RDS is disabled  
3.1.5 Ensure TIPC is disabled  
3.2.1 Ensure IP forwarding is disabled  
3.2.2 Ensure packet redirect sending is disabled  
3.3.1 Ensure source routed packets are not accepted  
3.3.2 Ensure ICMP redirects are not accepted  
3.3.3 Ensure secure ICMP redirects are not accepted  
3.3.4 Ensure suspicious packets are logged  
3.3.5 Ensure broadcast ICMP requests are ignored  
3.3.6 Ensure bogus ICMP responses are ignored  
3.3.7 Ensure Reverse Path Filtering is enabled  
3.3.8 Ensure TCP SYN Cookies is enabled  
3.3.9 Ensure IPv6 router advertisements are not accepted  
3.4.1.1 Ensure nftables is installed  
3.4.1.2 Ensure a single firewall configuration utility is in use  
3.4.2.1 Ensure firewalld default zone is set  
3.4.2.2 Ensure at least one nftables table exists  
3.4.2.3 Ensure nftables base chains exist  
3.4.2.4 Ensure host based firewall loopback traffic is configured  
3.4.2.5 Ensure firewalld drops unnecessary services and ports  
3.4.2.6 Ensure nftables established connections are configured  
3.4.2.7 Ensure nftables default deny firewall policy  
4.1.2 Ensure permissions on /etc/crontab are configured  
4.1.3 Ensure permissions on /etc/cron.hourly are configured  
4.1.4 Ensure permissions on /etc/cron.daily are configured  
4.1.5 Ensure permissions on /etc/cron.weekly are configured  
4.1.6 Ensure permissions on /etc/cron.monthly are configured  
4.1.7 Ensure permissions on /etc/cron.d are configured  
4.1.8 Ensure cron is restricted to authorized users  
4.1.9 Ensure at is restricted to authorized users  

Page 738
 Recommendation Set
Correctly
Yes No
4.2.1 Ensure permissions on /etc/ssh/sshd_config are
 
configured
4.2.2 Ensure permissions on SSH private host key files are
 
configured
4.2.3 Ensure permissions on SSH public host key files are
 
configured
4.2.4 Ensure SSH access is limited  
4.2.5 Ensure SSH LogLevel is appropriate  
4.2.7 Ensure SSH root login is disabled  
4.2.8 Ensure SSH HostbasedAuthentication is disabled  
4.2.9 Ensure SSH PermitEmptyPasswords is disabled  
4.2.10 Ensure SSH PermitUserEnvironment is disabled  
4.2.12 Ensure SSH X11 forwarding is disabled  
4.2.13 Ensure SSH AllowTcpForwarding is disabled  
4.2.14 Ensure system-wide crypto policy is not over-ridden  
4.2.17 Ensure SSH MaxStartups is configured  
4.3.1 Ensure sudo is installed  
4.3.2 Ensure sudo commands use pty  
4.3.3 Ensure sudo log file exists  
4.3.4 Ensure re-authentication for privilege escalation is not
 
disabled globally
4.3.5 Ensure sudo authentication timeout is configured
 
correctly
4.3.6 Ensure access to the su command is restricted  
4.4.1 Ensure custom authselect profile is used  
4.4.2 Ensure authselect includes with-faillock  
4.5.1 Ensure password creation requirements are configured  
4.5.2 Ensure lockout for failed password attempts is configured  
4.5.3 Ensure password reuse is limited  
4.5.4 Ensure password hashing algorithm is SHA-512  
4.6.1.1 Ensure password expiration is 365 days or less  
4.6.1.2 Ensure minimum days between password changes is
 
configured

Page 739
 Recommendation Set
Correctly
Yes No
4.6.1.3 Ensure password expiration warning days is 7 or more  
4.6.1.4 Ensure inactive password lock is 30 days or less  
4.6.1.5 Ensure all users last password change date is in the past  
4.6.2 Ensure system accounts are secured  
4.6.3 Ensure default user shell timeout is 900 seconds or less  
4.6.4 Ensure default group for the root account is GID 0  
4.6.5 Ensure default user umask is 027 or more restrictive  
4.6.6 Ensure root password is set  
5.1.1.1 Ensure rsyslog is installed  
5.1.1.2 Ensure rsyslog service is enabled  
5.1.1.3 Ensure journald is configured to send logs to rsyslog  
5.1.1.4 Ensure rsyslog default file permissions are configured  
5.1.1.5 Ensure logging is configured  
5.1.1.6 Ensure rsyslog is configured to send logs to a remote log
 
host
5.1.1.7 Ensure rsyslog is not configured to receive logs from a
 
remote client
5.1.2.1.1 Ensure systemd-journal-remote is installed  
5.1.2.1.2 Ensure systemd-journal-remote is configured  
5.1.2.1.3 Ensure systemd-journal-remote is enabled  
5.1.2.1.4 Ensure journald is not configured to receive logs from a
 
remote client
5.1.2.2 Ensure journald service is enabled  
5.1.2.3 Ensure journald is configured to compress large log files  
5.1.2.4 Ensure journald is configured to write logfiles to
 
persistent disk
5.1.2.5 Ensure journald is not configured to send logs to rsyslog  
5.1.2.6 Ensure journald log rotation is configured per site policy  
5.1.2.7 Ensure journald default file permissions configured  
5.1.3 Ensure all logfiles have appropriate permissions and
 
ownership
5.2.1.1 Ensure auditd is installed  

Page 740
 Recommendation Set
Correctly
Yes No
5.2.1.2 Ensure auditing for processes that start prior to auditd is
 
enabled
5.2.1.3 Ensure audit_backlog_limit is sufficient  
5.2.1.4 Ensure auditd service is enabled  
5.2.2.1 Ensure audit log storage size is configured  
5.2.2.2 Ensure audit logs are not automatically deleted  
5.2.3.1 Ensure changes to system administration scope
 
(sudoers) is collected
5.2.3.2 Ensure actions as another user are always logged  
5.2.3.3 Ensure events that modify the sudo log file are collected  
5.2.3.4 Ensure events that modify date and time information are
 
collected
5.2.3.5 Ensure events that modify the system's network
 
environment are collected
5.2.3.6 Ensure use of privileged commands are collected  
5.2.3.8 Ensure events that modify user/group information are
 
collected
5.2.3.9 Ensure discretionary access control permission
 
modification events are collected
5.2.3.10 Ensure successful file system mounts are collected  
5.2.3.11 Ensure session initiation information is collected  
5.2.3.12 Ensure login and logout events are collected  
5.2.3.13 Ensure file deletion events by users are collected  
5.2.3.14 Ensure events that modify the system's Mandatory
 
Access Controls are collected
5.2.3.15 Ensure successful and unsuccessful attempts to use the
 
chcon command are recorded
5.2.3.16 Ensure successful and unsuccessful attempts to use the
 
setfacl command are recorded
5.2.3.17 Ensure successful and unsuccessful attempts to use the
 
chacl command are recorded
5.2.3.18 Ensure successful and unsuccessful attempts to use the
 
usermod command are recorded

Page 741
 Recommendation Set
Correctly
Yes No
5.2.3.19 Ensure kernel module loading unloading and modification
 
is collected
5.2.3.20 Ensure the audit configuration is immutable  
5.2.3.21 Ensure the running and on disk configuration is the same  
5.2.4.1 Ensure audit log files are mode 0640 or less permissive  
5.2.4.2 Ensure only authorized users own audit log files  
5.2.4.3 Ensure only authorized groups are assigned ownership
 
of audit log files
5.2.4.4 Ensure the audit log directory is 0750 or more restrictive  
5.2.4.5 Ensure audit configuration files are 640 or more
 
restrictive
5.2.4.6 Ensure audit configuration files are owned by root  
5.2.4.7 Ensure audit configuration files belong to group root  
5.2.4.8 Ensure audit tools are 755 or more restrictive  
5.2.4.9 Ensure audit tools are owned by root  
5.2.4.10 Ensure audit tools belong to group root  
5.3 Ensure logrotate is configured  
6.1.1 Ensure permissions on /etc/passwd are configured  
6.1.2 Ensure permissions on /etc/passwd are configured  
6.1.3 Ensure permissions on /etc/passwd- are configured  
6.1.4 Ensure permissions on /etc/group are configured  
6.1.5 Ensure permissions on /etc/group- are configured  
6.1.6 Ensure permissions on /etc/shadow are configured  
6.1.7 Ensure permissions on /etc/shadow- are configured  
6.1.8 Ensure permissions on /etc/gshadow are configured  
6.1.9 Ensure permissions on /etc/gshadow- are configured  
6.1.10 Audit system file permissions  
6.1.11 Ensure world writable files and directories are secured  
6.1.13 Ensure SUID and SGID files are reviewed  
6.2.1 Ensure accounts in /etc/passwd use shadowed
 
