634 Electricity and Magnetism
Type 3. Parallel circuits
Concept
Two or more than two sine or cosine functions of same o can be added by veet
Actually, their amplitudes are added by vectors method.
Example 3 In the circuit shown in figure,
w
R2 C
O000000 w
L R
V 200 sin (100 t + 30)
R = 30 2., R= 40 Q. L = 0.4 H and C= <mF.
Find seven functions of time I, 1,.12. and
Va.VL. VR Vc. Also, find total power
consumed in the circuit. In the given potential function, V is in volts and o. rad/s.
Solution Circuit 1 (containing L and R)
X = oL = 100 x0.4 = 40 Q
R =30 Q
Z, = VR+X = y(30) + (40)2
= 50 2
Maximum value ofcurrent, I = = 400=4 A
Since, there is only Xz, so voltage function will lead the current function by an angle o, where
cos 303
2 50 5
53°
1 =4 sin (100t + 30° -53°)
or
=4 sin (100t -23°) Ans
VR VR, function is in phase with I, function.
Maximum value of VR =
(maximum value of I) (R,)
= 4) (30)
= 120 volt
VA =120 sin (100t -23°) Ans
V: V function is 90° ahead
of
function.
Maximum value of V (maximum
value of I)X)
=
=
(4)(40) =
160 volt
Chapter 28 Alternating Current 635
VI =160 sin (100t - 23°+
90°)
V=160 sin (100 t+ 67°)
Power
In thiscircuit,
his circu power will be
consumed only Ans.
across R,. This power is given by
PR=(rmsvalue of I, 2 R
30)
= 240 watt
Cireuit 2 (containing C and R,
=
wC = 30 2
100 xx
3 10
R = 40 Q
Z= + X
40+ (30)
= 50 2
Maximum value of I, Vo200-4
50
A
Since, there is only Xc, so I2 function will lead the V function by an angle d2, where
cOs = = 4 0 4
50
2=37
I2 =4 sin (100 t + 30° +37°) =4 sin (100 t + 67°) Ans.
R,VR function is in phase with I, function.
Maximum value of VR, =
( maximum value of 1,) (R,)
= 4x 40 = 160 volt
VR, = 160 sin (100t +67°)
c Ans.
Ve function lags 1, function by 90°
Ans.
Maximum value of Vc =
(Maximum value of I,)(Xc)
= 4 x30
= 120 volt
V120 sin (100 t + 67 90° )
or
Vc =120 sin (100 t -23°)
Pow n this circuit, power will be consumed only
acrOss R and this power is
given by
PR= (rms value of I1,) R2
-Je) 320 W
(40)
otal
power consumed in the circuit,
P-P+r
(240+320) W
= 560 W
Ans
636 Electricity and Magnetism
I:
I=4 sin (1001-23°) + 4sin (100 + 67°)
Now, the amplitudes can be added by vector method.
4A
A
42 A
2223 100t
AA
Resultant of 4 A and 4 A at 90° is 4/2 A at 45° from both currents at 22°
or from 100 t line.
I= 4/2 sin (100 t + 22°)
Ans.
Miscellaneous Examples
Example 4 An AC circuit consists of a 220 2 resistance and a 0.7 H
choke. Find
the power absorbed from 220 V and 50 Hz source connected in
this circuit the if
resistance and choke are joined
(a) in series (b) in parallel.
Solution (a) In series, the impedance of the circuit is
Z=R+o'L? =R+ nfL?
=(220) +(2 x3.14 x50 x0.7)
311 Q
220 A
rms Z
.
311
and R 220
cos 7 311 = 0.707
The power absorbed in the
circuit,
P= Vymsirma COs
=
(220) (0.707) (0.707)
= 110.08 W Ans.
(b) When the resistance and choke are in parallel, the entire power is absorbed in resistane n
the choke (having zero
resistance) absorbs no
power.
2
P=s(220) Ans.
=220 W
R 220
Example 5 A sinusoidal voltage of frequency 60 Hz and peak value lb0
applied to a series L-R circuit, where R = 20 2 and L = 40 mi.
(a) Compute T, o,X1,,Z and o
(b) Compute the amplitudes of current,
VR and Vi
and
Chapter 28 Alternating
Current 637
Solution (a)
T 1
f60
Ans.
= 2nf
(2n)(60)
=
377 rad/s
X= wl =(377) (0.040) Ans.
=15.08 2
Z X+R Ans.
15.08) +(20
25.05 2
tan tan 15.08
Ans
20 = tan 0.754)
37
Amplitudes (maximum value) are Ans.
i = 150
6 A
25.05 Ans.
(VoR =
igR 6)20)
=
=
120 V
V = iXL Ans.
=
(6) (15.08) 90.5 V =
Ans.
ote V=vo)6 + (V%)
Example 6 For the circuit shown
in figure, find the
through each element. instantaneous current
V= Vo sin øt C
Solution The three current
equations are
V= ipR, V =LL
dt
dV 1
he
V- dtc'
steady state solutions of Eq. (i) are
ig =sin ot = (io)r Sin ot
R
o Vo cosot
cos ot =-9
i =-
(%1 cos wt
X
and
i= V»C cosot = cos ot =
(i0 cos wt
X
Cne
reactances X, and X are as defined.
638 Electricity and Magnetism
Example 7 In the above problem Jnd the total instantaneous current through
the source, and find expressions for phase angle of this current and the impedance
of the circuit.
have
For the total current,
we
Solution
Vosino Oo
Using the trigonometric identity.
Asin+Bcos =A +B*sin + )
where, =tan (BA)
We can write, i = ig sin (ot + )
Here.
Vo
where
and tan- (1/R)
Example 8 An L-C-R series circuit with 100 resistance is connected to an AC
source of 200 V and angular frequeney 300 rad/s When only the capacitance is
removed, the current lags behind the voltage by 60°. When only the inductanee is
removed, the current leads the voltage by 60°. Calculate the current and the power
dissipated in the L-C-R circuit
Solution When capacitance is removed, then
tan o=L
R
tan 60°=
R
X = V3R
When inductance is removed, then
tan
R
tan60°= Ac
R
From Eqs. (i) and (01), we see that
So, the L-C-R circuit is in resonance.
Hence, ZR
