The Mining Cycle Mohamed AwedQuiline of Topic 2 = WHAT IS MINING? = MINE LIFE CYCLE + LIFE CYCLE OF DEPOSITS + LIFE-CYCLE OF A MINE PROJECT * STAGES IN THE LIFE CYCLE OF A MINE PROJECT: 1) Prospecting (Mineral Deposit) 2) Exploration (Ore Body): > 8D modeling software's for mining sectors > Mineral Resource > Mineral Reserve 3) Development 4) Exploitation (Ming > MINE PLANNING CYCLE 5) Reclamation: * ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF NONRENEWABLE MINERAL RESOURCES: > SOURCES OF METAL POLLUTION > Harmful Environmental Effects of Mining > Persistent, Bio-accumulative and Toxi (PBT ): v Lead ¥ Mercury ¥ Cadmium ¥ Arsenic We will explore all of the above in Topic 2.Mining The activity that removes from the earth’s crust the abnormal concentration of metal found in the deposit @© Mining is extracting ore or minerals from the ground Mine An opening or excavation of the earth from which minerals are extractedMINE LIFE CYCLE Geologists explore for useful metals by mapping, drilling, and sampling rocks and minerals, Reclamation (or Closure)LIFE CYCLE OF DEPOSITS Mining Stage Exploration Stage Mining Stage Evaluation) Design ‘Analyse Construction Feasibitty Orme ‘udy 2 3 S > 3 i 2 a ConfidenceLIFE-CYCLE OF A MINE PROJECT EXPLORATION { DEVELOPMENT Wininc o 5 iy \ ow Speculators Leave a Speculation 5 ” o 2) Uncertainty Risk Q Driven >... Driven 6 : a ay ~1 to 3 yearsMINE PLANNING CYCLE Mine Planning 2*))= B= |Geological Data i 1 Reserve Mine Design &| | mine Production & Scheduling Scheduling Solution Solution Mine Strategy Management Management Solution lsystem (GDMS) |_| Solution (RRMS)Drill & Blast ‘Survey Control Mine Planning Geotech Exploration Ore ControlSTAGES IN THE LIFE CYCLE OF A MINE PROJECT The overall sequence of acti five stages in the life of a mine: Sequence of Activities in Stages in the Life of a Responsibility Mining: Mine: ies in modern mining is often compared with the 1) Prospecting ‘Stage 1 + Prospecting Geologists, Geophysics, and dec ‘Mining engineers often share 2) Exploration (discovery) responsibility for these two Stage 2 : Exploration and Stages-geologists more on involved with the former, 3) Feasibility study Assessment mining engineers more with the latter 4) Mine development Stage 3 : tion 5) Extraction/ production 6) Processing/ beneficiation/ Stage 4 : Exploitation or Mining engineer milling Operation 7) Marketing 8) Closure/post-mining use Stage 5 : ReclamationQ Prospecting and exploration, precursors to actual mining, are linked and sometimes combined. Geologists, Geophysics, and Mining engineers often share responsibility for these two stages-geologists more involved with the former, mining engineers more with the latter. Q Likewise, development and exploitation are closely related stages; they are usually considered to constitute mining proper and are the main province of the Mining engineer. Q Reclamation has been added to these stages since the first edition, to reflect the times. Closure and reclamation of the mine site has become a necessary part of the mine life cycle because of the demands of society for a cleaner environment and stricter laws regulating the abandonment of amine. Q The overall process of developing a mine with the future uses of the land in mind is termed sustainable development. Q The fifth stage of the mine is thus of paramount importance and should be planned at the earliest possible time in the life of the mine. Q The five stages in the life of a mine are summarized in Table 1.Table 1: Stages in the Life of a Mine (rom Hartman and Matmansky, 2002; p.8). eet fame) Procedure Time | Cost/Unit Cost Precursors to Mining [Search for ore: a) Prospecting methods Direct: Physical geologic > Indirect: Geophysical, Geochemical. $0.2—10 milion amore cence b) Locate favorable loci (maps, literature, old mines) |1-3yr| or $0.05 — 1/ton ) Air: Aerial photography, Airborne geophysics, ($0.05 — 1.1/tonne) Satellite 4) Surface: Ground geophysics, Geology. e) Spot anomaly, analyze, evaluate Defining extent and value of ore (examination levaluation): ‘a) Sample (driling or excavation), Assay, test ) Estimate tonnage and grade Jenin 12) Exploration | c) Valuate deposit (Hoskold formula or discount — |» 5 | or go29.