Impedance Matching

If a = N V2
N1 , then V1 = a . Also, the current is I1 = aI2 . By taking the ratio of the voltage
2

408 Sinusoidal
andSteady-State
current, wePower
get Calculations
V1 V2 1
=
I1 I2 a2
EXAMPLE 10.1 Calculating Average and Reactive Power
But the ratio of the voltage and the current is the impedance. We can replace the ratios
with
Tutorial
a) Calculate theWeek
average8power and the reactive 1
ZIN = 2 ZL Solution
power at the terminals of the network shown in a
Fig. 10.6The a) Because
if source will see an impedance equal to a ZL scaled i is expressed
by a factor in terms
of 12 Notice thatofthe
the sine func-
tion, the first stepa in calculating P and Q is to
ideal transformer doesn’t change the phase of the load’s impedance.
v = 100 cos1 vt + 15°2 V, rewrite i as a cosine function:
Question 1
Example: i = 4 cos1 vt - 105°2 A.
i = 4 sin1 vt - 15°2 A.

We now calculate P and Q directly from Eqs. 10.5

b) State whether the network inside the box is ab-
and 10.6, using the passive sign convention. Thus
sorbing or delivering average power.
c) State whether the network inside the box is ab- 1
sorbing or supplying magnetizing vars. P = 11002 142 cos 3 15° - 1 -105° 24 = -100 W,
2
1
Q = 100142 sin 3 15° - 1 -105° 24 = 173.21 VAR.
i 2
1
b) The value of P is negative, so the network inside
Av source outputs a signal of the form vg = 2500 cos(400t)V .Find the steady state
2 the box is delivering average power to the ter-
currents i1 , i2 and the steady state voltages v1 , v2 .
minals.
▲ A pair of terminals used for calculating
Figure 10.6 Answers: c) The value of Q is positive, so the network inside the
power. box is absorbing magnetizing vars at its terminals.
The first step is to convert the circuit into phasor domain.We know that the frequency
of the source is 400 rad
sec so we can find all the impedances of this circuit.

ASSESSMENT PROBLEMS

Question
Objective 2
1—Understand ac power concepts, their relationships to one another, and how to calcuate them
in a circuit 8
10.1 For each of the following sets of voltage and Answer: (a) P = 500 W (A to B);
current, calculate the real and reactive power Q = -866.03 VAR (B to A).
in the line between networks A and B in the
(b) P = -866.03 W (B to A);
circuit shown. In each case, state whether the
Q = 500 VAR (A to B).
power flow is from A to B or vice versa. Also
Copyright © 2019. Pearson Education, Limited. All rights reserved.

state whether magnetizing vars are being trans- (c) P = 500 W (A to B);
ferred from A to B or vice versa. Q = 866.03 VAR (A to B).
a) v = 100 cos1vt - 45°2 V; (d) P = -500 W (B to A);
i = 20 cos(vt + 15°) A. Q = -866.03 VAR (B to A).
b) v = 100 cos(vt - 45°) V;
10.2 Compute the power factor and the reactive
i = 20 cos(vt + 165°) A.
factor for the network inside the box in
c) v = 100 cos(vt - 45°) V; Fig. 10.6, whose voltage and current are
i = 20 cos(vt - 105°) A. described in Example 10.1.
d) v = 100 cos vt V;
i = 20 cos(vt + 120°) A. Hint: Use -i to calculate the power factor and
reactive factor.
i
1
A v B Answer: pf = 0.5 leading; rf = -0.866.
2

SELF-CHECK: Also try Chapter Problem 10.1.

Nilsson, James, and Susan Riedel. Electric Circuits, Global Edition, Pearson Education, Limited, 2019. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/kcl/detail.action?docID=5634034.
Created from kcl on 2023-03-08 14:58:55.
 u2 = -sin 1u2 : 2
sin 1 -ui 2 Both Eqs. 10.13 and 10.14 use the passive sign convention. If the current
Copyright © 2019. Pearson Education, Limited. All rights reserved.
reference is in the direction of the voltage rise across the terminals, we
n 1ui 2 insert a minus sign on the right-hand side of each equation.
Example 10.5 uses Eq. 10.14 in a power calculation, with the phasor
representation of the voltage and current from Example 10.1
ied as rms values, the der-