passwords
6.2.2 Ensure /etc/shadow password fields are not empty  

Page 742
 Recommendation Set
Correctly
Yes No
6.2.10 Ensure local interactive user home directories are
 
configured
6.2.11 Ensure local interactive user dot files access is
 
configured

Page 743
Appendix: CIS Controls v7 IG 3 Mapped
Recommendations
Recommendation Set
Correctly
Yes No
1.1.1.1 Ensure mounting of squashfs filesystems is disabled  
1.1.1.2 Ensure mounting of udf filesystems is disabled  
1.1.1.3 Ensure mounting of cramfs filesystems is disabled  
1.1.1.4 Ensure mounting of freevxfs filesystems is disabled  
1.1.1.5 Ensure mounting of jffs2 filesystems is disabled  
1.1.1.6 Ensure mounting of hfs filesystems is disabled  
1.1.1.7 Ensure mounting of hfsplus filesystems is disabled  
1.1.2.1 Ensure /tmp is a separate partition  
1.1.2.2 Ensure nodev option set on /tmp partition  
1.1.2.3 Ensure noexec option set on /tmp partition  
1.1.2.4 Ensure nosuid option set on /tmp partition  
1.1.3.1 Ensure separate partition exists for /var  
1.1.3.2 Ensure nodev option set on /var partition  
1.1.3.3 Ensure nosuid option set on /var partition  
1.1.4.1 Ensure separate partition exists for /var/tmp  
1.1.4.2 Ensure noexec option set on /var/tmp partition  
1.1.4.3 Ensure nosuid option set on /var/tmp partition  
1.1.4.4 Ensure nodev option set on /var/tmp partition  
1.1.5.1 Ensure separate partition exists for /var/log  
1.1.5.2 Ensure nodev option set on /var/log partition  
1.1.5.3 Ensure noexec option set on /var/log partition  
1.1.5.4 Ensure nosuid option set on /var/log partition  
1.1.6.1 Ensure separate partition exists for /var/log/audit  
1.1.6.2 Ensure noexec option set on /var/log/audit partition  
1.1.6.3 Ensure nodev option set on /var/log/audit partition  
1.1.6.4 Ensure nosuid option set on /var/log/audit partition  
1.1.7.1 Ensure separate partition exists for /home  

Page 744
 Recommendation Set
Correctly
Yes No
1.1.7.2 Ensure nodev option set on /home partition  
1.1.7.3 Ensure nosuid option set on /home partition  
1.1.8.1 Ensure /dev/shm is a separate partition  
1.1.8.2 Ensure nodev option set on /dev/shm partition  
1.1.8.3 Ensure noexec option set on /dev/shm partition  
1.1.8.4 Ensure nosuid option set on /dev/shm partition  
1.1.9 Ensure usb-storage is disabled  
1.2.1 Ensure GPG keys are configured  
1.2.2 Ensure gpgcheck is globally activated  
1.2.3 Ensure package manager repositories are configured  
1.2.4 Ensure repo_gpgcheck is globally activated  
1.3.1 Ensure AIDE is installed  
1.3.2 Ensure filesystem integrity is regularly checked  
1.4.1 Ensure permissions on bootloader config are configured  
1.5.1 Ensure address space layout randomization (ASLR) is
 
enabled
1.5.2 Ensure ptrace_scope is restricted  
1.5.3 Ensure core dump storage is disabled  
1.5.4 Ensure core dump backtraces are disabled  
1.6.1.1 Ensure SELinux is installed  
1.6.1.2 Ensure SELinux is not disabled in bootloader
 
configuration
1.6.1.3 Ensure SELinux policy is configured  
1.6.1.4 Ensure the SELinux mode is not disabled  
1.6.1.5 Ensure the SELinux mode is enforcing  
1.6.1.6 Ensure no unconfined services exist  
1.6.1.7 Ensure SETroubleshoot is not installed  
1.6.1.8 Ensure the MCS Translation Service (mcstrans) is not
 
installed
1.7.4 Ensure permissions on /etc/motd are configured  
1.7.5 Ensure permissions on /etc/issue are configured  
1.7.6 Ensure permissions on /etc/issue.net are configured  

Page 745
 Recommendation Set
Correctly
Yes No
1.8 Ensure updates, patches, and additional security
 
software are installed
1.9 Ensure system-wide crypto policy is not legacy  
2.1.1 Ensure time synchronization is in use  
2.1.2 Ensure chrony is configured  
2.2.1 Ensure xorg-x11-server-common is not installed  
2.2.2 Ensure avahi is not installed  
2.2.3 Ensure a print server is not installed  
2.2.4 Ensure a dhcp server is not installed  
2.2.5 Ensure a dns server is not installed  
2.2.6 Ensure an ftp server is not installed  
2.2.7 Ensure a tftp server is not installed  
2.2.8 Ensure a web server is not installed  
2.2.9 Ensure IMAP and POP3 server is not installed  
2.2.10 Ensure Samba is not installed  
2.2.11 Ensure HTTP Proxy Server is not installed  
2.2.12 Ensure net-snmp is not installed or the snmpd service is
 
not enabled
2.2.13 Ensure telnet-server is not installed  
2.2.15 Ensure mail transfer agent is configured for local-only
 
mode
2.2.16 Ensure nfs-utils is not installed or the nfs-server service
 
is masked
2.2.17 Ensure rpcbind is not installed or the rpcbind services
 
are masked
2.2.18 Ensure rsync-daemon is not installed or the rsyncd
 
service is masked
2.3.1 Ensure telnet client is not installed  
2.3.2 Ensure LDAP client is not installed  
2.3.3 Ensure FTP client is not installed  
2.4 Ensure nonessential services listening on the system are
 
removed or masked
3.1.1 Ensure IPv6 status is identified  

Page 746
 Recommendation Set
Correctly
Yes No
3.1.2 Ensure DCCP is disabled  
3.1.3 Ensure SCTP is disabled  
3.1.4 Ensure RDS is disabled  
3.1.5 Ensure TIPC is disabled  
3.2.1 Ensure IP forwarding is disabled  
3.2.2 Ensure packet redirect sending is disabled  
3.3.1 Ensure source routed packets are not accepted  
3.3.2 Ensure ICMP redirects are not accepted  
3.3.3 Ensure secure ICMP redirects are not accepted  
3.3.4 Ensure suspicious packets are logged  
3.3.5 Ensure broadcast ICMP requests are ignored  
3.3.6 Ensure bogus ICMP responses are ignored  
3.3.7 Ensure Reverse Path Filtering is enabled  
3.3.8 Ensure TCP SYN Cookies is enabled  
3.3.9 Ensure IPv6 router advertisements are not accepted  
3.4.1.1 Ensure nftables is installed  
3.4.1.2 Ensure a single firewall configuration utility is in use  
3.4.2.1 Ensure firewalld default zone is set  
3.4.2.2 Ensure at least one nftables table exists  
3.4.2.3 Ensure nftables base chains exist  
3.4.2.4 Ensure host based firewall loopback traffic is configured  
3.4.2.5 Ensure firewalld drops unnecessary services and ports  
3.4.2.6 Ensure nftables established connections are configured  
3.4.2.7 Ensure nftables default deny firewall policy  
4.1.2 Ensure permissions on /etc/crontab are configured  
4.1.3 Ensure permissions on /etc/cron.hourly are configured  
4.1.4 Ensure permissions on /etc/cron.daily are configured  
4.1.5 Ensure permissions on /etc/cron.weekly are configured  
4.1.6 Ensure permissions on /etc/cron.monthly are configured  
4.1.7 Ensure permissions on /etc/cron.d are configured  
4.1.8 Ensure cron is restricted to authorized users  

