Unit
G
found
eukaryotes.DNA in nucleus
prokaryotes:DNA
not enclosed in numbranous enveloge -> located in the nucleoid region
↳ chromosomes in
prokaryores are smaller & circular
central dogma -progression from DNA
to RNA chargaff's Rule -
amount
A always =
rRNA struc tural components ofribosomes to amount
T & G
always 0
=
(
+RNA-bring amino acids to ribosome for protein synthesis
ofo t h e r
miRNA-regulators genes has
DNA deoxyribose
↓
RNA
has ribose
NUCLEOTIDE
(monomers ofDNA &RNA/
I made of nitrogenous base, S. carbon Chosphate group
sugar,
nitrogenous bases:adenine, quanine, cytosine, thymine
- -
purines pyrimidious
purines have I used
carbon-nitrogen rings
syrimidials have carbon
nitrogen ring
*
* *
RNA
has base uracil instead ofthymine
·
a polynucleotide chain has directionality/2 ends different from each other]
↳DNA
written in the 5'to 3' direction
· in DNAs double helix
sugars & shosphates l i e o n outside & form the sugar chosphate backbone
DNA's antiparallel struc ture end ofo n e strand paired w/ s' end ofother strand
I
I
A
pairs w/
6 gairs w/ (
·
RNA
is
single-stranded
mRNA-intermediate by a protein-coding gene & its protein product
BROKARYOTC
characteristics:
belong to bacteria & archae, nucleus,
smaller, no lack
organelles, cell wall, have single circular
chromosome (may have smaller pieces ofcircular DNA
called plasmids (
Hagella/sili - used for locomotion
fimbriae -
help all slick to a surface
sex pili- used for DNA
exchange
REPLICATION
DNA
DNA
replication is semi-conservative - strands in double-shanded DNA
I a act template
·
as a
leading strand-runs s' to ' towards the fork & is builtcontinuously
lagging strand-runs s'ts away from the fork is made in dasakfragments
i 3
s
3 (ASGINU &
1 -3 -
-
clazak
fragment
DNA
polymerase - adds nucleotides to
growing strand
primer
-
shows DNA
polymerase where to begin building
relicase - unwinds DNA
double helix too would DNA opened
togoisomerase prevents from becoming tightly as is up
holes left
ligase -
seals by grimers
TRANSCRIPTION
DNA
sequence to
LeCosying make an RNA
molecule
1. INITIATION-RNA polymerase binds to a sequence ofDNAStromoters & beginning ofgene
RNA
polymerase separates the DNA
strands
2. CLONGATION-RNA
Solymerase reads template strand & builds RNA
molecule out ofcomplementary
nucleotides (same into as coding non-template stand but we instead ofi
3. TERMINATION ter minator sequences signal RNAtranscripti s complete
TRANSCATION
Le mRNA
is decoded to build a protein of a specific series ofa m i n o acids
See (UAA, & GOA terminator sequences)
generic code"diagram
#
"the UAC, a re
codons - nucleotides read in groups of3)
tRNAs connect mRNA to the acids encod
·
codons amino they
has
tRNA anticodon
· an
which can bind to specific mRNA
codons
INITIATION-ribosome around mRNA MCT
1. assembles tRNAcarrying marches AVO codon
& is necessary to begin translation
GCONCATION amino acid chain
2. -
gets longer
3. TERMINATION Stos codon enters ribosome triggering that chain from tRNA
events regarate
GCNC
REJULATION (bacterial
·
bacterial genes found in options that have a single promoter
operon contains genes that function in the same process
·
REPRESSORS bind 5 pieces ofDNAcalled OCRATORS & reduces transcription
·ACTIVATORS increase wanscription oft h e
operon
Grequlatory proteins can tur n "off" or "on" by small molecules
·
ogeron usually "off" can be turned "on" by an inducer
↳ex:lac ogeron which metabolizes lacrose (inducer is allolactose
termed off
·
Opevon usually "on" can be by a
coverespressor
4ex:two ageron synthesizes Nyotoghan (covereacressor is Hyphoghan)
GENC
RECULATION Ceukaryotes
ex: responding to
growth factors
-> physical binding ofgrowth factor to receptor protein
->
triggers chemical events that acrival transcription factors
a transcription factors bird to DNA & cause transcription
-> products are proking relacing to
growth, all division
regulated by:chromain accessibility, transcription, RNA
processing, translation, protein activity
CHNOLOGY
BIOT
ofa
DNA
cloning make many copies DNA
fragment ofinterest
-
polymerase chain reaction produces many copies ofa
targettemplate DNA
sequenc
a widely used from trace DNA
sample & crime scenes to amplify
electroshoresis separates DNA based on their size
get fragments
DNA determining the ofnucleotide bases in
sequencing sequence a molecule
DNA
-