- 1 ston (Ore body) method): y f ($0.22 — 1.65/tonne) > present > value= income - cost » Feasibility study: make decision to abandon or develop.Table 1: Stages in the Life of a Mine (from Hartman and Matmansky, 2002; p.8). [Stage/ (Project Name) Procedure Time Cost/Unit Cost Mining Proper [Opening up ore deposit for production: a) Acquire mining rights (purchase or lease), if not done in stage 2. $10 — 500 million 5) Development (Prospect)| ) Fle environmental impact statement, technology, Eo | eles 10 assessment, permit. Praia oh ‘c) Construct access roads, transport system. d) Locate surface plant, construct facilities. e) Excavate deposit (strip or sink shaft). Large-scale production of ore: a) Factors in choice of method: geologic, geographic, economic, environmental, societal safety $5 — 75 million/yr |4) Exploitation (Mine) 'b) Types of mining methods: 10-30 yr | or $2— 150/ton » Surface: open pit, open cast, etc. ($2.2 — 165/tonne) » Underground: room and pillar, block caving, ete. c) Monitor costs and economic payback (3 - 10 yr) Post-mining Restoration of site: . 15) Reclamation (Real | a) Removal of plant and buildings af $1 — 20 million ‘ -10yr $0.2 — 4/ton estate) b) Reclamation of waste and tailings dumps ($0.22 —4.4/tonne) c) Monitoring of discharges “ -1) Prospecting (Mineral Deposit) 1 Prospecting, the first stage inthe utilization of a mineral deposit, Is the search for ores or other valuable minerals (coal or nonmetallcs). Because ‘mineral deposits may be located either ator below the surface ofthe earth, both dicect and indiect prospecting techniques are employed. a) The direct method of discovery, normally limited to surface deposits, consists of visual examination of ether the exposure (outcrop) of the depositor the loose fragments that have weathered away from the outcrop. Geologic studies ofthe entire area by: aerial ‘photography, i) geologic mops, ond i) structural assessment of an area, the geologist gathers evidence by direct methods to locate mineral deposits, Precise mapping and structural onayss plus microscopic studies of samples lso enable the geologist to locate the hidden as well as surface mineralization. 'b) The most valuable scientific tool employed the Indirect search for hidden mineral deposits i geophysics, the sclence of detecting ‘anomalies using physical measurements of gravitational, seismic, mogneti, electrical, electromagnetic, and radiometric voriables of the earth, The methods ae applied from the air, using circroft and sotelites; on the surface of the earth; and beneath the earth, using ‘methods that probe below the topography. Geochemistry, the quantitative onalyss of soil, rock, and water samples, nd geobotany, the analysis of plant growth patterns, can also be employed as prospecting tools. i Prospecting activity is largely conducted by geologists and geophysicss, assisted by field samplers, drillers, and laboratory personnel (for chemical assays) How prospecting conducted and its cost can vary significant, depending on whether a company’s prospecting areas. The difference between these two types of prospecting methods:- ‘Remote sensing tools: > eromagnetic and Radiometric surveys > Gravity surveys > Seismic surveys 1) Ground prospecting: > Historical data Geological mapping 65 (Geographic Information System) Magnetic surveys Sampling (sl, roek, ete) ‘Chemical assays Tools for mineral prospecting: In increasing order of cst per square km, prospecting methods are Remote sensing (satelite imagery), Geophysical surveys, Geological mapping, Geochemical surveys Rodiometrie surveysBorehole Radar Remote Environmental Fig.1: Application2) Exploration (Ore Body) The second stage in the life of a mine, exploration, determines as accurately as possible the size and value of a mineral deposit, utilizing techniques similar to but more refined than those used in prospecting. The line of demarcation between prospecting and exploration is not sharp; in fact, a distinction may not be possible in some cases. Exploration generally shifts to surface and subsurface locations, using a variety of measurements to obtain a more positive picture of the extent and grade of the ore body. Exploration is commonly the longest and riskiest “stage” on the road to establishing a mine, and can take up to several years for each project. for one successful prospect that will develop into a mine, many more will be abandoned without any further development. Exploration activity is largely conducted by geologists and geophysicists, assisted by field samplers, drillers, and laboratory personnel (for chemical assays). How exploration is conducted and its cost can vary significantly, depending on whether a company is exploring areas, Ground exploration: > Geological mapping > GIS (Geographic Information System) > Drilling (RAB, RC, diamond) > Sampling (chip, rock, .... etc.) > Chemical assays what tools are used depends on: > whether we are exploring in any areas; > the size and accessibility of the area to be explored; > whether we are looking for deposits exposed at surface or “blind” deposits (i.e. deposits