Page 747
 Recommendation Set
Correctly
Yes No
4.1.9 Ensure at is restricted to authorized users  
4.2.1 Ensure permissions on /etc/ssh/sshd_config are
 
configured
4.2.2 Ensure permissions on SSH private host key files are
 
configured
4.2.3 Ensure permissions on SSH public host key files are
 
configured
4.2.4 Ensure SSH access is limited  
4.2.5 Ensure SSH LogLevel is appropriate  
4.2.7 Ensure SSH root login is disabled  
4.2.8 Ensure SSH HostbasedAuthentication is disabled  
4.2.9 Ensure SSH PermitEmptyPasswords is disabled  
4.2.10 Ensure SSH PermitUserEnvironment is disabled  
4.2.12 Ensure SSH X11 forwarding is disabled  
4.2.13 Ensure SSH AllowTcpForwarding is disabled  
4.2.14 Ensure system-wide crypto policy is not over-ridden  
4.2.16 Ensure SSH MaxAuthTries is set to 4 or less  
4.2.17 Ensure SSH MaxStartups is configured  
4.3.1 Ensure sudo is installed  
4.3.2 Ensure sudo commands use pty  
4.3.3 Ensure sudo log file exists  
4.3.4 Ensure re-authentication for privilege escalation is not
 
disabled globally
4.3.5 Ensure sudo authentication timeout is configured
 
correctly
4.3.6 Ensure access to the su command is restricted  
4.4.1 Ensure custom authselect profile is used  
4.4.2 Ensure authselect includes with-faillock  
4.5.1 Ensure password creation requirements are configured  
4.5.2 Ensure lockout for failed password attempts is configured  
4.5.3 Ensure password reuse is limited  
4.5.4 Ensure password hashing algorithm is SHA-512  
4.6.1.1 Ensure password expiration is 365 days or less  

Page 748
 Recommendation Set
Correctly
Yes No
4.6.1.2 Ensure minimum days between password changes is
 
configured
4.6.1.3 Ensure password expiration warning days is 7 or more  
4.6.1.4 Ensure inactive password lock is 30 days or less  
4.6.1.5 Ensure all users last password change date is in the past  
4.6.2 Ensure system accounts are secured  
4.6.3 Ensure default user shell timeout is 900 seconds or less  
4.6.4 Ensure default group for the root account is GID 0  
4.6.5 Ensure default user umask is 027 or more restrictive  
4.6.6 Ensure root password is set  
5.1.1.1 Ensure rsyslog is installed  
5.1.1.2 Ensure rsyslog service is enabled  
5.1.1.3 Ensure journald is configured to send logs to rsyslog  
5.1.1.4 Ensure rsyslog default file permissions are configured  
5.1.1.5 Ensure logging is configured  
5.1.1.6 Ensure rsyslog is configured to send logs to a remote log
 
host
5.1.1.7 Ensure rsyslog is not configured to receive logs from a
 
remote client
5.1.2.1.1 Ensure systemd-journal-remote is installed  
5.1.2.1.2 Ensure systemd-journal-remote is configured  
5.1.2.1.3 Ensure systemd-journal-remote is enabled  
5.1.2.1.4 Ensure journald is not configured to receive logs from a
 
remote client
5.1.2.2 Ensure journald service is enabled  
5.1.2.3 Ensure journald is configured to compress large log files  
5.1.2.4 Ensure journald is configured to write logfiles to
 
persistent disk
5.1.2.5 Ensure journald is not configured to send logs to rsyslog  
5.1.2.6 Ensure journald log rotation is configured per site policy  
5.1.2.7 Ensure journald default file permissions configured  
5.1.3 Ensure all logfiles have appropriate permissions and
 
ownership

Page 749
 Recommendation Set
Correctly
Yes No
5.2.1.1 Ensure auditd is installed  
5.2.1.2 Ensure auditing for processes that start prior to auditd is
 
enabled
5.2.1.3 Ensure audit_backlog_limit is sufficient  
5.2.1.4 Ensure auditd service is enabled  
5.2.2.1 Ensure audit log storage size is configured  
5.2.2.2 Ensure audit logs are not automatically deleted  
5.2.3.1 Ensure changes to system administration scope
 
(sudoers) is collected
5.2.3.2 Ensure actions as another user are always logged  
5.2.3.3 Ensure events that modify the sudo log file are collected  
5.2.3.4 Ensure events that modify date and time information are
 
collected
5.2.3.5 Ensure events that modify the system's network
 
environment are collected
5.2.3.6 Ensure use of privileged commands are collected  
5.2.3.7 Ensure unsuccessful file access attempts are collected  
5.2.3.8 Ensure events that modify user/group information are
 
collected
5.2.3.9 Ensure discretionary access control permission
 
modification events are collected
5.2.3.10 Ensure successful file system mounts are collected  
5.2.3.11 Ensure session initiation information is collected  
5.2.3.12 Ensure login and logout events are collected  
5.2.3.13 Ensure file deletion events by users are collected  
5.2.3.14 Ensure events that modify the system's Mandatory
 
Access Controls are collected
5.2.3.15 Ensure successful and unsuccessful attempts to use the
 
chcon command are recorded
5.2.3.16 Ensure successful and unsuccessful attempts to use the
 
setfacl command are recorded
5.2.3.17 Ensure successful and unsuccessful attempts to use the
 
chacl command are recorded

Page 750
 Recommendation Set
Correctly
Yes No
5.2.3.18 Ensure successful and unsuccessful attempts to use the
 
usermod command are recorded
5.2.3.19 Ensure kernel module loading unloading and modification
 
is collected
5.2.3.20 Ensure the audit configuration is immutable  
5.2.3.21 Ensure the running and on disk configuration is the same  
5.2.4.1 Ensure audit log files are mode 0640 or less permissive  
5.2.4.2 Ensure only authorized users own audit log files  
5.2.4.3 Ensure only authorized groups are assigned ownership
 
of audit log files
5.2.4.4 Ensure the audit log directory is 0750 or more restrictive  
5.2.4.5 Ensure audit configuration files are 640 or more
 
restrictive
5.2.4.6 Ensure audit configuration files are owned by root  
5.2.4.7 Ensure audit configuration files belong to group root  
5.2.4.8 Ensure audit tools are 755 or more restrictive  
5.2.4.9 Ensure audit tools are owned by root  
5.2.4.10 Ensure audit tools belong to group root  
5.3 Ensure logrotate is configured  
6.1.1 Ensure permissions on /etc/passwd are configured  
6.1.2 Ensure permissions on /etc/passwd are configured  
6.1.3 Ensure permissions on /etc/passwd- are configured  
6.1.4 Ensure permissions on /etc/group are configured  
6.1.5 Ensure permissions on /etc/group- are configured  
6.1.6 Ensure permissions on /etc/shadow are configured  
6.1.7 Ensure permissions on /etc/shadow- are configured  
6.1.8 Ensure permissions on /etc/gshadow are configured  
6.1.9 Ensure permissions on /etc/gshadow- are configured  
6.1.10 Audit system file permissions  
6.1.11 Ensure world writable files and directories are secured  
6.1.13 Ensure SUID and SGID files are reviewed  
6.2.1 Ensure accounts in /etc/passwd use shadowed
 
passwords

Page 751
 Recommendation Set
Correctly
Yes No
6.2.2 Ensure /etc/shadow password fields are not empty  
6.2.10 Ensure local interactive user home directories are
 
configured
6.2.11 Ensure local interactive user dot files access is
 
configured

Page 752
Appendix: CIS Controls v7 Unmapped
Recommendations
Recommendation Set
Correctly
Yes No
1.3.3 Ensure cryptographic mechanisms are used to protect
 
the integrity of audit tools
1.7.1 Ensure message of the day is configured properly  
1.7.2 Ensure local login warning banner is configured properly  
1.7.3 Ensure remote login warning banner is configured
 
properly
2.2.14 Ensure dnsmasq is not installed  
4.1.1 Ensure cron daemon is installed and enabled  
4.2.6 Ensure SSH PAM is enabled  
4.2.11 Ensure SSH IgnoreRhosts is enabled  
4.2.15 Ensure SSH warning banner is configured  
4.2.18 Ensure SSH MaxSessions is set to 10 or less  
4.2.19 Ensure SSH LoginGraceTime is set to one minute or less  
4.2.20 Ensure SSH Idle Timeout Interval is configured  
5.2.2.3 Ensure system is disabled when audit logs are full  
6.1.12 Ensure no unowned or ungrouped files or directories
 
exist
6.2.3 Ensure all groups in /etc/passwd exist in /etc/group  
6.2.4 Ensure no duplicate UIDs exist  
6.2.5 Ensure no duplicate GIDs exist  
6.2.6 Ensure no duplicate user names exist  
6.2.7 Ensure no duplicate group names exist  
6.2.8 Ensure root PATH Integrity  
6.2.9 Ensure root is the only UID 0 account  

