UNIT IV TMHM 4

Transportation Sector

Transportation has been an integral part of the tourism industry; transportation links tourists with various tourist
attractions. There is a general agreement that tourism expands more when there are better transportation
systems. In many part of the world tourism had been underperforming compared to the natural heritage the
country is endowed with. One of the things mentioned as the reason for under performance is poor transportation
systems. Transportation needs for tourism promotion and tourism development among others, to be maintenance
of the existing roads, construction of more roads/rail track/sea and air transportation, and construction of local
airports and enhancement of local flight operations. And established that the level of security and safety in
transportation systems is not bad though transportation costs are considered high by tourists. Tourism
development could be even bigger if more could be done in various elements of transportation systems. It is an
important for all its stakeholders to take part to develop tourism in their regions. (The government, and other
stakeholders of tourism).

Learning Outcomes

1. Trace the evolution of transportation and travel;

2. Discuss the historical development of transport systems;
3. Explain the selection of transport mode;
4. Discuss the role of international rail transportation;
5. Identify the reasons for the growth and decline of hip travel;
6. Explain the importance and scope of the bus/motor coach industry;
7. Describe the impact of private car ownership on the tourism industry;
8. Enumerate the dynamics of the worldwide car rental industry;
9. Discuss the role of the airline industry in the development of tourism.

Transportation and Travel Evolution

1. Pre-Industrial Travel System Era – it was the era of the stagecoach and the wayside inn. Only few people
had the money and the reason to travel.

2. Early-Industrial Travel System Era – road improvements such as railways, canals and steamship services
were brought about due to rapid industrialization and advances in transportation technology.

3. Mature-Railway System Era – this era was characterized by railways which expanded their
operations by running hotels and providing other travel-related services.

Thomas Cook – an innovator in this field during this era, began his company’s activities in the United
Kingdom in 1840

4. Express-Travel System Travel Era – express service increase. Trains and other forms of transportation
did not stop at every station or terminal but only at the major ones.

5. Automobile-Based Travel System Era – this influence of the private owned automobile was enhanced
in North America and Europe from the 1920s onward.

6. Modern-Tourism Travel System Era - the period from 1945 to 1974 is known as the modern-tourism
travel system era. Car ownership continued to grow at a fast rate, mainly at the expense of long-distance
rail travel.

7. Post-Mobility Adjustment Era - this era began in 1973 to 1973 as a result of the oil embargo
generated by the organization to petroleum countries (OPEC) and the resulting increase in fuel prices.
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Mary Annavic J. Salumbides
INSTRUCTOR
 Historical Development of the Transportation System

SPEED
YEAR MODE OF TRANSPORT
(miles per hour)
6000 BC Caramel Caravan 8

1600 BC Chariot 20

AD 1784 First English mail coach 10

1825 First steam locomotive 13

1890 Improved steam locomotive 100

1931 Land speed record 350

(bluebird: Sir Malcolm Campbell)
1938 Land Speed record
(Napier-Railton car: John Cobb)
1938 Piston aircraft 400

1952 United states liner from New York 41

to Le Harve
1958 Jet fighter aircraft 1,300

1958 Boeing 707 and DC-8 aircraft 600

1961 Spaceship (Vostok 1 orbiting) 17,560

1967 Rocket Plane 4,534

1970 Fighter bomber (mirage IV) 1,450

1970 Commercial aircraft: Concorde 1320

1970 Boeing 747 626

Selection of Transportation Mode

There are many reasons why people select one transportation mode over another for their business and
pleasure trips. The most common reasons are cost, traveling time, safety, convenience, comfort, availability,
frequency of trips, ground services, terminal facilities, and locations, statues and prestige, and departure and
arrival times. People belonging to different travel segments have different value perceptions. For example, the
time spent in traveling as well as departure and arrival times are very important to the business traveler while
the cost of the trip is the traveler’s primary consideration.

The most common reasons are:

 Cost
 Traveling time,
 Safety,
 Convenience,
 Comfort,
 Availability 2
Mary Annavic J. Salumbides
INSTRUCTOR
  Frequency of trips
 Ground services
 Terminal facilities and location
 Status and prestige
 Departure and arrival times

Jagdish Sheth develop a theory identifying transportation variables and the value of travelers.