hidden under variably thick cover -up to several hundreds of meters);3D Model Software's for Mining Sectors Most cheery 3D mode Ng software's for mining sectors: GEOVIA Gemcom software package. ‘Surpac Gems Minex GEOVIA Surpac™is the world's GEOVIA GEMS™ provides. GEOVIA Minex" provides the best ‘most popular geology and mine collaborative geology and mine geology and mine planning tools for coal planning software. It delivers planning capabilities that support ‘and other stratified deposits ensuring ‘efficiency and accuracy through ‘cross-functional teamsinvolved in resources are evaluated accurately and ‘ease of use, powerful 30 graphies, ‘exploration, modelling, mine ‘mined efficiently. ‘and workflow automation. design, long term planning, and production scheduling. most trusted strategie mine whittle MineSched eee ‘GEOVIA Whitte™is the world’s GEOVIA MineSched™is the most GEOVIA PCBC™ is used by virtually every Innovative scheduling software ‘major mining company involved in block planning software used to ‘experience for mining puts you ‘aving who rely on its comprehensive ‘determine and optimise the back nthe driver's seat to functionality to assist with feasibility ‘economies of open pit mining ‘maximize productivity and profits. studies, design, and production projects. ‘management. Vulcan, the premi ‘software solution in the world, allows solution for geological modelling. It users to validate and transform raw LZ leapfrog’ hamesses the tut power atthe PN Sef mining data into dynamic 30 models, 30 mining Leapfrog Geo, is a worktiow Leapfrog engine, to create the time accurate mine designs and operating ‘and opportunity to reduce risk plans from Maptek. associated with geological modelling.. SL... MICROMINE Micromine, is a modular solution that allows you to capture, manage and Interpret critical mining and exploration data. As an explorer, Micromine provides you with an in-depth understanding of your project so you can target prospective regions more accurately, increasing the chance of your project's success. As a ‘miner, Micromine gives you easy-to-use modelling, estimation, and design tools to simplify your day-to-day design and production tasks.SOON pe Cr etsg Rc eerie enero ne rt Ety intersections, geochemical results and Pees mc sn keside Schematic Cross Section 6,587,400mN The 3D underground geological model Moc Keg ues icp ily ree ices from detailed surface geological map & rer urR eMC sicouRe ais Preitntt tee 3D Geological ModelingMineral Resource Pomeey resource base and long life mine eLsL ie of secre EstenationMineral Reserve ‘Mineral Reserve Estimate Grade Category | Tonnes | (g/tAu) | ounces Proven 68 625 625 13 789 Probable | 472.909 63s 104 08 Total Reserve | _S41 534 677 117870 Senge eee Sangam Tree Indicated Resource 178 Mtat 288% Ni 51,4008 Ni metal (113.2 MLbs Ni metal) 0.46 Mt at 2.64% Ni 12,200 Ni metal (269MLbS Ni metal) Geerysics en ar2) Exploration (Cont.) representative samples may be subjected to chemical, metallurgical, X ray, spectrographic, or radiometric evaluation techniques that are meant to enhance the investigator's knowledge of the mineral deposit. samples are obtained by chipping outcrops, trenching, tunneling, and drilling; in addition, borehole logs may be provided to study the geologic and structural make up of the deposit. Rotary, percussion, or diamond drills can be used for exploration purposes. However, diamond drills are favored because the cores they yield provide knowledge of the geologic structure. The core is normally split along its axis; one half is analyzed, and the other half is retained intact for further geologic study. Qn evaluation of the samples enables the geologist or mining engineer to calculate the tonnage and grade, or richness, of the mineral deposit. He or she estimates the mining costs, evaluates the recovery of the valuable minerals, determines the environmental costs, and assesses other foreseeable factors in an effort to reach a conclusion about the profitability of the mineral deposit. The crux of the analysis is the question of whether the property is just another mineral deposit or an ore body. For an ore deposit, the overall process is called reserve estimation, that is, the examination and valuation of the ore body. At the conclusion of this stage, the project is developed, traded to another party, or abandoned. 2.1) Resource evaluation 2.2) Reserve definition 2.3) Mineral determination > After a prospective mineral is located, the mine geologist then determines the ore properties. This may involve chemical analysis of the ore to determine the composition of the sample. > Once the mineral properties are identified, the next step is determining the quantity of the ore. This involves determining the extent of the deposit as well as the purity of the ore. > The engineer drills additional core samples to find the limits of the deposit and calculates the quantity of valuable material present in the deposit. 