Page 753
Appendix: CIS Controls v8 IG 1 Mapped
Recommendations
Recommendation Set
Correctly
Yes No
1.1.1.4 Ensure mounting of freevxfs filesystems is disabled  
1.1.2.3 Ensure noexec option set on /tmp partition  
1.1.2.4 Ensure nosuid option set on /tmp partition  
1.1.3.1 Ensure separate partition exists for /var  
1.1.3.2 Ensure nodev option set on /var partition  
1.1.3.3 Ensure nosuid option set on /var partition  
1.1.4.1 Ensure separate partition exists for /var/tmp  
1.1.4.2 Ensure noexec option set on /var/tmp partition  
1.1.4.3 Ensure nosuid option set on /var/tmp partition  
1.1.4.4 Ensure nodev option set on /var/tmp partition  
1.1.5.1 Ensure separate partition exists for /var/log  
1.1.5.2 Ensure nodev option set on /var/log partition  
1.1.5.3 Ensure noexec option set on /var/log partition  
1.1.5.4 Ensure nosuid option set on /var/log partition  
1.1.6.1 Ensure separate partition exists for /var/log/audit  
1.1.6.2 Ensure noexec option set on /var/log/audit partition  
1.1.6.3 Ensure nodev option set on /var/log/audit partition  
1.1.6.4 Ensure nosuid option set on /var/log/audit partition  
1.1.7.1 Ensure separate partition exists for /home  
1.1.7.2 Ensure nodev option set on /home partition  
1.1.7.3 Ensure nosuid option set on /home partition  
1.1.8.2 Ensure nodev option set on /dev/shm partition  
1.1.8.3 Ensure noexec option set on /dev/shm partition  
1.1.8.4 Ensure nosuid option set on /dev/shm partition  
1.1.9 Ensure usb-storage is disabled  
1.2.1 Ensure GPG keys are configured  
1.2.2 Ensure gpgcheck is globally activated  

Page 754
 Recommendation Set
Correctly
Yes No
1.2.3 Ensure package manager repositories are configured  
1.2.4 Ensure repo_gpgcheck is globally activated  
1.4.1 Ensure permissions on bootloader config are configured  
1.6.1.1 Ensure SELinux is installed  
1.6.1.2 Ensure SELinux is not disabled in bootloader
 
configuration
1.6.1.3 Ensure SELinux policy is configured  
1.6.1.4 Ensure the SELinux mode is not disabled  
1.6.1.5 Ensure the SELinux mode is enforcing  
1.6.1.6 Ensure no unconfined services exist  
1.7.4 Ensure permissions on /etc/motd are configured  
1.7.5 Ensure permissions on /etc/issue are configured  
1.7.6 Ensure permissions on /etc/issue.net are configured  
1.8 Ensure updates, patches, and additional security
 
software are installed
3.4.1.1 Ensure nftables is installed  
3.4.1.2 Ensure a single firewall configuration utility is in use  
3.4.2.1 Ensure firewalld default zone is set  
3.4.2.2 Ensure at least one nftables table exists  
3.4.2.3 Ensure nftables base chains exist  
3.4.2.4 Ensure host based firewall loopback traffic is configured  
3.4.2.5 Ensure firewalld drops unnecessary services and ports  
3.4.2.6 Ensure nftables established connections are configured  
3.4.2.7 Ensure nftables default deny firewall policy  
4.1.2 Ensure permissions on /etc/crontab are configured  
4.1.3 Ensure permissions on /etc/cron.hourly are configured  
4.1.4 Ensure permissions on /etc/cron.daily are configured  
4.1.5 Ensure permissions on /etc/cron.weekly are configured  
4.1.6 Ensure permissions on /etc/cron.monthly are configured  
4.1.7 Ensure permissions on /etc/cron.d are configured  
4.1.8 Ensure cron is restricted to authorized users  
4.1.9 Ensure at is restricted to authorized users  

Page 755
 Recommendation Set
Correctly
Yes No
4.2.1 Ensure permissions on /etc/ssh/sshd_config are
 
configured
4.2.2 Ensure permissions on SSH private host key files are
 
configured
4.2.3 Ensure permissions on SSH public host key files are
 
configured
4.2.4 Ensure SSH access is limited  
4.2.5 Ensure SSH LogLevel is appropriate  
4.2.7 Ensure SSH root login is disabled  
4.2.8 Ensure SSH HostbasedAuthentication is disabled  
4.2.9 Ensure SSH PermitEmptyPasswords is disabled  
4.2.10 Ensure SSH PermitUserEnvironment is disabled  
4.2.13 Ensure SSH AllowTcpForwarding is disabled  
4.2.17 Ensure SSH MaxStartups is configured  
4.3.1 Ensure sudo is installed  
4.3.2 Ensure sudo commands use pty  
4.3.4 Ensure re-authentication for privilege escalation is not
 
disabled globally
4.3.5 Ensure sudo authentication timeout is configured
 
correctly
4.3.6 Ensure access to the su command is restricted  
4.4.2 Ensure authselect includes with-faillock  
4.5.1 Ensure password creation requirements are configured  
4.5.2 Ensure lockout for failed password attempts is configured  
4.5.3 Ensure password reuse is limited  
4.6.1.1 Ensure password expiration is 365 days or less  
4.6.1.2 Ensure minimum days between password changes is
 
configured
4.6.1.3 Ensure password expiration warning days is 7 or more  
4.6.1.4 Ensure inactive password lock is 30 days or less  
4.6.1.5 Ensure all users last password change date is in the past  
4.6.2 Ensure system accounts are secured  
4.6.3 Ensure default user shell timeout is 900 seconds or less  

Page 756
 Recommendation Set
Correctly
Yes No
4.6.4 Ensure default group for the root account is GID 0  
4.6.5 Ensure default user umask is 027 or more restrictive  
4.6.6 Ensure root password is set  
5.1.1.1 Ensure rsyslog is installed  
5.1.1.2 Ensure rsyslog service is enabled  
5.1.1.3 Ensure journald is configured to send logs to rsyslog  
5.1.1.4 Ensure rsyslog default file permissions are configured  
5.1.1.5 Ensure logging is configured  
5.1.1.6 Ensure rsyslog is configured to send logs to a remote log
 
host
5.1.1.7 Ensure rsyslog is not configured to receive logs from a
 
remote client
5.1.2.1.1 Ensure systemd-journal-remote is installed  
5.1.2.1.2 Ensure systemd-journal-remote is configured  
5.1.2.1.3 Ensure systemd-journal-remote is enabled  
5.1.2.1.4 Ensure journald is not configured to receive logs from a
 
remote client
5.1.2.2 Ensure journald service is enabled  
5.1.2.3 Ensure journald is configured to compress large log files  
5.1.2.4 Ensure journald is configured to write logfiles to
 
persistent disk
5.1.2.5 Ensure journald is not configured to send logs to rsyslog  
5.1.2.6 Ensure journald log rotation is configured per site policy  
5.1.2.7 Ensure journald default file permissions configured  
5.1.3 Ensure all logfiles have appropriate permissions and
 
ownership
5.2.1.1 Ensure auditd is installed  
5.2.1.2 Ensure auditing for processes that start prior to auditd is
 
enabled
5.2.1.3 Ensure audit_backlog_limit is sufficient  
5.2.1.4 Ensure auditd service is enabled  
5.2.2.1 Ensure audit log storage size is configured  
5.2.2.2 Ensure audit logs are not automatically deleted  