Five factors:
1. Functional - utility of the mode is its expected performance for a specific purpose.
Examples are departure and arrival times, safety record, the directness of the trip, and the number of
stops or transfer.
2. Aesthetic/emotional – is related to such aspects as fear, social concerns, style, luxury, comfort, and
other personal feelings that the form of transportation might evoke.
3. Social/organizational – that the frequent users of certain kinds of transportation are stereotyped
according to sex, racial origins, income, price/cost, and education.
Example, those who take bus trips are usually perceived to be female, either young or old, while those
who take bus tours and cruises are generally retired people.
4. Situational – refers to how conveniently located the particular mode of transport and its terminal
facilities are for the traveler.
5. Curiosity – utility refers to the traveler’s perceived need to do something new and different.

Travel by Train

Trains have been a popular form of transportation since the 19th century. When the first steam train was
built in 1804, people were worried that the speed would make rail passengers unable to breathe or that they
would be shaken unconscious by the vibrations.
In 1863, long distance rail travel boosted when George M. Pullman built the Pullman coach, a luxury first-
class sleeping and dining facility. In 1968, the diner car was introduced on the Chicago and Alton line. Ten years
later, an elaborate meal could be obtained in all trains.
Amtrak – the act created the National Railroad Passenger Corporation. Both Amtrak and VIA Rail have the
responsibility of providing intercity passenger rail transportation.
The first sensational rail accomplishment after World War II was Japan’s shinkansen or bullet trains which travel
at speeds greater than 140 miles per hour. The bullet trains run north and south and link major metropolitan
areas.

FOUR EVIDENT FACTORS ARE:

1. Cost/Price
2. Comfort
3. Safety
4. Ability to see the area where the train is passing.

A survey of Amtrak passengers showed that travelers favored the train for the following reasons:
1. Safety;
2. Ability to look out of the train and see the interesting things en route;
3. ability to get up and walk around;
4. arriving at the destination rested and relaxed; and
5. Personal comfort.

The negative factor of rail traveler are slowness in reaching the destination, inflexible departure times, and lack of
quality in food services. Promotions by Amtrak and VIA Rail have emphasized the rest and relaxation benefits of
taking the train. They have also pointed out that the downtown-to-downtown routing of trains saves the time of
the passengers.
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Mary Annavic J. Salumbides
INSTRUCTOR
Tres Grande Vitesse

The popularity of the train system in Europe has increased, not only because of its quality and efficiency,
but because of the use of the Eurailpass. In 1939, a number of European countries introduced the Eurailpass which
allowed a traveler to use it for two months of unlimited second-class travel on any of the rail system of the
European countries.

Travel by Ship
The earliest ocean-going vessels were not primarily concerned with passengers, but
rather with the cargo that they could carry. Black Ball Line in New York, in 1818,
was the first shipping company to offer regularly scheduled service from the United
States to England and to be concerned with the comfort of their passengers. By the
1830s steamships were introduced and dominated the transatlantic market of
passenger and mail transport. English companies dominated the market at this
time, led by the British and North American Royal Mail Steam Packet (later the
Cunard Line). On July 4, 1840, Britannia , the first ship under the Cunard name, left
Liverpool with a cow on board to supply fresh milk to the passengers on the 14-day
transatlantic crossing. The advent of pleasure cruises is linked to the year 1844, and
a new industry began.
During the 1850s and 1860s there was a dramatic improvement in the quality of
the voyage for passengers. Ships began to cater solely to passengers, rather than to
cargo or mail contracts, and added luxuries like electric lights, more deck space, and
entertainment. In 1867, Mark Twain was a passenger on the first cruise originating in America, documenting his
adventures of the six month trip in the book Innocents Abroad. The endorsement by the British Medical Journal of
sea voyages for curative purposes in the 1880s further encouraged the public to take leisurely pleasure cruises as
well as transatlantic travel. Ships also began to carry immigrants to the United States in "steerage" class. In
steerage, passengers were responsible for providing their own food and slept in whatever space was available in
the hold.
Cruises are divided into three types of Duration Trips
Short Cruises – one week or less
Intermediate long cruises – last one to four weeks
Long Cruises - go around the world and take one to three months.