2.4) Feasibility study3) Development iin the third stage, development, the work of opening a mineral deposit for exploitation is performed. With it begins the actual mining of the deposit, now called the ore. 1 Access to the deposit must be gained either: i) by stripping the overburden, which is the soil and/or rock covering the deposit, to expose the near-surface ore for mining, { Stripping of the overburden will then proceed ifthe minerals are to be mined at the surface. Economic Considerations determine the stripping ratio, the ratio of waste removed to ore recovered; it may range from a high as 38 m/tonne for coal mines to as low as 0.8 m/tonne in metal mines. Some nonmetallic mines have ‘no overburden to remove; the mineral i simply excavated at the surface]. or i) by excavating openings from the surface to access more deeply buried deposits to prepare for underground Qin éthere case, certain preliminary development work, such as: |) Acquiring water and mineral rights, ii) Buying surface lands, fi) Arranging for financing, and 'v) Preparing permit applications and an environmental impact statement (EIS), will generally be required before any development takes place. (When these steps have been achieved, the provision of a number of requirements: i) Access roads, ii) Power sources, iii) Mineral transportation systems, iv) Mineral processing facilities, v) Waste disposal areas, vi) Offices, and other support facilites-must precede actual mining in most cases. Development for underground mining is generally more complex and expensive. It requires careful planning and layout of access openings for efficient mining, safety, and permanence. The principal openings may be shafts, slopes, or adits; each must be planned to allow passage of workers, machines, ore, waste, air, water, and utilities. Many ‘metal mines are located along steeply dipping deposits and thus are opened from shafts, while drift, winzes, and Talses serve the production areas. Many coal and nonmetalic mines are found in nearly horizontal deposits. Their primary openings may be drifts or entries, which may be distinctly different from those of metal mines.4) Exploitation (Mine) Q Exploitation, the fourth stage of mining, is associated with the actual recovery of minerals from the earth in quantity. > Although development may continue, the emphasis in the production stage is on production. Usually only enough development is done prior to exploitation to ensure that production, once started, can continue uninterrupted throughout the life of the mine. Q The mining method selected for exploitation is determined mainly by the characteristics of the mineral deposit and the limits imposed by safety, technology, environmental concerns, and economics. > Geologic conditions (e.g., such as the dip, shape, and strength of the ore and the surrounding rock) play a key role in selecting the method. Q Traditional exploitation methods fall into two broad categories based on locale: surface or underground: i) Surface mining includes mechanical excavation methods such as open pit and open cast (strip mining), and aqueous methods such as placer and solution mining. ii) Underground mining is usually classified in three categories of methods: unsupported, supported, and caving.Prepare mine sites, build complata facilities, manage mine cpfations| Mine Construction & OperationMill Complex Bingham Canyon Mill Mill Control Room5) Reclamation The final stage in the operation of most mines is reclamation, the process of closing a mine and recontouring, revegetating, and restoring the water and land values. O The best time to begin the reclamation process of a mine is before the first excavations are initiated. iin other words, mine planning engineers should plan the mine so that the reclamation process is considered and the overall cost of mining plus reclamation is minimized, not just the cost of mining itself. The new philosophy in the ‘mining industry is sustainability, that is, the meeting of economic and environmental needs of the present while enhancing the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. On planning for the reclamation of any given mine, there are many concerns that must be addressed. i) The first of these is the safety of the mine site, particularly ifthe area is open to the general public. The removal of office buildings, processing