Page 757
 Recommendation Set
Correctly
Yes No
5.2.2.3 Ensure system is disabled when audit logs are full  
5.2.3.15 Ensure successful and unsuccessful attempts to use the
 
chcon command are recorded
5.2.3.16 Ensure successful and unsuccessful attempts to use the
 
setfacl command are recorded
5.2.3.17 Ensure successful and unsuccessful attempts to use the
 
chacl command are recorded
5.2.3.18 Ensure successful and unsuccessful attempts to use the
 
usermod command are recorded
5.2.3.20 Ensure the audit configuration is immutable  
5.2.4.1 Ensure audit log files are mode 0640 or less permissive  
5.2.4.2 Ensure only authorized users own audit log files  
5.2.4.3 Ensure only authorized groups are assigned ownership
 
of audit log files
5.2.4.4 Ensure the audit log directory is 0750 or more restrictive  
5.2.4.5 Ensure audit configuration files are 640 or more
 
restrictive
5.2.4.6 Ensure audit configuration files are owned by root  
5.2.4.7 Ensure audit configuration files belong to group root  
5.2.4.8 Ensure audit tools are 755 or more restrictive  
5.2.4.9 Ensure audit tools are owned by root  
5.2.4.10 Ensure audit tools belong to group root  
5.3 Ensure logrotate is configured  
6.1.1 Ensure permissions on /etc/passwd are configured  
6.1.2 Ensure permissions on /etc/passwd are configured  
6.1.3 Ensure permissions on /etc/passwd- are configured  
6.1.4 Ensure permissions on /etc/group are configured  
6.1.5 Ensure permissions on /etc/group- are configured  
6.1.6 Ensure permissions on /etc/shadow are configured  
6.1.7 Ensure permissions on /etc/shadow- are configured  
6.1.8 Ensure permissions on /etc/gshadow are configured  
6.1.9 Ensure permissions on /etc/gshadow- are configured  
6.1.10 Audit system file permissions  

Page 758
 Recommendation Set
Correctly
Yes No
6.1.11 Ensure world writable files and directories are secured  
6.1.12 Ensure no unowned or ungrouped files or directories
 
exist
6.1.13 Ensure SUID and SGID files are reviewed  
6.2.2 Ensure /etc/shadow password fields are not empty  
6.2.10 Ensure local interactive user home directories are
 
configured
6.2.11 Ensure local interactive user dot files access is
 
configured

Page 759
Appendix: CIS Controls v8 IG 2 Mapped
Recommendations
Recommendation Set
Correctly
Yes No
1.1.1.1 Ensure mounting of squashfs filesystems is disabled  
1.1.1.2 Ensure mounting of udf filesystems is disabled  
1.1.1.3 Ensure mounting of cramfs filesystems is disabled  
1.1.1.4 Ensure mounting of freevxfs filesystems is disabled  
1.1.1.5 Ensure mounting of jffs2 filesystems is disabled  
1.1.1.6 Ensure mounting of hfs filesystems is disabled  
1.1.1.7 Ensure mounting of hfsplus filesystems is disabled  
1.1.2.1 Ensure /tmp is a separate partition  
1.1.2.2 Ensure nodev option set on /tmp partition  
1.1.2.3 Ensure noexec option set on /tmp partition  
1.1.2.4 Ensure nosuid option set on /tmp partition  
1.1.3.1 Ensure separate partition exists for /var  
1.1.3.2 Ensure nodev option set on /var partition  
1.1.3.3 Ensure nosuid option set on /var partition  
1.1.4.1 Ensure separate partition exists for /var/tmp  
1.1.4.2 Ensure noexec option set on /var/tmp partition  
1.1.4.3 Ensure nosuid option set on /var/tmp partition  
1.1.4.4 Ensure nodev option set on /var/tmp partition  
1.1.5.1 Ensure separate partition exists for /var/log  
1.1.5.2 Ensure nodev option set on /var/log partition  
1.1.5.3 Ensure noexec option set on /var/log partition  
1.1.5.4 Ensure nosuid option set on /var/log partition  
1.1.6.1 Ensure separate partition exists for /var/log/audit  
1.1.6.2 Ensure noexec option set on /var/log/audit partition  
1.1.6.3 Ensure nodev option set on /var/log/audit partition  
1.1.6.4 Ensure nosuid option set on /var/log/audit partition  
1.1.7.1 Ensure separate partition exists for /home  

Page 760
 Recommendation Set
Correctly
Yes No
1.1.7.2 Ensure nodev option set on /home partition  
1.1.7.3 Ensure nosuid option set on /home partition  
1.1.8.1 Ensure /dev/shm is a separate partition  
1.1.8.2 Ensure nodev option set on /dev/shm partition  
1.1.8.3 Ensure noexec option set on /dev/shm partition  
1.1.8.4 Ensure nosuid option set on /dev/shm partition  
1.1.9 Ensure usb-storage is disabled  
1.2.1 Ensure GPG keys are configured  
1.2.2 Ensure gpgcheck is globally activated  
1.2.3 Ensure package manager repositories are configured  
1.2.4 Ensure repo_gpgcheck is globally activated  
1.4.1 Ensure permissions on bootloader config are configured  
1.5.1 Ensure address space layout randomization (ASLR) is
 
enabled
1.5.2 Ensure ptrace_scope is restricted  
1.6.1.1 Ensure SELinux is installed  
1.6.1.2 Ensure SELinux is not disabled in bootloader
 
configuration
1.6.1.3 Ensure SELinux policy is configured  
1.6.1.4 Ensure the SELinux mode is not disabled  
1.6.1.5 Ensure the SELinux mode is enforcing  
1.6.1.6 Ensure no unconfined services exist  
1.6.1.7 Ensure SETroubleshoot is not installed  
1.6.1.8 Ensure the MCS Translation Service (mcstrans) is not
 
installed
1.7.4 Ensure permissions on /etc/motd are configured  
1.7.5 Ensure permissions on /etc/issue are configured  
1.7.6 Ensure permissions on /etc/issue.net are configured  
1.8 Ensure updates, patches, and additional security
 
software are installed
1.9 Ensure system-wide crypto policy is not legacy  
2.1.1 Ensure time synchronization is in use  

Page 761
 Recommendation Set
Correctly
Yes No
2.1.2 Ensure chrony is configured  
2.2.1 Ensure xorg-x11-server-common is not installed  
2.2.2 Ensure avahi is not installed  
2.2.3 Ensure a print server is not installed  
2.2.4 Ensure a dhcp server is not installed  
2.2.5 Ensure a dns server is not installed  
2.2.6 Ensure an ftp server is not installed  
2.2.7 Ensure a tftp server is not installed  
2.2.8 Ensure a web server is not installed  
2.2.9 Ensure IMAP and POP3 server is not installed  
2.2.10 Ensure Samba is not installed  
2.2.11 Ensure HTTP Proxy Server is not installed  
2.2.12 Ensure net-snmp is not installed or the snmpd service is
 
not enabled
2.2.13 Ensure telnet-server is not installed  
2.2.15 Ensure mail transfer agent is configured for local-only
 
mode
2.2.16 Ensure nfs-utils is not installed or the nfs-server service
 
is masked
2.2.17 Ensure rpcbind is not installed or the rpcbind services
 
are masked
2.2.18 Ensure rsync-daemon is not installed or the rsyncd
 
service is masked
2.3.1 Ensure telnet client is not installed  
2.3.2 Ensure LDAP client is not installed  
2.3.3 Ensure FTP client is not installed  
2.4 Ensure nonessential services listening on the system are
 
removed or masked
3.1.1 Ensure IPv6 status is identified  
3.1.2 Ensure DCCP is disabled  
3.1.3 Ensure SCTP is disabled  
3.1.4 Ensure RDS is disabled  
3.1.5 Ensure TIPC is disabled  