Cruise Ship

Short duration cruises are more popular because they require less vacation time and are less expensive.
Other reasons are travelers can satisfy their desire to experience new environments and see new cultures and still
bring with them the comfort, safety, and convenience of home. In addition, there is no changing of hotels airports,
and food and beds which may cause sleeplessness and other problems. Example of short cruises are the three-night
cruises from los Angeles to Mexico and cruises on the St. Lawrence River on vessel such as the Canadian Empress.
Cruise ships may be divided into large vessels which can accommodate 180 or more passengers and small
vessels which carry less than 100 passengers. They are called “mini-cruises” or “ultra-yacht.” At present, the trend
is toward large vessels. Recently, the typical ship was built to carry 850 to 1,250 passengers but now, the average
capacity of a new ship is 2,000 passengers. The large cruise ships offer a wide array of services and amenities to
guest, most of which are packed into the cruise. Accommodations on board vary from rooms for three to four
persons to lavish staterooms. The rooms are air-conditioned and have private baths.
The Caribbean is the world’s largest cruise destination Cruise passengers for destinations within the
Caribbean comprise 50% of total visitor arrival. Other major cruise destinations include the Mediterranean,
Scandinavia, Alaska, and the Pacific. Cruises are announced several months before the departure and are also sold
mostly by travel agents as packages. The fly cruises package has grown in popularity because it combines the
speed and efficiency of jet travel with the relaxing, romantic attribute of cruise ships.
Another role of the ship travel and tourism is ferrying or the use of ferry boats.

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Mary Annavic J. Salumbides
INSTRUCTOR
Travel by Automobile

The real inventor of the automobile was Carl Benz of Mannheim, Germany. In 1885 to 1886, he combines
the bicycle and the international combustion engine and designed the complete vechicle engine consisting of the
engine chassis, and transmission. Then came Henry ford who, in 1908, produced his Model T car built with an
assembly technique for mass production. The price of the model T car decreased from $825 in 1908 to $260 in
1925. The automobile industry grew rapidly. However, it was only after World War II that the popularity of the
automobile increased significantly.

Travel by Bus/Motor Coach

Bus travel is the most flexible and economical form of transportation. In the United States, buses were first
used to carry passengers intercity in the early 1900s. There was a little intercity travel before the 1920s in 1928,
the Greyhound Company, the largest privately-owned bus company in the world, was established.
The term “bus,” “coach” and “moor coach” are used interchangeably. In North America and elsewhere, the
bus performs two major roles. The first is to provide a regular schedule of intercity passenger transportation
service. The second is to provide charter and tour services. Intercity service is indirectly competitive with private
auto, rail, and air service.

Travel by Air

Airline Regulation

1. First Freedom : the right of an airline to overfly one country to get to another;
2. Second Freedom: the right of an airline to land in another country for a technical stopover (fuel,
maintenance, etc.) but does not pick up or drop off traffic;
3. Third Freedom: the right of an airline, registered in country X, to drop off traffic from country X from
country Y;
4. Fourth Freedom; the right of an airline, registered in country X, to carry traffic from country X from
country Y;
5. Fifth Freedom: the right of an airline, registered in country X, to collect traffic in country Y and fly on to
country Z, so long as the flight either originates or terminates in country X;
6. Sixth Freedom: the right of an airline, registered in country X, to carry traffic to a gateway – a point in
country X – and then abroad. The traffic has neither its origin nor ultimate destination in country X;
7. Seventh Freedom: the right of an airline, registered in country X, to operate entirely outside of country X in
carrying traffic between two other countries; and
8. Eight Freedom: the right of an airline, registered in country X, to carry traffic between any two points in the
foreign country; also known as sabotage.

CHAPTER ACTIVITY

1. Conduct a study on the importance of safety and security in all forms of travel.

2. Research on the significance appeals of cruising.

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Mary Annavic J. Salumbides
INSTRUCTOR
 WORKSHEET
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Mary Annavic J. Salumbides
INSTRUCTOR