facilities, transportation equipment, utilties, and other surface structures must generally be accomplished. The mining company is then required to seal all mine shafts, adits, and other openings that may present physical hazards. Any existing highwalls or other geologic structures may require mitigation to prevent injuries or death due to geologic failures. ii) The second major issue to be addressed during reclamation of a mine site is restoration of the land surface, the water quality, and the waste disposal areas so that long-term water pollution, soll erosion, dust generation, or vegetation problems do not occur. The restoration of native plants is often a very important Part of this process, as the plants help build a stable soil structure and naturalize the area. It may be hecessary to carefully place any rock oF tailings with acid-producing properties in locations where rainfall has litle effect on the material and acid production is minimized. The same maybe true of certain of the heavy metals that pollute streams, Planning of the waste dumps, tallings ponds, and other disturbed areas, will help prevent pollution problems ,but remediation work may also be necessary to complete the reclamation stage of mining and satisfy the regulatory agencies. O The final concern of the mine planning engineer may be the subsequent use of the land after mining is completed. Old mine sites have been converted to wildlife refuges, shopping mals, golf courses, airports, lakes, underground storage facilites, real estate developments, solid waste disposal areas, and other uses that can benefit society. By planning the mine for a subsequent development, mine planners can enhance the value of the mined land and help Convert it to a use that the public will consider favorable. The successful completion of the reclamation of a mine will enhance public opinion of the mining industry and keep the mining company in the good graces of the regulatory agencies.‘line D | : ; Tailing Dam Reclamation Revegetation Hydro-Seeding a Waste Dump a ek aeENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF NONRENEWABLE MINERAL RESOURCES Steps Environmental Effects Processing Solid wastes; radioactive materal; | silt and so paon, ‘transportation, purification, noise; Safety a ‘manufacturing hazards; uginess; heat Use Noise; uginess thermal water pollution; transportation or transmission Pollution of air, water, and sof, ‘to individual user, ‘sald and radioactive wastes; ‘eventual use, and discarding safety and health hazards; heat (© 2002 broaaone: Themen eamingSOURCES OF METAL POLLUTION Q Mining: & Air Water * Land Fossil Fuel Combustion: * Air Water * Land Q. Other sources Natural Sources1) Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) 2) Heavy Metal Contamination 3) Processing chemical pollution 4) Erosion and Sedimentation 1) Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) Sulfur in ores react with water and oxygen to form sulfuric acid which leaks out from the mine. Thiobacilus ferroxidans bacteria in acid water hastens the process © Acid is carried off the mine site by rainwater or surface drainage and deposited into nearby streams, rivers, lakes land groundwater. AMD severely degrades water quality, and can kill aquatic fe and make water virtually Unusable: 2) Heavy Metal Contamination & Leaching Heavy metal pollution is caused when such metals as arsenic, cobalt, copper, cadmium, lead, siver and zinc Contained in excavated rock or exposed in an underground mine come in contact with water Metals are leached out and carried downstream as water washes over ihe rock surlace, leaching is particularly accelerated in the low pH Conditions such as are created by Acid Mine Drainage. 3) Processing Chemicals Pollution ‘@ occurs when chemical agents (such as cyanide or Sulphuric acid used by mining companies to separate the target mineral rom the ore) spil, leak, or leach from the mine site into nearby water bodies. These chemicals can be highly toxic to humans and widife. 4) Erosion and Sedimentation ‘® Mineral development disturbs soil and rock in the course of constructing and maintaining roads, open pts, and waste impoundments. 4 erosion of the exposed earth may carry substantial amounts of sediment into streams, rivers and lakes. 4 Excessive sediment can clog riverbeds and smother watershed vegetation, wildife habitat and aquatic organisms.Terai Sey ac a Water |oo Crushing of ores produces tailings. Traces of pollutants like mercury, arsenic, cadmium and uranium may leach out of tailings and contaminate groundwater and landfills. Processing chemicals (e.g. Cyanide) are major hazards (cyanide spill in Danube). Smelting releases toxic elements, SO, etc and causes acid rain which can destroy vegetation 1m Do not waste mineral resources 1m Recycle and reuse 60-80% of mineral resources 1m Include the harmful environmental costs of mining and processing minerals in the prices of items (full-cost pricing). 