Page 762
 Recommendation Set
Correctly
Yes No
3.2.1 Ensure IP forwarding is disabled  
3.2.2 Ensure packet redirect sending is disabled  
3.3.1 Ensure source routed packets are not accepted  
3.3.2 Ensure ICMP redirects are not accepted  
3.3.3 Ensure secure ICMP redirects are not accepted  
3.3.4 Ensure suspicious packets are logged  
3.3.5 Ensure broadcast ICMP requests are ignored  
3.3.6 Ensure bogus ICMP responses are ignored  
3.3.7 Ensure Reverse Path Filtering is enabled  
3.3.8 Ensure TCP SYN Cookies is enabled  
3.3.9 Ensure IPv6 router advertisements are not accepted  
3.4.1.1 Ensure nftables is installed  
3.4.1.2 Ensure a single firewall configuration utility is in use  
3.4.2.1 Ensure firewalld default zone is set  
3.4.2.2 Ensure at least one nftables table exists  
3.4.2.3 Ensure nftables base chains exist  
3.4.2.4 Ensure host based firewall loopback traffic is configured  
3.4.2.5 Ensure firewalld drops unnecessary services and ports  
3.4.2.6 Ensure nftables established connections are configured  
3.4.2.7 Ensure nftables default deny firewall policy  
4.1.2 Ensure permissions on /etc/crontab are configured  
4.1.3 Ensure permissions on /etc/cron.hourly are configured  
4.1.4 Ensure permissions on /etc/cron.daily are configured  
4.1.5 Ensure permissions on /etc/cron.weekly are configured  
4.1.6 Ensure permissions on /etc/cron.monthly are configured  
4.1.7 Ensure permissions on /etc/cron.d are configured  
4.1.8 Ensure cron is restricted to authorized users  
4.1.9 Ensure at is restricted to authorized users  
4.2.1 Ensure permissions on /etc/ssh/sshd_config are
 
configured
4.2.2 Ensure permissions on SSH private host key files are
 
configured

Page 763
 Recommendation Set
Correctly
Yes No
4.2.3 Ensure permissions on SSH public host key files are
 
configured
4.2.4 Ensure SSH access is limited  
4.2.5 Ensure SSH LogLevel is appropriate  
4.2.7 Ensure SSH root login is disabled  
4.2.8 Ensure SSH HostbasedAuthentication is disabled  
4.2.9 Ensure SSH PermitEmptyPasswords is disabled  
4.2.10 Ensure SSH PermitUserEnvironment is disabled  
4.2.12 Ensure SSH X11 forwarding is disabled  
4.2.13 Ensure SSH AllowTcpForwarding is disabled  
4.2.14 Ensure system-wide crypto policy is not over-ridden  
4.2.16 Ensure SSH MaxAuthTries is set to 4 or less  
4.2.17 Ensure SSH MaxStartups is configured  
4.3.1 Ensure sudo is installed  
4.3.2 Ensure sudo commands use pty  
4.3.3 Ensure sudo log file exists  
4.3.4 Ensure re-authentication for privilege escalation is not
 
disabled globally
4.3.5 Ensure sudo authentication timeout is configured
 
correctly
4.3.6 Ensure access to the su command is restricted  
4.4.1 Ensure custom authselect profile is used  
4.4.2 Ensure authselect includes with-faillock  
4.5.1 Ensure password creation requirements are configured  
4.5.2 Ensure lockout for failed password attempts is configured  
4.5.3 Ensure password reuse is limited  
4.5.4 Ensure password hashing algorithm is SHA-512  
4.6.1.1 Ensure password expiration is 365 days or less  
4.6.1.2 Ensure minimum days between password changes is
 
configured
4.6.1.3 Ensure password expiration warning days is 7 or more  
4.6.1.4 Ensure inactive password lock is 30 days or less  

Page 764
 Recommendation Set
Correctly
Yes No
4.6.1.5 Ensure all users last password change date is in the past  
4.6.2 Ensure system accounts are secured  
4.6.3 Ensure default user shell timeout is 900 seconds or less  
4.6.4 Ensure default group for the root account is GID 0  
4.6.5 Ensure default user umask is 027 or more restrictive  
4.6.6 Ensure root password is set  
5.1.1.1 Ensure rsyslog is installed  
5.1.1.2 Ensure rsyslog service is enabled  
5.1.1.3 Ensure journald is configured to send logs to rsyslog  
5.1.1.4 Ensure rsyslog default file permissions are configured  
5.1.1.5 Ensure logging is configured  
5.1.1.6 Ensure rsyslog is configured to send logs to a remote log
 
host
5.1.1.7 Ensure rsyslog is not configured to receive logs from a
 
remote client
5.1.2.1.1 Ensure systemd-journal-remote is installed  
5.1.2.1.2 Ensure systemd-journal-remote is configured  
5.1.2.1.3 Ensure systemd-journal-remote is enabled  
5.1.2.1.4 Ensure journald is not configured to receive logs from a
 
remote client
5.1.2.2 Ensure journald service is enabled  
5.1.2.3 Ensure journald is configured to compress large log files  
5.1.2.4 Ensure journald is configured to write logfiles to
 
persistent disk
5.1.2.5 Ensure journald is not configured to send logs to rsyslog  
5.1.2.6 Ensure journald log rotation is configured per site policy  
5.1.2.7 Ensure journald default file permissions configured  
5.1.3 Ensure all logfiles have appropriate permissions and
 
ownership
5.2.1.1 Ensure auditd is installed  
5.2.1.2 Ensure auditing for processes that start prior to auditd is
 
enabled
5.2.1.3 Ensure audit_backlog_limit is sufficient  

Page 765
 Recommendation Set
Correctly
Yes No
5.2.1.4 Ensure auditd service is enabled  
5.2.2.1 Ensure audit log storage size is configured  
5.2.2.2 Ensure audit logs are not automatically deleted  
5.2.2.3 Ensure system is disabled when audit logs are full  
5.2.3.1 Ensure changes to system administration scope
 
(sudoers) is collected
5.2.3.2 Ensure actions as another user are always logged  
5.2.3.3 Ensure events that modify the sudo log file are collected  
5.2.3.4 Ensure events that modify date and time information are
 
collected
5.2.3.5 Ensure events that modify the system's network
 
environment are collected
5.2.3.6 Ensure use of privileged commands are collected  
5.2.3.7 Ensure unsuccessful file access attempts are collected  
5.2.3.8 Ensure events that modify user/group information are
 
collected
5.2.3.9 Ensure discretionary access control permission
 
modification events are collected
5.2.3.10 Ensure successful file system mounts are collected  
5.2.3.11 Ensure session initiation information is collected  
5.2.3.12 Ensure login and logout events are collected  
5.2.3.13 Ensure file deletion events by users are collected  
5.2.3.14 Ensure events that modify the system's Mandatory
 
Access Controls are collected
5.2.3.15 Ensure successful and unsuccessful attempts to use the
 
chcon command are recorded
5.2.3.16 Ensure successful and unsuccessful attempts to use the
 
setfacl command are recorded
5.2.3.17 Ensure successful and unsuccessful attempts to use the
 
chacl command are recorded
5.2.3.18 Ensure successful and unsuccessful attempts to use the
 
usermod command are recorded
5.2.3.19 Ensure kernel module loading unloading and modification
 
is collected

Page 766
 Recommendation Set
Correctly
Yes No
5.2.3.20 Ensure the audit configuration is immutable  
5.2.3.21 Ensure the running and on disk configuration is the same  
5.2.4.1 Ensure audit log files are mode 0640 or less permissive  
5.2.4.2 Ensure only authorized users own audit log files  
5.2.4.3 Ensure only authorized groups are assigned ownership
 
of audit log files
5.2.4.4 Ensure the audit log directory is 0750 or more restrictive  
5.2.4.5 Ensure audit configuration files are 640 or more
 
restrictive
5.2.4.6 Ensure audit configuration files are owned by root  
5.2.4.7 Ensure audit configuration files belong to group root  
5.2.4.8 Ensure audit tools are 755 or more restrictive  
5.2.4.9 Ensure audit tools are owned by root  
5.2.4.10 Ensure audit tools belong to group root  
5.3 Ensure logrotate is configured  
6.1.1 Ensure permissions on /etc/passwd are configured  
6.1.2 Ensure permissions on /etc/passwd are configured  
6.1.3 Ensure permissions on /etc/passwd- are configured  
6.1.4 Ensure permissions on /etc/group are configured  
6.1.5 Ensure permissions on /etc/group- are configured  
6.1.6 Ensure permissions on /etc/shadow are configured  
6.1.7 Ensure permissions on /etc/shadow- are configured  
6.1.8 Ensure permissions on /etc/gshadow are configured  
6.1.9 Ensure permissions on /etc/gshadow- are configured  
6.1.10 Audit system file permissions  
6.1.11 Ensure world writable files and directories are secured  
6.1.12 Ensure no unowned or ungrouped files or directories
 
exist
6.1.13 Ensure SUID and SGID files are reviewed  
6.2.1 Ensure accounts in /etc/passwd use shadowed
 