EXAMPLE 10.5 Calculating Power Using Phasor Voltage4CCE1EE1

and Current
Question 3
(10.14)
a) Calculate the average power and the reactive c) State whether the network inside the box is ab-
power at the terminals of the network shown in
convention. If the current sorbing or supplying magnetizing vars.
4CCE1EE1
Fig. 10.12 if
across the terminals, we
h equation.
4CCE1EE1
4CCE1EE1
lculation, with the phasor V = 100 l 15° V, I
QUESTION
Example 10.1 4 1
I = 4 l -105° A. V Circuit
2
Power Using
a)Phasor
What Voltage
b) State and
is whether
the power Current
factor
the network for:
inside the box is ab-
QUESTIONsorbing 4 or delivering average power. Figure 10.12 ▲ The circuit for Example 10.5.
i. a purely resistive load
Nilsson, James, and Susan Riedel. Electric Circuits, Global Edition, Pearson Education, Limited, 2019. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/kcl/detail.action?docID=5634034.
eactive QUESTION ii.QUESTION
c) State 4awhether
purely 4thecapacitive
network insideload the box is ab-
Created from kcl on 2023-03-08 14:58:55.

own in sorbing or supplying magnetizing vars.

a) What
(both is the power
answers withfactor for:
brief explanation)
i. a purely resistive load
a) ii.
What a) isWhat the power is the I power
factor load factor
for: for:
Is it possible a purely forcapacitive
a load including a resistor and a capacitor to
i. a i.purely
1 a purely resistive resistive
load load
(both
have power answers V factor withof brief one? explanation)
Circuit Explain briefly.
ii. aii.purely a purely
capacitive capacitive load load
2 ( 5 marks)
is ab-
(both answers (both answers with brief withexplanation)
Is it possible for a load including a resistor and a capacitor to
brief explanation)
Fig.
Figure 10.12 10.12 ▲ The circuit for Example 10.5.
Now have
assume power
that afactor load requiresof one? Explain 60 kWaat briefly.
0.85 power factor lagging.
Is it possible Is it possible for a load for aincludingload including resistor and
a resistor a capacitor
and a capacitor to to
d, 2019. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/kcl/detail.action?docID=5634034.

The 60-Hz line voltage at the load is V =220 Ð0 ° ( 5 marks)

Volt rms. If the
have power have power factor factor of one?ofExplain one? Explain
+,-briefly.briefly.
transmission
Questionline 4 impedance is 0.12+j0.18 W, answer ( 5the following
marks)( 5 lagging.
marks)
Now assume that
questions in sections b, c, and d. a load requires 60 kW at 0.85 power factor
The 60-Hz line voltage at the load is V+,- =220 Ð0° Volt rms. If the
Now assume Now assume that a that load arequires load requires 60 kW 60 at 0.85
kW atpower factor factor
0.85 power lagging. lagging.
b) What isline
transmission the impedance
phase difference is 0.12+j0.18@ between the load
W, answer ° thevoltage
following and
+,-Ð0
The 60-Hz line voltage at the at load V+,- is=220 °
theTheload 60-Hz line voltage
current, theisload of theVload =220VoltÐ0rms. VoltIfrms.
the
!/0! . If the
questions in sections b, and c, and thed.value rms current,
transmission transmission line impedance line impedance is 0.12+j0.18 W, answer
is 0.12+j0.18 W,(5 the following
answer
Marks)the following
questions
b) What questions in sections
is theinphase b,
sections c, and
difference d.
b, c, and d.
@ between the load voltage and
c) the
What load isWhatcurrent,
the complex andpower the value of the load
A1@delivered to current, !/0! .
rms load.
b) What b) is the phase
is the difference
phase difference between thethe
@ between loadthe voltage and and
load voltage
(5 Marks)
(5 current,
Marks)
the load thecurrent,
load current, and theand valuethe of the of
value loadtherms
load !/0! . !/0! .
rms current,
(5 Marks)
c) What is the complex power A delivered to the load.(5 Marks) 1
d) What (5 Marks)
c) c) isWhat
the complex
line voltage
is the andpower
power
complex Apower A1factor
1 delivered toatthe
delivered thetoinput.
load.
the load.
(10 Marks)
(5 Marks)
(5 Marks)
d) What is the line voltage and power factor at the input.
(10 Marks)
d) What
d) isWhat
the line voltage
is the and power
line voltage factor factor
and power at the at
input.
the input.
(10 Marks)
(10 Marks)