1m Reduce mining subsidies. 1 Increase subsidies for recycling, reuse, and finding substitutes. 1m Redesign manufacturing processes to useless mineral resources and to [produce les pollution and waste (leaner production). 1m Use mineral resource wastes of one manufacturing process as raw materials for other processes. 1m Slow population growth,Persistent, Bio-accumulative and Toxi (PBT ) O PBT = Persistent, Bio-accumulative and Toxic: > 5 nutrient metals: Cu, Cr, Ni, Al, Zn. > 6 non-nutrient metals: Sb, As, Be, Cd, Pb, Hg. Q Metals cannot be banned and are present in nature, in soil, in food and in water. Q Pb, Cd, As and Hg pose special problem.Qa Qa Lead Present Scenario compared to 100 yrs ago: > 4Xin Antarctica Ice > 15X greater in Coral > S00X greater in household dusts Was used in > Plumbing soldering Paint Gasoline Lead types for printing, Lead in printing ink vvvvyY Adverse Effects of lead a a a Qa Affects Nervous system of human fetus and small children Most of the lead is stored in bones and along with Calcium, is released in mother’s milk Affects 1Q, causes delinquency, kidney cancer In adults: High BP, affects nervous system and kidney, anemia, infertility Sources of Lead a a oo Similar to other metals: mining, smelting, coal burning power plants, incinerators Lead paints , lead contaminated soil, plumbing. > affects children in poorer households > Made worse by poor diet low in Ca and Fe For people living in Lead free environment: > Food is the major source Gasoline » Lead level in exhausts fell 90% after banning of lead in gasoline ~ the substitute, Benzene, carcinogen > Lead in the blood of Children fell to 4 -6 microgram/It (threshold: 10 micrograms/It) > Major problem now in China Incinerator: P? measures: the following are banned: > Lead in gasoline, in paint, in printing ink, in solders in plumbing and cans, in sealing wine bottles, in toys > Imported products can stil have lead > Carbatteries stil contain leada oo Mercury Much of the mercury in the environment originates as mercury vapor from coal burning power plants and incinerators (2-3000 tons) and from natural sources (2700 to 6000 tons). Elemental Mercury not as injurious as methylmercury. Most of the mercury ends up in the ocean where bacteria in the bottom sediments convert elemental ‘mercury to methylmercury. ‘Methyimercury biomagnifies up the food chain > Some game fish has Hg cone. 200,000 X that of surrounding water. > Can cause roblems to humans eating these fish, particularly ‘among children, old people and pregnant women. Adverse effects of Mercury (295% of the exposure comes from eating contaminated fish. Toxic to nervous system. OMinamata Tragedy: » Chisso Corp discharged mercury in Minamata bay from 1930. Bloragrication in Fish upto 40 ppm (0.5 ppm sate 200,000 people were poisoned. Chronic nervous system damage, miscarriages, deformed fetus. Settled in 1996 after 30 years of litigation. @ vy y Reducing Risk from Mercury Regulations: EPA has set standards for drinking water, air-emissions and is tackling the biggest source: coal burning power plants. Reduce workplace exposure. Reduce or eliminate mercury containing products: > In rechargeable batteries and button cell. > Remove batteries from municipal solid waste. > (elo Lights program: Hg free fluorescent light. > Phase out mercury from hospital and lab products.Cadmium discover ‘mid-40s, OBioaccu age red in 1817, heavily mined since imulates in kidney ~ increases with Oltai-itai disease among older women in Japan cancer, sources: birth defects in rats ‘Mining and smelting of 2n, Pb, Cu Coal burning Phosphaticfertlizers, sewage sludge ‘Nicad batteries: a major source in ‘Municipal Solid Waste 1190% of the exposure (of non-smokers) is ‘through Acontro!: food: Fish, scallops and oysters Liver and kidneys of larger animals: beef, Readily taken up by plants —concentrated in Tobaccos. 90% of inhaled Cds, absorbed by the body EPA regulations: > Power plants stil not controlled > Niead bateres stl major problem ooo oO oo Arsenic Metal smelting of Copper and Lead Used to be common weed killer Emitted by volcanoes Naturally present in soil > Major environmental problem in Bangladesh Level in seafoods higher than in land-grown food. Much of the Arsenic in Food is not bioavailable CCA (Chromated Copper Arsenate) used to treat wood including playground equipments — can contaminate soil