passwords
6.2.2 Ensure /etc/shadow password fields are not empty  

Page 767
 Recommendation Set
Correctly
Yes No
6.2.10 Ensure local interactive user home directories are
 
configured
6.2.11 Ensure local interactive user dot files access is
 
configured

Page 768
Appendix: CIS Controls v8 IG 3 Mapped
Recommendations
Recommendation Set
Correctly
Yes No
1.1.1.1 Ensure mounting of squashfs filesystems is disabled  
1.1.1.2 Ensure mounting of udf filesystems is disabled  
1.1.1.3 Ensure mounting of cramfs filesystems is disabled  
1.1.1.4 Ensure mounting of freevxfs filesystems is disabled  
1.1.1.5 Ensure mounting of jffs2 filesystems is disabled  
1.1.1.6 Ensure mounting of hfs filesystems is disabled  
1.1.1.7 Ensure mounting of hfsplus filesystems is disabled  
1.1.2.1 Ensure /tmp is a separate partition  
1.1.2.2 Ensure nodev option set on /tmp partition  
1.1.2.3 Ensure noexec option set on /tmp partition  
1.1.2.4 Ensure nosuid option set on /tmp partition  
1.1.3.1 Ensure separate partition exists for /var  
1.1.3.2 Ensure nodev option set on /var partition  
1.1.3.3 Ensure nosuid option set on /var partition  
1.1.4.1 Ensure separate partition exists for /var/tmp  
1.1.4.2 Ensure noexec option set on /var/tmp partition  
1.1.4.3 Ensure nosuid option set on /var/tmp partition  
1.1.4.4 Ensure nodev option set on /var/tmp partition  
1.1.5.1 Ensure separate partition exists for /var/log  
1.1.5.2 Ensure nodev option set on /var/log partition  
1.1.5.3 Ensure noexec option set on /var/log partition  
1.1.5.4 Ensure nosuid option set on /var/log partition  
1.1.6.1 Ensure separate partition exists for /var/log/audit  
1.1.6.2 Ensure noexec option set on /var/log/audit partition  
1.1.6.3 Ensure nodev option set on /var/log/audit partition  
1.1.6.4 Ensure nosuid option set on /var/log/audit partition  
1.1.7.1 Ensure separate partition exists for /home  

Page 769
 Recommendation Set
Correctly
Yes No
1.1.7.2 Ensure nodev option set on /home partition  
1.1.7.3 Ensure nosuid option set on /home partition  
1.1.8.1 Ensure /dev/shm is a separate partition  
1.1.8.2 Ensure nodev option set on /dev/shm partition  
1.1.8.3 Ensure noexec option set on /dev/shm partition  
1.1.8.4 Ensure nosuid option set on /dev/shm partition  
1.1.9 Ensure usb-storage is disabled  
1.2.1 Ensure GPG keys are configured  
1.2.2 Ensure gpgcheck is globally activated  
1.2.3 Ensure package manager repositories are configured  
1.2.4 Ensure repo_gpgcheck is globally activated  
1.3.1 Ensure AIDE is installed  
1.3.2 Ensure filesystem integrity is regularly checked  
1.3.3 Ensure cryptographic mechanisms are used to protect
 
the integrity of audit tools
1.4.1 Ensure permissions on bootloader config are configured  
1.5.1 Ensure address space layout randomization (ASLR) is
 
enabled
1.5.2 Ensure ptrace_scope is restricted  
1.6.1.1 Ensure SELinux is installed  
1.6.1.2 Ensure SELinux is not disabled in bootloader
 
configuration
1.6.1.3 Ensure SELinux policy is configured  
1.6.1.4 Ensure the SELinux mode is not disabled  
1.6.1.5 Ensure the SELinux mode is enforcing  
1.6.1.6 Ensure no unconfined services exist  
1.6.1.7 Ensure SETroubleshoot is not installed  
1.6.1.8 Ensure the MCS Translation Service (mcstrans) is not
 
installed
1.7.4 Ensure permissions on /etc/motd are configured  
1.7.5 Ensure permissions on /etc/issue are configured  
1.7.6 Ensure permissions on /etc/issue.net are configured  

Page 770
 Recommendation Set
Correctly
Yes No
1.8 Ensure updates, patches, and additional security
 
software are installed
1.9 Ensure system-wide crypto policy is not legacy  
2.1.1 Ensure time synchronization is in use  
2.1.2 Ensure chrony is configured  
2.2.1 Ensure xorg-x11-server-common is not installed  
2.2.2 Ensure avahi is not installed  
2.2.3 Ensure a print server is not installed  
2.2.4 Ensure a dhcp server is not installed  
2.2.5 Ensure a dns server is not installed  
2.2.6 Ensure an ftp server is not installed  
2.2.7 Ensure a tftp server is not installed  
2.2.8 Ensure a web server is not installed  
2.2.9 Ensure IMAP and POP3 server is not installed  
2.2.10 Ensure Samba is not installed  
2.2.11 Ensure HTTP Proxy Server is not installed  
2.2.12 Ensure net-snmp is not installed or the snmpd service is
 
not enabled
2.2.13 Ensure telnet-server is not installed  
2.2.15 Ensure mail transfer agent is configured for local-only
 
mode
2.2.16 Ensure nfs-utils is not installed or the nfs-server service
 
is masked
2.2.17 Ensure rpcbind is not installed or the rpcbind services
 
are masked
2.2.18 Ensure rsync-daemon is not installed or the rsyncd
 
service is masked
2.3.1 Ensure telnet client is not installed  
2.3.2 Ensure LDAP client is not installed  
2.3.3 Ensure FTP client is not installed  
2.4 Ensure nonessential services listening on the system are
 
removed or masked
3.1.1 Ensure IPv6 status is identified  

Page 771
 Recommendation Set
Correctly
Yes No
3.1.2 Ensure DCCP is disabled  
3.1.3 Ensure SCTP is disabled  
3.1.4 Ensure RDS is disabled  
3.1.5 Ensure TIPC is disabled  
3.2.1 Ensure IP forwarding is disabled  
3.2.2 Ensure packet redirect sending is disabled  
3.3.1 Ensure source routed packets are not accepted  
3.3.2 Ensure ICMP redirects are not accepted  
3.3.3 Ensure secure ICMP redirects are not accepted  
3.3.4 Ensure suspicious packets are logged  
3.3.5 Ensure broadcast ICMP requests are ignored  
3.3.6 Ensure bogus ICMP responses are ignored  
3.3.7 Ensure Reverse Path Filtering is enabled  
3.3.8 Ensure TCP SYN Cookies is enabled  
3.3.9 Ensure IPv6 router advertisements are not accepted  
3.4.1.1 Ensure nftables is installed  
3.4.1.2 Ensure a single firewall configuration utility is in use  
3.4.2.1 Ensure firewalld default zone is set  
3.4.2.2 Ensure at least one nftables table exists  
3.4.2.3 Ensure nftables base chains exist  
3.4.2.4 Ensure host based firewall loopback traffic is configured  
3.4.2.5 Ensure firewalld drops unnecessary services and ports  
3.4.2.6 Ensure nftables established connections are configured  
3.4.2.7 Ensure nftables default deny firewall policy  
4.1.2 Ensure permissions on /etc/crontab are configured  
4.1.3 Ensure permissions on /etc/cron.hourly are configured  
4.1.4 Ensure permissions on /etc/cron.daily are configured  
4.1.5 Ensure permissions on /etc/cron.weekly are configured  
4.1.6 Ensure permissions on /etc/cron.monthly are configured  
4.1.7 Ensure permissions on /etc/cron.d are configured  
4.1.8 Ensure cron is restricted to authorized users  

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 Recommendation Set
Correctly
Yes No
4.1.9 Ensure at is restricted to authorized users  
4.2.1 Ensure permissions on /etc/ssh/sshd_config are
 
configured
4.2.2 Ensure permissions on SSH private host key files are
 
configured
4.2.3 Ensure permissions on SSH public host key files are
 
configured
4.2.4 Ensure SSH access is limited  
4.2.5 Ensure SSH LogLevel is appropriate  
4.2.7 Ensure SSH root login is disabled  
4.2.8 Ensure SSH HostbasedAuthentication is disabled  
4.2.9 Ensure SSH PermitEmptyPasswords is disabled  
4.2.10 Ensure SSH PermitUserEnvironment is disabled  
4.2.12 Ensure SSH X11 forwarding is disabled  
4.2.13 Ensure SSH AllowTcpForwarding is disabled  
4.2.14 Ensure system-wide crypto policy is not over-ridden  
4.2.16 Ensure SSH MaxAuthTries is set to 4 or less  
4.2.17 Ensure SSH MaxStartups is configured  
4.3.1 Ensure sudo is installed  
4.3.2 Ensure sudo commands use pty  
4.3.3 Ensure sudo log file exists  
4.3.4 Ensure re-authentication for privilege escalation is not
 
disabled globally
4.3.5 Ensure sudo authentication timeout is configured
 
correctly
4.3.6 Ensure access to the su command is restricted  
4.4.1 Ensure custom authselect profile is used  
4.4.2 Ensure authselect includes with-faillock  
4.5.1 Ensure password creation requirements are configured  
4.5.2 Ensure lockout for failed password attempts is configured  
4.5.3 Ensure password reuse is limited  
4.5.4 Ensure password hashing algorithm is SHA-512  
4.6.1.1 Ensure password expiration is 365 days or less  

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 Recommendation Set
Correctly
Yes No
4.6.1.2 Ensure minimum days between password changes is
 
configured
4.6.1.3 Ensure password expiration warning days is 7 or more  
4.6.1.4 Ensure inactive password lock is 30 days or less  
4.6.1.5 Ensure all users last password change date is in the past  
4.6.2 Ensure system accounts are secured  
4.6.3 Ensure default user shell timeout is 900 seconds or less  
4.6.4 Ensure default group for the root account is GID 0  
4.6.5 Ensure default user umask is 027 or more restrictive  
4.6.6 Ensure root password is set  
5.1.1.1 Ensure rsyslog is installed  
5.1.1.2 Ensure rsyslog service is enabled  
5.1.1.3 Ensure journald is configured to send logs to rsyslog  
5.1.1.4 Ensure rsyslog default file permissions are configured  
5.1.1.5 Ensure logging is configured  
5.1.1.6 Ensure rsyslog is configured to send logs to a remote log
 
host
5.1.1.7 Ensure rsyslog is not configured to receive logs from a
 
remote client
5.1.2.1.1 Ensure systemd-journal-remote is installed  
5.1.2.1.2 Ensure systemd-journal-remote is configured  
5.1.2.1.3 Ensure systemd-journal-remote is enabled  
5.1.2.1.4 Ensure journald is not configured to receive logs from a
 
remote client
5.1.2.2 Ensure journald service is enabled  
5.1.2.3 Ensure journald is configured to compress large log files  
5.1.2.4 Ensure journald is configured to write logfiles to
 
persistent disk
5.1.2.5 Ensure journald is not configured to send logs to rsyslog  
5.1.2.6 Ensure journald log rotation is configured per site policy  
5.1.2.7 Ensure journald default file permissions configured  
5.1.3 Ensure all logfiles have appropriate permissions and
 
ownership

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 Recommendation Set
Correctly
Yes No
5.2.1.1 Ensure auditd is installed  
5.2.1.2 Ensure auditing for processes that start prior to auditd is
 
enabled
5.2.1.3 Ensure audit_backlog_limit is sufficient  
5.2.1.4 Ensure auditd service is enabled  
5.2.2.1 Ensure audit log storage size is configured  
5.2.2.2 Ensure audit logs are not automatically deleted  
5.2.2.3 Ensure system is disabled when audit logs are full  
5.2.3.1 Ensure changes to system administration scope
 
(sudoers) is collected
5.2.3.2 Ensure actions as another user are always logged  
5.2.3.3 Ensure events that modify the sudo log file are collected  
5.2.3.4 Ensure events that modify date and time information are
 
collected
5.2.3.5 Ensure events that modify the system's network
 
environment are collected
5.2.3.6 Ensure use of privileged commands are collected  
5.2.3.7 Ensure unsuccessful file access attempts are collected  
5.2.3.8 Ensure events that modify user/group information are
 
collected
5.2.3.9 Ensure discretionary access control permission
 
modification events are collected
5.2.3.10 Ensure successful file system mounts are collected  
5.2.3.11 Ensure session initiation information is collected  
5.2.3.12 Ensure login and logout events are collected  
5.2.3.13 Ensure file deletion events by users are collected  
5.2.3.14 Ensure events that modify the system's Mandatory
 
Access Controls are collected
5.2.3.15 Ensure successful and unsuccessful attempts to use the
 
chcon command are recorded
5.2.3.16 Ensure successful and unsuccessful attempts to use the
 
setfacl command are recorded
5.2.3.17 Ensure successful and unsuccessful attempts to use the
 
chacl command are recorded

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 Recommendation Set
Correctly
Yes No
5.2.3.18 Ensure successful and unsuccessful attempts to use the
 
usermod command are recorded
5.2.3.19 Ensure kernel module loading unloading and modification
 
is collected
5.2.3.20 Ensure the audit configuration is immutable  
5.2.3.21 Ensure the running and on disk configuration is the same  
5.2.4.1 Ensure audit log files are mode 0640 or less permissive  
5.2.4.2 Ensure only authorized users own audit log files  
5.2.4.3 Ensure only authorized groups are assigned ownership
 
of audit log files
5.2.4.4 Ensure the audit log directory is 0750 or more restrictive  
5.2.4.5 Ensure audit configuration files are 640 or more
 
restrictive
5.2.4.6 Ensure audit configuration files are owned by root  
5.2.4.7 Ensure audit configuration files belong to group root  
5.2.4.8 Ensure audit tools are 755 or more restrictive  
5.2.4.9 Ensure audit tools are owned by root  
5.2.4.10 Ensure audit tools belong to group root  
5.3 Ensure logrotate is configured  
6.1.1 Ensure permissions on /etc/passwd are configured  
6.1.2 Ensure permissions on /etc/passwd are configured  
6.1.3 Ensure permissions on /etc/passwd- are configured  
6.1.4 Ensure permissions on /etc/group are configured  
6.1.5 Ensure permissions on /etc/group- are configured  
6.1.6 Ensure permissions on /etc/shadow are configured  
6.1.7 Ensure permissions on /etc/shadow- are configured  
6.1.8 Ensure permissions on /etc/gshadow are configured  
6.1.9 Ensure permissions on /etc/gshadow- are configured  
6.1.10 Audit system file permissions  
6.1.11 Ensure world writable files and directories are secured  
6.1.12 Ensure no unowned or ungrouped files or directories
 
exist
6.1.13 Ensure SUID and SGID files are reviewed  

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 Recommendation Set
Correctly
Yes No
6.2.1 Ensure accounts in /etc/passwd use shadowed
 
passwords
6.2.2 Ensure /etc/shadow password fields are not empty  
6.2.10 Ensure local interactive user home directories are
 
configured
6.2.11 Ensure local interactive user dot files access is
 
configured

Page 777
Appendix: CIS Controls v8 Unmapped
Recommendations
Recommendation Set
Correctly
Yes No
1.5.3 Ensure core dump storage is disabled  
1.5.4 Ensure core dump backtraces are disabled  
1.7.1 Ensure message of the day is configured properly  
1.7.2 Ensure local login warning banner is configured properly  
1.7.3 Ensure remote login warning banner is configured
 
properly
2.2.14 Ensure dnsmasq is not installed  
4.1.1 Ensure cron daemon is installed and enabled  
4.2.6 Ensure SSH PAM is enabled  
4.2.11 Ensure SSH IgnoreRhosts is enabled  
4.2.15 Ensure SSH warning banner is configured  
4.2.18 Ensure SSH MaxSessions is set to 10 or less  
4.2.19 Ensure SSH LoginGraceTime is set to one minute or less  
4.2.20 Ensure SSH Idle Timeout Interval is configured  
6.2.3 Ensure all groups in /etc/passwd exist in /etc/group  
6.2.4 Ensure no duplicate UIDs exist  
6.2.5 Ensure no duplicate GIDs exist  
6.2.6 Ensure no duplicate user names exist  
6.2.7 Ensure no duplicate group names exist  
6.2.8 Ensure root PATH Integrity  
6.2.9 Ensure root is the only UID 0 account  

Page 778
Appendix: Change History
Date Version Changes for this version

Jun 26, 2023 1.0.0 Published

Page 779